| $letter = [:letter:] ; |
| $nletter = [:^letter:] ; |
| |
| $vowel = [aeiou æ ɑ ə ɛ ɪ ʊ] ; |
| $nvowel = [^$vowel] ; |
| |
| $nvowelOrY = [^$vowel [y]] ; |
| |
| $cons = [bcdfghjklmnpqrstvxz ð ŋ ʃ ʒ θ] ; |
| |
| # these soften a c or g if they occur after |
| $cg_softener = [iey] ; |
| |
| # if a long u (ew or eu also) comes after these, it is dropped |
| $drop_y = [n d t l r s z j i w θ ð ŋ ʃ ʒ ] ; # new, dew, tune, lune, rune, sue, zune, yew, iew wew thune*, shew |
| |
| # cause s to be s at end (not z), and d to be t. |
| $hard = [fpthkcsxqθ] ; |
| |
| # cause plural es to be ɛz |
| $sib = [x g z s c ʃ ʒ] ; # sibulent |
| |
| $eot = \uFFFF ; # end or start of text (also $) |
| |
| # for exceptions to final e |
| $no_syllable = $nletter $cons* ; |
| |
| # final suffixes e, es, ed, er |
| $final_ersd = $cons? e [sdr]? $nletter ; |
| |
| # final suffixes ing |
| $final_ing = $cons? ing $nletter; |
| |
| # prefixes |
| |
| # ========== Combinations ========== |
| |
| $nletter {post} > post ; |
| $nletter {pre} > pri ; |
| $nletter {over} > ovər ; |
| character > kerɪktər ; |
| cally } $nletter → kli ; |
| national > næʃənəl ; |
| ary } $nletter > eri ; |
| # ing } $nletter > iŋ; |
| $letter { able } $nletter > əbəl ; # readable |
| $letter { lion } $nletter > ljən ; # million |
| $letter { nion } $nletter > njən ; # ??? |
| |
| |
| s { t } l $vowel $nletter > ; # listen |
| |
| # -le, -re |
| $cons { re } $nletter > ər ; # theatre |
| $cons { le } $nletter > əl ; # able |
| |
| # silent e at end |
| $no_syllable { e } $nletter > i ; # be |
| e } $nletter > ; # tire |
| |
| $cons { les } $nletter > əlz ; # battles |
| $cons { res } $nletter > ərz ; # theatres |
| #$cons { le } [rd] $nletter > əl ; # battler battled |
| #$cons { re } [rd] $nletter > ər ; # theatrer, theatred |
| |
| # Handle final es. Tricky, since it could also have an s or d added to a long (bake, bakes, baked... baker) |
| $no_syllable { es } $nletter > ɛ s ; # ??? |
| |
| $sib { es } $nletter > ɛz ; # cases |
| $hard { es } $nletter > s ; # rates |
| es } $nletter > z ; # fades |
| $hard { s } $nletter > s ; # cats |
| us } $nletter > ə s ; # bus |
| ss > s ; # ness |
| s } $nletter > z ; # fads |
| |
| $no_syllable { ed } $nletter > ɛ d ; #??? |
| |
| t { ed } $nletter > ɛd ; # rated |
| d { ed } $nletter > ɛd ; # kidded |
| $vowel s { ed } $nletter > ɛd ; # based |
| $hard { ed } $nletter > t ; # baked |
| ed } $nletter > d ; # fished |
| |
| tiou > ʃə ; # audatious |
| tio > ʃə ; # nation |
| tia > ʃə ; # Croatia |
| |
| tu } $vowel > tʃ ; # mutual |
| tu } [rl] $vowel > tʃ ; # mature |
| |
| zure } $nletter > ʒər ; # azure |
| |
| $vowel { sio > ʒ ə ; # commission |
| $vowel { sia > ʒ ə ; # Russian |
| sio > ʃ ə ; # fusion |
| sia > ʃ ə ; # asia |
| |
| cious > ʃəs ; # judicious |
| # cio > ʃ ə ; # racio |
| cia > ʃ ə ; |
| |
| xiou > gʒ ə ; |
| xio > gʒ ə ; |
| #xia > gʒ ə ; |
| |
| aa > ɑ ; # maastricht ; |
| ae } i > ; # archaeological ; |
| a[iy] > e ; |
| a[uw] > ɑ ; |
| ao > ɑʊ ; |
| w { a } $nvowel > ɑ ; |
| $nvowel { a } $final_ersd > e ; |
| $nvowel { a } $final_ing > e ; |
| $nvowel { a } tion > e ; |
| |
| a } ge $nletter > ɪ ; |
| #[dnt] { al } $nletter > əl ; |
| a } l [rsmtdl] > ɑ ; # also, already, wall, bald, although, almost. |
| $letter a { l } k > ; # walk |
| a } r > ɑ ; |
| a } $nletter > ɑ ; |
| # $nletter { a } $cons $vowel > ə ; |
| ah } $nvowel > ɑ ; |
| a } $vowel > e ; # ??? |
| a > æ ; |
| |
| eigh > e ; |
| eau > ju ; |
| ey > i; |
| e[aeiyo] > i ; |
| $drop_y { eu > u ; |
| eu > ju ; |
| $drop_y { ew > u ; |
| ew > ju ; |
| $nvowel { e } $final_ersd > i ; |
| $nvowel { e } $final_ing > i ; |
| |
| #[dnt] { el } $nletter > əl ; |
| #[dt] { el } $nletter > əl ; |
| #[dt] { el } $nletter > əl ; |
| er > ə | r ; |
| e } $vowel > i ; |
| e > ɛ ; |
| |
| $drop_y { ieu > u ; |
| ieu > ju ; |
| $drop_y { iew > u ; |
| iew > ju ; |
| i } al > i ; |
| iou > i ə ; |
| i } o > i ; |
| i } u > i ; |
| ie > i ; |
| |
| igh > ɑɪ ; |
| ism } $nvowel > ɪ z ə m ; |
| $nvowel { i } $final_ersd > ɑɪ ; |
| $nvowel { i } $final_ing > ɑɪ ; |
| $cons { i } $nletter > i ; |
| i } $vowel > ɑɪ ; # bias |
| i > ɪ ; |
| |
| oa > o ; |
| oe > o ; |
| # o } ing $nletter > o ; |
| o[iy] > oɪ ; |
| oo } d > ʊ ; |
| oo } k > ʊ ; |
| # oo } r > ɑ ; |
| oo > u ; |
| # ong > o ŋ ; |
| ough > o ; |
| oul } d > ʊ ; |
| ous } $nletter > əs ; |
| ou > ɑʊ ; |
| ow } $nletter > o ; # slow |
| ow > ɑʊ ; |
| $nvowel { o } $final_ersd > o ; |
| $nvowel { o } $final_ing > o ; |
| o } r > o ; |
| $cons { o } $nletter > o ; |
| oh } $nvowel > o ; |
| o } $vowel > o ; # boa |
| o } $nletter > o ; # hello |
| o > ɑ ; |
| |
| |
| $drop_y { u } $final_ersd > u ; |
| $nvowel { u } $final_ersd > ju ; |
| |
| $drop_y { u } $final_ing > u ; |
| $nvowel { u } $final_ing > ju ; |
| |
| $drop_y { u } tion > u ; |
| $nvowel { u } tion > ju ; |
| |
| $drop_y { u } $nletter > u ; |
| $nvowel { u } $nletter > ju ; |
| |
| $drop_y { ue > u ; |
| ue > ju ; |
| |
| $drop_y { ui > u ; |
| ui > ɪ ; |
| |
| $drop_y { ugh > u ; |
| $nvowel { ugh > ju ; |
| $drop_y { u } $vowel > u ; # manual |
| u } $vowel > ju ; # ??? |
| u } $nletter > u ; # haiku |
| u > ə ; |
| |
| y { y > ; |
| $no_syllable { y } $nletter > ɑɪ ; |
| $nvowel { y } $final_ersd > ɑɪ ; |
| $nvowel { y } $final_ing > ɑɪ ; |
| |
| y } $nletter > i ; |
| ye } $nletter > ɑɪ ; |
| y } $vowel > j ; |
| $vowel { y > j ; |
| y > | i ; |
| |
| b } b > ; # babble |
| |
| p } p > ; # happy |
| ph > f ; # graph |
| $nletter { p } n > ; # pneumatic |
| $nletter { p } s > ; # psalm |
| $nletter { p } f > ; # ptomaine |
| |
| v } v > ; # bovver |
| |
| f } f > ; # off |
| |
| w } w > ; |
| $nletter { wh } o > h ; # who |
| wh > w ; # which |
| $nletter { w } r > ; # wrote |
| |
| |
| # dg } $cons > d ʒ ; |
| d } g $cg_softener > ; # edge |
| d } d > ; # ladder |
| d } j > ; # adjust |
| |
| |
| $vowel { th } $vowel > ð ; # breathe |
| th } $nletter > θ ; # breath |
| th > ð ; # this |
| t } t > ; # bitter |
| t } ch > ; # batch |
| t } sch > ; # ?? |
| |
| |
| s } c $cg_softener > ; # scion |
| [$vowel-[a]] { s } $vowel > z ; # rose but base |
| sh > ʃ ; # bash |
| sch > ʃ ; # schist |
| # sch > s k ; # school |
| |
| # many more 's' cases at top |
| |
| z } z > ; # jazz |
| # z > z ; |
| |
| ch > tʃ ; # church |
| $nletter { c } t > ; #ctenoid |
| |
| x { c } $cg_softener > ; # ?? |
| c } $cg_softener > s ; # ace, cite, cycle |
| c } c $cg_softener > k ; # accept |
| c } c > ; # account |
| c } q > ; # acquire |
| c } k > ; # back |
| c > k ; # cat |
| |
| $vowel { k } h $vowel > k ; # backhouse |
| kh > k ; # khaki |
| |
| j } j > ; |
| j > dʒ ; # jet |
| |
| $vowel } gh > ; #neighbor |
| gh > g ; # ghost |
| # $nletter { gu } $vowel > g ; #guide |
| # gu } $nletter > g ; #plague |
| gu } $vowel > g ;# plague, guide |
| $letter { ge } $vowel > dʒ ; # changeable |
| g } $cg_softener > dʒ ; # gentle, magic, gyrate |
| |
| |
| # gg } ed $nletter > g ; |
| # gg } er $nletter > g ; |
| # gg } est $nletter > g ; |
| # gg } ing $nletter > g ; |
| # gg } y $nletter > g ; |
| # g } g $cg_softener > g ; |
| |
| gg > g ; # bagger |
| g } g > ; |
| $nletter { g } n > ; # gnu |
| |
| ks} h > ; # exhibit, exhaust |
| gz} h > ; # exhibit, exhaust |
| |
| k } k > ; |
| $nletter { k } n > ; #knew |
| |
| q } q > ; # ?? |
| que } $nletter > k ; # banque |
| qu > kw ; # quit |
| q > k ; # Iraq |
| |
| m } m > ; |
| m } b $nletter > ; # climb |
| $nletter { m } n > ; # mnemonic |
| |
| |
| n } c $cg_softener > n ; # cancer |
| n } ch > n ; # bench |
| n } c > ŋ ; # zinc |
| n } g $cg_softener > n ; # singe, but finger, singer |
| n } g[rl] > ŋ ; # angry |
| ng > ŋ ; # bang |
| n } k > ŋ ; # bank |
| n } x > ŋ ; # manx |
| n } q > ŋ ; # banque |
| n } n > ; # banner |
| m { n } $nletter > ; # damn |
| |
| l } l > ; # hall |
| |
| r } r > ; # terrier |
| $vowel { r } h $vowel > r ; # barhouse |
| rh > r ; # rhotic |
| |
| |
| x } x > ; |
| $nletter { x > z ; # xenophobe |
| x } c $cg_softener > k ; # excited |
| $nletter e { x } $vowel > gz ; # exist |
| x } u $vowel > kʃ ; |
| x > ks ; # ax |
| |
| h { h > ; |
| |
| # foreign letters - the English pronunciation of them |
| ée > e ; |
| é > e ; |
| ó > o; |
| ñ > nj ; |
| ë > ɛ ; |
| ü > u ; |
| |
| #remove apostrophe |
| '' > ; |
| ’ > ; |
