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<h2 style="text-align: center">Unicode Technical Standard #35</h2>
<h1>Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML)</h1>
<!-- At least the first row of this header table should be identical across the parts of this UTS. -->
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" class="wide">
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>38</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Editors</td>
<td>Mark Davis (<a href="mailto:markdavis@google.com">markdavis@google.com</a>) and
<a href="tr35.html#Acknowledgments">other CLDR committee members</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Date</td>
<td>2020-10-23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>This Version</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-61/tr35.html">
https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-61/tr35.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Previous Version</td>
<td>
<a href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-60/tr35.html">
https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-60/tr35.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Latest Version</td>
<td><a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/">https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Corrigenda</td>
<td><a href=
"http://unicode.org/cldr/corrigenda.html">http://unicode.org/cldr/corrigenda.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Latest Proposed Update</td>
<td><a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/proposed.html">https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/proposed.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Namespace</td>
<td><a href=
"https://unicode.org/cldr/">https://unicode.org/cldr/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DTDs</td>
<td><a href="https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/maint/maint-38/common/dtd">
http://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/38/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Revision</td>
<td><a href="#Modifications">61</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><i>Summary</i></h3>
<p>This document describes an XML format (<i>vocabulary</i>)
for the exchange of structured locale data. This format is used
in the <a href="https://unicode.org/cldr/">Unicode Common Locale
Data Repository</a>.</p>
<h3><i>Status</i></h3>
<!-- NOT YET APPROVED
<p>
<i class="changed">This is a<b><font color="#ff3333">
draft </font></b>document which may be updated, replaced, or superseded by
other documents at any time. Publication does not imply endorsement
by the Unicode Consortium. This is not a stable document; it is
inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in
progress.
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<!-- APPROVED -->
<p><i>This document has been reviewed by Unicode members and
other interested parties, and has been approved for publication
by the Unicode Consortium. This is a stable document and may be
used as reference material or cited as a normative reference by
other specifications.</i></p>
<!-- END APPROVED -->
<blockquote>
<p><i><b>A Unicode Technical Standard (UTS)</b> is an
independent specification. Conformance to the Unicode
Standard does not imply conformance to any UTS.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<p><i>Please submit corrigenda and other comments with the CLDR
bug reporting form [<a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports">Bugs</a>]. Related
information that is useful in understanding this document is
found in the <a href="#References">References</a>. For the
latest version of the Unicode Standard see [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/">Unicode</a>]. For a
list of current Unicode Technical Reports see [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/">Reports</a>]. For more
information about versions of the Unicode Standard, see
[<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/versions/">Versions</a>].</i></p><!-- This section of Parts should be identical in all of the parts of this UTS. -->
<h2><a name="Parts" href="#Parts" id="Parts">Parts</a></h2>
<p>The LDML specification is divided into the following
parts:</p>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Part 1: <a href="tr35.html#Contents">Core</a> (languages,
locales, basic structure)</li>
<li>Part 2: <a href="tr35-general.html#Contents">General</a>
(display names &amp; transforms, etc.)</li>
<li>Part 3: <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Contents">Numbers</a>
(number &amp; currency formatting)</li>
<li>Part 4: <a href="tr35-dates.html#Contents">Dates</a>
(date, time, time zone formatting)</li>
<li>Part 5: <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Contents">Collation</a> (sorting,
searching, grouping)</li>
<li>Part 6: <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Contents">Supplemental</a> (supplemental
data)</li>
<li>Part 7: <a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Contents">Keyboards</a> (keyboard
mappings)</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="Contents" href="#Contents" id="Contents">Contents
of Part 1, Core</a></h2>
<!-- START Generated TOC: CheckHtmlFiles -->
<ul class="toc">
<li>1 <a href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>1.1 <a href="#Conformance">Conformance</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>2 <a href="#Locale">What is a Locale?</a></li>
<li>3 <a href="#Identifiers">Unicode Language and Locale
Identifiers</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.1 <a href="#Unicode_language_identifier">Unicode
Language Identifier</a></li>
<li>3.2 <a href="#Unicode_locale_identifier">Unicode
Locale Identifier</a>
<ul class='toc'>
<li><a href="#Canonical_Unicode_Locale_Identifiers">3.2.1 Canonical Unicode Locale Identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.3 <a href="#BCP_47_Conformance">BCP 47
Conformance</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.3.1 <a href=
"#BCP_47_Language_Tag_Conversion">BCP 47 Language Tag
Conversion</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.4 <a href="#Field_Definitions">Language Identifier
Field Definitions</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href=
"#Language_Locale_Field_Definitions">Language
Identifier Field Definitions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.5 <a href="#Special_Codes">Special Codes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.5.1 <a href=
"#Unknown_or_Invalid_Identifiers">Unknown or Invalid
Identifiers</a></li>
<li>3.5.2 <a href="#Numeric_Codes">Numeric
Codes</a></li>
<li>3.5.3 <a href="#Private_Use_Codes">Private Use
Codes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href="#Private_Use_CLDR">Private
Use Codes in CLDR</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.6 <a href=
"#Locale_Extension_Key_and_Type_Data">Unicode BCP 47 U
Extension</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.6.1 <a href="#Key_And_Type_Definitions_">Key
And Type Definitions</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href=
"#Key_Type_Definitions">Key/Type
Definitions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.6.2 <a href=
"#Numbering%20System%20Data">Numbering System
Data</a></li>
<li>3.6.3 <a href="#Time_Zone_Identifiers">Time Zone
Identifiers</a></li>
<li>3.6.4 <a href=
"#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files">U Extension
Data Files</a></li>
<li>3.6.5 <a href=
"#Unicode_Subdivision_Codes">Subdivision Codes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.6.5.1 <a href="#Validity">Validity</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.7 <a href="#t_Extension">Unicode BCP 47 T
Extension</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.7.1 <a href="#Transformed_Content_Data_File">T
Extension Data Files</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.8 <a href="#Compatibility_with_Older_Identifiers">
Compatibility with Older Identifiers</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.8.1 <a href="#Old_Locale_Extension_Syntax">Old
Locale Extension Syntax</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href=
"#Locale_Extension_Mappings">Locale Extension
Mappings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.8.2 <a href="#Legacy_Variants">Legacy
Variants</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href=
"#Legacy_Variant_Mappings">Legacy Variant
Mappings</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.8.3 <a href="#Relation_to_OpenI18n">Relation to
OpenI18n</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.9 <a href=
"#Transmitting_Locale_Information">Transmitting Locale
Information</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.9.1 <a href=
"#Message_Formatting_and_Exceptions">Message
Formatting and Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.10 <a href="#Language_and_Locale_IDs">Unicode
Language and Locale IDs</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>3.10.1 <a href="#Written_Language">Written
Language</a></li>
<li>3.10.2 <a href="#Hybrid_Locale">Hybrid Locale
Identifiers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.11 <a href="#Validity_Data">Validity Data</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4 <a href="#Locale_Inheritance">Locale Inheritance and
Matching</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>4.1 <a href="#Lookup">Lookup</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>4.1.1 <a href="#Bundle_vs_Item_Lookup">Bundle vs
Item Lookup</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href="#Lookup-Differences">Lookup
Differences</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.1.2 <a href="#Multiple_Inheritance">Lateral
Inheritance</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href="#Count_Fallback_normal">Count
Fallback: normal</a></li>
<li>Table: <a href=
"#Count_Fallback_currency">Count Fallback:
currency</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.1.3 <a href="#Parent_Locales">Parent
Locales</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.2 <a href="#Inheritance_and_Validity">Inheritance
and Validity</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>4.2.1 <a href="#Definitions">Definitions</a></li>
<li>4.2.2 <a href="#Resolved_Data_File">Resolved Data
File</a></li>
<li>4.2.3 <a href="#Valid_Data">Valid Data</a></li>
<li>4.2.4 <a href=
"#Checking_for_Draft_Status">Checking for Draft
Status</a></li>
<li>4.2.5 <a href=
"#Keyword_and_Default_Resolution">Keyword and Default
Resolution</a></li>
<li>4.2.6 <a href=
"#Inheritance_vs_Related">Inheritance vs Related
Information</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.3 <a href="#Likely_Subtags">Likely Subtags</a></li>
<li>4.4 <a href="#LanguageMatching">Language Matching</a>
<ul class='toc'>
<li>4.4.1 <a href=
"#EnhancedLanguageMatching">Enhanced Language
Matching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5 <a href="#XML_Format">XML Format</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.1 <a href="#Common_Elements">Common Elements</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.1.1 <a href="#special">Element special</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.1.1.1 <a href=
"#Sample_Special_Elements">Sample Special
Elements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.1.2 <a href="#Alias_Elements">Element alias</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href=
"#Inheritance_with_source_locale_">Inheritance
with source="locale"</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.1.3 <a href="#Element_displayName">Element
displayName</a></li>
<li>5.1.4 <a href="#Escaping_Characters">Escaping
Characters</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.2 <a href="#Common_Attributes">Common
Attributes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.2.1 <a href="#Attribute_type">Attribute
type</a></li>
<li>5.2.2 <a href="#Attribute_draft">Attribute
draft</a></li>
<li>5.2.3 <a href="#alt_attribute">Attribute
alt</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.3 <a href="#Common_Structures">Common
Structures</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.3.1 <a href="#Date_Ranges">Date and Date
Ranges</a></li>
<li>5.3.2 <a href="#Text_Directionality">Text
Directionality</a></li>
<li>5.3.3 <a href="#Unicode_Sets">Unicode Sets</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.3.3.1 <a href="#Lists_of_Code_Points">Lists
of Code Points</a></li>
<li>5.3.3.2 <a href="#Unicode_Properties">Unicode
Properties</a></li>
<li>5.3.3.3 <a href="#Boolean_Operations">Boolean
Operations</a></li>
<li>5.3.3.4 <a href=
"#UnicodeSet_Examples">UnicodeSet
Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.3.4 <a href="#String_Range">String
Range</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.4 <a href="#Identity_Elements">Identity
Elements</a></li>
<li>5.5 <a href="#Valid_Attribute_Values">Valid Attribute
Values</a></li>
<li>5.6 <a href="#Canonical_Form">Canonical Form</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>5.6.1 <a href="#Content">Content</a></li>
<li>5.6.2 <a href="#Ordering">Ordering</a></li>
<li>5.6.3 <a href="#Comments">Comments</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.7 <a href="#DTD_Annotations">DTD
Annotations</a>
<ul class='toc'>
<li>5.7.1 <a href="#match_expressions" >Attribute Value Constraints</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>6 <a href="#Property_Data">Property Data</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>6.1 <a href="#Script_Metadata">Script
Metadata</a></li>
<li>6.2 <a href="#Extended_Pictographic">Extended
Pictographic</a></li>
<li>6.3 <a href="#Labels.txt">Labels.txt</a></li>
<li><a href="#Segmentation_Tests">6.4 Segmentation Tests</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>7 <a href="#Format_Parse_Issues">Issues in Formatting and
Parsing</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>7.1 <a href="#Lenient_Parsing">Lenient Parsing</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>7.1.1 <a href="#Motivation">Motivation</a></li>
<li>7.1.2 <a href="#Loose_Matching">Loose
Matching</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>7.2 <a href="#Invalid_Patterns">Handling Invalid
Patterns</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Annex A <a href="#Deprecated_Structure">Deprecated
Structure</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>A.1 <a href="#Fallback_Elements">Element
fallback</a></li>
<li>A.2 <a href="#BCP47_Keyword_Mapping">BCP 47 Keyword
Mapping</a></li>
<li>A.3 <a href="#Choice_Patterns">Choice
Patterns</a></li>
<li>A.4 <a href="#Element_default">Element
default</a></li>
<li>A.5 <a href=
"#Deprecated_Common_Attributes">Deprecated Common
Attributes</a>
<ul>
<li>A.5.1 <a href="#Attribute_standard">Attribute
standard</a></li>
<li>A.5.2 <a href=
"#Attribute_draft_nonLeaf">Attribute draft in
non-leaf elements</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>A.6 <a href="#Element_base">Element base</a></li>
<li>A.7 <a href="#Element_rules">Element rules</a></li>
<li>A.8 <a href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_dates">Deprecated subelements
of &lt;dates&gt;</a></li>
<li>A.9 <a href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_calendars">Deprecated
subelements of &lt;calendars&gt;</a></li>
<li>A.10 <a href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_timeZoneNames">Deprecated
subelements of &lt;timeZoneNames&gt;</a></li>
<li>A.11 <a href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_zone_metazone">Deprecated
subelements of &lt;zone&gt; and &lt;metazone&gt;</a></li>
<li>A.12 <a href=
"#Renamed_attribute_values_for_contextTransformUsage">Renamed
attribute values for &lt;contextTransformUsage&gt;
element</a></li>
<li>A.13 <a href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_segmentations">Deprecated
subelements of &lt;segmentations&gt;</a></li>
<li>A.14 <a href="#Element_cp">Element cp</a></li>
<li>A.15 <a href="#validSubLocales">Attribute
validSubLocales</a></li>
<li>A.16 <a href="#postCodeElements">Elements
postalCodeData, postCodeRegex</a></li>
<li>A.17 <a href="#telephoneCodeData">Element
telephoneCodeData</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Annex B <a href="#Links_to_Other_Parts">Links to Other
Parts</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>Table: <a href="#Part_2_Links">Part 2 Links: General
(display names &amp; transforms, etc.)</a></li>
<li>Table: <a href="#Part_3_Links">Part 3 Links: Numbers
(number &amp; currency formatting)</a></li>
<li>Table: <a href="#Part_4_Links">Part 4 Links: Dates
(date, time, time zone formatting)</a></li>
<li>Table: <a href="#Part_5_Links">Part 5 Links:
Collation (sorting, searching, grouping)</a></li>
<li>Table: <a href="#Part_6_Links">Part 6 Links:
Supplemental (supplemental data)</a></li>
<li>Table: <a href="#Part_7_Links">Part 7 Links:
Keyboards (keyboard mappings)</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Annex C. <a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" >LocaleId Canonicalization</a></li>
<li><a href="#References">References</a></li>
<li><a href="#Acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a></li>
<li><a href="#Modifications">Modifications</a></li>
</ul><!-- END Generated TOC: CheckHtmlFiles -->
<h2><a name="Introduction" href="#Introduction" id=
"Introduction">1 Introduction</a></h2>
<p>Not long ago, computer systems were like separate worlds,
isolated from one another. The internet and related events have
changed all that. A single system can be built of many
different components, hardware and software, all needing to
work together. Many different technologies have been important
in bridging the gaps; in the internationalization arena,
Unicode has provided a lingua franca for communicating textual
data. However, there remain differences in the locale data used
by different systems.</p>
<p>The best practice for internationalization is to store and
communicate language-neutral data, and format that data for the
client. This formatting can take place on any of a number of
the components in a system; a server might format data based on
the user's locale, or it could be that a client machine does
the formatting. The same goes for parsing data, and
locale-sensitive analysis of data.</p>
<p>But there remain significant differences across systems and
applications in the locale-sensitive data used for such
formatting, parsing, and analysis. Many of those differences
are simply gratuitous; all within acceptable limits for human
beings, but yielding different results. In many other cases
there are outright errors. Whatever the cause, the differences
can cause discrepancies to creep into a heterogeneous system.
This is especially serious in the case of collation
(sort-order), where different collation caused not only
ordering differences, but also different results of queries!
That is, with a query of customers with names between "Abbot,
Cosmo" and "Arnold, James", if different systems have different
sort orders, different lists will be returned. (For comparisons
across systems formatted as HTML tables, see [<a href=
"#Comparisons">Comparisons</a>].)</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="note"><b>Note:</b> There are many different equally
valid ways in which data can be judged to be "correct" for a
particular locale. The goal for the common locale data is to
make it as consistent as possible with existing locale data,
and acceptable to users in that locale.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This document specifies an XML format for the communication
of locale data: the Unicode Locale Data Markup Language (LDML).
This provides a common format for systems to interchange locale
data so that they can get the same results in the services
provided by internationalization libraries. It also provides a
standard format that can allow users to customize the behavior
of a system. With it, for example, collation (sorting) rules
can be exchanged, allowing two implementations to exchange a
specification of tailored collation rules. Using the same
specification, the two implementations will achieve the same
results in comparing strings. Unicode LDML can also be used to
let a user encapsulate specialized sorting behavior for a
specific domain, or create a customized locale for a minority
language. Unicode LDML is also used in the Unicode Common
Locale Data Repository (CLDR). CLDR uses an open process for
reconciling differences between the locale data used on
different systems and validating the data, to produce with a
useful, common, consistent base of locale data.</p>
<p>For more information, see the Common Locale Data Repository
project page [<a href="#localeProject">LocaleProject</a>].</p>
<p>As LDML is an interchange format, it was designed for ease
of maintenance and simplicity of transformation into other
formats, above efficiency of run-time lookup and use.
Implementations should consider converting LDML data into a
more compact format prior to use.</p>
<h3><a name="Conformance" href="#Conformance" id=
"Conformance">1.1 Conformance</a></h3>
<p>There are many ways to use the Unicode LDML format and the
data in CLDR, and the Unicode Consortium does not restrict the
ways in which the format or data are used. However, an
implementation may also claim conformance to LDML or to CLDR,
as follows:</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><i><b>UAX35-C1.</b></i> An implementation that claims
conformance to this specification shall:</p>
<ol>
<li>Identify the sections of the specification that it
conforms to.
<ul>
<li>For example, an implementation might claim
conformance to all LDML features except for
<i>transforms</i> and <i>segments</i>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Interpret the relevant elements and attributes of LDML
documents in accordance with the descriptions in those
sections.
<ul>
<li>For example, an implementation that claims
conformance to the date format patterns must interpret
the characters in such patterns according to <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table">Date Field
Symbol Table</a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Declare which types of CLDR data that it uses.
<ul>
<li>For example, an implementation might declare that it
only uses language names, and those with a <i>draft</i>
status of <i>contributed</i> or <i>approved</i>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p><i><b>UAX35-C2.</b></i> An implementation that claims
conformance to Unicode locale or language identifiers
shall:</p>
<ol>
<li>Specify whether Unicode locale extensions are
allowed</li>
<li>Specify the canonical form used for identifiers in terms
of casing and field separator characters.</li>
</ol>
<p>External specifications may also reference particular
components of Unicode locale or language identifiers, such
as:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><i>Field X can contain any Unicode region subtag values as
given in Unicode Technical Standard #35: Unicode Locale Data
Markup Language (LDML), excluding grouping codes.</i></p>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="Locale" href="#Locale" id="Locale">2 What is a
Locale?</a></h2>
<p>Before diving into the XML structure, it is helpful to
describe the model behind the structure. People do not have to
subscribe to this model to use data in LDML, but they do need
to understand it so that the data can be correctly translated
into whatever model their implementation uses.</p>
<p>The first issue is basic: <i>what is a locale?</i> In this
model, a locale is an identifier (id) that refers to a set of
user preferences that tend to be shared across significant
swaths of the world. Traditionally, the data associated with
this id provides support for formatting and parsing of dates,
times, numbers, and currencies; for measurement units, for
sort-order (collation), plus translated names for time zones,
languages, countries, and scripts. The data can also include
support for text boundaries (character, word, line, and
sentence), text transformations (including transliterations),
and other services.</p>
<p>Locale data is not cast in stone: the data used on someone's
machine generally may reflect the US format, for example, but
preferences can typically set to override particular items,
such as setting the date format for 2002.03.15, or using metric
or Imperial measurement units. In the abstract, locales are
simply one of many sets of preferences that, say, a website may
want to remember for a particular user. Depending on the
application, it may want to also remember the user's time zone,
preferred currency, preferred character set, smoker/non-smoker
preference, meal preference (vegetarian, kosher, and so on),
music preference, religion, party affiliation, favorite
charity, and so on.</p>
<p>Locale data in a system may also change over time: country
boundaries change; governments (and currencies) come and go:
committees impose new standards; bugs are found and fixed in
the source data; and so on. Thus the data needs to be versioned
for stability over time.</p>
<p>In general terms, the locale id is a parameter that is
supplied to a particular service (date formatting, sorting,
spell-checking, and so on). The format in this document does
not attempt to represent all the data that could conceivably be
used by all possible services. Instead, it collects together
data that is in common use in systems and internationalization
libraries for basic services. The main difference among locales
is in terms of language; there may also be some differences
according to different countries or regions. However, the line
between <i>locales</i> and <i>languages</i>, as commonly used
in the industry, are rather fuzzy. Note also that the vast
majority of the locale data in CLDR is in fact language data;
all non-linguistic data is separated out into a separate tree.
For more information, see <i><a href=
"#Language_and_Locale_IDs">Section 3.10 Language and Locale
IDs</a></i>.</p>
<p>We will speak of data as being "in locale X". That does not
imply that a locale <i>is</i> a collection of data; it is
simply shorthand for "the set of data associated with the
locale id X". Each individual piece of data is called a
<i>resource</i> or <i>field</i>, and a tag indicating the key
of the resource is called a <i>resource tag.</i></p>
<h2><a name="Identifiers" href="#Identifiers" id=
"Identifiers"></a> <a name=
"Unicode_Language_and_Locale_Identifiers" href=
"#Unicode_Language_and_Locale_Identifiers" id=
"Unicode_Language_and_Locale_Identifiers">3 Unicode Language
and Locale Identifiers</a></h2>
<p>Unicode LDML uses stable identifiers based on [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>] for distinguishing among languages,
locales, regions, currencies, time zones, transforms, and so
on. There are many systems for identifiers for these entities.
The Unicode LDML identifiers may not match the identifiers used
on a particular target system. If so, some process of
identifier translation may be required when using LDML
data.</p>
<p>The BCP 47 extensions (-u- and -t-) are described in
<em>Section 3.6 <a href="#u_Extension">Unicode BCP 47 U
Extension</a></em> and <em>Section 3.7 <a href=
"#BCP47_T_Extension">Unicode BCP 47 T Extension</a></em>.</p>
<h3><i><a name="Unicode_language_identifier" href=
"#Unicode_language_identifier" id=
"Unicode_language_identifier">3.1 Unicode Language
Identifier</a></i></h3>
<p>A <i>Unicode language identifier</i> has the following
structure (provided in EBNF (Perl-based)). The following table defines
syntactically well-formed identifiers: they are not necessarily
valid identifiers. For additional validity criteria, see the
links on the right.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th>
<div align="center">
EBNF
</div>
</th>
<th>
<div align="center">
Validity / Comments
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_language_id" name=
"unicode_language_id" id=
"unicode_language_id">unicode_language_id</a></code></td>
<td><code>= "root"<br>
| (unicode_language_subtag<br>
&nbsp; &nbsp; (sep unicode_script_subtag)?<br>
&nbsp; | unicode_script_subtag)<br>
&nbsp; (sep unicode_region_subtag)?<br>
&nbsp; (sep unicode_variant_subtag)* ;</code></td>
<td>"root" is treated as a special
<code>unicode_language_subtag</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_language_subtag" name=
"unicode_language_subtag" id=
"unicode_language_subtag">unicode_language_subtag</a></code></td>
<td><code>= alpha{2,3} | alpha{5,8};</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
'#unicode_language_subtag_validity'>validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/validity/language.xml'>
latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_script_subtag" name=
"unicode_script_subtag" id=
"unicode_script_subtag">unicode_script_subtag</a></code></td>
<td><code>= alpha{4} ;</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
'#unicode_script_subtag_validity'>validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/validity/script.xml'>
latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_region_subtag" name=
"unicode_region_subtag" id=
"unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a></code></td>
<td><code>= (alpha{2} | digit{3}) ;</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
'#unicode_language_subtag_validity'>validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/validity/region.xml'>
latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_variant_subtag" name=
"unicode_variant_subtag" id=
"unicode_variant_subtag">unicode_variant_subtag</a></code></td>
<td><code>= (alphanum{5,8}<br>
| digit alphanum{3}) ;</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
'#unicode_language_subtag_validity'>validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/validity/variant.xml'>
latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>sep</code></td>
<td><code>= [-_] ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>digit</code></td>
<td><code>= [0-9] ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>alpha</code></td>
<td><code>= [A-Z a-z] ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>alphanum</code></td>
<td><code>= [0-9 A-Z a-z] ;</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The semantics of the various subtags is explained in
<em>Section 3.4 <a href="#Field_Definitions">Language
Identifier Field Definitions</a></em> ; there are also direct
links from <code><a href=
"#unicode_language_subtag">unicode_language_subtag</a></code> ,
etc. While theoretically the <code><a href=
"#unicode_language_subtag">unicode_language_subtag</a></code>
may have more than 3 letters through the IANA registration
process, in practice that has not occurred. The <code><a href=
"#unicode_language_subtag">unicode_language_subtag</a></code>
"und" may be omitted when there is a <code><a href=
"#unicode_script_subtag">unicode_script_subtag</a></code> ; for
that reason <code><a href=
"#unicode_language_subtag">unicode_language_subtag</a></code>
values with 4 letters are not permitted. However, such
<code><a href=
"#unicode_language_id">unicode_language_id</a></code> values
are not intended for general interchange, because they are not
valid BCP 47 tags. Instead, they are intended for certain
protocols such as the identification of transliterators or font
ScriptLangTag values. For more information on language subtags with 4 letters, see <a href=
"#Language_Tag_to_Locale_Identifier" >BCP 47 Language Tag to
Unicode BCP 47 Locale Identifier</a>.</p>
<p>For example, "en-US" (American English), "en_GB" (British
English), "es-419" (Latin American Spanish), and "uz-Cyrl"
(Uzbek in Cyrillic) are all valid Unicode language
identifiers.</p>
<h3><i><a name="Unicode_locale_identifier" href=
"#Unicode_locale_identifier" id="Unicode_locale_identifier">3.2
Unicode Locale Identifier</a></i></h3>
<p>A <i>Unicode locale identifier</i> is composed of a Unicode
language identifier plus (optional) locale extensions. It has
the following structure. The semantics of the U and T
extensions are explained in <em>Section 3.6 <a href=
"#u_Extension">Unicode BCP 47 U Extension</a></em> and
<em>Section 3.7 <a href="#BCP47_T_Extension">Unicode BCP 47 T
Extension</a></em>. Other extensions and private use extensions
are supported for pass-through. The following table defines
syntactically <em>well-formed</em> identifiers: they are not
necessarily <em>valid</em> identifiers. For additional validity
criteria, see the links on the right. </p>
<p>As is often the case, the complete syntactic constraints are not easily captured by ABNF, so there is a further condition: There cannot be more than one extension with the
same singleton (-a-, …, -t-, -u-, …). Note that the private use extension (-x-) must
come after all other extensions. </p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th>
<div align="center">
EBNF
</div>
</th>
<th>
<div align="center">
Validity
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_locale_id" name=
"unicode_locale_id" id=
"unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a></code></td>
<td><code>= unicode_language_id<br>
&nbsp; extensions*<br>
&nbsp; pu_extensions? ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#extensions" name="extensions" id=
"extensions">extensions</a></code></td>
<td><code>= unicode_locale_extensions<br>
| transformed_extensions<br>
| other_extensions ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#unicode_locale_extensions" name=
"unicode_locale_extensions" id=
"unicode_locale_extensions">unicode_locale_extensions</a></code></td>
<td><code>= sep [uU]<br>
&nbsp; ((sep keyword)+<br>
&nbsp; |(sep attribute)+ (sep keyword)*) ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#transformed_extensions" name=
"transformed_extensions" id=
"transformed_extensions">transformed_extensions</a></code></td>
<td><code>= sep [tT]<br>
&nbsp; ((sep tlang (sep tfield)*)<br>
&nbsp; | (sep tfield)+) ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#pu_extensions" name="pu_extensions" id=
"pu_extensions">pu_extensions</a></code></td>
<td><code>= sep [xX]<br>
&nbsp; (sep alphanum{1,8})+ ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a href="#other_extensions" name=
"other_extensions" id=
"other_extensions">other_extensions</a></code></td>
<td><code>= sep [alphanum-[tTuUxX]]<br>
&nbsp; (sep alphanum{2,8})+ ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>keyword</code><br>
(Also known as <code>uvalue</code>)</td>
<td><code>= key (sep type)? ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>key</code><br>
(Also known as <code>ukey</code>)</td>
<td><code>= alphanum alpha ;</code><br>
(Note that this is narrower than in [<a href="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6067.txt" title="https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6067.txt">RFC6067</a>], so that it is disjoint with tkey.)</td>
<td><code><a href="#Key_Type_Definitions">validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/bcp47'>latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>type</code><br>
(Also known as <code>uvalue</code>)</td>
<td><code>= alphanum{3,8}<br>
&nbsp; (sep alphanum{3,8})* ;</code></td>
<td><code><a href="#Key_Type_Definitions">validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/bcp47'>latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>attribute</code></td>
<td><code>= alphanum{3,8} ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a name="unicode_subdivision_id" href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id" id=
"unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a><a name=
"unicode_subdivision_subtag" id=
"unicode_subdivision_subtag"></a><a name=
"subdivision_attribute" id=
"subdivision_attribute"></a></code></td>
<td><code>= <a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a>
unicode_subdivision_suffix ;</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
'#unicode_subdivision_subtag_validity'>validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/validity/subdivision.xml'>
latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>unicode_subdivision_suffix</code></td>
<td><code>= alphanum{1,4} ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code><a name="unicode_measure_unit" href=
"#unicode_measure_unit" id=
"unicode_measure_unit">unicode_measure_unit</a></code></td>
<td><code>= alphanum{3,8}<br>
&nbsp; (sep alphanum{3,8})* ;</code></td>
<td><code><a href='#Validity_Data'>validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/validity/unit.xml'>latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>tlang</code></td>
<td><code>= unicode_language_subtag<br>
&nbsp; (sep unicode_script_subtag)?<br>
&nbsp; (sep unicode_region_subtag)?<br>
&nbsp; (sep unicode_variant_subtag)* ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>tfield</code></td>
<td><code>= tkey tvalue;</code></td>
<td><code><a href="#BCP47_T_Extension">validity</a><br>
<a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/maint/maint-38/common/bcp47'>latest-data</a></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>tkey</code></td>
<td><code>= alpha digit ;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>tvalue</code></td>
<td><code>= (sep alphanum{3,8})+ ;</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>For historical reasons, this is called a Unicode locale
identifier. However, it really functions (with few exceptions)
as a <span class="st">language</span> identifier, and accesses
<span class="st">language</span>-based data. Except where it
would be unclear, this document uses the term "locale" data
loosely to encompass both types of data: for more information,
see <i><a href="#Language_and_Locale_IDs">Section 3.10 Language
and Locale IDs</a></i>.</p>
<p>As of the release of this specification, there were no
other_extensions defined. The other_extensions are present in
the syntax to allow implementations to preserve that
information.</p>
<p>As for terminology, the term <i>code</i> may also be used
instead of "subtag", and "territory" instead of "region". The
primary language subtag is also called the <i>base language
code</i>. For example, the base language code for "en-US"
(American English) is "en" (English). The <i>type</i> may also
be referred to as a <i>value</i> or <i>key-value</i>.</p>
<p>The identifiers can vary in case and in the separator
characters. The "-" and "_" separators are treated as
equivalent, although "-" is preferred.</p>
<p>All identifier field values are case-insensitive. Although
case distinctions do not carry any special meaning, an
implementation of LDML should use the casing recommendations in
[<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>], especially when a Unicode locale
identifier is used for locale data exchange in software
protocols.</p>
<h4><a name="Canonical_Unicode_Locale_Identifiers" href="#Canonical_Unicode_Locale_Identifiers">3.2.1 Canonical Unicode Locale Identifiers</a></h4>
<p>A <code><a href=
"#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a></code> has <em>canonical syntax</em> when:</p>
<ul>
<li>It starts with a language subtag (those beginning with a script subtag are only for specialized use)</li>
<li>Casing
<ul>
<li>Any script subtag is in title case (eg, Hant)</li>
<li>Any region subtag is in uppercase (eg, DE)</li>
<li>All other subtags are in lowercase (eg, en, fonipa)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Order
<ul>
<li>Any variants are in alphabetical order (eg, en-fonipa-scouse,
not en-scouse-fonipa)</li>
<li>Any extensions are in alphabetical order by their singleton
(eg, en-t-xxx-u-yyy, not en-u-yyy-t-xxx)</li>
<li>All attributes are sorted in alphabetical order.</li>
<li>All keywords and tfields are sorted by alphabetical order of their keys, within their respective extensions.</li>
<li>Any type or tfield value "true" is removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, the canonical form of
"en-u-foo-bar-nu-thai-ca-buddhist-kk-true" is
"en-u-bar-foo-ca-buddhist-kk-nu-thai". The attributes "foo" and
"bar" in this example are provided only for illustration; no
attribute subtags are defined by the current CLDR
specification.</p>
<p><b>Note:</b> The current version of CLDR data uses some
non-preferred <em>syntax</em> for backward compatibility. This might be
changed in future CLDR releases.</p>
<ul>
<li>It uses uppercase letters for variant subtags, while the
preferred forms are all lowercase.</li>
<li>It uses "_" as the separator, while the preferred form of
the separator is "-".</li>
<li>It uses "root", while the preferred form is "und".</li>
</ul>
<p>A <code><a href=
"#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a></code> is in <em>canonical form</em> when it has canonical syntax and contains no aliased subtags. A <code><a href=
"#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a></code> can be transformed into canonical form according to <a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" >Annex C. LocaleId Canonicalization</a>.</p>
<p>A <code><a href=
"#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a></code> is <em>maximal</em> when the <code><a href=
"#unicode_language_id">unicode_language_id</a></code> and tlang (if any) have been transformed by the Add Likely Subtags operation in <em>Section 4.3 <a href="#Likely_Subtags">Likely Subtags</a></em>, excluding &quot;und&quot;. </p>
<blockquote><em>Example:</em> the maxmal form of ja-Kana-t-it is ja-Kana-JP-t-it-Latn-IT</blockquote>
<p>Two <code><a href=
"#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_ids</a></code> are <em>equivalent</em> when their maximal canonical forms are identical.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>Example:</em> &quot;IW-HEBR-u-ms-imperial&quot; ~ &quot;he-u-ms-uksystem&quot;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The equivalence relationship may change over time, such as when subtags are deprecated or likely subtag mappings change. For example, if two countries were to merge, then various subtags would become deprecated. These kinds of changes are generally very infrequent.</p>
<h3><a name="BCP_47_Conformance" href="#BCP_47_Conformance" id=
"BCP_47_Conformance">3.3 BCP 47 Conformance</a></h3>
<p>Unicode language and locale identifiers inherit the design
and the repertoire of subtags from [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>]
Language Tags. There are some extensions and restrictions made
for the use of the Unicode locale identifier in CLDR:</p>
<ul>
<li>It does not allow for the full syntax of [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>]:
<ul>
<li>No extlang subtags are allowed (as in the BCP 47
canonical form, see BCP 47 <a href=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-4.5">Section
4.5</a> and <a href=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-3.1.7" target=
"_blank">Section 3.1.7</a>)</li>
<li>No irregular BCP 47 legacy language tags
(marked as “Type: grandfathered” in BCP 47) are allowed
(these are all deprecated in BCP 47)</li>
<li>A tag must not start with the subtag "x": thus a
<em>privateuse</em> (eg x-abc) can only be after a
language subtag, like "und"</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It allows for certain semantic additions and constraints:
<ul>
<li>Certain codes that are private-use in BCP-47 and ISO
are given semantics by LDML</li>
<li>Each macrolanguage has an identified primary
encompassed language, which is treated as an alias for
the macrolanguage, and thus is replaced when
canonicalizing (as allowed by BCP 47, see <a href=
"https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-4.1.2">Section
4.1.2</a>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>It allows certain syntax for backwards compatibility (not
BCP 47-compatible):
<ul>
<li>The "_" character for field separator characters, as
well as the "-" used in [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>]
(however, the canonical form is with "-")</li>
<li>The subtag "root" to indicate the generic locale used
as the parent of all languages in the CLDR data model
("und" can be used instead)</li>
<li>The language tag may begin with a script subtag
rather than a language subtag. This is specialized use
only, and not required for CLDR conformance.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>There are thus two subtypes of Unicode locale
identifiers:</p>
<ul>
<li>the term <em>Unicode CLDR locale identifier</em> applies
where the backwards compatibility syntax is used.</li>
<li>the term <em>Unicode BCP 47 locale identifier</em>
applies otherwise. A <em>Unicode BCP 47 locale
identifier</em> is also a valid BCP 47 language tag.</li>
</ul>
<h4><a name="BCP_47_Language_Tag_Conversion" href=
"#BCP_47_Language_Tag_Conversion" id=
"BCP_47_Language_Tag_Conversion">3.3.1 BCP 47 Language Tag
Conversion</a></h4>
<p>The different identifiers can be converted to one another as
described in this section.</p>
<h5><a name="Language_Tag_to_Locale_Identifier" href=
"#Language_Tag_to_Locale_Identifier" id=
"Language_Tag_to_Locale_Identifier">BCP 47 Language Tag to
Unicode BCP 47 Locale Identifier</a></h5>
<p>A valid [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] language tag can be
converted to a valid Unicode BCP 47 locale identifier according to <a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" >Annex C. LocaleId Canonicalization</a></p>
<p>The result is a Unicode BCP 47 locale identifier, in
canonical form. It is both a BCP 47 language tag and a Unicode
locale identifier. Because the process maps from all BCP 47
language tags into a subset of BCP 47 language tags, the format
changes are not reversible, much as a lowercase transformation
of the string “McGowan” is not reversible.</p><br>
<p><em>Examples</em></p>
<table>
<tr>
<th style='width:10em'>BCP 47 language tag</th>
<th style='width:10em'>Unicode BCP 47 locale
identifier</th>
<th>Comments</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>en-US</code></td>
<td><code>en-US</code></td>
<td>no changes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>iw-FX</code></td>
<td><code>he-FR</code></td>
<td>BCP 47 canonicalization [1]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>cmn-TW</code></td>
<td><code>zh-TW</code></td>
<td>language alias [2]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>zh-cmn-TW</code></td>
<td><code>zh-TW</code></td>
<td>BCP 47 canonicalization [1], then language alias
[2]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>sr-CS</code></td>
<td><code>sr-RS</code></td>
<td>territory alias [3]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>sh</code></td>
<td><code>sr-Latn</code></td>
<td>multiple replacement subtags [2.1]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>sh-Cyrl</code></td>
<td><code>sr-Cyrl</code></td>
<td>no replacement with multiple replacement subtags [2.1
doesn't apply]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>hy-SU</code></td>
<td><code>hy-AM</code></td>
<td>multiple territory values [3.2]<br>
<code>&lt;territoryAlias type="SU" replacement="RU AM AZ BY
EE GE KZ KG LV LT MD TJ TM UA UZ" …/&gt;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>i-enochian</code></td>
<td><code>und-x-i-enochian</code></td>
<td>prefix any legacy language tags
(marked as “Type: grandfathered” in BCP 47) with "und-x-" [4]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>x-abc</code></td>
<td><code>und-x-abc</code></td>
<td>prefix with "und-", so that there is always a base
language subtag [5]</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h5><a name="Unicode_Locale_Identifier_CLDR_to_BCP_47" href=
"#Unicode_Locale_Identifier_CLDR_to_BCP_47" id=
"Unicode_Locale_Identifier_CLDR_to_BCP_47">Unicode Locale
Identifier: CLDR to BCP 47</a></h5>
<p>A Unicode CLDR locale identifier can be converted to a valid
[<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] language tag (which is also a
Unicode BCP 47 locale identifier) by performing the following
transformation.</p>
<ol>
<li>Replace the "_" separators with "-"</li>
<li>Replace the special language identifier "root" with the
BCP 47 primary language tag "und"</li>
<li>Add an initial "und" primary language subtag if the first
subtag is a script.</li>
</ol>
<p><em>Examples:</em></p>
<table>
<tr>
<th style='width:10em'>Unicode CLDR locale identifier</th>
<th style='width:10em'>BCP 47 language tag</th>
<th>Comments</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>en_US</code></td>
<td><code>en-US</code></td>
<td>change separator [1]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>de_DE_u_co_phonebk</code></td>
<td><code>de-DE-u-co-phonebk</code></td>
<td>change separator [1]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>root</code></td>
<td><code>und</code></td>
<td>change to "und" [2]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>root_u_cu_usd</code></td>
<td><code>und-u-cu-usd</code></td>
<td>change to "und" [1, 2]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Latn_DE</code></td>
<td><code>und-Latn-DE</code></td>
<td>add "und" [1, 3]</td>
</tr>
</table><br>
<h5><a name="Unicode_Locale_Identifier_BCP_47_to_CLDR" href=
"#Unicode_Locale_Identifier_BCP_47_to_CLDR" id=
"Unicode_Locale_Identifier_BCP_47_to_CLDR">Unicode Locale
Identifier: BCP 47 to CLDR</a></h5>
<p>A Unicode BCP 47 locale identifier can be transformed into a
Unicode CLDR locale identifier by performing the following
transformation.</p>
<ol>
<li>the separator is changed to "_"</li>
<li>the primary language subtag "und" is replaced with "root"
if no script, region, or variant subtags are present.</li>
</ol>
<p><em>Examples:</em></p>
<table>
<tr>
<th style='width:10em'>BCP 47 language tag</th>
<th style='width:10em'>Unicode CLDR locale identifier</th>
<th>Comments</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>en-US</code></td>
<td><code>en_US</code></td>
<td>changes separator [1]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>und</code></td>
<td><code>root</code></td>
<td>changes to "root", because no script, region, or
variant tag is present [2]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>und-US</code></td>
<td><code>und_US</code></td>
<td>no change to "und", because a region subtag is present
[1]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap><code>und-u-cu-USD</code></td>
<td nowrap><code>root_u_cu_usd</code></td>
<td>changes to "root", because no script, region, or
variant tag is present [1, 2]</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="Field_Definitions" href="#Field_Definitions" id=
"Field_Definitions">3.4 Language Identifier Field
Definitions</a></h3>
<p>Unicode language and locale identifier field values are
provided in the following table. Note that some private-use BCP
47 field values are given specific meanings in CLDR. While
field values are based on [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] subtag
values, their validity status in CLDR is specified by means of
machine-readable files in the <a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/validity/'>common/validity/</a>
subdirectory, such as language.xml. For the format of those
files and more information, see <em><a href=
'#Validity_Data'>Section 3.11 Validity Data</a></em>.</p>
<table>
<caption>
<a name="Language_Locale_Field_Definitions" href=
"#Language_Locale_Field_Definitions" id=
"Language_Locale_Field_Definitions">Language Identifier
Field Definitions</a>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Field</th>
<th>Valid values</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#unicode_language_subtag_validity" name=
"unicode_language_subtag_validity" id=
"unicode_language_subtag_validity">unicode_language_subtag</a>
<p>(also known as a <i>Unicode base language
code)</i></p>
</td>
<td>
Subtags in the language.xml file (see <em>Section 3.11
<a href="#Validity_Data">Validity Data</a></em> ). These
are based on [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] subtag values
marked as <b>Type: language</b>
<p>ISO 639-3 introduces the notion of "macrolanguages",
where certain ISO 639-1 or ISO 639-2 codes are given
broad semantics, and additional codes are given for the
narrower semantics. For backwards compatibility, Unicode
language identifiers retain use of the narrower semantics
for these codes. For example:</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style=
"margin: 0.5em">
<tr>
<th>For</th>
<th>Use</th>
<th><i>Not</i></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Chinese (Mandarin)</td>
<td><code>zh</code></td>
<td><code>cmn</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Arabic</td>
<td><code>ar</code></td>
<td><code>arb</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Malay</td>
<td><code>ms</code></td>
<td><code>zsm</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Swahili</td>
<td><code>sw</code></td>
<td><code>swh</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Uzbek</td>
<td><code>uz</code></td>
<td><code>uzn</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Standard Konkani</td>
<td><code>kok</code></td>
<td><code>knn</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Northern Kurdish</td>
<td><code>ku</code></td>
<td><code>kmr</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>If a language subtag matches the type attribute of a
languageAlias element, then the replacement value is used
instead. For example, because "swh" occurs in
<tt>&lt;languageAlias type="swh"
replacement="sw"/&gt;</tt> , "sw" must be used instead of
"swh". Thus Unicode language identifiers use "ar-EG" for
Standard Arabic (Egypt), not "arb-EG"; they use "zh-TW"
for Mandarin Chinese (Taiwan), not "cmn-TW".</p>
<p>The private use codes listed as
<strong>excluded</strong> in <em>Section 3.5.3 <a href=
"#Private_Use_Codes">Private Use Codes</a></em> will never be
given specific semantics in Unicode identifiers, and are
thus safe for use for other purposes by other
applications.</p>
<p>The CLDR provides data for normalizing language/locale
codes, including mapping overlong codes like "eng-840" or
"eng-USA" to the correct code "en-US"; see the
<strong><a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/cldr-staging/charts/38/supplemental/aliases.html">
Aliases</a></strong> Chart.</p>
<p>The following are special language subtags:</p>
<table class="simple" border="1" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Comment</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>mis</code></td>
<td>Uncoded languages</td>
<td>The content is in a language that doesn't yet
have an ISO 639 code.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>mul</code></td>
<td>Multiple languages</td>
<td>The content contains more than one language or
text that is simultaneously in multiple languages
(such as brand names).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>zxx</code></td>
<td>No linguistic content</td>
<td>The content is not in any particular languages
(such as images, symbols, etc.)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#unicode_script_subtag_validity" name=
"unicode_script_subtag_validity" id=
"unicode_script_subtag_validity">unicode_script_subtag</a>
<p>(also known as a <i>Unicode script code)</i></p>
</td>
<td>
Subtags in the script.xml file (see <em>Section 3.11
<a href="#Validity_Data">Validity Data</a></em>). These
are based on [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] subtag values
marked as <b>Type: script</b>
<p>In most cases the script is not necessary, since the
language is only customarily written in a single script.
Examples of cases where it is used are:</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style=
"margin: 0.5em">
<tr>
<td><code>az_Arab</code></td>
<td>Azerbaijani in Arabic script</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>az_Cyrl</code></td>
<td>Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>az_Latn</code></td>
<td>Azerbaijani in Latin script</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>zh_Hans</code></td>
<td>Chinese, in simplified script (=zh, zh-Hans,
zh-CN, zh-Hans-CN)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>zh_Hant</code></td>
<td>Chinese, in traditional script</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Unicode identifiers give specific semantics to certain
Unicode Script values. For more information, see also
[<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UAX24">UAX24</a>]:</p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" style=
"margin: 0.5em">
<tr>
<td><code>Qaag</code></td>
<td>Zawgyi</td>
<td colspan="2">Qaag is a special script code for
identifying the non-standard use of Myanmar
characters for display with the Zawgyi font. The
purpose of the code is to enable migration to
standard, interoperable use of Unicode by providing
an identifier for Zawgyi for tagging text,
applications, input methods, font tables,
transformations, and other mechanisms used for
migration.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Qaai</code></td>
<td>Inherited</td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>deprecated</strong>: the
<em>canonicalized</em> form is Zinh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Zinh</code></td>
<td>Inherited</td>
<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Zsye</code></td>
<td>Emoji Style</td>
<td colspan="2">Prefer emoji style for characters
that have both text and emoji styles available.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Zsym</code></td>
<td>Text Style</td>
<td colspan="2">Prefer text style for characters that
have both text and emoji styles available.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7"><code>Zxxx</code></td>
<td rowspan="7">Unwritten</td>
<td colspan="2">Indicates spoken or otherwise
unwritten content. For example:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Sample(s)</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uz</td>
<td>either written or spoken content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uz-Latn <em>or</em> uz-Arab</td>
<td>written-only content (particular script)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uz-Zyyy</td>
<td>written-only content (unspecified script)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uz-Zxxx</td>
<td>spoken-only content</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uz-Latn, uz-Zxxx</td>
<td>both specific written and spoken content (using a
<em>language list</em>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Zyyy</code></td>
<td>Common</td>
<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Zzzz</code></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The private use subtags listed as
<strong>excluded</strong> in <em>Section 3.5.3 <a href=
"#Private_Use_Codes">Private Use Codes</a></em> will never be
given specific semantics in Unicode identifiers, and are
thus safe for use for other purposes by other
applications.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#unicode_region_subtag_validity" name=
"unicode_region_subtag_validity" id=
"unicode_region_subtag_validity">unicode_region_subtag</a>
<p>(also known as a <i>Unicode region code,</i> or <i>a
Unicode territory code)</i></p>
</td>
<td>
Subtags in the region.xml file (see <em>Section 3.11
<a href="#Validity_Data">Validity Data</a></em>). These
are based on [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] subtag values
marked as <b>Type: region</b>
<p>Unicode identifiers give specific semantics to the
following subtags:</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td><strong>Comment</strong></td>
<td><strong>ISO 3166-1 status</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>QO</code></td>
<td>Outlying Oceania</td>
<td>countries in Oceania [009] that do not have a
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/cldr-staging/charts/38/supplemental/territory_containment_un_m_49.html">
subcontinent</a>.</td>
<td>private use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>QU</code></td>
<td>European Union</td>
<td><strong>deprecated</strong>: the
<em>canonicalized</em> form is EU</td>
<td>private use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>UK</code></td>
<td>United Kingdom</td>
<td><strong>deprecated</strong>: the
<em>canonicalized</em> form is GB</td>
<td>exceptionally reserved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>XA</code></td>
<td>Pseudo-Accents</td>
<td>special code indicating derived testing locale
with English + added accents and lengthened</td>
<td>private use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>XB</code></td>
<td>Pseudo-Bidi</td>
<td>special code indicating derived testing locale
with forced RTL English</td>
<td>private use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>XK</code></td>
<td>Kosovo</td>
<td>industry practice</td>
<td>private use</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ZZ</code></td>
<td>Unknown or Invalid Territory</td>
<td>used in APIs or as replacement for invalid
code</td>
<td>private use</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The private use subtags listed as
<strong>excluded</strong> in <em>Section 3.5.3 <a href=
"#Private_Use_Codes">Private Use Codes</a></em> will normally
never be given specific semantics in Unicode identifiers,
and are thus safe for use for other purposes by other
applications. However, LDML may follow widespread
industry practice in the use of some of these codes, such
as for XK.</p>
<p>The CLDR provides data for normalizing
territory/region codes, including mapping overlong codes
like "eng-840" or "eng-USA" to the correct code
"en-US".</p>
<p>Special Codes:</p>
<ul>
<li>The territory code 'UK' has a special status in
ISO, and is used for the domain name instead of GB. It
is thus recognized by CLDR as being an alternate
(unnormalized) form of 'GB'.</li>
<li>The territory code '001' (the World) is used to
indicate a standardized form, such as "ar-001" for
Modern Standard Arabic.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="#unicode_variant_subtag_validity" name=
"unicode_variant_subtag_validity" id=
"unicode_variant_subtag_validity">unicode_variant_subtag</a>
<p>(also known as a <i>Unicode language variant
code)</i></p>
</td>
<td>
Subtags in the variant.xml file (see <em>Section 3.11
<a href="#Validity_Data">Validity Data</a></em> ). These
are based on [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] subtag values
marked as <b>Type: variant</b>
<p>CLDR provides data for normalizing variant codes.
About handling of the "POSIX" variant see <i>Section
3.8.2, <a href="#Legacy_Variants">Legacy
Variants</a></i>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><i>Examples:</i></p>
<blockquote>
<pre>en
fr_BE
zh-Hant-HK</pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>Deprecated</em> codes—such as QU above—are valid, but
strongly discouraged.</p>
<p>A locale that only has a language subtag (and optionally a
script subtag) is called a <i>language locale</i>; one with
both language and territory subtag is called a <i>territory
locale</i> (or <i>country locale</i>).</p>
<h3><a name="Special_Codes" href="#Special_Codes" id=
"Special_Codes">3.5 Special Codes</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Unknown_or_Invalid_Identifiers" href=
"#Unknown_or_Invalid_Identifiers" id=
"Unknown_or_Invalid_Identifiers">3.5.1 Unknown or Invalid
Identifiers</a></h4>
<p>The following identifiers are used to indicate an unknown or
invalid code in Unicode language and locale identifiers. For
Unicode identifiers, the region code uses a private use ISO
3166 code, and Time Zone code uses an additional code; the
others are defined by the relevant standards. When these codes
are used in APIs connected with Unicode identifiers, the
meaning is that either there was no identifier available, or
that at some point an input identifier value was determined to
be invalid or ill-formed.</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style=
"margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" id="table4">
<tr>
<th>Code Type</th>
<th>Value</th>
<th>Description in Referenced Standards</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Language</td>
<td><code>und</code></td>
<td>Undetermined language, also used for “root”</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Script</td>
<td><code>Zzzz</code></td>
<td>Code for uncoded script, Unknown [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UAX24">UAX24</a>]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Region&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
<td><code>ZZ</code></td>
<td>Unknown or Invalid Territory</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Currency</td>
<td><code>XXX</code></td>
<td>The codes assigned for transactions where no currency
is involved</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Time Zone</td>
<td><code>unk</code></td>
<td>Unknown or Invalid Time Zone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subdivision</td>
<td><em>&lt;region&gt;</em>zzzz</td>
<td>Unknown or Invalid Subdivision</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>When only the script or region are known, then a locale ID
will use "und" as the language subtag portion. Thus the locale
tag "und_Grek" represents the Greek script; "und_US" represents
the US territory.</p>
<h4><a name="Numeric_Codes" href="#Numeric_Codes" id=
"Numeric_Codes">3.5.2 Numeric Codes</a></h4>
<p>For region codes, ISO and the UN establish a mapping to
three-letter codes and numeric codes. However, this does not
extend to the private use codes, which are the codes 900-999
(total: 100), and AAA, QMA-QZZ, XAA-XZZ, and ZZZ (total: 1092).
Unicode identifiers supply a standard mapping to these: for the
numeric codes, it uses the top of the numeric private use
range; for the 3-letter codes it doubles the final letter.
These are the resulting mappings for all of the private use
region codes:</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style=
"margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" id="table19">
<tr>
<th>Region</th>
<th>UN/ISO Numeric</th>
<th>ISO 3-Letter</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>AA</code></td>
<td><code>958</code></td>
<td><code>AAA</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>QM..QZ</code></td>
<td><code>959..972</code></td>
<td><code>QMM..QZZ</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>XA..XZ</code></td>
<td><code>973..998</code></td>
<td><code>XAA..XZZ</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ZZ</code></td>
<td><code>999</code></td>
<td><code>ZZZ</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>For script codes, ISO 15924 supplies a mapping (however, the
numeric codes are not in common use):</p>
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style=
"margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" id="table21">
<tr>
<th>Script</th>
<th>Numeric</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>Qaaa..Qabx</code></td>
<td><code>900..949</code></td>
</tr>
</table><br>
<h4>3.5.3 <a name="Private_Use_Codes" href="#Private_Use_Codes" id=
"Private_Use_Codes">Private Use Codes</a></h4>
<p>Private use codes fall into three groups.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>defined:</strong> those that are given particular
semantics currently in CLDR</li>
<li><strong>reserved:</strong> those that may be given
particular semantics in future versions of CLDR</li>
<li><strong>excluded:</strong> those that will never be given
particular CLDR semantics in the future, and thus can
normally be used by applications without worrying about
collisions. However, CLDR may follow widespread industry
practice in the use of some of these codes, such as for XA,
XB, and XK.</li>
</ul>
<table>
<caption>
<a name="Private_Use_CLDR" href="#Private_Use_CLDR" id=
"Private_Use_CLDR">Private Use Codes in CLDR</a>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>category</th>
<th>status</th>
<th>codes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">base language</td>
<td>defined</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reserved</td>
<td>qaa..qfy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>excluded</td>
<td>qfz..qtz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">script</td>
<td>defined</td>
<td>Qaai (obsolete), Qaag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reserved</td>
<td>Qaaa..Qaaf Qaah Qaaj..Qaap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>excluded</td>
<td>Qaaq..Qabx</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">region</td>
<td>defined</td>
<td>QO, QU, UK, XA, XB, XK, ZZ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reserved</td>
<td>AA QM..QN QP..QT QV..QZ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>excluded</td>
<td>XC..XJ, XL..XZ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">timezone</td>
<td>defined</td>
<td>IANA: Etc/Unknown<br>
bcp47: as listed in bcp47/timezone.xml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reserved</td>
<td>bcp47: all non-5 letter codes not starting with x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>excluded</td>
<td>bcp47: all non-5 letter codes starting with x</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>See also <em>Section 3.5.1 <a href=
"#Unknown_or_Invalid_Identifiers">Unknown or Invalid
Identifiers</a></em>.</p>
<h3><a name="Locale_Extension_Key_and_Type_Data" id=
"Locale_Extension_Key_and_Type_Data"></a><a name="u_Extension"
href="#u_Extension" id="u_Extension">3.6 Unicode BCP 47 U
Extension</a></h3>
<p>[<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] Language Tags provides a
mechanism for extending language tags for use in various
applications by extension subtags. Each extension subtag is
identified by a single alphanumeric character subtag assigned
by IANA.</p>
<p>The Unicode Consortium has registered and is the maintaining
authority for two BCP 47 language tag extensions: the extension
'u' for Unicode locale extension [<a href=
"#RFC6067">RFC6067</a>] and extension 't' for transformed
content [<a href="#RFC6497">RFC6497</a>]. The Unicode BCP 47
extension data defines the complete list of valid subtags.</p>
<p>These subtags are all in lowercase (that is the canonical
casing for these subtags), however, subtags are
case-insensitive and casing does not carry any specific
meaning. All subtags within the Unicode extensions are
alphanumeric characters in length of two to eight that meet the
rule <code>extension</code> in the [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>]</p>
<p><strong>The -u- Extension.</strong> The syntax of 'u'
extension subtags is defined by the rule
<code>unicode_locale_extensions</code> in <a href=
"#Unicode_locale_identifier">Section 3.2 Unicode locale
identifier</a>, except the separator of subtags
<code>sep</code> must be always hyphen '-' when the extension
is used as a part of BCP 47 language tag.</p>
<p>A 'u' extension may contain multiple <code>attribute</code>
s or <code>keyword</code> s as defined in <a href=
"#Unicode_locale_identifier">Section 3.2 Unicode locale
identifier</a>. The canonical syntax is defined as in <a href="#Canonical_Unicode_Locale_Identifiers">3.2.1 Canonical Unicode Locale Identifiers</a>. </p>
<p><em>See also <a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bcp47-extension">Unicode
Extensions for BCP 47</a> on the CLDR site.</em></p>
<h4><a href="#Key_And_Type_Definitions_" name=
"Key_And_Type_Definitions_" id=
"Key_And_Type_Definitions_">3.6.1 Key And Type
Definitions</a></h4>
<p>The following chart contains a set of U extension key values
that are currently available, with a description or sampling of
the U extension type values. Each category is associated with
an XML file in the bcp47 directory.</p>
<p>For the complete list of valid keys and types defined for
Unicode locale extensions, see <a href=
"#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files">Section 3.6.4 U
Extension Data Files</a>. For information on the process for
adding new <i>key</i>/<i>type</i>, see [<a href=
"#localeProject">LocaleProject</a>].</p>
<p>Most type values are represented by a single subtag in the
current version of CLDR. There are exceptions, such as types
used for key "ca" (calendar) and "kr" (collation reordering).
If the type is not included, then the type value "true" is
assumed. Note that the default for key with a possible "true"
value is often "false", but may not always be. Note also that
"true"/"True" is not a valid script code, since <a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/codelists.html">the ISO 15924
Registration Authority has exceptionally reserved it</a>, which
means that it will not be assigned for any purpose.</p>
<p>The BCP 47 form for keys and types is the canonical form,
and recommended. Other aliases are included for backwards
compatibility.</p>
<table>
<caption>
<a name="Key_Type_Definitions" href="#Key_Type_Definitions"
id="Key_Type_Definitions">Key/Type Definitions</a>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>key<br>
(old key name)</th>
<th>key description</th>
<th>example type<br>
(old type name)</th>
<th>type description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeCalendarIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeCalendarIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeCalendarIdentifier">Unicode Calendar Identifier</a>
defines a type of calendar. The valid values are those
<em>name</em> attribute values in the <em>type</em>
elements of key name="ca" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/calendar.xml">calendar.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="10">"ca"<br>
(calendar)</td>
<td rowspan="10">Calendar algorithm<br>
<br>
<i>(For information on the calendar algorithms associated
with the data used with these, see [<a href=
"#Calendars">Calendars</a>].)</i></td>
<td>"buddhist"</td>
<td>Thai Buddhist calendar (same as Gregorian except for
the year)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"chinese"</td>
<td>Traditional Chinese calendar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"gregory"<br>
(gregorian)</td>
<td>Gregorian calendar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"islamic"</td>
<td>Islamic calendar</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"islamic-civil"</td>
<td>Islamic calendar, tabular (intercalary years
[2,5,7,10,13,16,18,21,24,26,29] - civil epoch)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"islamic-umalqura"</td>
<td>Islamic calendar, Umm al-Qura</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><b>Note:</b> <i>Some calendar types are
represented by two subtags. In such cases, the first subtag
specifies a generic calendar type and the second subtag
specifies a calendar algorithm variant. The CLDR uses
generic calendar types (single subtag types) for tagging
data when calendar algorithm variations within a generic
calendar type are irrelevant. For example, type "islamic"
is used for specifying Islamic calendar formatting data for
all Islamic calendar types, including "islamic-civil" and
"islamic-umalqura".</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeCurrencyFormatIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeCurrencyFormatIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeCurrencyFormatIdentifier">Unicode Currency Format
Identifier</a> defines a style for currency formatting. The
valid values are those <em>name</em> attribute values in
the <em>type</em> elements of key name="cf" in
bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/currency.xml">currency.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">"cf"</td>
<td rowspan="2">Currency Format style</td>
<td>"standard"</td>
<td>Negative numbers use the minusSign symbol (the
default).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"account"</td>
<td>Negative numbers use parentheses or equivalent.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeCollationIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeCollationIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeCollationIdentifier">Unicode Collation
Identifier</a> defines a type of collation (sort order).
The valid values are those <em>name</em> attribute values
in the <em>type</em> elements of bcp47/<a target="_blank"
href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/collation.xml">collation.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><i>For information on each collation
setting parameter, from <strong>ka</strong> to
<strong>vt</strong>, see <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Setting_Options">Setting
Options</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="9">"co"<br>
(collation)</td>
<td rowspan="9">Collation type</td>
<td>"standard"</td>
<td>The default ordering for each language. For root it is
based on the [<a href="#DUCET">DUCET</a>] (Default Unicode
Collation Element Table): see <em><a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Root_Collation">Root
Collation</a></em>. Each other locale is based on that,
except for appropriate modifications to certain characters
for that language.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"search"</td>
<td>A special collation type dedicated for string search—it
is not used to determine the relative order of two strings,
but only to determine whether they should be considered
equivalent for the specified strength, using the string
search matching rules appropriate for the language.
Compared to the normal collator for the language, this may
add or remove primary equivalences, may make additional
characters ignorable or change secondary equivalences, and
may modify contractions to allow matching within them,
depending on the desired behavior. For example, in Czech,
the distinction between ‘a’ and ‘á’ is secondary for normal
collation, but primary for search; a search for ‘a’ should
never match ‘á’ and vice versa. A search collator is
normally used with strength set to PRIMARY or SECONDARY
(should be SECONDARY if using “asymmetric” search as
described in the [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UTS10">UCA</a>]
section Asymmetric Search). The search collator in root
supplies matching rules that are appropriate for most
languages (and which are different than the root collation
behavior); language-specific search collators may be
provided to override the matching rules for a given
language as necessary.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p>Other keywords provide additional choices for certain
locales; <i>they only have effect in certain
locales.</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"phonetic"</td>
<td>Requests a phonetic variant if available, where text is
sorted based on pronunciation. It may interleave different
scripts, if multiple scripts are in common use.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"pinyin"</td>
<td>Pinyin ordering for Latin and for CJK characters; that
is, an ordering for CJK characters based on a
character-by-character transliteration into a pinyin. (used
in Chinese)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"reformed"</td>
<td>Reformed collation (such as in Swedish)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"searchjl"</td>
<td>Special collation type for a modified string search in
which a pattern consisting of a sequence of Hangul initial
consonants (jamo lead consonants) will match a sequence of
Hangul syllable characters whose initial consonants match
the pattern. The jamo lead consonants can be represented
using conjoining or compatibility jamo. This search
collator is best used at SECONDARY strength with an
"asymmetric" search as described in the [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UTS10">UCA</a>]
section Asymmetric Search and obtained, for example, using
ICU4C's usearch facility with attribute
USEARCH_ELEMENT_COMPARISON set to value
USEARCH_PATTERN_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD; this ensures that
a full Hangul syllable in the search pattern will only
match the same syllable in the searched text (instead of
matching any syllable with the same initial consonant),
while a Hangul initial consonant in the search pattern will
match any Hangul syllable in the searched text with the
same initial consonant.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeCurrencyIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeCurrencyIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeCurrencyIdentifier">Unicode Currency Identifier</a>
defines a type of currency. The valid values are those
<em>name</em> attribute values in the <em>type</em>
elements of key name="cu" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/currency.xml">currency.xml</a>.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"cu"<br>
(currency)</td>
<td>Currency type</td>
<td>
<i>ISO 4217 code,</i>
<p><i>plus others in common use</i></p>
</td>
<td>
<p>Codes consisting of 3 ASCII letters that are or have
been valid in ISO 4217, plus certain additional codes
that are or have been in common use. The list of
countries and time periods associated with each currency
value is available in <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Supplemental_Currency_Data">Supplemental
Currency Data</a>, plus the default number of
decimals.</p>
<p>The XXX code is given a broader interpretation as
<em>Unknown or Invalid Currency</em>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeDictionaryBreakExclusionIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeDictionaryBreakExclusionIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeDictionaryBreakExclusionIdentifier">Unicode Dictionary Break Exclusion Identifier</a>
specifies scripts to be excluded from dictionary-based text break (for words and lines).
The valid values are of one or more items of type SCRIPT_CODE as specified in the
<em>name</em> attribute value in the <em>type</em>
element of key name="dx" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/segmentation.xml">segmentation.xml</a>.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"dx"</td>
<td>Dictionary break script exclusions</td>
<td>
<i><code><a href="#unicode_script_subtag">unicode_script_subtag</a></code> values</i>
</td>
<td>
<p>One or more items of type SCRIPT_CODE, which are valid
<code><a href="#unicode_script_subtag">unicode_script_subtag</a></code> values.</p>
<p>The code Zyyy (Common) can be specified to exclude all scripts, in which case
it should be the only SCRIPT_CODE value specified.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeEmojiPresentationStyleIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeEmojiPresentationStyleIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeEmojiPresentationStyleIdentifier">Unicode Emoji
Presentation Style Identifier</a> specifies a request for
the preferred emoji presentation style. This can be used as
part of the value for an HTML lang attribute, for example
<code>&lt;html lang="sr-Latn-u-em-emoji"&gt;</code>. The
valid values are those <em>name</em> attribute values in
the <em>type</em> elements of key name="em" in
bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/variant.xml">variant.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">"em"</td>
<td rowspan="3">Emoji presentation style</td>
<td>"emoji"</td>
<td>Use an emoji presentation for emoji characters if
possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"text"</td>
<td>Use a text presentation for emoji characters if
possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"default"</td>
<td>Use the default presentation for emoji characters as
specified in UTR #51 Section 4, <a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/#Presentation_Style">Presentation
Style</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeFirstDayIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeFirstDayIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeFirstDayIdentifier">Unicode First Day
Identifier</a> defines the preferred first day of the week
for calendar display. Specifying "fw" in a locale
identifier overrides the default value specified by
supplemental week data (see Part 4 Dates, section 4.3
<a href="tr35-dates.html#Week_Data">Week Data</a>). The
valid values are those <em>name</em> attribute values in
the <em>type</em> elements of key name="fw" in
bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/calendar.xml">calendar.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">"fw"</td>
<td rowspan="4">First day of week</td>
<td>"sun"</td>
<td>Sunday</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"mon"</td>
<td>Monday</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"sat"</td>
<td>Saturday</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeHourCycleIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeHourCycleIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeHourCycleIdentifier">Unicode Hour Cycle
Identifier</a> defines the preferred time cycle. Specifying
"hc" in a locale identifier overrides the default value
specified by supplemental time data (see Part 4 Dates,
section 4.4 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Time_Data">Time
Data</a>). The valid values are those <em>name</em>
attribute values in the <em>type</em> elements of key
name="hc" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/calendar.xml">calendar.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">"hc"</td>
<td rowspan="4">Hour cycle</td>
<td>"h12"</td>
<td>Hour system using 1–12; corresponds to 'h' in
patterns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"h23"</td>
<td>Hour system using 0–23; corresponds to 'H' in
patterns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"h11"</td>
<td>Hour system using 0–11; corresponds to 'K' in
patterns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"h24"</td>
<td>Hour system using 1–24; corresponds to 'k' in
pattern</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeLineBreakStyleIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeLineBreakStyleIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeLineBreakStyleIdentifier">Unicode Line Break Style
Identifier</a> defines a preferred line break style
corresponding to the CSS level 3 <a href=
"https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text/#line-break-property">line-break
option</a>. Specifying "lb" in a locale identifier
overrides the locale‘s default style (which may correspond
to "normal" or "strict"). The valid values are those
<em>name</em> attribute values in the <em>type</em>
elements of key name="lb" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/segmentation.xml">segmentation.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">"lb"</td>
<td rowspan="3">Line break style</td>
<td>"strict"</td>
<td>CSS level 3 line-break=strict, e.g. treat CJ as NS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"normal"</td>
<td>CSS level 3 line-break=normal, e.g. treat CJ as ID,
break before hyphens for ja,zh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"loose"</td>
<td>CSS lev 3 line-break=loose</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeLineBreakWordIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeLineBreakWordIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeLineBreakWordIdentifier">Unicode Line Break Word
Identifier</a> defines preferred line break word handling
behavior corresponding to the CSS level 3 <a href=
"https://drafts.csswg.org/css-text/#word-break-property">word-break
option</a>. The valid values are those <em>name</em>
attribute values in the <em>type</em> elements of key
name="lw" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/segmentation.xml">segmentation.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">"lw"</td>
<td rowspan="3">Line break word handling</td>
<td>"normal"</td>
<td>CSS level 3 word-break=normal, normal script/language
behavior for midword breaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"breakall"</td>
<td>CSS level 3 word-break=break-all, allow midword breaks
unless forbidden by lb setting</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"keepall"</td>
<td>CSS level 3 word-break=keep-all, prohibit midword
breaks except for dictionary breaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeMeasurementSystemIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeMeasurementSystemIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeMeasurementSystemIdentifier">Unicode Measurement
System Identifier</a> defines a preferred measurement
system. Specifying "ms" in a locale identifier overrides
the default value specified by supplemental measurement
system data (see Part 2 General, section 5 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Measurement_System_Data">Measurement
System Data</a>). The valid values are those <em>name</em>
attribute values in the <em>type</em> elements of key
name="ms" in bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/measure.xml">measure.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">"ms"</td>
<td rowspan="3">Measurement system</td>
<td>"metric"</td>
<td>Metric System</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"ussystem"</td>
<td>US System of measurement: feet, pints, etc.; pints are
16oz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"uksystem"</td>
<td>UK System of measurement: feet, pints, etc.; pints are
20oz</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeNumberSystemIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeNumberSystemIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeNumberSystemIdentifier">Unicode Number System
Identifier</a> defines a type of number system. The valid
values are those <em>name</em> attribute values in the
<em>type</em> elements of bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/number.xml">number.xml</a>.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="7">"nu"<br>
(numbers)</td>
<td rowspan="7">Numbering system</td>
<td><i>Unicode script subtag</i></td>
<td>
<p>Four-letter types indicating the primary numbering
system for the corresponding script represented in
Unicode. Unless otherwise specified, it is a decimal
numbering system using digits [:GeneralCategory=Nd:]. For
example, "latn" refers to the ASCII / Western digits 0-9,
while "taml" is an algorithmic (non-decimal) numbering
system. (The code "tamldec" is indicates the "modern
Tamil decimal digits".)<br></p>
<p class="note">For more information, see <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Numbering_Systems">Numbering
Systems</a>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"arabext"</td>
<td>Extended Arabic-Indic digits ("arab" means the base
Arabic-Indic digits)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"armnlow"</td>
<td>Armenian lowercase numerals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"roman"</td>
<td>Roman numerals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"romanlow"</td>
<td>Roman lowercase numerals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"tamldec"</td>
<td>Modern Tamil decimal digits</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href="#RegionOverride" name=
"RegionOverride" id="RegionOverride">Region Override</a>
specifies an alternate region to use for obtaining certain
region-specific default values (those specified by the
<a href="tr35-info.html#rgScope">&lt;rgScope&gt;</a>
element), instead of using the region specified by the
<a href="#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a>
in the Unicode Language Identifier (or inferred from the
<a href=
"#unicode_language_subtag">unicode_language_subtag</a>).</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">"rg"</td>
<td rowspan="2">Region Override</td>
<td>"uszzzz"<br>
<br></td>
<td rowspan="2">The value is a <a
href= "#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a>
of type “unknown” or “regular”; this consists of a
<a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a> for a
regular region (not a macroregion), suffixed
either by “zzzz” (case is not
significant) to designate the region
as a whole, or by a unicode_subdivision_suffix to provide
more specificity. For example, “en-GB-u-rg-uszzzz”
represents a locale for British English but with
region-specific defaults set to US for items such as
default currency, default calendar and week data, default
time cycle, and default measurement system and unit
preferences.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a name=
"unicode_subdivision_subtag_validity" id=
"unicode_subdivision_subtag_validity"></a><a href=
"#UnicodeSubdivisionIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeSubdivisionIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeSubdivisionIdentifier">Unicode Subdivision
Identifier</a> defines a regional subdivision used for
locales. The valid values are based on the
<em>subdivisionContainment</em> element as described in
<em>Section <a href="#Unicode_Subdivision_Codes">3.6.5
Subdivision Codes</a></em>.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">"sd"</td>
<td rowspan="2">Regional Subdivision</td>
<td>"gbsct"<br>
<br></td>
<td rowspan="2">A <a href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a>, which
is a <a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a>
concatenated with a unicode_subdivision_suffix.<br>
For example, <em>gbsct</em> is “gb”+“sct” (where sct
represents the subdivision code for Scotland). Thus
“en-GB-u-sd-gbsct” represents the language variant “English
as used in Scotland”. And both “en-u-sd-usca” and
“en-US-u-sd-usca” represent “English as used in
California”. See <strong><em><a href=
"#Unicode_Subdivision_Codes">3.6.5 Subdivision
Codes</a></em></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeSentenceBreakSuppressionsIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeSentenceBreakSuppressionsIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeSentenceBreakSuppressionsIdentifier">Unicode
Sentence Break Suppressions Identifier</a> defines a set of
data to be used for suppressing certain sentence breaks
that would otherwise be found by UAX #14 rules. The valid
values are those <em>name</em> attribute values in the
<em>type</em> elements of key name="ss" in bcp47/<a target=
"_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/segmentation.xml">segmentation.xml</a></strong>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">"ss"</td>
<td rowspan="2">Sentence break suppressions</td>
<td>"none"</td>
<td>Don’t use sentence break suppressions data (the
default).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"standard"</td>
<td>Use sentence break suppressions data of type
"standard"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeTimezoneIdentifier" name=
"UnicodeTimezoneIdentifier" id=
"UnicodeTimezoneIdentifier">Unicode Timezone Identifier</a>
defines a timezone. The valid values are those name
attribute values in the <em>type</em> elements of
bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/timezone.xml">timezone.xml</a>.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"tz"<br>
(timezone)</td>
<td>Time zone</td>
<td><i>Unicode short time zone IDs</i></td>
<td>
<p>Short identifiers defined in terms of a TZ time zone
database [<a href="#Olson">Olson</a>] identifier in the
file common/bcp47/timezone.xml file, plus a few extra
values.</p>
<p>For more information, see <a href=
"#Time_Zone_Identifiers">Section 3.7.1.2 Time Zone
Identifiers</a>.</p>
<p>CLDR provides data for normalizing timezone codes.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><strong>A <a href=
"#UnicodeVariantIdentifier" name="UnicodeVariantIdentifier"
id="UnicodeVariantIdentifier">Unicode Variant
Identifier</a> defines a special variant used for locales.
The valid values are those name attribute values in the
<em>type</em> elements of bcp47/<a target="_blank" href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/tree/latest/common/bcp47/variant.xml">variant.xml</a>.</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>"va"</td>
<td>Common variant type</td>
<td>"posix"</td>
<td>POSIX style locale variant. About handling of the
"POSIX" variant see <i>Section 3.8.2, <a href=
"#Legacy_Variants">Legacy Variants</a></i>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>For more information on the allowed keys and types, see the
specific elements below, and <a href=
"#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files">Section 3.6.4 U
Extension Data Files</a>.</p>
<p>Additional keys or types might be added in future versions.
Implementations of LDML should be robust to handle any
syntactically valid key or type values.</p>
<h4><a href="#Numbering%20System%20Data" name=
"Numbering System Data">3.6.2 Numbering System Data</a></h4>
<p>LDML supports multiple numbering systems. The identifiers
for those numbering systems are defined in the file
<strong>bcp47/number.xml</strong>. For example, for the 'trunk'
version of the data see <a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/number.xml">
bcp47/number.xml</a>.<br></p>
<p>Details about those numbering systems are defined in
<strong>supplemental/numberingSystems.xml</strong>. For
example, for the 'trunk' version of the data see <a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/supplemental/numberingSystems.xml">
supplemental/numberingSystems.xml</a>.<br></p>
<p>LDML makes certain stability guarantees on this
data:&nbsp;<br></p>
<ol>
<li>Like other BCP 47 identifiers, once a numeric identifier
is added to <strong>bcp47/number.xml</strong> or
<strong>numberingSystems.xml</strong>, it will never be
removed from either of those files.</li>
<li>If an identifier has type="numeric" in
numberingSystems.xml, then
<ol>
<li>It is a decimal, positional numbering system with an
attribute digits=X, where X is a string with the 10
digits in order used by the numbering system.</li>
<li>The values of the type and digits will never
change.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4><a href="#Time_Zone_Identifiers" name=
"Time_Zone_Identifiers" id="Time_Zone_Identifiers">3.6.3 Time
Zone Identifiers</a></h4>
<p>LDML inherits time zone IDs from the tz database [<a href=
"#Olson">Olson</a>]. Because these IDs from the tz database do
not satisfy the BCP 47 language subtag syntax requirements,
CLDR defines short identifiers for the use in the Unicode
locale extension. The short identifiers are defined in the file
<strong>common/bcp47/timezone.xml</strong>.</p>
<p>The short identifiers use UN/LOCODE [<a href=
"#LOCODE">LOCODE</a>] (excluding a space character) codes where
possible. For example, the short identifier for
"America/Los_Angeles" is "uslax" (the LOCODE for Los Angeles,
US is "US LAX"). Identifiers of length not equal to 5 are used
where there is no corresponding UN/LOCODE, such as "usnavajo"
for "America/Shiprock", or "utcw01" for "Etc/GMT+1", so that
they do not overlap with future UN/LOCODE.</p>
<p>Although the first two letters of a short identifier may
match an ISO 3166 two-letter country code, a user should not
assume that the time zone belongs to the country. The first two
letters in an identifier of length not equal to 5 has no
meaning. Also, the identifiers are stabilized, meaning that
they will not change no matter what changes happen in the base
standard. So if Hawaii leaves the US and joins Canada as a new
province, the short time zone identifier "ushnl" would not
change in CLDR even if the UN/LOCODE changes to "cahnl" or
something else.</p>
<p>There is a special code "unk" for an Unknown or Invalid time
zone. This can be expressed in the tz database style ID
"Etc/Unknown", although it is not defined in the tz
database.</p>
<p><b>Stability of Time Zone Identifiers</b></p>
<p>Although the short time zone identifiers are guaranteed to
be stable, the preferred IDs in the tz database (as those found
in <strong>zone.tab</strong> file) might be changed time to
time. For example, "Asia/Culcutta" was replaced with
"Asia/Kolkata" and moved to <strong>backward</strong> file in
the tz database. CLDR contains locale data using a time zone ID
from the tz database as the key, stability of the IDs is
cirtical.</p>
<p>To maintain the stability of "long" IDs (for those inherited
from the tz database), a special rule applied to the
<i>alias</i> attribute in the &lt;type&gt; element for "tz" -
the first "long" ID is the CLDR canonical "long" time zone
ID.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<blockquote>
&lt;type name="inccu" alias="Asia/Calcutta Asia/Kolkata"
description="Kolkata, India"/&gt;
</blockquote>
<p>Above &lt;type&gt; element defines the short time zone ID
"inccu" (for the use in the Unicode locale extension),
corresponding <em>CLDR canonical "long" ID</em>
"Asia/Culcutta", and an alias "Asia/Kolkata".</p>
<h4><a href="#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files" name=
"Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files" id=
"Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files">3.6.4 U Extension Data
Files</a></h4>
<p>The 'u' extension data is stored in multiple XML files
located under common/bcp47 directory in CLDR. Each file
contains the locale extension key/type values and their
backward compatibility mappings appropriate for a particular
domain. <a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/collation.xml">
common/bcp47/collation.xml</a> contains key/type values for
collation, including optional collation parameters and valid
type values for each key.</p>
<p>The 't' extension data is stored in <a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform.xml">
common/bcp47/transform.xml</a>.</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT keyword ( key* )&gt;</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT key ( type* )&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key extension NMTOKEN #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key name NMTOKEN #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key description CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key deprecated ( true | false ) "false"&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key preferred NMTOKEN #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key alias NMTOKEN #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key valueType (single | multiple | incremental |
any) #IMPLIED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST key since CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT type EMPTY&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST type name NMTOKEN #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST type description CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST type deprecated ( true | false ) "false"&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST type preferred NMTOKEN #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST type alias CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST type since CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT attribute EMPTY&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST attribute name NMTOKEN #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST attribute description CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST attribute deprecated ( true | false )
"false"&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST attribute preferred NMTOKEN #IMPLIED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST attribute since CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;</p>
<p>The extension attribute in &lt;key&gt; element specifies the
BCP 47 language tag extension type. The default value of the
extension attribute is "u" (Unicode locale extension). The
&lt;type&gt; element is only applicable to the enclosing
&lt;key&gt;.</p>
<p>In the Unicode locale extension 'u' and 't' data files, the
common attributes for the &lt;key&gt;, &lt;type&gt; and
&lt;attribute&gt; elements are as follows:</p>
<dl>
<dt><b>name</b></dt>
<dd>
<p>The key or type name used by Unicode locale extension
with <a href="#Unicode_locale_identifier">'u' extension
syntax</a> or the 't' extensions syntax. When <i>alias</i>
below is absent, this name can be also used with the old
style <a href="#Old_Locale_Extension_Syntax">"@key=type"
syntax</a>.</p>
<p>Most type names are <strong>literal type names</strong>,
which match exactly the same value. All of these have at
least one lowercase letter, such as "buddhist". There are a
small number of <strong>indirect type names</strong>, such
as "RG_KEY_VALUE". These have no lowercase letters. The
interpretation of each one is listed below.</p>
<h5><a name="CODEPOINTS" href="#CODEPOINTS" id=
"CODEPOINTS">CODEPOINTS</a></h5>
<p>The type name <strong>"CODEPOINTS"</strong> is reserved
for a variable representing Unicode code point(s). The
syntax is:</p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th>
<div align="center">
EBNF
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre>codepoints</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre>= codepoint (sep codepoint)?</pre>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<pre>codepoint</pre>
</td>
<td>
<pre>= [0-9 A-F a-f]{4,6}</pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>In addition, no codepoint may exceed 10FFFF. For
example, "00A0", "300b", "10D40C" and "00C1-00E1" are
valid, but "A0", "U060C" and "110000" are not.</p>
<p>In the current version of CLDR, the type "CODEPOINTS" is
only used for the deprecated locale extension key "vt"
(variableTop). The subtags forming the type for "vt"
represent an arbitrary string of characters. There is no
formal limit in the number of characters, although
practically anything above 1 will be rare, and anything
longer than 4 might be useless. Repetition is allowed, for
example, 0061-0061 ("aa") is a Valid type value for "vt",
since the sequence may be a collating element. Order is
vital: 0061-0062 ("ab") is different than 0062-0061 ("ba").
Note that for variableTop any character sequence must be a
contraction which yields exactly one primary weight.</p>
<p>For example,</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>en-u-vt-00A4</strong> : this indicates
English, with any characters sorting at or below " ¤" (at
a primary level) considered Variable.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>By default in UCA, variable characters are ignored in
sorting at a primary, secondary, and tertiary level. But in
CLDR, they are not ignorable by default. For more
information, see <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Setting_Options">Collation: Section
3.3 <em>Setting Options</em></a> .</p>
<h5><a name="REORDER_CODE" href="#REORDER_CODE" id=
"REORDER_CODE">REORDER_CODE</a></h5>
<p>The type name <strong>"REORDER_CODE"</strong> is
reserved for reordering block names (e.g. "latn", "digit"
and "others") defined in the <i><a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Root_Collation">Root
Collation</a></i>. The type "REORDER_CODE" is used for
locale extension key "kr" (colReorder). The value of type
for "kr" is represented by one or more reordering block
names such as "latn-digit". For more information, see
<a href="tr35-collation.html#Script_Reordering">Collation:
Section 3.12 <em>Collation Reordering</em></a> .</p>
<h5><a name="RG_KEY_VALUE" href="#RG_KEY_VALUE" id=
"RG_KEY_VALUE">RG_KEY_VALUE</a></h5>
<p>The type name <strong>"RG_KEY_VALUE"</strong> is
reserved for region codes in the format required by the
"rg" key; this is a subdivision
code with idStatus='unknown' or 'regular' from the
idValidity data in common/validity/subdivision.xml.</p>
<h5><a name="SCRIPT_CODE" href="#SCRIPT_CODE" id=
"SCRIPT_CODE">SCRIPT_CODE</a></h5>
<p>The type name <strong>"SCRIPT_CODE"</strong> is
reserved for <code><a href="#unicode_script_subtag">unicode_script_subtag</a></code>
values (e.g. "thai", "laoo").
The type "SCRIPT_CODE" is used for locale extension key "dx".
The value of type for "dx" is represented by one or more SCRIPT_CODEs,
such as "thai-laoo".</p>
<h5><a name="SUBDIVISION_CODE" href="#SUBDIVISION_CODE" id=
"SUBDIVISION_CODE">SUBDIVISION_CODE</a></h5>
<p>The type name <strong>"SUBDIVISION_CODE"</strong> is
reserved for subdivision codes in the format required by
the "sd" key; this is a subdivision code from the
idValidity data in common/validity/subdivision.xml,
excluding those with idStatus='unknown'. Codes with
idStatus='deprecated' should not be generated, and those
with idStatus='private_use' are only to be used with prior
agreement.</p>
<h5><a name="PRIVATE_USE" href="#PRIVATE_USE" id=
"PRIVATE_USE">PRIVATE_USE</a></h5>
<p>The type name <strong>"PRIVATE_USE"</strong> is reserved
for private use types. A valid type value is composed of
one or more subtags separated by hyphens and each subtag
consists of three to eight ASCII alphanumeric characters.
In the current version of CLDR,
<strong>"PRIVATE_USE"</strong> is only used for transform
extension "x0".</p>
</dd>
<dt><b>valueType</b></dt>
<dd>
<p>The valueType attribute indicates how many subtags are
valid for a given key:</p>
<table class='simple' width="100%" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>single</th>
<td>Either exactly one type value, or no type value
(but only if the value of "true" would be valid).
This is the default if no valueType attribute is
present.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>incremental</th>
<td>Multiple type values are allowed, but only if a
prefix is also present, and the sequence is
explicitly listed. Each successive type value
indicates a refinement of its prefix. For
example:<br>
&lt;key name="ca" description="Calendar algorithm
key" <strong>valueType="incremental"</strong>&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;type name="islamic"
description="Islamic calendar"/&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;type name="islamic-umalqura"
description="Islamic calendar, Umm al-Qura"/&gt;<br>
Thus <em>ca-islamic-umalqura</em> is valid. However,
<em>ca-gregory-japanese</em> is not valid, because
"gregory-japanese" is not listed as a type.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>multiple</th>
<td>Multiple type values are allowed, but each may
only occur once. For example:<br>
&lt;key name="kr" description="Collation reorder
codes" <strong>valueType="multiple"</strong>&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;type name="REORDER_CODE" …/&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>any</th>
<td>Any number of type values are allowed, with none
of the above restrictions. For example:<br>
&lt;key extension="t" name="x0" description="Private
use transform type key."
<strong>valueType="any"</strong>&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;type name="PRIVATE_USE" …/&gt;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd>
<dt><b>description</b></dt>
<dd>
<p>The description of the key, type or attribute element.
There is also some informative text about certain keys and
types in the Section 3.5 <a href=
"#Key_And_Type_Definitions_">Key And Type
Definitions</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b>deprecated</b></dt>
<dd>
<p>The deprecation status of the key, type or attribute
element. The value "true" indicates the element is
deprecated and no longer used in the version of CLDR. The
default value is "false".</p>
</dd>
<dt><b>preferred</b></dt>
<dd>
<p>The preferred value of the deprecated key, type or
attribute element. When a key, type or attribute element is
deprecated, this attribute is used for specifying a new
canonical form if available.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b>alias</b> (Not applicable to &lt;attribute&gt;)</dt>
<dd>
<p>The BCP 47 form is the canonical form, and recommended.
Other aliases are included only for backwards
compatibility.</p>
</dd>
<dd><em>Example:</em></dd>
<dd>
<p>&lt;type name="phonebk"
<strong>alias="phonebook"</strong> description="Phonebook
style ordering (such as in German)"/&gt;<br></p>The
preferred term, and the only one to be used in BCP 47, is
the name: in this example, "phonebk".<br>
</dd>
<dd>
<p>The alias is a key or type name used by Unicode locale
extensions with the old <a href=
"#Old_Locale_Extension_Syntax">"@key=type" syntax</a>. The
attribute value for type may contain multiple names
delimited by ASCII space characters. Of those aliases, the
first name is the preferred value.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b>since</b></dt>
<dd>The version of CLDR in which this key or type was
introduced. Absence of this attribute value implies the key
or type was available in CLDR 1.7.2.</dd>
</dl>
<p><em>Note: There are no values defined for the locale
extension attribute in the current CLDR release.</em></p>
<p>For example,</p>
<pre>
&lt;key name="co" alias="collation" description="Collation type key"&gt;
&lt;type name="pinyin" description="Pinyin ordering for Latin and for CJK characters (used in Chinese)"/&gt;
&lt;/key&gt;
&lt;key name="ka" alias="colAlternate" description="Collation parameter key for alternate handling"&gt;
&lt;type name="noignore" alias="non-ignorable" description="Variable collation elements are not reset to ignorable"/&gt;
&lt;type name="shifted" description="Variable collation elements are reset to zero at levels one through three"/&gt;
&lt;/key&gt;
&lt;key name="tz" alias="timezone"&gt;
...
&lt;type name="aumel" alias="Australia/Melbourne Australia/Victoria" description="Melbourne, Australia"/&gt;
&lt;type name="aumqi" alias="Antarctica/Macquarie" description="Macquarie Island Station, Macquarie Island" since="1.8.1"/&gt;
...
&lt;/key&gt;
</pre>The data above indicates:
<ul>
<li>type "pinyin" is valid for key "co", thus "u-co-pinyin"
is a valid Unicode locale extension.</li>
<li>type "pinyin" is not valid for key "ka", thus
"u-ka-pinyin" is not a valid Unicode locale extension.</li>
<li>type "pinyin" has no <i>alias</i>, so
"zh@collation=pinyin" is a valid Unicode locale identifier
according to the old syntax.</li>
<li>type "noignore" has an alias attribute, so
"en@colAlternate=noignore" is not a valid Unicode locale
identifier according to the old syntax.</li>
<li>type "aumel" is valid for key "tz", supported by CLDR
1.7.2 (default value) or later versions.</li>
<li>type "aumqi" is valid for key "tz", supported by CLDR
1.8.1 or later versions.</li>
</ul>
<p>It is strongly recommended that all API methods accept all
possible aliases for keywords and types, but generate the
canonical form. For example, "ar-u-ca-islamicc" would be
equivalent to "ar-u-ca-islamic-civil" on input, but the latter
should be output. The one exception is where an alias would
only be well-formed with the old syntax, such as "gregorian"
(for "gregory").</p>
<h4><a href="#Unicode_Subdivision_Codes" name=
"Unicode_Subdivision_Codes" id=
"Unicode_Subdivision_Codes">3.6.5 Subdivision Codes</a></h4>
<p>The subdivision codes designate a subdivision of a country
or region. They are called various names, such as a
<em>state</em> in the United States, or a <em>province</em> in
Canada. The codes in CLDR are based on ISO 3166-2 subdivision
codes. The ISO codes have a region code followed by a hyphen,
then a suffix consisting of 1..3 ASCII letters or digits.</p>
<p>The CLDR codes are designed to work in a <a href=
'#unicode_locale_id'>unicode_locale_id</a> (BCP47), and are
thus all lowercase, with no hyphen. For example, the following
are valid, and mean “English as used in California, USA”.</p>
<ul>
<li>en-u-sd-<strong>usca</strong></li>
<li>en-US-u-sd-<strong>usca</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>CLDR has additional subdivision codes. These may start with
a 3-digit region code or use a suffix of 4 ASCII letters or
digits, so they will not collide with the ISO codes.
Subdivision codes for unknown values are the region code plus
"zzzz", such as "uszzzz" for an unknown subdivision of the US.
Other codes may be added for stability.</p>
<p>Like BCP 47, CLDR requires stable codes, which are not
guaranteed for ISO 3166-2 (nor have the ISO 3166-2 codes been
stable in the past). If an ISO 3166-2 code is removed, it
remains valid (though marked as deprecated) in CLDR. If an ICU
3166-2 code is reused (for the same region), then CLDR will
define a new equivalent code using these a 4-character
suffixes.</p>
<h5><a name="Validity" href="#Validity" id="Validity">3.6.5.1
Validity</a></h5>
<p>A <a href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a> is only
valid when it is present in the subdivision.xml file as
described in <em>Section 3.11 <a href="#Validity_Data">Validity
Data</a></em>. The data is in a compressed form, and thus needs
to be expanded before such a test is made.</p>
<p><em>Examples:<br></em></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>usca</strong> is valid — there is an
<strong>id</strong>
element<code>&lt;id&nbsp;type="subdivision"…&gt;… usca
…&lt;/id&gt;</code></li>
<li><strong>ussct</strong> is invalid — there is no
<strong>id</strong> element
<code>&lt;id&nbsp;type="subdivision"…&gt;… ussct
…&lt;/id&gt;</code></li>
</ul>
<p>If a <a href='#unicode_locale_id'>unicode_locale_id</a>
contains both a <a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a> and a
<a href="#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a>,
it is only valid if the <a href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a> starts
with the <a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a>
(case-insensitively).<br></p>
<p>It is recommended that a <a href=
'#unicode_locale_id'>unicode_locale_id</a> contain a <a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag">unicode_region_subtag</a> if it
contains a <a href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a> and the
region would not be added by adding likely subtags. That
produces better behavior if the <a href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a> is ignored
by an implementation or if the language tag is truncated.</p>
<p>Examples:<br></p>
<ul>
<li>en-<strong>US</strong>-u-sd-<strong>us</strong>ca is
valid — the region "US" matches the first part of "usca"</li>
<li>en-u-sd-<strong>us</strong>ca is valid — it still works
after adding likely subtags.</li>
<li>en-<strong>CA</strong>-u-sd-<strong>gb</strong>sct is
invalid — the region "CA" does not match the first part of
"gbsct". An implementation should disregard the subdivision
id (or return an error).</li>
<li>en-u-sd-<strong>gb</strong>sct is valid but not
recommended — an implementation that ignores the <a href=
"#unicode_subdivision_id">unicode_subdivision_id</a> can get
the wrong fallback behavior, or could add likely subtags and
get the invalid
en<strong>-Latn-US</strong>-u-sd-<strong>gb</strong>sct</li>
</ul>
<p>In version 28.0, the subdivisions in the validity files used
the ISO format, uppercase with a hyphen separating two
components, instead of the BCP 47 format.</p>
<h3><a name="t_Extension" id="t_Extension"></a><a name=
"BCP47_T_Extension" href="#BCP47_T_Extension" id=
"BCP47_T_Extension">3.7 Unicode BCP 47 T Extension</a></h3>
<p>The Unicode Consortium has registered and is the maintaining
authority for two BCP 47 language tag extensions: the extension
'u' for Unicode locale extension [<a href=
"#RFC6067">RFC6067</a>] and extension 't' for transformed
content [<a href="#RFC6497">RFC6497</a>]. The Unicode BCP 47
extension data defines the complete list of valid subtags.
While the title of the RFC is “Transformed Content”, the
abstract makes it clear that the scope is broader than the term
"transformed" might indicate to a casual
reader:&nbsp;“including content that has been transliterated,
transcribed, or translated, or&nbsp;<em>in some other way
influenced by the source. It also provides for additional
information used for identification.</em>”</p>
<p><strong>The -t- Extension.</strong> The syntax of 't'
extension subtags is defined by the rule
<code>unicode_locale_extensions</code> in <a href=
"#Unicode_locale_identifier"><em>Section 3.2 Unicode locale
identifier</em></a>, except the separator of subtags
<code>sep</code> must be always hyphen '-' when the extension
is used as a part of BCP 47 language tag. For information about
the registration process, meaning, and usage of the 't'
extension, see [<a href="#RFC6497">RFC6497</a>].</p>
<p>These subtags are all in lowercase (that is the canonical
casing for these subtags), however, subtags are
case-insensitive and casing does not carry any specific
meaning. All subtags within the Unicode extensions are
alphanumeric characters in length of two to eight that meet the
rule <code>extension</code> in the [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>].</p>
<p>The following keys are defined for the -t- extension:</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Keys</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Values in latest release</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>m0</td>
<td><strong>Transform extension mechanism:</strong> to
reference an authority or rules for a type of
transformation</td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform.xml">
​transform.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>s0, d0</td>
<td><strong>Transform source/destination:</strong> for
non-languages/scripts, such as fullwidth-halfwidth
conversion.</td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform-destination.xml">
​transform-destination.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>i0</td>
<td><strong>Input Method Engine transform:</strong> Used
to indicate an input method transformation, such as one
used by a client-side input method. The first subfield in
a sequence would typically be a 'platform' or vendor
designation.</td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform_ime.xml">
​transform_ime.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>k0</td>
<td><strong>Keyboard transform:</strong> Used to indicate
a keyboard transformation, such as one used by a
client-side virtual keyboard. The first subfield in a
sequence would typically be a 'platform' designation,
representing the platform that the keyboard is intended
for. The keyboard might or might not correspond to a
keyboard mapping shipped by the vendor for the platform.
One or more subsequent fields may occur, but are only
added where needed to distinguish from others.</td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform_keyboard.xml">
​transform_keyboard.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>t0</td>
<td><strong>Machine Translation:</strong> Used to
indicate content that has been machine translated, or a
request for a particular type of machine translation of
content. The first subfield in a sequence would typically
be a 'platform' or vendor designation.</td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform_mt.xml">
​transform_mt.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>h0</td>
<td><strong>Hybrid Locale Identifiers:</strong> h0 with
the value 'hybrid' indicates that the -t- value is a
language that is mixed into the main language tag to form
a hybrid. For more information, and examples, see
<em>Section 3.10.2 <a href="#Hybrid_Locale">Hybrid Locale
Identifiers</a>.</em></td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform_hybrid.xml">
​transform_hybrid.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>x0</td>
<td><strong>Private use transform</strong></td>
<td><a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/bcp47/transform_private_use.xml">
​transform_private_use.xml</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h4><a href="#Transformed_Content_Data_File" name=
"Transformed_Content_Data_File" id=
"Transformed_Content_Data_File">3.7.1 T Extension Data
Files</a></h4>
<p>The overall structure of the data files is the similar to
the U Extension, with the following exceptions.</p>
<p>In the transformed content 't' data file, the name attribute
in a &lt;key&gt; element defines a valid field separator
subtag. The name attribute in an enclosed &lt;type&gt; element
defines a valid field subtag for the field separator subtag.
For example:</p>
<pre>
&lt;key extension="t" name="m0"
description="Transform extension mechanism"&gt;
&lt;type name="ungegn"
description="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names"
since="21"/&gt;
&lt;key&gt;
</pre>The data above indicates:
<ul>
<li>"m0" is a valid field separator for the transformed
content extension 't'.</li>
<li>field subtag "ungegn" is valid for field separator
"m0".</li>
<li>field subtag "ungegn" was introduced in CLDR 21.</li>
</ul>
<p>The attributes are:</p>
<dl>
<dt><b>name</b></dt>
<dd>The name of the mechanism, limited to 3-8 characters (or
sequences of them). Any indirect type names are listed in
3.6.4 <a href="#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files">U
Extension Data Files</a>.</dd>
<dt><b>description</b></dt>
<dd>A description of the name, with all and only that
information necessary to distinguish one name from | American
Library others with which it might be confused. Descriptions
are not intended to provide general background
information.</dd>
<dt><b>since</b></dt>
<dd>Indicates the first version of CLDR where the name
appears. (Required for new items.)</dd>
<dt>&nbsp;</dt>
<dt><b>alias</b></dt>
<dd>Alternative name, not limited in number of characters.
Aliases are intended for compatibility, not to provide all
possible alternate names or designations.
<em>(Optional)</em></dd>
</dl>
<p>For information about the registration process, meaning, and
usage of the 't' extension, see [<a href=
"#RFC6497">RFC6497</a>].</p>
<h3><a name="Compatibility_with_Older_Identifiers" href=
"#Compatibility_with_Older_Identifiers" id=
"Compatibility_with_Older_Identifiers">3.8 Compatibility with
Older Identifiers</a></h3>
<p>LDML version before 1.7.2 used slightly different syntax for
variant subtags and locale extensions. Implementations of LDML
may provide backward compatible identifier support as described
in following sections.</p>
<h4><a name="Old_Locale_Extension_Syntax" href=
"#Old_Locale_Extension_Syntax" id=
"Old_Locale_Extension_Syntax">3.8.1 Old Locale Extension
Syntax</a></h4>
<p>LDML 1.7 or older specification used different syntax for
representing unicode locale extensions. The previous definition
of Unicode locale extensions had the following structure:</p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th>
<div align="center">
EBNF
</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>old_unicode_locale_extensions</td>
<td>
<pre>= "@" old_key "=" old_type
(";" old_key "=" old_type)*</pre>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The new specification mandates keys to be two alphanumeric
characters and types to be three to eight alphanumeric
characters. As the result, new codes were assigned to all
existing keys and some types. For example, a new key "co"
replaced the previous key "collation", a new type "phonebk"
replaced the previous type "phonebook". However, the existing
collation type "big5han" already satisfied the new requirement,
so no new type code was assigned to the type. All new keys and
types introduced after LDML 1.7 satisfy the new requirement, so
they do not have aliases dedicated for the old syntax, except
time zone types. The conversion between old types and new types
can be done regardless of key, with one known exception (old
type "traditional" is mapped to new type "trad" for collation
and "traditio" for numbering system), and this relationship
will be maintained in the future versions unless otherwise
noted.</p>
<p>The new specification introduced a new field
<code>attribute</code> in addition to key/type pairs in the
Unicode locale extension. When it is necessary to map a new
Unicode locale identifier with <code>attribute</code> field to
a well-formed old locale identifier, a special key name
<i>attribute</i> with the value of entire
<code>attribute</code> subtags in the new identifier is used.
For example, a new identifier
<code>ja-u-xxx-yyy-ca-japanese</code> is mapped to an old
identifier <code>ja@attribute=xxx-yyy;calendar=japanese</code>
.</p>
<p>The chart below shows some example mappings between the new
syntax and the old syntax.</p>
<table>
<caption>
<a name="Locale_Extension_Mappings" href=
"#Locale_Extension_Mappings" id=
"Locale_Extension_Mappings">Locale Extension Mappings</a>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old (LDML 1.7 or older)</th>
<th>New</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de_DE@collation=phonebook</td>
<td>de_DE_u_co_phonebk</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zh_Hant_TW@collation=big5han</td>
<td>zh_Hant_TW_u_co_big5han</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>th_TH@calendar=gregorian;numbers=thai</td>
<td>th_TH_u_ca_gregory_nu_thai</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>en_US_POSIX@timezone=America/Los_Angeles</td>
<td>en_US_u_tz_uslax_va_posix</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Where the old API is supplied the bcp47 language code, or
vice versa, the recommendation is to:</p>
<ol>
<li>Have all methods that take the old syntax also take the
new syntax, interpreted correctly. For example,
"zh-TW-u-co-pinyin" and "zh_TW@collation=pinyin" would both
be interpreted as meaning the same.</li>
<li>Have all methods (both for old and new syntax) accept all
possible aliases for keywords and types. For example,
"ar-u-ca-islamicc" would be equivalent to
"ar-u-ca-islamic-civil".
<ul>
<li>The one exception is where an alias would only be
well-formed with the old syntax, such as "gregorian" (for
"gregory").</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Where an API cannot successfully accept the alternate
syntax, throw an exception (or otherwise indicate an error)
so that people can detect that they are using the wrong
method (or wrong input).</li>
<li>Provide a method that tests a purported locale ID string
to determine its status:
<ol>
<li><strong>well-formed</strong> - syntactically
correct</li>
<li><strong>valid</strong> - well-formed and only uses
registered language subtags, extensions, keywords,
types...</li>
<li><strong>canonical</strong> - valid and no deprecated
codes or structure.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<h4><a name="Legacy_Variants" href="#Legacy_Variants" id=
"Legacy_Variants">3.8.2 Legacy Variants</a></h4>
<p>Old LDML specification allowed codes other than registered
[<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] variant subtags used in Unicode
language and locale identifiers for representing variations of
locale data. Unicode locale identifiers including such variant
codes can be converted to the new [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>]
compatible identifiers by following the descriptions below:</p>
<table>
<caption>
<a name="Legacy_Variant_Mappings" href=
"#Legacy_Variant_Mappings" id=
"Legacy_Variant_Mappings">Legacy Variant Mappings</a>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Variant Code</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AALAND</td>
<td>Åland, variant of "sv" Swedish used in Finland. Use
"sv_AX" to indicate this.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>BOKMAL</td>
<td>Bokmål, variant of "no" Norwegian. Use primary language
subtag "nb" to indicate this.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NYNORSK</td>
<td>Nynorsk, variant of "no" Norwegian. Use primary
language subtag "nn" to indicate this.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POSIX</td>
<td>POSIX variation of locale data. Use Unicode locale
extension "-u-va-posix" to indicate this.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POLYTONI</td>
<td>Polytonic, variant of "el" Greek. Use [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>] variant subtag "polyton" to indicate
this.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SAAHO</td>
<td>The Saaho variant of Afar. Use primary language subtag
"ssy" to indicated this.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>When converting to old syntax, the Unicode locale extension
"-u-va-posix" should be converted to the "POSIX" variant,
<i>not</i> to old extension syntax like "@va=posix". This is an
exception: The other mappings above should not be reversed.</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<ul>
<li>en_US_POSIX ↔ en-US-u-va-posix</li>
<li>en_US_POSIX@colNumeric=yes ↔ en-US-u-kn-va-posix</li>
<li>en-US-POSIX-u-kn-true → en-US-u-kn-va-posix</li>
<li>en-US-POSIX-u-kn-va-posix → en-US-u-kn-va-posix</li>
</ul>
<h4><a name="Relation_to_OpenI18n" href="#Relation_to_OpenI18n"
id="Relation_to_OpenI18n">3.8.3 Relation to OpenI18n</a></h4>
<p>The locale id format generally follows the description in
the <i>OpenI18N Locale Naming Guideline</i> [<a href=
"#NamingGuideline">NamingGuideline</a>], with some
enhancements. The main differences from the those guidelines
are that the locale id:</p>
<ol type="a">
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">does not
include a charset (since the data in LDML format always
provides a representation of all Unicode characters. The
repository is stored in UTF-8, although that can be
transcoded to other encodings as well.),</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">adds the
ability to have a variant, as in Java</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">adds the
ability to discriminate the written language by script (or
script variant).</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">is a
superset of [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] codes.</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="Transmitting_Locale_Information" href=
"#Transmitting_Locale_Information" id=
"Transmitting_Locale_Information">3.9 Transmitting Locale
Information</a></h3>
<p>In a world of on-demand software components, with arbitrary
connections between those components, it is important to get a
sense of where localization should be done, and how to transmit
enough information so that it can be done at that appropriate
place. End-users need to get messages localized to their
languages, messages that not only contain a translation of
text, but also contain variables such as date, time, number
formats, and currencies formatted according to the users'
conventions. The strategy for doing the so-called <i>JIT
localization</i> is made up of two parts:</p>
<ol>
<li>Store and transmit <i>neutral-format</i> data wherever
possible.
<ul>
<li>Neutral-format data is data that is kept in a
standard format, no matter what the local user's
environment is. Neutral-format is also (loosely) called
<i>binary data</i>, even though it actually could be
represented in many different ways, including a textual
representation such as in XML.</li>
<li>Such data should use accepted standards where
possible, such as for currency codes.</li>
<li>Textual data should also be in a uniform character
set (Unicode/10646) to avoid possible data corruption
problems when converting between encodings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Localize that data as "<i>close</i>" to the end-user as
possible.</li>
</ol>
<p>There are a number of advantages to this strategy. The
longer the data is kept in a neutral format, the more flexible
the entire system is. On a practical level, if transmitted data
is neutral-format, then it is much easier to manipulate the
data, debug the processing of the data, and maintain the
software connections between components.</p>
<p>Once data has been localized into a given language, it can
be quite difficult to programmatically convert that data into
another format, if required. This is especially true if the
data contains a mixture of translated text and formatted
variables. Once information has been localized into, say,
Romanian, it is much more difficult to localize that data into,
say, French. Parsing is more difficult than formatting, and may
run up against different ambiguities in interpreting text that
has been localized, even if the original translated message
text is available (which it may not be).</p>
<p>Moreover, the closer we are to end-user, the more we know
about that user's preferred formats. If we format dates, for
example, at the user's machine, then it can easily take into
account any customizations that the user has specified. If the
formatting is done elsewhere, either we have to transmit
whatever user customizations are in play, or we only transmit
the user's locale code, which may only approximate the desired
format. Thus the closer the localization is to the end user,
the less we need to ship all of the user's preferences around
to all the places that localization could possibly need to be
done.</p>
<p>Even though localization should be done as close to the
end-user as possible, there will be cases where different
components need to be aware of whatever settings are
appropriate for doing the localization. Thus information such
as a locale code or time zone needs to be communicated between
different components.</p>
<h4><a name="Message_Formatting_and_Exceptions" href=
"#Message_Formatting_and_Exceptions" id=
"Message_Formatting_and_Exceptions">3.9.1 Message Formatting
and Exceptions</a></h4>
<p>Windows (<a href=
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms679351.aspx">FormatMessage</a>,
<a href=
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa331875.aspx">String.Format</a>),
Java (<a href=
"https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/MessageFormat.html">MessageFormat</a>)
and ICU (<a href=
"http://www.icu-project.org/apiref/icu4c/classMessageFormat.html">MessageFormat</a>,
<a href=
"http://www.icu-project.org/apiref/icu4c/umsg_8h.html">umsg</a>)
all provide methods of formatting variables (dates, times, etc)
and inserting them at arbitrary positions in a string. This
avoids the manual string concatenation that causes severe
problems for localization. The question is, where to do this?
It is especially important since the original code site that
originates a particular message may be far down in the bowels
of a component, and passed up to the top of the component with
an exception. So we will take that case as representative of
this class of issues.</p>
<p>There are circumstances where the message can be
communicated with a language-neutral code, such as a numeric
error code or mnemonic string key, that is understood outside
of the component. If there are arguments that need to accompany
that message, such as a number of files or a datetime, those
need to accompany the numeric code so that when the
localization is finally at some point, the full information can
be presented to the end-user. This is the best case for
localization.</p>
<p>More often, the exact messages that could originate from
within the component are not known outside of the component
itself; or at least they may not be known by the component that
is finally displaying text to the user. In such a case, the
information as to the user's locale needs to be communicated in
some way to the component that is doing the localization. That
locale information does not necessarily need to be communicated
deep within the component; ideally, any exceptions should
bundle up some language-neutral message ID, plus the arguments
needed to format the message (for example, datetime), but not
do the localization at the throw site. This approach has the
advantages noted above for JIT localization.</p>
<p>In addition, exceptions are often caught at a higher level;
they do not end up being displayed to any end-user at all. By
avoiding the localization at the throw site, it the cost of
doing formatting, when that formatting is not really necessary.
In fact, in many running programs most of the exceptions that
are thrown at a low level never end up being presented to an
end-user, so this can have considerable performance
benefits.</p>
<h3><a name="Language_and_Locale_IDs" href=
"#Language_and_Locale_IDs" id="Language_and_Locale_IDs">3.10
Unicode Language and Locale IDs</a></h3>
<p>People have very slippery notions of what distinguishes a
language code versus a locale code. The problem is that both
are somewhat nebulous concepts.</p>
<p>In practice, many people use [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>]
codes to mean locale codes instead of strictly language codes.
It is easy to see why this came about; because [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>] includes an explicit region (territory)
code, for most people it was sufficient for use as a locale
code as well. For example, when typical web software receives
an [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] code, it will use it as a
locale code. Other typical software will do the same: in
practice, language codes and locale codes are treated
interchangeably. Some people recommend distinguishing on the
basis of "-" versus "_" (for example, <i>zh-TW</i> for language
code, <i>zh_TW</i> for locale code), but in practice that does
not work because of the free variation out in the world in the
use of these separators. Notice that Windows, for example, uses
"-" as a separator in its locale codes. So pragmatically one is
forced to treat "-" and "_" as equivalent when interpreting
either one on input.</p>
<p>Another reason for the conflation of these codes is that
<i>very</i> little data in most systems is distinguished by
region alone; currency codes and measurement systems being some
of the few. Sometimes date or number formats are mentioned as
regional, but that really does not make much sense. If people
see the sentence "You will have to adjust the value to
१,२३४.५६७ from ૭૧,૨૩૪.૫૬" (using Indic digits), they would say
that sentence is simply not English. Number format is far more
closely associated with language than it is with region. The
same is true for date formats: people would never expect to see
intermixed a date in the format "2003年4月1日" (using Kanji) in
text purporting to be purely English. There are regional
differences in date and number format — differences which can
be important — but those are different in kind than other
language differences between regions.</p>
<p>As far as we are concerned — <i>as a completely practical
matter</i> — two languages are different if they require
substantially different localized resources. Distinctions
according to spoken form are important in some contexts, but
the written form is by far and away the most important issue
for data interchange. Unfortunately, this is not the principle
used in [<a href="#ISO639">ISO639</a>], which has the fairly
unproductive notion (for data interchange) that only spoken
language matters (it is also not completely consistent about
this, however).</p>
<p>[<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>] <i><b>can</b></i> express a
difference if the use of written languages happens to
correspond to region boundaries expressed as [<a href=
"#ISO3166">ISO3166</a>] region codes, and has recently added
codes that allow it to express some important cases that are
not distinguished by [<a href="#ISO3166">ISO3166</a>] codes.
These written languages include simplified and traditional
Chinese (both used in Hong Kong S.A.R.); Serbian in Latin
script; Azerbaijani in Arab script, and so on.</p>
<p>Notice also that <i>currency codes</i> are different than
<i>currency localizations</i>. The currency localizations
should largely be in the language-based resource bundles, not
in the territory-based resource bundles. Thus, the resource
bundle <i>en</i> contains the localized mappings in English for
a range of different currency codes: USD → US$, RUR → Rub, AUD
→ $A and so on. Of course, some currency symbols are used for
more than one currency, and in such cases specializations
appear in the territory-based bundles. Continuing the example,
<i>en_US</i> would have USD → $, while <i>en_AU</i> would have
AUD → $. (In protocols, the currency codes should always
accompany any currency amounts; otherwise the data is
ambiguous, and software is forced to use the user's territory
to guess at the currency. For some informal discussion of this,
see <a href=
"http://source.icu-project.org/repos/icu/icuhtml/trunk/design/jit_localization.html">
JIT Localization</a>.)</p>
<h4><a name="Written_Language" href="#Written_Language" id=
"Written_Language">3.10.1 Written Language</a></h4>
<p>Criteria for what makes a written language should be purely
pragmatic; <i>what would copy-editors say?</i> If one gave them
text like the following, they would respond that is far from
acceptable English for publication, and ask for it to be
redone:</p>
<ol>
<li type="A">"Theatre Center News: The date of the last
version of this document was 2003年3月20日. A copy can be
obtained for $50,0 or 1.234,57 грн. We would like to
acknowledge contributions by the following authors (in
alphabetical order): Alaa Ghoneim, Behdad Esfahbod, Ahmed
Talaat, Eric Mader, Asmus Freytag, Avery Bishop, and Doug
Felt."</li>
</ol>
<p>So one would change it to either B or C below, depending on
which orthographic variant of English was the target for the
publication:</p>
<ol type="A" start="2">
<li>"Theater Center News: The date of the last version of
this document was 3/20/2003. A copy can be obtained for
$50.00 or 1,234.57 Ukrainian Hryvni. We would like to
acknowledge contributions by the following authors (in
alphabetical order): Alaa Ghoneim, Ahmed Talaat, Asmus
Freytag, Avery Bishop, Behdad Esfahbod, Doug Felt, Eric
Mader."</li>
<li>"Theatre Centre News: The date of the last version of
this document was 20/3/2003. A copy can be obtained for
$50.00 or 1,234.57 Ukrainian Hryvni. We would like to
acknowledge contributions by the following authors (in
alphabetical order): Alaa Ghoneim, Ahmed Talaat, Asmus
Freytag, Avery Bishop, Behdad Esfahbod, Doug Felt, Eric
Mader."</li>
</ol>
<p>Clearly there are many acceptable variations on this text.
For example, copy editors might still quibble with the use of
first versus last name sorting in the list, but clearly the
first list was <i>not</i> acceptable English alphabetical
order. And in quoting a name, like "Theatre Centre News", one
may leave it in the source orthography even if it differs from
the publication target orthography. And so on. However, just as
clearly, there limits on what is acceptable English, and
"2003年3月20日", for example, is <i>not</i>.</p>
<p>Note that the language of locale data may differ from the
language of localized software or web sites, when those latter
are not localized into the user's preferred language. In such
cases, the kind of incongruous juxtapositions described above
may well appear, but this situation is usually preferable to
forcing unfamiliar date or number formats on the user as
well.</p>
<h4><a name="Hybrid_Locale" href="#Hybrid_Locale" id=
"Hybrid_Locale">3.10.2 Hybrid Locale Identifiers</a></h4>
<p>Hybrid locales have intermixed content from 2 (or more)
languages, often with one language's grammatical structure
applied to words in another. These are commonly referred to
with portmanteau words such as&nbsp;<em>Franglais, <a href=
"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/spanglish">​Spanglish</a></em>
or <em>Denglish</em>. Hybrid locales do not&nbsp;<em>not</em>
reference text simply containing two languages: a book of
parallel text containing English and French, such as the
following, is not Franglais:</p>
<table style='margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width='50%' style='font-family:serif'>On the 24th of
May, 1863, my uncle, Professor Liedenbrock, rushed into
his little house, No. 19 Königstrasse, one of the oldest
streets in the oldest portion of the city of
Hamburg…</td>
<td style='font-family:serif'>Le 24 mai 1863, un
dimanche, mon oncle, le professeur Lidenbrock, revint
précipitamment vers sa petite maison située au numéro 19
de Königstrasse, l’une des plus anciennes rues du vieux
quartier de Hambourg…</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>While text in a document can be tagged as partly in one
language and partly in another, that is not the same having a
hybrid locale. There is a difference between having a Spanglish
document, and a Spanish document that has some passages quoted
in English. Fine-grained tagging doesn't handle grammatical
combinations like Denglisch “<a href=
"https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/downloaden">​gedownloadet</a>”,
which is neither English nor German — similarly the Franglais
“<a href=
'https://www.le-dictionnaire.com/definition.php?mot=downloader'>downloadé</a>”.
More importantly, it doesn’t work for the very common use case
for a <a href="#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a>:
<i>locale selection</i>.</p>
<p>To communicate requests for localized content and
internationalization services, locales are used. When people
pick a language from a menu, internally they are picking a
locale (en-GB, es-419, etc.). To allow an application to
support Spanglish or Hinglish locale selection, <a href=
"#unicode_locale_id">unicode_locale_id</a>s can represent
hybrid locales using the T extension key-value 'h0-hybrid'.
(For more information on the T extension, see <em>Section 3.7
<a href="#t_Extension">Unicode BCP 47 T
Extension</a>.</em>)</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>hi-t-<u>en-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Hinglish</td>
<td>Hindi-English hybrid locale</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ta-t-<u>en-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Tanglish</td>
<td>Tamil-English hybrid locale</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ba-t-<u>en-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Banglish</td>
<td>Bangla-English hybrid locale</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">…</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>en-t-<u>hi-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Hinglish</td>
<td>English-Hindi hybrid locale</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>en-t-<u>zh-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Chinglish</td>
<td>English-Chinese hybrid locale</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">…</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p><em>Note: The <a href=
"#unicode_language_id">unicode_language_id</a> should be the
language used as the ‘scaffold’: for the fallback locale for
internationalization services, typically used for more of the
core vocabulary/structure in the content. Thus Hinglish
should be represented as hi-t-h0-en where Hindi is the
scaffold, and as en-t-h0-hi where English is.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>The value of -t- is a full <em><a href=
"#unicode_language_id">unicode_language_id</a></em>, and can
contain subtags for script or region where it is important to
include them, as in the following. It may be useful in order to
emphasize the script, even where it is the default script for
the language, if it is not the same as the script of the main
language tag.</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ru-t<u>-en-latn-gb-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Runglish</td>
<td>Russian with an admixture of British English in Latin
script</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ru-t-<u>en-cyrl-gb-h0-hybrid</u></td>
<td>Runglish</td>
<td>Russian with an admixture of British English in
Cyrillic script</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Should there ever be strong need for hybrids of more than
two languages or for other purposes such as hybrid languages as
the source of translated content, additional structure could be
added.</p>
<h3><a name="Validity_Data" href="#Validity_Data" id=
"Validity_Data">3.11 Validity Data</a></h3>
<p class='dtd'>&lt;!ELEMENT idValidity (id*) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT id ( #PCDATA ) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST id type NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST id idStatus NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;</p>
<p>The directory <a href=
'https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/releases/tag/latest/common/validity/'>common/validity</a>
contains machine-readable data for validating the language,
region, script, and variant subtags, as well as currency,
subdivisions and measure units. Each file contains a number of
subtags with the following <strong>idStatus</strong>
values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>regular</strong> — the standard codes used for
the specific type of subtag</li>
<li><strong>special</strong> — certain exceptional language
codes like 'mul' <em>(languages only)</em></li>
<li><strong>unknown</strong> — the code used to indicate the
"unknown", "undetermined" or "invalid" values. For more
information, see <em>Section 3.5.1 <a href=
"#Unknown_or_Invalid_Identifiers">Unknown or Invalid
Identifiers</a></em>.</li>
<li>
<strong>macroregion</strong> — the standard codes that are
macroregions <em>(for regions only).</em>
<ul>
<li>Note that some two-letter region codes are
macroregions, and (in the future) some three-digit codes
may be regular codes.</li>
<li>For details as to which regions are contained within
which macroregions, see the
<strong>&lt;containment&gt;</strong> element of the
supplemental data.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>deprecated</strong> — codes that should not be
used. The <strong>&lt;alias&gt;</strong> element in the
supplementalMeta file contains more information about these
codes, and which codes should be used instead.</li>
<li><strong>private_use</strong> — codes that, for CLDR, are
considered private use. Note that some private-use
codes in a source standard such as BCP47 have defined CLDR semantics, and are considered regular
codes. For more information, see <em>Section 3.5.3 <a href=
"#Private_Use_Codes">Private Use Codes</a>.</em></li>
<li><strong>reserved</strong> — codes that are private use in a source standard, but are reserved for future use as regular codes by CLDR.</li>
</ul>
<p>The list of subtags for each idStatus use a compact format
as a space-delimited list of StringRanges, as defined in
<em>Section <a href="#String_Range">5.3.4 String
Range</a>.</em> The separator for each StringRange is a
"~".</p>
<p>Each measure unit is a sequence of subtags, such as
“angle-arc-minute”. The first subtag provides a general
“category” of the unit.</p>
<p>In version 28.0, the subdivisions in the validity files used
the ISO format, uppercase with a hyphen separating two
components, instead of the BCP 47 format.</p>
<h2><a name="Locale_Inheritance" href="#Locale_Inheritance" id=
"Locale_Inheritance">4 Locale Inheritance and Matching</a></h2>
<p>The XML format relies on an inheritance model, whereby the
resources are collected into <i>bundles</i>, and the bundles
organized into a tree. Data for the many Spanish locales does
not need to be duplicated across all of the countries having
Spanish as a national language. Instead, common data is
collected in the Spanish language locale, and territory locales
only need to supply differences. The parent of all of the
language locales is a generic locale known as <i>root</i>.
Wherever possible, the resources in the root are language &amp;
territory neutral. For example, the collation (sorting) order
in the root is based on the [<a href="#DUCET">DUCET</a>]
(see<em><a href="tr35-collation.html#Root_Collation">Root
Collation</a></em>). Since English language collation has the
same ordering as the root locale, the 'en' locale data does not
need to supply any collation data, nor do the 'en_US', 'en_GB'
or the any of the various other locales that use English.</p>
<p>Given a particular locale id "en_US_someVariant", the search
chain for a particular resource is the following.</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>en_US_someVariant
en_US
en
root</pre>
</blockquote>
<p><em>The inheritance is often not simple truncation, as will
be seen later in this section.</em></p>
<p>If a type and key are supplied in the locale id, then
logically the chain from that id to the root is searched for a
resource tag with a given type, all the way up to root. If no
resource is found with that tag and type, then the chain is
searched again without the type.</p>
<p>Thus the data for any given locale will only contain
resources that are different from the parent locale. For
example, most territory locales will inherit the bulk of their
data from the language locale: "en" will contain the bulk of
the data: "en_IE" will only contain a few items like currency.
All data that is inherited from a parent is presumed to be
valid, just as valid as if it were physically present in the
file. This provides for much smaller resource bundles, and much
simpler (and less error-prone) maintenance. At the script or
region level, the "primary" child locale will be empty, since
its parent will contain all of the appropriate resources for
it. For more information see <i>CLDR Information : Section 9.3
<a href="tr35-info.html#Default_Content">Default
Content</a>.</i></p>
<p>Certain data items depend only on the region specified in a
locale id (by a <a href=
"#unicode_region_subtag_validity">unicode_region_subtag</a> or
an “rg” <a href="#RegionOverride">Region Override</a> key) ,
and are obtained from supplemental data rather than through
locale resources. For example:</p>
<ul>
<li>The currency for the specified region (see <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Supplemental_Currency_Data">Supplemental
Currency Data</a>)</li>
<li>The measurement system for the specified region (see
<a href=
"tr35-general.html#Measurement_System_Data">Measurement
System Data</a>)</li>
<li>The week conventions for the specified region (see
<a href="tr35-dates.html#Week_Data">Week Data</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p>(For more information on the specific items handled this
way, see <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Territory_Based_Preferences">Territory-Based
Preferences</a>.) These items will be correct for the specified
region regardless of whether a locale bundle actually exists
with the same combination of language and region as in the
locale id. For example, suppose data is requested for the
locale id "fr_US" and there is no bundle for that combination.
Data obtained via locale inheritance, such as currency patterns
and currency symbols, will be obtained from the parent locale
"fr". However, currency amounts would be formatted by default
using US dollars, just displayed in the manner governed by the
locale "fr". When a locale id does not specify a region, the
region-specific items such as those above are obtained from the
likely region for the locale (obtained via <a href=
"#Likely_Subtags">Likely Subtags</a>).</p>
<p>For the relationship between Inheritance, DefaultContent,
LikelySubtags, and LocaleMatching, see Section 4.2.6 <a href=
"tr35.html#Inheritance_vs_Related">Inheritance vs Related
Information</a>.</p>
<h3><a href="#Lookup" name="Lookup" id="Lookup">4.1
Lookup</a></h3>
<p>If a language has more than one script in customary modern
use, then the CLDR file structure in common/main follows the
following model:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>lang<br>
lang_script<br>
lang_script_region<br>
lang_region <i>(aliases to lang_script_region)</i></p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a href="#Bundle_vs_Item_Lookup" name=
"Bundle_vs_Item_Lookup" id="Bundle_vs_Item_Lookup">4.1.1 Bundle
vs Item Lookup</a></h4>
<p>There are actually two different kinds of inheritance
fallback: <em>resource&nbsp;bundle&nbsp;lookup</em> and
<em>resource&nbsp;item&nbsp;lookup</em>. For the former, a
process is looking to find the first, best resource bundle it
can; for the later, it is fallback&nbsp;within&nbsp;bundles on
individual items, like the translated name for the region "CN"
in Breton.</p>
<p>These are closely related, but distinct, processes. They are
illustrated in the table <a href="#Lookup-Differences">Lookup
Differences</a>, where "key" stands for zero or more key/type
pairs. Logically speaking, when looking up an item for a given
locale, you first do a resource bundle lookup to find the best
bundle for the locale, then you do a inherited item lookup
starting with that resource bundle.</p>
<p>The table <a href="#Lookup-Differences">Lookup
Differences</a> uses the naïve resource bundle lookup for
illustration. More sophisticated systems will get far better
results for resource bundle lookup if they use the algorithm
described in <em>Section 4.4 <a href=
"#LanguageMatching">Language Matching</a></em>. That algorithm
takes into account both the user’s desired locale(s) and the
application’s supported locales, in order to get the best
match.</p>
<p>If the naïve resource bundle lookup is used, the desired
locale needs to be canonicalized using 4.3 <a href=
"#Likely_Subtags">Likely Subtags</a> and the supplemental alias
information, so that locales that CLDR considers identical are
treated as such. Thus eng-Latn-GB should be mapped to en-GB,
and cmn-TW mapped to zh-Hant-TW.</p>
<p>For the purposes of CLDR, everything with the &lt;ldml&gt;
dtd is treated logically as if it is one resource bundle, even
if the implementation separates data into separate physical
resource bundles. For example, suppose that there is a main XML
file for Nama (naq), but there are no &lt;unit&gt; elements for
it because the units are all inherited from root. If the
&lt;unit&gt; elements are separated into a separate data tree
for modularity in the implementation, the Nama &lt;unit&gt;
resource bundle would be empty. However, for purposes of
resource-bundle lookup the resource bundle lookup still stops
at naq.xml.</p>
<div id="iqaw2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">
<table class='simple' id="a1bn" border="1" cellpadding="3"
cellspacing="0">
<caption>
<a href="#Lookup-Differences" name="Lookup-Differences"
id="Lookup-Differences">Lookup Differences</a>
</caption>
<tbody id="iqaw3">
<tr id="x40y0">
<th id="x40y1" style="vertical-align: top;" nowrap>
Lookup Type</th>
<th id="x40y3" style="vertical-align: top;" nowrap>
Example</th>
<th id="x40y5" style="vertical-align: top;">
Comments</th>
</tr>
<tr id="iqaw4">
<td id="iqaw5" style="vertical-align: top;" nowrap>
<p id="rkc40"><strong>Resource bundle</strong>
lookup</p>
</td>
<td id="iqaw7" style="vertical-align: top;" nowrap>
<p>se-FI&nbsp;→</p>
<p>se&nbsp; →</p>
<p><em>default-locale*&nbsp;&nbsp;→</em></p>
<p>root</p>
</td>
<td id="rkc41" style="vertical-align: top;">
<p>* The default-locale may have its own inheritance
change; for example, it may be "en-GB&nbsp;→&nbsp;en"
In that case, the chain is expanded by inserting the
chain, resulting in:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>se-FI →</p>
<p>se →</p>
<p>fi →</p>
<p><em>en-GB →</em></p>
<p><em>en →</em></p>
<p>root</p>
</blockquote>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="iqaw9">
<td id="iqaw10" style="vertical-align: top;" nowrap>
<p><strong>Inherited item</strong> lookup</p>
</td>
<td id="iqaw12" style="vertical-align: top;" nowrap>
<p>se-FI+key&nbsp;→</p>
<p>se+key →</p>
<p><em>root_alias*+key&nbsp;</em></p>
<p>→&nbsp;root+key</p>
</td>
<td id="rkc43" style="vertical-align: top;">
<p>* If there is a root_alias to another key or
locale, then insert that entire chain. For example,
suppose that months for another calendar system have
a root alias to Gregorian months. In that case, the
root alias would change the key, and retry from se-FI
downward. This can happen multiple times.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>se-FI+key&nbsp;→</p>
<p>se+key →</p>
<p>root_alias*+key →</p>
<p><em>se-FI+key2&nbsp;→</em></p>
<p><em>se+key2 →</em></p>
<p>root_alias*+key2 →</p>
<p>root+key2</p>
</blockquote>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>Both the resource bundle inheritance and the inherited item
inheritance use the parentLocale data, where available, instead
of simple trunctation.</p>
<p>The fallback is a bit different for these two cases;
internal aliases and keys are are not involved in the bundle
lookup, and the default locale is not involved in the item
lookup. If the default-locale were used in the resource-item
lookup, then strange results will occur. For example, suppose
that the default locale is Swedish, and there is a Nama locale
but no specific inherited item for collation. If the
default-locale were used in resource-item lookup, it would
produce odd and unexpected results for Nama sorting.</p>
<p>The default locale is not even always used in resource
bundle inheritance. For the following services, the fallback is
always directly to the root locale rather than through default
locale.</p>
<ul>
<li>collation</li>
<li>break iteration</li>
<li>case mapping</li>
<li>transliteration
<ul>
<li>The lookup for transliteration is yet more
complicated because of the interplay of source and target
locales: see <em>Part 2 General, Section
10.1&nbsp;<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-general.html#Inheritance">Inheritance.</a></em></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Thus if there is no Akan locale, for example, asking for a
collation for Akan should produce the root collation, <em>not
the Swedish collation.</em></p>
<p>The inherited item lookup must remain stable, because the
resources are built with a certain fallback in mind; changing
the core fallback order can render the bundle structure
incoherent.</p>
<p>Resource bundle lookup, on the other hand, is more flexible;
changes in the view of the "best" match between the input
request and the output bundle are more tolerant, when represent
overall improvements for users. For more information, see
<i><a href="#Fallback_Elements">A.1 Element
fallback</a></i>.</p>
<p>Where the LDML inheritance relationship does not match a
target system, such as POSIX, the data logically should be
fully resolved in converting to a format for use by that
system, by adding <i>all</i> inherited data to each locale data
set.</p>
<p>For a more complete description of how inheritance applies
to data, and the use of keywords, see <i><a href=
"#Inheritance_and_Validity">Section 4.2 Inheritance</a></i>
.</p>
<p>The locale data does not contain general character
properties that are derived from the <i>Unicode Character
Database</i> [<a href=
"https://unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UAX44">UAX44</a>]. That data
being common across locales, it is not duplicated in the
bundles. Constructing a POSIX locale from the CLDR data
requires use of UCD data. In addition, POSIX locales may also
specify the character encoding, which requires the data to be
transformed into that target encoding.</p>
<p><b>Warning:</b> If a locale has a different script than its
parent (for example, sr_Latn), then special attention must be
paid to make sure that all inheritance is covered. For example,
auxiliary exemplar characters may need to be empty ("[]") to
block inheritance.</p>
<p><strong>Empty Override:</strong> There is one special value
reserved in LDML to indicate that a child locale is to have no
value for a path, even if the parent locale has a value for
that path. That value is "∅∅∅". For example, if there is no
phrase for "two days ago" in a language, that can be indicated
with:</p>
<pre>&lt;field type="day"&gt;
&lt;relative type="-2"&gt;∅∅∅&lt;/relative&gt;
</pre>
<h4><a name="Multiple_Inheritance" id=
"Multiple_Inheritance"></a><a name="Lateral_Inheritance" href=
"#Lateral_Inheritance" id="Lateral_Inheritance">4.1.2 Lateral
Inheritance</a></h4>
<p>In the following instances, resources may inherit from
within the same locale, <em>before inheriting from the parent</em>. </p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing=
"0" class='simple' >
<tbody>
<tr>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Element</th>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Source</th>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Context</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">currency/pattern</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">currencyFormat</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">numberSystem = defaultNumberingSystem, unless otherwise specified*<br>
currencyFormatLength type=none, unless otherwise specified<br>
currencyFormat type=&quot;standard&quot;, unless otherwise specified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">currency/decimal</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">symbols/decimal</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">numberSystem = defaultNumberingSystem, unless otherwise specified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">currency/group</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">symbols/group</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">numberSystem = defaultNumberingSystem, unless otherwise specified</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>* The &quot;unless otherwise specified&quot; clause is for when an API or other context indicates a different choice, such as <span style="vertical-align: top;">currencyFormat type=&quot;accounting&quot;</span>. </p>
<p>For example, with /currency [@type=&quot;CVE&quot;], the decimal symbol for almost all locales is the value from symbols/decimal, but for pt_CV it is explicitly &lt;decimal&gt;$&lt;/decimal&gt;.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The following attributes use lateral inheritance for all elements with the DTD root = ldml, except where otherwise noted. The process is applied recursively.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing=
"0" class='simple' >
<tbody>
<tr>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Atttribute</th>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Fallback</th>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Exception Elements</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">case</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">&quot;nominative&quot; → ∅</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">caseMinimalPairs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">gender</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">default_gender(locale) → ∅</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">genderMinimalPairs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">count</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">plural_rules(locale, x) → &quot;other&quot; → ∅</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">minDays, pluralMinimalPairs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">ordinal</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">plural_rules(locale, x) → &quot;other&quot; → ∅</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">ordinalMinimalPairs</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The gender fallback is to neuter if the locale has a neuter gender, otherwise masculine. This may be extended in the future if necessary. See also <a href="tr35-general.html#Grammatical_Features">Part 2, Section 15, Grammatical Features</a>.</p>
<p>For example, if there is no value for a path, and that path has a
[@count="x"] attribute and value, then:</p>
<ol>
<li>If &quot;x&quot; is numeric, the path falls back to the path with [@count=«the plural rules category for x for that locale»], within that the same locale.
<ol>
<li>For example, [@count="0"] for English falls back to @count="other"], while for French falls back to [@count="one"].</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>If "x" is anything but "other", it falls back to
a path [@count="other"], within that the same locale.</li>
<li>If &quot;x&quot; is &quot;other&quot;,
it falls back to the path
that is completely missing the count item, within that the same locale.</li>
<li>If there is no value for that path the same locale, the same
process is used for the original path in the parent locale.</li>
</ol>
<p>A path may have multiple attributes with lateral inheritance. In such a case, all of the combinations are tried, and in the order supplied above. For example (this is the very worst case):</p>
<p> /compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span> </p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;few&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@count=&quot;other&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@gender=&quot;feminine&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;][@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;][@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@gender=&quot;neuter&quot;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@case=&quot;accusative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1[@case=&quot;nominative&quot;&gt;]<span style="vertical-align: top;"> →</span></p>
<p>/compoundUnitPattern1</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><em>Examples:</em></p>
<table class='simple' border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing=
"0" id="a1bn3">
<caption>
<a name="Count_Fallback_normal" href=
"#Count_Fallback_normal" id="Count_Fallback_normal">Count
Fallback: normal</a>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Locale</th>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Path</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr-CA</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/units/unitLength[@type="<strong>narrow</strong>"]/unit[@type="mass-gram"]/unitPattern<strong>[@count="x"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr-CA</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw16" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/units/unitLength[@type="<strong>narrow</strong>"]/unit[@type="mass-gram"]/unitPattern<strong>[@count="other"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw19" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/units/unitLength[@type="<strong>narrow</strong>"]/unit[@type="mass-gram"]/unitPattern<strong>[@count="x"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw18" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/units/unitLength[@type="<strong>narrow</strong>"]/unit[@type="mass-gram"]/unitPattern<strong>[@count="other"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">root</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw21" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/units/unitLength[@type="<strong>narrow</strong>"]/unit[@type="mass-gram"]/unitPattern<strong>[@count="x"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">root</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw20" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/units/unitLength[@type="<strong>narrow</strong>"]/unit[@type="mass-gram"]/unitPattern<strong>[@count="other"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note that there may be an alias in root that changes the
path and starts again from the requested locale, such as:</p>
<p><code>&lt;unitLength type="<strong>narrow</strong>"&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;alias source="locale"
path="../unitLength[@type='<strong>short</strong>']"/&gt;<br>
&lt;/unitLength&gt;</code></p>
<table class='simple' border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing=
"0" id="a1bn2">
<caption>
<a name="Count_Fallback_currency" href=
"#Count_Fallback_currency" id=
"Count_Fallback_currency">Count Fallback: currency</a>
</caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Locale</th>
<th nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">Path</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr-CA</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw11" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName<strong>[@count="x"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr-CA</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw6" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName<strong>[@count="other"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr-CA</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw8" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw15" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName<strong>[@count="x"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw14" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName<strong>[@count="other"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">fr</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw13" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">root</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw25" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName<strong>[@count="x"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">root</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw24" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName<strong>[@count="other"]</strong></code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap style="vertical-align: top;">root</td>
<td nowrap id="iqaw23" style="vertical-align: top;">
<code>//ldml/numbers/currencies/currency[@type="CAD"]/displayName</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br>
<h4><a name="Parent_Locales" href="#Parent_Locales" id=
"Parent_Locales">4.1.3 Parent Locales</a></h4>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT parentLocales ( parentLocale* )
&gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT parentLocale EMPTY &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST parentLocale parent NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST parentLocale locales NMTOKENS #REQUIRED &gt;</p>
<p>In some cases, the normal truncation inheritance does not
function well. This happens when:</p>
<ol>
<li>The child locale is of a different script. In this case,
mixing elements from the parent into the child data results
in a mishmash.</li>
<li>A large number of child locales behave similarly, and
differently from the truncation parent.</li>
</ol>
<p>The <span class="element">parentLocale</span> element is
used to override the normal inheritance when accessing CLDR
data.</p>
<p>For case 1, the children are script locales, and the parent
is "root". For example:</p>
<pre>
&lt;parentLocale parent="root" locales="az_Cyrl ha_Arab … zh_Hant"/&gt;</pre>
<p>For case 2, the children and parent share the same primary
language, but the region is changed. For example:</p>
<pre>
&lt;parentLocale parent="es_419" locales="es_AR es_BO … es_UY es_VE"/&gt;</pre>
<p>Collation data, however, is an exception. Since collation
rules do not truly inherit data from the parent, the
parentLocale element is not necessary and not used for
collation. Thus, for a locale like zh_Hant in the example
above, the parentLocale element would dictate the parent as
"root" when referring to main locale data, but for collation
data, the parent locale would still be "zh", even though the
parentLocale element is present for that locale.</p>
<p>Since parentLocale information is not localizable on a per
locale basis, the parentLocale information is contained in
CLDR’s <a href="tr35-info.html">supplemental data.</a></p>
<p>When a <span class="element">parentLocale</span> element is
used to override normal inheritance, the following invariants
must always be true:</p>
<ol>
<li>If X is the parentLocale of Y, then either X is the root
locale, or X has the same base language code as Y. For
example, the parent of "en" cannot be "fr", and the parent of
"en_YY" cannot be "fr" or "fr_XX".</li>
<li>If X is the parentLocale of Y, Y must not be a base
language locale. For example, the parent of "en" cannot be
"en_XX".</li>
<li>There can never be cycles, such as: X parent of Y ...
parent of X.</li>
</ol>
<h3><a name="Inheritance_and_Validity" href=
"#Inheritance_and_Validity" id="Inheritance_and_Validity">4.2
Inheritance and Validity</a></h3>
<p>The following describes in more detail how to determine the
exact inheritance of elements, and the validity of a given
element in LDML.</p>
<h4><a name="Definitions" href="#Definitions" id=
"Definitions">4.2.1 Definitions</a></h4>
<p><i>Blocking</i> elements are those whose subelements do not
inherit from parent locales. For example, a &lt;collation&gt;
element is a blocking element: everything in a
&lt;collation&gt; element is treated as a single lump of data,
as far as inheritance is concerned. For more information, see
<a href="#Valid_Attribute_Values">Section 5.5 Valid Attribute
Values</a>.</p>
<p>Attributes that serve to distinguish multiple elements at
the same level are called <i>distinguishing</i> attributes. For
example, the <i>type</i> attribute distinguishes different
elements in lists of translations, such as:</p>
<pre>&lt;language type="aa"&gt;Afar&lt;/language&gt;
&lt;language type="ab"&gt;Abkhazian&lt;/language&gt;</pre>
<p>Distinguishing attributes affect inheritance; two elements
with different distinguishing attributes are treated as
different for purposes of inheritance. For more information,
see <a href="#Valid_Attribute_Values">Section 5.5 Valid
Attribute Values</a>. Other attributes are called
nondistinguishing (or informational) attributes. These carry
separate information, and do not affect inheritance.</p>
<p>For any element in an XML file, <i>an element chain</i> is a
resolved [<a href="#XPath">XPath</a>] leading from the root to
an element, with attributes on each element in alphabetical
order. So in, say, <a href=
"https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/main/el.xml">https://github.com/unicode-org/cldr/blob/master/common/main/el.xml</a>
we may have:</p>
<pre>&lt;ldml&gt;
&lt;identity&gt;
&lt;version number="1.1" /&gt;
&lt;language type="el" /&gt;
&lt;/identity&gt;
&lt;localeDisplayNames&gt;
&lt;languages&gt;
&lt;language type="ar"&gt;Αραβικά&lt;/language&gt;
...</pre>
<p>Which gives the following element chains (among others):</p>
<ul>
<li>//ldml/identity/version[@number="1.1"]</li>
<li>
//ldml/localeDisplayNames/languages/language[@type="ar"]</li>
</ul>
<p>An element chain A is an <i>extension</i> of an element
chain B if B is equivalent to an initial portion of A. For
example, #2 below is an extension of #1. (Equivalent, depending
on the tree, may not be "identical to". See below for an
example.)</p>
<ol>
<li>//ldml/localeDisplayNames</li>
<li>
//ldml/localeDisplayNames/languages/language[@type="ar"]</li>
</ol>
<p>An LDML file can be thought of as an ordered list of
<i>element pairs</i>: &lt;element chain, data&gt;, where the
element chains are all the chains for the end-nodes. (This
works because of restrictions on the structure of LDML,
including that it does not allow mixed content.) The ordering
is the ordering that the element chains are found in the file,
and thus determined by the DTD.</p>
<p>For example, some of those pairs would be the following.
Notice that the first has the null string as element
contents.</p>
<ul>
<li><b>&lt;</b>//ldml/identity/version[@number="1.1"]<b>,</b>
""<b>&gt;</b></li>
<li>
<b>&lt;</b>//ldml/localeDisplayNames/languages/language[@type="ar"]<b>,</b>
"Αραβικά"<b>&gt;</b></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p><b>Note:</b> There are two exceptions to this:</p>
<ol>
<li>Blocking nodes and their contents are treated as a
single end node.</li>
<li>In terms of computing inheritance, the element pair
consists of the element chain plus all distinguishing
attributes; the value consists of the value (if any) plus
any nondistinguishing attributes.</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Thus instead of the element pair being (a) below, it is
(b):</p>
<ol type="a">
<li>
<b>&lt;</b>//ldml/dates/calendars/calendar[@type='gregorian']/week/weekendStart[@day='sun'][@time='00:00']<b>,</b><br>
<b>""&gt;</b></li>
<li>
<b>&lt;</b>//ldml/dates/calendars/calendar[@type='gregorian']/week/weekendStart<b>,</b><br>
[@day='sun'][@time='00:00']<b>&gt;</b></li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p>Two LDML element chains are <i>equivalent</i> when they
would be identical if all attributes and their values were
removed — except for distinguishing attributes. Thus the
following are equivalent:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>//ldml/localeDisplayNames/languages/language[@type="ar"]</code></li>
<li>
<code>//ldml/localeDisplayNames/languages/language[@type="ar"][@draft="unconfirmed"]</code></li>
</ul>
<p>For any locale ID, an <i>locale chain</i> is an ordered list
starting with the root and leading down to the ID. For
example:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&lt;root, de, de_DE, de_DE_xxx&gt;</p>
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="Resolved_Data_File" href="#Resolved_Data_File" id=
"Resolved_Data_File">4.2.2 Resolved Data File</a></h4>
<p>To produce fully resolved locale data file from CLDR for a
locale ID L, you start with L, and successively add unique
items from the parent locales until you get up to root. More
formally, this can be expressed as the following procedure.</p>
<ol>
<li>Let Result be initially L.</li>
<li>For each Li in the locale chain for L, starting at L and
going up to root:
<ol>
<li>Let Temp be a copy of the pairs in the LDML file for
Li</li>
<li>Replace each alias in Temp by the resolved list of
pairs it points to.
<ol>
<li>The resolved list of pairs is obtained by
recursively applying this procedure.</li>
<li>That alias now blocks any inheritance from the
parent. (See <i><a href="#Common_Elements">Section
5.1 Common Elements</a></i> for an example.)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>For each element pair P in Temp:
<ol>
<li>If P does not contain a blocking element, and
Result does not have an element pair Q with an
equivalent element chain, add P to Result.</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p><b>Notes:</b></p>
<ul>
<li>When adding an element pair to a result, it has to go in
the right order for it to be valid according to the DTD.</li>
<li>The identity element and its children are unaffected by
resolution.</li>
<li>The LDML data must be constructed so as to avoid
circularity in step 2.2.</li>
</ul>
<h4><a name="Valid_Data" href="#Valid_Data" id=
"Valid_Data">4.2.3 Valid Data</a></h4>
<p>The attribute <i>draft="x"</i> in LDML means that the data
has not been approved by the subcommittee. (For more
information, see <a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/index/process">Process</a>). However,
some data that is not explicitly marked as <i>draft</i> may be
implicitly <i>draft</i>, either because it inherits it from a
parent, or from an enclosing element.</p>
<p><b>Example 2.</b> Suppose that new locale data is added for
af (Afrikaans). To indicate that all of the data is
<i>unconfirmed</i>, the attribute can be added to the top
level.</p>
<p><code>&lt;ldml version="1.1" draft="unconfirmed"&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;identity&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;version number="1.1" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;language type="af" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;/identity&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;characters&gt;...&lt;/characters&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;localeDisplayNames&gt;...&lt;/localeDisplayNames&gt;<br>
&lt;/ldml&gt;</code></p>
<p>Any data can be added to that file, and the status will all
be draft=<i>unconfirmed</i>. Once an item is vetted—<i>whether
it is inherited or explicitly in the file</i>—then its status
can be changed to <i>approved</i>. This can be done either by
leaving draft="unconfirmed" on the enclosing element and
marking the child with draft="approved", such as:</p>
<p><code>&lt;ldml version="1.1" draft="unconfirmed"&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;identity&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;version number="1.1" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;language type="af" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;/identity&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;characters
draft="approved"&gt;...&lt;/characters&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;localeDisplayNames&gt;...&lt;/localeDisplayNames&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;dates/&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;numbers/&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;collations/&gt;<br>
&lt;/ldml&gt;</code></p>
<p>However, normally the draft attributes should be
canonicalized, which means they are pushed down to leaf nodes
as described in <i><a href="#Canonical_Form">Section 5.6
Canonical Form</a></i>. If an LDML file does has draft
attributes that are not on leaf nodes, the file should be
interpreted as if it were the canonicalized version of that
file.</p>
<p>More formally, here is how to determine whether data for an
element chain E is implicitly or explicitly draft, given a
locale L. Sections 1, 2, and 4 are simply formalizations of
what is in LDML already. Item 3 adds the new element.</p>
<h4><a name="Checking_for_Draft_Status" href=
"#Checking_for_Draft_Status" id=
"Checking_for_Draft_Status">4.2.4 Checking for Draft
Status</a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
<b>Parent Locale Inheritance</b>
<ol>
<li>Walk through the locale chain until you find a locale
ID L' with a data file D. (L' may equal L).</li>
<li>Produce the fully resolved data file D' for D.</li>
<li>In D', find the first element pair whose element
chain E' is either equivalent to or an extension of
E.</li>
<li>If there is no such E', return <i>true</i></li>
<li>If E' is not equivalent to E, truncate E' to the
length of E.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<b>Enclosing Element Inheritance</b>
<ol>
<li>Walk through the elements in E', from back to front.
<ol>
<li>If you ever encounter draft=<i>x</i>, return
<i>x</i></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>If L' = L, return <i>false</i></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<b>Missing File Inheritance</b>
<ol>
<li>Otherwise, walk again through the elements in E',
from back to front.
<ol>
<li>If you encounter a validSubLocales attribute
(deprecated):
<ol>
<li>If L is in the attribute value, return
<i>false</i></li>
<li>Otherwise return <i>true</i></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<b>Otherwise</b>
<ol>
<li>Return <i>true</i></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The validSubLocales in the most specific (farthest from root
file) locale file "wins" through the full resolution step (data
from more specific files replacing data from less specific
ones).</p>
<h4><a name="Keyword_and_Default_Resolution" href=
"#Keyword_and_Default_Resolution" id=
"Keyword_and_Default_Resolution">4.2.5 Keyword and Default
Resolution</a></h4>
<p>When accessing data based on keywords, the following process
is used. Consider the following example:</p>
<ul>
<li>The locale 'de' has collation types A, B, C, and no
&lt;default&gt; element</li>
<li>The locale 'de_CH' has &lt;default type='B'&gt;</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are the searches for various combinations.</p>
<table class='simple' border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing=
"0">
<tr>
<td><strong>User Input</strong></td>
<td><strong>Lookup in Locale</strong></td>
<td><strong>For</strong></td>
<td><strong>Comment</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">de_CH<br>
<em>no keyword</em></td>
<td>de_CH</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>finds "B"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de_CH</td>
<td>collation type=B</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=B</td>
<td><em>found</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">de<br>
<em>no keyword</em></td>
<td>de</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>finds "standard"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=standard</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>collation type=standard</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de_u_co_A</td>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=A</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">de_u_co_standard</td>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=standard</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>collation type=standard</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="6">de_u_co_foobar</td>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=foobar</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>collation type=foobar</td>
<td>not found, starts looking for default</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>finds "standard"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=standard</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>collation type=standard</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Examples of "search" collator lookup; 'de' has a
language-specific version, but 'en' does not:</p>
<table class='simple' border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing=
"0">
<tr>
<td><strong>User Input</strong></td>
<td><strong>Lookup in Locale</strong></td>
<td><strong>For</strong></td>
<td><strong>Comment</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">de_CH_u_co_search</td>
<td>de_CH</td>
<td>collation type=search</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de</td>
<td>collation type=search</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">en_US_u_co_search</td>
<td>en_US</td>
<td>collation type=search</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>en</td>
<td>collation type=search</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>root</td>
<td>collation type=search</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Examples of lookup for Chinese collation types. Note:</p>
<ul>
<li>All of the Chinese-specific collation types are provided
in the 'zh' locale</li>
<li>For 'zh' the &lt;default&gt; element specifies "pinyin";
for 'zh_Hant' the &lt;default&gt; element specifies "stroke".
However any of the available Chinese collation types can be
explicitly requested for any Chinese locale.</li>
</ul>
<table class='simple' border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing=
"0">
<tr>
<td><strong>User Input</strong></td>
<td><strong>Lookup in Locale</strong></td>
<td><strong>For</strong></td>
<td><strong>Comment</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">zh_Hant<br>
<em>no keyword</em></td>
<td>zh_Hant</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>finds "stroke"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zh_Hant</td>
<td>collation type=stroke</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zh</td>
<td>collation type=stroke</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">zh_Hant_HK_u_co_pinyin</td>
<td>zh_Hant_HK</td>
<td>collation type=pinyin</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zh_Hant</td>
<td>collation type=pinyin</td>
<td>not found</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zh</td>
<td>collation type=pinyin</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">zh<br>
<em>no keyword</em></td>
<td>zh</td>
<td>default collation type</td>
<td>finds "pinyin"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>zh</td>
<td>collation type=pinyin</td>
<td><i>found</i></td>
</tr>
</table>
<blockquote>
<p><b>Note:</b> It is an invariant that the default in root
for a given element must<br>
always be a value that exists in root. So you can not have
the following in root:</p>
</blockquote>
<p><code>&lt;someElements&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;default type='a'/&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;someElement type='b'&gt;...&lt;/someElement&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;someElement type='c'&gt;...&lt;/someElement&gt;<br>
<b>&nbsp; &lt;!-- no 'a' --&gt;</b><br>
&lt;/someElements&gt;</code></p>
<p>For identifiers, such as language codes, script codes,
region codes, variant codes, types, keywords, currency symbols
or currency display names, the default value is the identifier
itself whenever if no value is found in the root. Thus if there
is no display name for the region code 'QA' in root, then the
display name is simply 'QA'.</p>
<h4><a name="Inheritance_vs_Related" href=
"#Inheritance_vs_Related" id="Inheritance_vs_Related">4.2.6
Inheritance vs Related Information</a></h4>
<p>There are related types of data and processing that are easy
to confuse:</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">
<p><strong>Inheritance</strong></p>
</td>
<td colspan="2">Part of the internal mechanism used by CLDR
to organize and manage locale data. This is used to share
common resources, and ease maintenance, and provide the
best fallback behavior in the absence of data. <em>Should
not be used for locale matching or likely
subtags.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Example:</em></td>
<td>parent(en_AU) ⇒ en_001<br>
parent(en_001) ⇒ en<br>
parent(en) ⇒ root</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Data:</em></td>
<td>supplementalData.xml &lt;parentLocale&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Spec:</em></td>
<td><strong>Section <a href="#Inheritance_and_Validity">4.2
Inheritance and Validity</a></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4"><strong>DefaultContent</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">Part of the internal mechanism used by CLDR
to manage locale data. A particular sublocale is designated
the defaultContent for a parent, so that the parent
exhibits consistent behavior. <em>Should not be used for
locale matching or likely subtags.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Example:</em></td>
<td>addLikelySubtags(sr-ME) ⇒ sr-Latn-ME,
minimize(de-Latn-DE) ⇒ de</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Data:</em></td>
<td>supplementalMetadata.xml &lt;defaultContent&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Spec:</em></td>
<td><strong>Part 6: Section 9.3&nbsp;<a href=
"tr35-info.html#Default_Content">Default
Content</a></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4"><strong>LikelySubtags</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">Provides most likely full subtag (script
and region) in the absence of other information. A core
component of LocaleMatching.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Example:</em></td>
<td>addLikelySubtags(zh) ⇒ zh-Hans-CN<br>
addLikelySubtags(zh-TW) ⇒ zh-Hant-TW<br>
minimize(zh-Hans, favorRegion) ⇒ zh-TW</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Data:</em></td>
<td>likelySubtags.xml &lt;likelySubtags&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Spec:</em></td>
<td><strong>Section <a href="#Likely_Subtags">4.3 Likely
Subtags</a></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4"><strong>LocaleMatching</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">Provides the best match for the user’s
language(s) among an application’s supported
languages.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Example:</em></td>
<td>bestLocale(userLangs=&lt;en, fr&gt;,
appLangs=&lt;fr-CA, ru&gt;) ⇒ fr-CA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Data:</em></td>
<td>languageInfo.xml &lt;languageMatching&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>Spec:</em></td>
<td><strong>Section <a href="#LanguageMatching">4.4
Language Matching</a></strong></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="Likely_Subtags" href="#Likely_Subtags" id=
"Likely_Subtags">4.3 Likely Subtags</a></h3>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT likelySubtag EMPTY &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST likelySubtag from NMTOKEN #REQUIRED&gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST likelySubtag to NMTOKEN #REQUIRED&gt;</p>
<p>There are a number of situations where it is useful to be
able to find the most likely language, script, or region. For
example, given the language "zh" and the region "TW", what is
the most likely script? Given the script "Thai" what is the
most likely language or region? Given the region TW, what is
the most likely language and script?</p>
<p>Conversely, given a locale, it is useful to find out which
fields (language, script, or region) may be superfluous, in the
sense that they contain the likely tags. For example, "en_Latn"
can be simplified down to "en" since "Latn" is the likely
script for "en"; "ja_Jpan_JP" can be simplified down to
"ja".</p>
<p>The <i>likelySubtag</i> supplemental data provides default
information for computing these values. This data is based on
the default content data, the population data, and the
suppress-script data in [<a href="#BCP47">BCP47</a>]. It is
heuristically derived, and may change over time.</p>
<p>For the relationship between Inheritance, DefaultContent,
LikelySubtags, and LocaleMatching, see <strong><em>Section
4.2.6 <a href="tr35.html#Inheritance_vs_Related">Inheritance vs
Related Information</a></em></strong>.</p>
<p>To look up data in the table, see if a locale matches one of
the <b>from</b> attribute values. If so, fetch the
corresponding <b>to</b> attribute value. For example, the
Chinese data looks like the following:</p>
<blockquote>
<p class="example">&lt;likelySubtag from="zh"
to="zh_Hans_CN"/&gt;<br>
&lt;likelySubtag from="zh_HK" to="zh_Hant_HK"/&gt;<br>
&lt;likelySubtag from="zh_Hani" to="zh_Hani_CN"/&gt;<br>
&lt;likelySubtag from="zh_Hant" to="zh_Hant_TW"/&gt;<br>
&lt;likelySubtag from="zh_MO" to="zh_Hant_MO"/&gt;<br>
&lt;likelySubtag from="zh_TW" to="zh_Hant_TW"/&gt;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So looking up "zh_TW" returns "zh_Hant_TW", while looking up
"zh" returns "zh_Hans_CN".</p>
<p>In more detail, the data is designed to be used in the
following operations.</p>
<p>Note that as of CLDR v24, any field present in the 'from'
field, is also present in the 'to' field, so an input field
will not change in "Add Likely Subtags" operation. The data and
operations can also be used with language tags using [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>] syntax, with the appropriate changes. In
addition, certain common 'denormalized' language subtags such
as 'iw' (for 'he') may occur in both the 'from' and 'to'
fields. This allows for implementations that use those
denormalized subtags to use the data with only minor changes to
the operations.</p>
<p>An implementation may choose exclude language tags with the language subtag &quot;und&quot; from the following operation. In such a case, only the canonicalization is done. An implementation can declare that it is doing the exclusion, or can take a parameter that controls whether or not to do it.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><i><b>Add Likely Subtags:</b></i> <em>Given a source locale
X, to return a locale Y where the empty subtags have been
filled in by the most likely subtags.</em> This is written as X
⇒ Y ("X maximizes to Y").</p>
<p>A subtag is called <em>empty</em> if it is a missing script
or region subtag, or it is a base language subtag with the
value "und". In the description below, a subscript on a subtag
<em>x</em> indicates which tag it is from:
<em>x<sub>s</sub></em> is in the source,
<em>x<sub>m</sub></em>is in a match, and <em>x<sub>r</sub></em>
is in the final result.</p>
<p>This operation is performed in the following way.</p>
<ol>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<strong>Canonicalize.</strong>
<ol>
<li>Make sure the input locale is in canonical form: uses
the right separator, and has the right casing.</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
Replace any deprecated subtags with their canonical
values using the &lt;alias&gt; data in supplemental
metadata. Use the first value in the replacement list, if
it exists. Language tag replacements may have multiple
parts, such as "sh" ➞ "sr_Latn" or mo" ➞ "ro_MD". In such
a case, the original script and/or region are retained if
there is one. Thus "sh_Arab_AQ" ➞ "sr_Arab_AQ", not
"sr_Latn_AQ".</li>
<li>If the tag is a legacy language tag
(marked as “Type: grandfathered” in BCP 47; see &lt;variable
id="$grandfathered" type="choice"&gt; in the supplemental
data), then return it.</li>
<li>Remove the script code 'Zzzz' and the region code
'ZZ' if they occur.</li>
<li>Get the components of the cleaned-up source tag
<em>(language<sub>s</sub>, script<sub>s</sub>,</em> and
<em>region<sub>s</sub></em>), plus any variants and
extensions.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<strong>Lookup.</strong> Lookup each of the following in
order, and stop on the first match:
<ol>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<em>language<sub>s</sub>_script<sub>s</sub>_region<sub>s</sub></em></li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<em>language<sub>s</sub>_region<sub>s</sub></em></li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<em>language<sub>s</sub>_script<sub>s</sub></em></li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<em><em>language<sub>s</sub></em></em></li>
<li>und<em>_script<sub>s</sub></em> </li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<strong>Return</strong>
<ol>
<li>If there is no match,either return
<ol>
<li>an error value, or</li>
<li>the match for "und" (in APIs where a valid
language tag is required).</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Otherwise there is a match = <span style=
"margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"><em>language<sub>m</sub>_script<sub>m</sub>_region<sub>m</sub></em></span></li>
<li>Let x<sub>r</sub> = x<sub>s</sub> if x<sub>s</sub> is
not empty, and x<sub>m</sub> otherwise.</li>
<li>R<span style=
"margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">eturn the
language tag composed of <em>language<sub>r</sub> _
script<sub>r</sub> _ region<sub>r</sub></em> + variants +
extensions</span> .</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The lookup can be optimized. For example, if any of the tags
in Step 2 are the same as previous ones in that list, they do
not need to be tested.</p>
<p><i>Example1:</i></p>
<ul>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>Input is ZH-ZZZZ-SG.</p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>Normalize to zh_SG.</p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>Lookup in table. No match.</p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>Lookup zh, and get the match (zh_Hans_CN). Substitute
SG, and return zh_Hans_SG.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>To find the most likely language for a country, or language
for a script, use "und" as the language subtag. For example,
looking up "und_TW" returns zh_Hant_TW.</p>
<p>A goal of the algorithm is that if X ⇒ Y, and X' results
from replacing an empty subtag in X by the corresponding
subtag in Y, then X' ⇒ Y. For example, if und_AF ⇒ fa_Arab_AF,
then:</p>
<ul>
<li>fa_Arab_AF ⇒ fa_Arab_AF</li>
<li>und_Arab_AF ⇒ fa_Arab_AF</li>
<li>fa_AF ⇒ fa_Arab_AF</li>
</ul>
<p>There are a small number of exceptions to this goal in the
current data, where X ∈ {und_Bopo, und_Brai, und_Cakm,
und_Limb, und_Shaw}.</p>
<p><b><i>Remove</i></b> <i><b>Likely Subtags:</b> Given a
locale, remove any fields that Add Likely Subtags would
add.</i></p>
<p>The reverse operation removes fields that would be added by
the first operation.</p>
<ol>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">First get
max = AddLikelySubtags(inputLocale). If an error is signaled,
return it.</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Remove
the variants from max.</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Get the
components of the max (<em>language<sub>max</sub></em>,
<em>script<sub>max</sub></em>, <em>region<sub>max</sub></em>).</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">Then for
<i>trial</i> in {<em>language<sub>max</sub></em>,
<em>language<sub>max</sub>_region<sub>max</sub></em>,
<em>language<sub>max</sub>_script<sub>max</sub></em>}
<ul>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">If
AddLikelySubtags(<i>trial</i>) = max, then return
<i>trial</i> + variants.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">If you do
not get a match, return max + variants.</li>
</ol>
<p>Example:</p>
<ul>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>Input is zh_Hant. Maximize to get zh_Hant_TW.</p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>zh =&gt; zh_Hans_CN. No match, so continue.</p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<p>zh_TW =&gt; zh_Hant_TW. Matches, so return zh_TW.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>A variant of this favors the script over the region, thus
using {language, language_script, language_region} in the
above. If that variant is used, then the result in this example
would be zh_Hant instead of zh_TW.</p>
<h3><a name="LanguageMatching" href="#LanguageMatching" id=
"LanguageMatching">4.4 Language Matching</a></h3>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT languageMatching ( languageMatches*
) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT languageMatches ( paradigmLocales*,
matchVariable*, languageMatch* ) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatches type NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT languageMatch EMPTY &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatch desired CDATA #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatch supported CDATA #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatch percent NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatch distance NMTOKEN #IMPLIED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatch oneway ( true | false ) #IMPLIED
&gt;</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT languageMatches ( paradigmLocales*,
matchVariable*, languageMatch* ) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST languageMatches type NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT paradigmLocales EMPTY &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST paradigmLocales locales NMTOKENS #REQUIRED
&gt;</p>
<p>Implementers are often faced with the issue of how to match
the user's requested languages with their product's supported
languages. For example, suppose that a product supports {ja-JP,
de, zh-TW}. If the user understands written American English,
German, French, Swiss German, and Italian, then
<strong>de</strong> would be the best match; if s/he
understands only Chinese (zh), then zh-TW would be the best
match.</p>
<p>The standard truncation-fallback algorithm does not work
well when faced with the complexities of natural language. The
language matching data is designed to fill that gap. Stated in
those terms, language matching can have the effect of a more
complex fallback, such as:</p>
<p>sr-Cyrl-RS<br>
sr-Cyrl<br>
sr-Latn-RS<br>
sr-Latn<br>
sr<br>
hr-Latn<br>
hr</p>
<p>Language matching is used to find the best supported locale
ID given a requested list of languages. The requested list
could come from different sources, such as such as the user's
list of preferred languages in the OS Settings, or from a
browser Accept-Language list. For example, if my native tongue
is English, I can understand Swiss German and German, my French
is rusty but usable, and Italian basic, ideally an
implementation would allow me to select {gsw, de, fr} as my
preferred list of languages, skipping Italian because my
comprehension is not good enough for arbitrary content.</p>
<p>Language Matching can also be used to get fallback data
elements. In many cases, there may not be full data for a
particular locale. For example, for a Breton speaker, the best
fallback if data is unavailable might be French. That is,
suppose we have found a Breton bundle, but it does not contain
translation for the key "CN" (for the country China). It is
best to return "chine", rather than falling back to the value
default language such as Russian and getting "Кітай".&nbsp; The
language matching data can be used to get the closest fallback
locales (of those supported) to a given language.</p>
<p>For the relationship between Inheritance, DefaultContent,
LikelySubtags, and LocaleMatching, see <strong><em>Section
4.2.6 <a href="tr35.html#Inheritance_vs_Related">Inheritance vs
Related Information</a></em></strong>.</p>
<p>When such fallback is used for inherited item lookup, the
normal order of inheritance is used for inherited item lookup,
except that before using any data from <strong>root</strong>,
the data for the fallback locales would be used if available.
Language matching does not interact with the fallback of
resources&nbsp;<em>within the locale-parent chain</em>. For
example, suppose that we are looking for the value for a
particular path <strong>P</strong> in <strong>nb-NO</strong>.
In the absence of aliases, normally the following lookup is
used.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>nb-NO</strong> → <strong>nb</strong> →
<strong>root</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>That is, we first look in <strong>nb-NO</strong>. If there
is no value for <strong>P</strong> there, then we look in
<strong>nb</strong>. If there is no value for
<strong>P</strong> there, we return the value for
<strong>P</strong> in root (or a code value, if there is
nothing there). Remember that if there is an alias element
along this path, then the lookup may restart with a different
path in <strong>nb-NO</strong> (or another locale).</p>
<p>However, suppose that <strong>nb-NO</strong> has the
fallback values <strong>[nn da sv en]</strong>, derived from
language matching. In that case, an implementation <em>may</em>
progressively lookup each of the listed locales, with the
appropriate substitutions, returning the first value that is
not found in <strong>root</strong>. This follows roughly the
following pseudocode:</p>
<ul>
<li>value = lookup(P, nb-NO); if (locationFound != root)
return value;</li>
<li>value = lookup(P, nn-NO); if (locationFound != root)
return value;</li>
<li>value = lookup(P, da-NO); if (locationFound != root)
return value;</li>
<li>value = lookup(P, sv-NO); if (locationFound != root)
return value;</li>
<li>value = lookup(P, en-NO); return value;</li>
</ul>
<p>The locales in the fallback list are not used recursively.
For example, for the lookup of a path in nb-NO, if
<strong>fr</strong> were a fallback value for
<strong>da</strong>, it would not matter for the above process.
Only the original language matters.</p>
<p>The language matching data is intended to be used according
to the following algorithm. This is a logical description, and
can be optimized for production in many ways. In this
algorithm, the languageMatching data is interpreted as an
ordered list.</p>
<p>Distances between given pair of subtags can be larger or smaller than the typical distances. For example, the distance between en and en-GB can be greater than those between en-GB and en-IE. In some cases, language and/or script differences can be as small as the typical region difference. (Example: sr-Latn vs. sr-Cyrl).</p>
<p>The distances resulting from the table are not linear, but are rather chosen to produce expected results. So a distance of 10 is not necessarily twice as &quot;bad&quot; as a distance of 5. Implementations may want to have a mode where script distances should swamp language distances. The tables are built such that this can be accomplished by multiplying the language distance by 0.25.</p>
<p>The language matching algorithm takes a list of a user’s
desired languages, and a list of the application’s supported
languages.</p>
<ul>
<li>Set the best weighted distance BWD to ∞</li>
<li>Set the best desired language BD to null</li>
<li>Set the best supported language BS to null</li>
<li>For each desired language D
<ul>
<li>Compute a demotion value F, based on the position in
the list.
<ul>
<li>This demotion value is up to the implementation,
but is typically a positive value that increases
according to how far D is from the start of the
desired language list.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For each supported language S
<ul>
<li>Find the matching distance MD as described
below.</li>
<li>Compute the weighted distance as F + MD</li>
<li>If WD &lt; BD
<ul>
<li>BWD = WD</li>
<li>BD = D</li>
<li>BS = S</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>If the BWD is less than a threshold, return &lt;BD, BS&gt;
<ul>
<li>The threshold is implementation-defined, typically
set to greater than a default region difference, and less
than a default script difference.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Otherwise BD = the default supported language (like
English); return &lt;BD, null&gt;</li>
</ul>
<p>To find the matching distance MD between any two languages,
perform the following steps.</p>
<ol>
<li>Maximize each language using Section 4.3 <a href=
"#Likely_Subtags">Likely Subtags</a>.
<ul>
<li>und is a special case: see below.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Set the match-distance MD to 0</li>
<li>For each subtag in {language, script, region}
<ol>
<li>If respective subtags in each language tag are
identical, remove the subtag from each (logically) and
continue.</li>
<li>Traverse the languageMatching data until a match is
found.
<ul>
<li>* matches any field.</li>
<li>If the oneway flag is false, then the match is
symmetric; otherwise only match one direction.</li>
<li>For region matching, use the mechanisms in <strong>Section 4.4.1 <a href=
"#EnhancedLanguageMatching">Enhanced Language
Matching</a></strong>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Add the <strong>distance</strong> attribute value to MD.
<ul>
<li>This used to be a <strong>percent</strong> attribute value, which was 100 - the distance attribute value.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Remove the subtag from each (logically)</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Return MD</li>
</ol>
<p>It is typically useful to set the discount factor between
successive elements of the desired languages list to be
slightly greater than the default region difference. That
avoids the following problem:<br></p>
<p><em>Supported languages:</em> "de, fr, ja"<br></p>
<p><em>User's desired languages:</em> "de-AT, fr"</p>
<p>This user would expect to get "de", not "fr". In practice,
when a user selects a list of preferred languages, they don't
include all the regional variants ahead of their second base
language. Yet while the user's desired languages really doesn't
tell us the priority ranking among their languages, normally
the fall-off between the user's languages is substantially
greater than regional variants. But unless F is greater than
the distance between de-AT and de-DE, then the user’s
second-choice language would be returned.</p>
<p>The base language subtag "und" is a special case. Suppose we
have the following situation:</p>
<ul>
<li>desired languages: {und, it}</li>
<li>supported languages: {en, it}</li>
<li>resulting language: en<br></li>
</ul>
<p>Part of this is because 'und' has a special function in BCP
47; it stands in for 'no supplied base language'. To prevent
this from happening, if the desired base language is und, the
language matcher should not apply likely subtags to
it.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<p>For example, suppose that nn-DE and nb-FR are being
compared. They are first maximized to nn-Latn-DE and
nb-Latn-FR, respectively. The list is searched. The first match
is with "*-*-*", for a match of 96%. The languages are
truncated to nn-Latn and nb-Latn, then to nn and nb. The first
match is also for a value of 96%, so the result is 92%.</p>
<p>Note that language matching is orthogonal to the how closely
two languages are related linguistically. For example, Breton
is more closely related to Welsh than to French, but French is
the better match (because it is more likely that a Breton
reader will understand French than Welsh). This also
illustrates that the matches are often asymmetric: it is not
likely that a French reader will understand Breton.</p>
<p>The "*" acts as a wild card, as shown in the following
example:</p>
<p class="example">&lt;languageMatch desired="es-*-ES"
supported="es-*-ES" percent="100"/&gt;<br>
&lt;!-- Latin American Spanishes are closer to each other.
Approximate by having es-ES be further from everything
else.--&gt;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p class="example">&lt;languageMatch desired="es-*-ES"
supported="es-*-*" percent="93"/&gt;</p>
<p class="example"><br>
&lt;languageMatch desired="*" supported="*"
percent="1"/&gt;<br>
&lt;!-- [Default value - must be at end!] Normally there is no
comprehension of different languages.--&gt;</p>
<p class="example"><br>
&lt;languageMatch desired="*-*" supported="*-*"
percent="20"/&gt;<br>
&lt;!-- [Default value - must be at end!] Normally there is
little comprehension of different scripts.--&gt;</p>
<p class="example"><br>
&lt;languageMatch desired="*-*-*" supported="*-*-*"
percent="96"/&gt;<br>
&lt;!-- [Default value - must be at end!] Normally there are
small differences across regions.--&gt;</p>
<p>When the language+region is not matched, and there is
otherwise no reason to pick among the supported regions for
that language, then some measure of geographic "closeness" can
be used. The results may be more understandable by users.
Looking for en-SK, for example, should fall back to something
within Europe (eg en-GB) in preference to something far away
and unrelated (eg en-SG). Such a closeness metric does not need
to be exact; a small amount of data can be used to give an
approximate distance between any two regions. However, any such
data must be used carefully; although Hong Kong is closer to
India than to the UK, it is unlikely that en-IN would be a
better match to en-HK than en-GB would.</p>
<h4><a name="EnhancedLanguageMatching" href=
"#EnhancedLanguageMatching" id="EnhancedLanguageMatching">4.4.1
Enhanced Language Matching</a></h4>
<p>The enhanced format for language matching adds structure to
enable better matching of languages. It is distinguished by
having a suffix "_new" on the type, as in the example below.
The extended structure allows matching to take into account
broad similarities that would give better results. For example,
for English the regions that are or inherit from US
(AS|GU|MH|MP|PR|UM|VI|US) form a “cluster”. Each region in that
cluster should be closer to each other than to any other
region. And a region outside the cluster should be closer to
another region outside that cluster than to one inside. We get
this issue with the “world languages” like English, Spanish,
Portuguese, Arabic, etc.</p>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<pre>
&lt;languageMatches type="written_new"&gt;<br> &lt;paradigmLocales locales="en en-GB es es-419 pt-BR pt-PT"/&gt;<br> &lt;matchVariable id="$enUS" value="AS+GU+MH+MP+PR+UM+US+VI"/&gt;<br> &lt;matchVariable id="$cnsar" value="HK+MO"/&gt;<br> &lt;matchVariable id="$americas" value="019"/&gt;<br> &lt;matchVariable id="$maghreb" value="MA+DZ+TN+LY+MR+EH"/&gt;<br> &lt;languageMatch desired="no" supported="nb" distance="1"/&gt;&lt;!-- no ⇒ nb --&gt;<br>…
&lt;languageMatch desired="ar_*_$maghreb" supported="ar_*_$maghreb" distance="4"/&gt;
&lt;!-- ar; *; $maghreb ⇒ ar; *; $maghreb --&gt;
&lt;languageMatch desired="ar_*_$!maghreb" supported="ar_*_$!maghreb" distance="4"/&gt;
&lt;!-- ar; *; $!maghreb ⇒ ar; *; $!maghreb --&gt;<br>…</pre>
<p>The <strong>matchVariable</strong> allows for a rule to
matche to multiple regions, as illustrated by
<strong>$maghreb</strong>. The syntax is simple: it allows for
+ for <em>union</em> and - for <em>set difference</em>, but no
precedence. So A+B-A+D is interpreted as (((A+B)-A)+D), not as
(A+B)-(A+D). The variable <strong>id</strong> has a value of
the form [$][a-zA-Z0-9]+. If $X is defined, then $!X
automatically means all those regions that are not in $X.</p>
<p dir="ltr">When the set is interpreted, then macrolanguages
are (logically) transformed into a list of their contents, so
“053+GB” → “AU+GB+NF+NZ”. This is done recursively, so 009 →
“053+054+057+061+QO” → “AU+NF+NZ+FJ+NC+PG+SB +VU...”. Note that
we use 019 for all of the Americas in the variables above,
because en-US should be in the same cluster as es-419 and its
contents.</p>
<p>In the rules, the percent value (100..0) is replaced by a
<strong>distance</strong> value, which is the inverse
(0..100).</p>
<p dir="ltr">These new variables and rules divide up the world
into clusters, where items in the same clusters (for specific
languages) get the normal regional difference, and items in
different clusters get different weights.</p><br>
<p dir="ltr">Each cluster can have one or more associated
<strong>paradigmLocales</strong>. These are locales that are
preferred within a cluster. So when matching desired=[en-SA]
against [en-GU en en-IN en-GB], the value en-GB is returned.
Both of {en-GU en} are in a different cluster. While {en-IN
en-GB} are in the same cluster, and the same distance from
en-SA, the preference is given to en-GB because it is in the
paradigm locales. It would be possible to express this in
rules, but using this mechanism handles these very common cases
without bulking up the tables.<br></p>
<p dir="ltr">The <strong>paradigmLocales</strong> also allow
matching to macroregions. For example, desired=[es-419] should
match to {es-MX} more closely than to {es}, and vice versa:
{es-MX} should match more closely to {es-419} than to {es}. But
es-MX should match more closely to es-419 than to any of the
other es-419 sublocales. In general, in the absence of other
distance data, there is a ‘paradigm’ in each cluster that the
others should match more closely to: en(-US), en-GB, es(-ES),
es-419, ru(-RU)...</p>
<h2><a name="XML_Format" href="#XML_Format" id="XML_Format">5
XML Format</a></h2>
<p>There are two kinds of data that can be expressed in LDML:
language-dependent data and supplementary data. In either case,
data can be split across multiple files, which can be in
multiple directory trees.</p>
<p>For example, the language-dependent data for Japanese in
CLDR is present in the following files:</p>
<ul>
<li>common/collation/ja.xml</li>
<li>common/main/ja.xml</li>
<li>common/rbnf/ja.xml</li>
<li>common/segmentations/ja.xml</li>
</ul>
<p>Data for cased languages such as French are in files
like:</p>
<ul>
<li>common/casing/fr.xml</li>
</ul>
<p>The status of the data is the same, whether or not data is
split. That is, for the purpose of validation and lookup, all
of the data for the above ja.xml files is treated as if it was
in a single file. These files have the &lt;ldml&gt; root
element and use ldml.dtd. The file name must match the identity
element. For example, the &lt;ldml&gt; file pa_Arab_PK.xml must
contain the following elements:</p>
<pre>
<strong>&lt;ldml&gt;</strong><br> &lt;identity&gt;<br> …<br> <strong>&lt;language type="pa"/&gt;<br> &lt;script type="Arab"/&gt;<br> &lt;territory type="PK"/&gt;</strong><br> &lt;/identity&gt;
…</pre>
<p>Supplemental data can have different root elements,
currently: ldmlBCP47, supplementalData, keyboard, and platform.
Keyboard and platform files are considered distinct. The
ldmlBCP47 files and supplementalData files that have the same
root are all logically part of the same file; they are simply
split into separate files for convenience. Implementations may
split the files in different ways, also for their convenience.
The files in /properties are also supplemental data files, but
are structured like UCD properties.</p>
<p>For example, supplemental data relating to Japan or the
Japanese writing are in:</p>
<ul>
<li>common/supplemental/ (in many files, such as
supplementalData.xml)</li>
<li>common/transforms/Hiragana-Katakana.xml</li>
<li>common/transforms/Hiragana-Latin.xml</li>
<li>common/properties/scriptMetadata.txt</li>
<li>common/bcp47/calendar.xml</li>
<li>uca/allkeys_CLDR.txt (sorting)</li>
<li>/keyboards/chromeos/ja-t-k0-chromeos.xml</li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
<p>Like the &lt;ldml&gt; files, the keyboard file names must
match internal data: in particular, the locale attribute on the
keyboard element must have a value that corresponds to the file
name, such as &lt;keyboard locale="af-t-k0-android"&gt; for the
file af-t-k0-android.xml.</p>
<p>The following sections describe the structure of the XML
format for language-dependent data. The more precise syntax is
in the ldml.dtd file<i>; however, the DTD does not describe all
the constraints on the structure.</i></p>
<p>To start with, the root element is &lt;ldml&gt;, with the
following DTD entry:</p>
<p class='dtd'>&lt;!ELEMENT ldml
(identity,(alias|(fallback*,localeDisplayNames?,layout?,contextTransforms?,characters?,<br>
delimiters?,measurement?,dates?,numbers?,units?,listPatterns?,collations?,posix?,<br>
segmentations?,rbnf?,annotations?,metadata?,references?,special*)))&gt;</p>
<p>The XML structure is stable over releases. Elements and
attributes may be deprecated: they are retained in the DTD but
their usage is strongly discouraged. In most cases, an
alternate structure is provided for expressing the information.
There is only one exception: newer DTDs cannot be used with
version 1.1 files, without some modification.</p>
<p>In general, all translatable text in this format is in
element contents, while attributes are reserved for types and
non-translated information (such as numbers or dates). The
reason that attributes are not used for translatable text is
that spaces are not preserved, and we cannot predict where
spaces may be significant in translated material.</p>
<p>There are two kinds of elements in LDML: <i>rule</i>
elements and <i>structure</i> elements. For structure elements,
there are restrictions to allow for effective inheritance and
processing:</p>
<ol>
<li>There is no "mixed" content: if an element has textual
content, then it cannot contain any elements.</li>
<li>The [<a href="#XPath">XPath</a>] leading to the content
is unique; no two different pieces of textual content have
the same [<a href="#XPath">XPath</a>].</li>
</ol>
<p>Rule elements do not have this restriction, but also do not
inherit, except as an entire block. The rule elements are
listed in serialElements in the supplemental metadata. See also
<i><a href="#Inheritance_and_Validity">Section 4.2 Inheritance
and Validity</a></i>. For more technical details, see <a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/development/updating-dtds">Updating-DTDs</a>.</p>
<p>Note that the data in examples given below is purely
illustrative, and does not match any particular language. For a
more detailed example of this format, see [<a href=
"#LDML">Example</a>]. There is also a DTD for this format, but
<i>remember that the DTD alone is not sufficient to understand
the semantics, the constraints, nor&nbsp; the
interrelationships between the different elements and
attributes</i>. You may wish to have copies of each of these to
hand as you proceed through the rest of this document.</p>
<p>In particular, all elements allow for draft versions to
coexist in the file at the same time. Thus most elements are
marked in the DTD as allowing multiple instances. However,
unless an element is listed as a serialElement, or has a
distinguishing attribute, it can only occur once as a
subelement of a given element. Thus, for example, the following
is illegal even though allowed by the DTD:</p>
<p>&lt;languages&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;language type="aa"&gt;...&lt;/language&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;language type="aa"&gt;..&lt;/language&gt;</p>
<p>There must be only one instance of these per parent, unless
there are other distinguishing attributes (such as an alt
element).</p>
<p>In general, LDML data should be in NFC format. However,
certain elements may need to contain characters that are not in
NFC, including exemplars, transforms, segmentations, and
p/s/t/i/pc/sc/tc/ic rules in collation. These elements must not
be normalized (either to NFC or NFD), or their meaning may be
changed. Thus LDML documents must not be normalized as a whole.
To prevent problems with normalization, no element value can
start with a combining slash (U+0338 COMBINING LONG SOLIDUS
OVERLAY).</p>
<p>Lists, such as <span class=
"attribute">singleCountries</span> are space-delimited. That
means that they are separated by one or more XML whitespace
characters,</p>
<ul>
<li>singleCountries</li>
<li>preferenceOrdering</li>
<li>references</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Common_Elements" href="#Common_Elements" id=
"Common_Elements">5.1 Common Elements</a></h3>
<p>At any level in any element, two special elements are
allowed.</p>
<h4><a name="special" href="#special" id="special">5.1.1
Element special</a></h4>
<p>This element is designed to allow for arbitrary additional
annotation and data that is product-specific. It has one
required attribute <span class="attribute">xmlns</span>, which
specifies the XML <a href=
"https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/">namespace</a> of the
special data. For example, the following used the version 1.0
POSIX special element.</p>
<pre>&lt;!DOCTYPE ldml SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.0/ldml.dtd</span>" [
&lt;!ENTITY % posix SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.0/ldmlPOSIX.dtd</span>"&gt;
<span style="color: blue">%posix;</span>
]&gt;
&lt;ldml&gt;
...
&lt;special xmlns:posix="<span style=
"color: blue">https://www.opengroup.org/regproducts/xu.htm</span>"&gt;
<span style=
"color: green">&lt;!-- old abbreviations for pre-GUI days --&gt;</span>
&lt;posix:messages&gt;
&lt;posix:yesstr&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">Yes</span>&lt;/posix:yesstr&gt;
&lt;posix:nostr&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">No</span>&lt;/posix:nostr&gt;
&lt;posix:yesexpr&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">^[Yy].*</span>&lt;/posix:yesexpr&gt;
&lt;posix:noexpr&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">^[Nn].*</span>&lt;/posix:noexpr&gt;
&lt;/posix:messages&gt;
&lt;/special&gt;
&lt;/ldml&gt;
</pre>
<h5><a name="Sample_Special_Elements" href=
"#Sample_Special_Elements" id="Sample_Special_Elements">5.1.1.1
Sample Special Elements</a></h5>
<p>The elements in this section are <i><b>not</b></i> part of
the Locale Data Markup Language 1.0 specification. Instead,
they are special elements used for application-specific data to
be stored in the Common Locale Repository. They may change or
be removed future versions of this document, and are present
her more as examples of how to extend the format. (Some of
these items may move into a future version of the Locale Data
Markup Language specification.)</p>
<ul>
<li><a href=
"https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlICU.dtd">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlICU.dtd</a></li>
<li><a href=
"https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlOpenOffice.dtd">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlOpenOffice.dtd</a></li>
</ul>
<p>The above examples are old versions: consult the
documentation for the specific application to see which should
be used.</p>
<p>These DTDs use namespaces and the special element. To
include one or more, use the following pattern to import the
special DTDs that are used in the file:</p>
<pre>&lt;?xml version="<span style=
"color: blue">1.0</span>" encoding="<span style=
"color: blue">UTF-8</span>" ?&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE ldml SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldml.dtd</span>" [
&lt;!ENTITY % <span style=
"color: blue">icu</span> SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlICU.dtd</span>"&gt;
&lt;!ENTITY % <span style=
"color: blue">openOffice</span> SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlOpenOffice.dtd</span>"&gt;
<span style="color: blue">%icu;
%openOffice;
</span>]&gt;</pre>
<p>Thus to include just the ICU DTD, one uses:</p>
<pre>&lt;?xml version="<span style=
"color: blue">1.0</span>" encoding="<span style=
"color: blue">UTF-8</span>" ?&gt;
&lt;!DOCTYPE ldml SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldml.dtd</span>" [
&lt;!ENTITY % icu SYSTEM "<span style=
"color: blue">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldmlICU.dtd</span>"&gt;
<span style="color: blue">%icu;
</span>]&gt;</pre>
<blockquote>
<p><b>Note:</b> A previous version of this document contained
a special element for <a href=
"http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg20/docs/n897-14652w25.pdf">
ISO TR 14652</a> compatibility data. That element has been
withdrawn, pending further investigation, since 14652 is a
Type 1 TR: "when the required support cannot be obtained for
the publication of an International Standard, despite
repeated effort". See the ballot comments on <a href=
"http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg20/docs/n948-J1N6769-14652.pdf">
14652 Comments</a> for details on the 14652 defects. For
example, most of these patterns make little provision for
substantial changes in format when elements are empty, so are
not particularly useful in practice. Compare, for example,
the mail-merge capabilities of production software such as
Microsoft Word or OpenOffice.</p>
<p><b>Note:</b> While the CLDR specification guarantees
backwards compatibility, the definition of specials is up to
other organizations. Any assurance of backwards compatibility
is up to those organizations.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>A number of the elements above can have extra information
for <a name="OpenOffice" href="#OpenOffice" id=
"OpenOffice">openoffice.org</a>, such as the following
example:</p>
<pre> &lt;special xmlns:openOffice="<span style=
"color: blue">https://www.openoffice.org</span>"&gt;
&lt;openOffice:search&gt;
&lt;openOffice:searchOptions&gt;
&lt;openOffice:transliterationModules&gt;<span style="color: blue">IGNORE_CASE</span>&lt;/openOffice:transliterationModules&gt;
&lt;/openOffice:searchOptions&gt;
&lt;/openOffice:search&gt;
&lt;/special&gt;
</pre>
<h4><a name="Alias_Elements" href="#Alias_Elements" id=
"Alias_Elements">5.1.2 Element alias</a></h4>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT alias (special*) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST alias source NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST alias path CDATA #IMPLIED&gt;</p>
<p>The contents of any element in root can be replaced by an
alias, which points to the path where the data can be
found.</p>
<p>Aliases will only ever appear in root with the form
//ldml/.../alias[@source="locale"][@path="..."].</p>
<p>Consider the following example in root:</p>
<pre>
&lt;calendar type="gregorian"&gt;<br> &lt;months&gt;<br> &lt;default choice="format"/&gt;<br> &lt;monthContext type="format"&gt;<br> &lt;default choice="wide"/&gt;<br> &lt;monthWidth type="abbreviated"&gt;<br> <strong>&lt;alias source="locale" path="../monthWidth[@type='wide']"/&gt;</strong><br> &lt;/monthWidth&gt;</pre>
<p>If the locale "de_DE" is being accessed for a month name for
format/abbreviated, then a resource bundle at "de_DE" will be
searched for a resource element at the that path. If not found
there, then the resource bundle at "de" will be searched, and
so on. When the alias is found in root, then the search is
restarted, but searching for format/<strong>wide</strong>
element instead of format/abbreviated.</p>
<p>If the <b>path</b> attribute is present, then its value is
an [<a href="#XPath">XPath</a>] that points to a different node
in the tree. For example:</p>
<pre>
&lt;alias source="locale" path="../monthWidth[@type='wide']"/&gt;</pre>
<p>The default value if the path is not present is the same
position in the tree. All of the attributes in the [<a href=
"#XPath">XPath</a>] must be <i>distinguishing</i> elements. For
more details, see <a href="#Inheritance_and_Validity">Section
4.2 Inheritance and Validity</a>.</p>
<p>There is a special value for the source attribute, the
constant <b>source="locale"</b>. This special value is
equivalent to the locale being resolved. For example, consider
the following example, where locale data for 'de' is being
resolved:</p>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1">
<caption>
<a name="Inheritance_with_source_locale_" href=
"#Inheritance_with_source_locale_" id=
"Inheritance_with_source_locale_">Inheritance with
source="locale"</a>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Root</th>
<th>de</th>
<th bgcolor="#C0C0C0">Resolved</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>&lt;x&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;a&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;c&gt;3&lt;/c&gt;<br>
<br>
&lt;/x&gt;</code></td>
<td><code>&lt;x&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;a&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&lt;d&gt;14&lt;/d&gt;<br>
&lt;/x&gt;</code></td>
<td bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><code>&lt;x&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;a&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;b&gt;12&lt;/b&gt;<br>
&nbsp;<span style=
"background-color: #FFFF00"><span class=
"inherited"><span style=
"font-weight: 400;">&lt;c&gt;3&lt;/c&gt;</span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;&lt;d&gt;14&lt;/d&gt;<br>
&lt;/x&gt;</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>&lt;y&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;alias source="locale" path="../x"&gt;<br>
&lt;/y&gt;</code></td>
<td><code>&lt;y&gt;<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt;<br>
<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&lt;e&gt;25&lt;/e&gt;<br>
&lt;/y&gt;</code></td>
<td bgcolor="#C0C0C0"><code>&lt;y&gt;<br>
&nbsp;<span style=
"background-color: #FFFF00"><span class=
"inherited"><span style=
"font-weight: 400;">&lt;a&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;</span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;&lt;b&gt;22&lt;/b&gt;<br>
&nbsp;<span style=
"background-color: #FFFF00"><span class=
"inherited"><span style=
"font-weight: 400;">&lt;c&gt;3&lt;/c&gt;</span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;<span style=
"background-color: #FFFF00"><span class=
"inherited"><span style=
"font-weight: 400;">&lt;d&gt;14&lt;/d&gt;</span></span></span><br>
&nbsp;&lt;e&gt;25&lt;/e&gt;<br>
&lt;/y&gt;</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<p>The first row shows the inheritance within the &lt;x&gt;
element, whereby &lt;c&gt; is inherited from root. The second
shows the inheritance within the &lt;y&gt; element, whereby
&lt;a&gt;, &lt;c&gt;, and &lt;d&gt; are inherited also from
root, but from an alias there. The alias in root is logically
replaced not by the elements in root itself, but by elements in
the 'target' locale.</p>
<p>For more details on data resolution, see <a href=
"#Inheritance_and_Validity">Section 4.2 Inheritance and
Validity</a>.</p>
<p>Aliases must be resolved recursively. An alias may point to
another path that results in another alias being found, and so
on. For example, looking up Thai buddhist abbreviated months
for the locale <strong>xx-YY</strong> may result in the
following chain of aliases being followed:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>
../../calendar[@type="buddhist"]/months/monthContext[@type="format"]/monthWidth[@type="abbreviated"]</p>
<p>xx-YY → xx → root // finds alias that changes path to:</p>
<p>
../../calendar[@type="gregorian"]/months/monthContext[@type="format"]/monthWidth[@type="abbreviated"]</p>
<p>xx-YY → xx → root // finds alias that changes path to:</p>
<p>
../../calendar[@type="gregorian"]/months/monthContext[@type="format"]/monthWidth[@type="wide"]</p>
<p>xx-YY → xx // finds value here</p>
</blockquote>
<p>It is an error to have a circular chain of aliases. That is,
a collection of LDML XML documents must not have situations
where a sequence of alias lookups (including inheritance and
lateral inheritance) can be followed indefinitely without
terminating.</p>
<h4><a name="Element_displayName" href="#Element_displayName"
id="Element_displayName">5.1.3 Element displayName</a></h4>
<p>Many elements can have a display name. This is a translated
name that can be presented to users when discussing the
particular service. For example, a number format, used to
format numbers using the conventions of that locale, can have
translated name for presentation in GUIs.</p>
<pre> &lt;numberFormat&gt;
&lt;displayName&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">Prozentformat</span>&lt;/displayName&gt;
...
&lt;numberFormat&gt;</pre>
<p>Where present, the display names must be unique; that is,
two distinct code would not get the same display name.&nbsp;
(There is one exception to this: in time zones, where parsing
results would give the same GMT offset, the standard and
daylight display names can be the same across different time
zone IDs.) Any translations should follow customary practice
for the locale in question. For more information, see [<a href=
"#DataFormats">Data Formats</a>].</p>
<h4><a name="Escaping_Characters" href="#Escaping_Characters"
id="Escaping_Characters">5.1.4 Escaping Characters</a></h4>
<p>Unfortunately, XML does not have the capability to contain
all Unicode code points. Due to this, in certain instances
extra syntax is required to represent those code points that
cannot be otherwise represented in element content. The
escaping syntax is only defined on a few types of elements,
such as in collation or exemplar sets, and uses the appropriate
syntax for that type.</p>
<p>The element &lt;cp&gt;, which was formerly used for this
purpose, has been deprecated.</p>
<h3><a name="Common_Attributes" href="#Common_Attributes" id=
"Common_Attributes">5.2 Common Attributes</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Attribute_type" href="#Attribute_type" id=
"Attribute_type">5.2.1 Attribute type</a></h4>
<p>The attribute <i>type</i> is also used to indicate an
alternate resource that can be selected with a matching
type=option in the locale id modifiers, or be referenced by a
default element. For example:</p>
<pre>&lt;ldml&gt;
...
&lt;currencies&gt;
&lt;currency&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">...</span>&lt;/currency&gt;
&lt;currency type="<span style=
"color: blue">preEuro</span>"&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">...</span>&lt;/currency&gt;
&lt;/currencies&gt;
&lt;/ldml&gt;</pre>
<h4><a name="Attribute_draft" href="#Attribute_draft" id=
"Attribute_draft">5.2.2 Attribute draft</a></h4>
<p>If this attribute is present, it indicates the status of all
the data in this element and any subelements (unless they have
a contrary <i>draft</i> value), as per the following:</p>
<ul>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<i>approved:</i> fully approved by the technical committee
(equals the CLDR 1.3 value of <i>false</i>, or an absent
<i>draft</i> attribute). This does not mean that the data is
guaranteed to be error-free—this is the best judgment of the
committee.</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<i>contributed</i>: partially approved by the technical
committee.</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<i>provisional</i>: partially confirmed. Implementations may
choose to accept the provisional data, especially if there is
no translated alternative.</li>
<li style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em">
<i>unconfirmed</i>: no confirmation available.</li>
</ul>
<p>For more information on precisely how these values are
computed for any given release, see
<a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/index/process#TOC-Data--Submission-and-Vetting">
Data Submission and Vetting Process</a> on the CLDR
website.</p>
<p>The draft attribute should only occur on "leaf" elements,
and is deprecated elsewhere. For a more formal description of
how elements are inherited, and what their draft status is, see
<i><a href="#Inheritance_and_Validity">Section 4.2 Inheritance
and Validity</a></i>.</p>
<h4><a name="alt_attribute" href="#alt_attribute" id=
"alt_attribute">5.2.3 Attribute alt</a></h4>
<p>This attribute labels an alternative value for an element.
The value is a <i>descriptor</i> indicates what kind of
alternative it is, and takes one of the following</p>
<ul>
<li><i>variantname</i> meaning that the value is a variant of
the normal value, and may be used in its place in certain
circumstances. If a variant value is absent for a particular
locale, the normal value is used. The variant mechanism
should only be used when such a fallback is acceptable.</li>
<li><span style="color: blue">proposed</span>, optionally
followed by a number, indicating that the value is a proposed
replacement for an existing value.</li>
<li><i>variantname</i><span style=
"color: blue">-proposed</span>, optionally followed by a
number, indicating that the value is a proposed replacement
variant value.</li>
</ul>
<p>"<span style="color: blue">proposed</span>" should only be
present if the draft status is not "approved". It indicates
that the data is proposed replacement data that has been added
provisionally until the differences between it and the other
data can be vetted. For example, suppose that the translation
for September for some language is "Settembru", and a bug
report is filed that that should be "Settembro". The new data
can be entered in, but marked as <i>alt="proposed"</i> until it
is vetted.</p>
<pre>...
&lt;month type="9"&gt;Settembru&lt;/month&gt;
&lt;month type="9" draft="unconfirmed" alt="proposed"&gt;Settembro&lt;/month&gt;
&lt;month type="10"&gt;...</pre>
<p>Now assume another bug report comes in, saying that the
correct form is actually "Settembre". Another alternative can
be added:</p>
<pre>...
&lt;month type="9" draft="unconfirmed" alt="proposed2"&gt;Settembre&lt;/month&gt;
...</pre>
<p>The values for <i>variantname</i> at this time include
"<span style="color: blue">variant</span>", "<span style=
"color: blue">list</span>", "<span style=
"color: blue">email</span>", "<span style=
"color: blue">www</span>", "<span class=
"attributeValue">short</span>", and "<span style=
"color: blue">secondary</span>".</p>
<p>For a more complete description of how draft applies to
data, see <i><a href="#Inheritance_and_Validity">Section 4.2
Inheritance and Validity</a></i>.</p>
<p class="element2">Attribute <a name="references_attribute"
href="#references_attribute" id=
"references_attribute">references</a></p>
<p>The value of this attribute is a token representing a
reference for the information in the element, including
standards that it may conform to. &lt;references&gt;. (In older
versions of CLDR, the value of the attribute was freeform text.
That format is deprecated.)</p>
<p><i>Example:</i></p>
<p class="example">&lt;territory type="UM"
references="R222"&gt;USAs yttre öar&lt;/territory&gt;</p>
<p>The reference element may be inherited. Thus, for example,
R222 may be used in sv_SE.xml even though it is not defined
there, if it is defined in sv.xml.</p>
<p>&lt;... allow="verbatim" ...&gt; (deprecated)</p>
<p>This attribute was originally intended for use in marking
display names whose capitalization differed from what was
indicated by the now-deprecated &lt;inText&gt; element
(perhaps, for example, because the names included a proper
noun). It was never supported in the dtd and is not needed for
use with the new &lt;contextTransforms&gt; element.</p>
<h3><a name="Common_Structures" href="#Common_Structures" id=
"Common_Structures">5.3 Common Structures</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Date_Ranges" href="#Date_Ranges" id=
"Date_Ranges">5.3.1 Date and Date Ranges</a></h4>
<p>When attribute specify date ranges, it is usually done with
attributes <i>from</i> and <i>to</i>. The <i>from</i> attribute
specifies the starting point, and the <i>to</i> attribute
specifies the end point. The deprecated <i>time</i> attribute
was formerly used to specify time with the deprecated
weekEndStart and weekEndEnd elements, which were themselves
inherently <i>from</i> or <i>to</i>.</p>
<p>The data format is a restricted ISO 8601 format, restricted
to the fields <i>year, month, day, hour, minute,</i> and
<i>second</i> in that order, with "-" used as a separator
between date fields, a space used as the separator between the
date and the time fields, and ":" used as a separator between
the time fields. If the minute or minute and second are absent,
they are interpreted as zero. If the hour is also missing, then
it is interpreted based on whether the attribute is <i>from</i>
or <i>to</i>.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p class="note"><i>from</i> defaults to "00:00:00"
(midnight at the start of the day).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p class="note"><i>to</i> defaults to "24:00:00" (midnight
at the end of the day).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p class="note">That is, Friday at 24:00:00 is the same time as
Saturday at 00:00:00. Thus when the hour is missing, the
<i>from and to</i> are interpreted inclusively: the range
includes all of the day mentioned.</p>
<p class="note">For example, the following are equivalent:</p>
<table style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" id=
"table25">
<tr>
<td>&lt;usesMetazone from="1991-10-27" to="2006-04-02"
.../&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;usesMetazone from="1991-10-27 00:00:00"
to="2006-04-02 24:00:00" .../&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;usesMetazone from="1991-10-<font color=
"#FF0000"><b>26 24</b></font>:00:00"
to="2006-04-<font color="#FF0000"><b>03
00</b></font>:00:00" .../&gt;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>If the <i>from</i> element is missing, it is assumed to be
as far backwards in time as there is data for; if the <i>to</i>
element is missing, then it is from this point onwards, with no
known end point.</p>
<p>The dates and times are specified in local time, unless
otherwise noted. (In particular, the metazone values are in UTC
(also known as GMT).</p>
<h4><a name="Text_Directionality" href="#Text_Directionality"
id="Text_Directionality">5.3.2 Text Directionality</a></h4>
<p>The content of certain elements, such as date or number
formats, may consist of several sub-elements with an inherent
order (for example, the year, month, and day for dates). In
some cases, the order of these sub-elements may be changed
depending on the bidirectional context in which the element is
embedded.</p>
<p>For example, short date formats in languages such as Arabic
may contain neutral or weak characters at the beginning or end
of the element content. In such a case, the overall order of
the sub-elements may change depending on the surrounding
text.</p>
<p>Element content whose display may be affected in this way
should include an explicit direction mark, such as U+200E
LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK or U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK, at the
beginning or end of the element content, or both.</p>
<h4><a name="Unicode_Sets" href="#Unicode_Sets" id=
"Unicode_Sets">5.3.3 Unicode Sets</a></h4>
<p>Some attribute values or element contents use
<em>UnicodeSet</em> notation. A UnicodeSet represents a finite
set of Unicode code points and strings, and is defined by lists
of code points and strings, Unicode property sets, and set
operators, all bounded by square brackets. In this context, a
code point means a string consisting of exactly one code
point.</p>
<p>A UnicodeSet implements the semantics in <i>UTS #18: Unicode
Regular Expressions</i> [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UTS18">UTS18</a>] Levels
1 &amp; 2 that are relevant to determining sets of characters.
Note however that it may deviate from the syntax provided in
[<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UTS18">UTS18</a>], which
is illustrative rather than a requirement. There is one
exception to the supported semantics, Section <a href=
"https://unicode.org/reports/tr18/#RL2.6">RL2.6</a>
<em>Wildcards in Property Values</em>. That feature can be
supported in clients such as ICU by implementing a “hook” as is
done in the <a href=
"https://util.unicode.org/UnicodeJsps/list-unicodeset.jsp?a=%5Cp%7Bname%3D%2FAPPLE%2F%7D">
online UnicodeSet utilities</a>.</p>
<p>A UnicodeSet may be cited in specifications outside of the
domain of LDML. In such a case, the specification may specify a
subset of the syntax provided here.</p>
<p>The following provides EBNF syntax for a UnicodeSet:</p>
<div align='center'>
<table class='simple'>
<tr>
<th>Symbol</th>
<th>Expression</th>
<th>Examples</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>root</th>
<td><code>= prop<br>
| '[-]'<br>
| '[' [\-\^]? s seq+ ']'</code></td>
<td>\p{x=y},<br>
[abc]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>seq</th>
<td><code>= root (s [\&amp;\-] s root)* s<br>
| range s</code></td>
<td>[abc]-[cde], a<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>range</th>
<td><code>= char ('-' char)?<br>
| '{' (s char)+ s '}'</code></td>
<td>a, a-c, {abc}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>prop</th>
<td><code>= '\' [pP] '{' propName ([≠=] s value1+)?
'}'<br>
| '[:' '^'? propName ([≠=] s value2+)? ':]'</code></td>
<td>\p{x=y}, [:x=y:]<br></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>propName</th>
<td><code>= s [A-Za-z0-9] [A-Za-z0-9_\x20]* s</code></td>
<td>General_Category,<br>
General Category</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>value1</th>
<td><code>= [^\}]<br>
| '\' quoted</code></td>
<td>Lm,<br>
\n,<br>
\}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>value2</th>
<td><code>= [^:]<br>
| '\' quoted</code></td>
<td>Lm,<br>
\n,<br>
\:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>char</th>
<td><code>= [^\&amp; \- \[ \[ \] \\ \} \{ [:Pat_WS:]]<br>
| '\' quoted</code></td>
<td>a, b, c, \n</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>quoted</th>
<td><code>= 'u' (hex{4} | bracketedHex)<br>
| 'x' (hex{2} | bracketedHex)<br>
| 'U00' ('0' hex{5} | '10' hex{4})<br>
| 'N{' propName '}'<br>
| [[\u0000-\U00010FFFF]-[uxUN]]</code></td>
<td><em><strong>error</strong> if lengths not exact</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>charName</th>
<td><code>= s [A-Za-z0-9] [-A-Za-z0-9_\x20]* s</code></td>
<td>TIBETAN LETTER -A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>bracketedHex</th>
<td><code>= '{' s hexCodePoint (s hexCodePoint)* s
'}'</code></td>
<td>{61 2019 62}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>hexCodePoint</th>
<td><code>= hex{1,5} | '10' hex{4}</code></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>hex</th>
<td><code>= [0-9A-Fa-f]</code></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>s</th>
<td><code>= [:Pattern_White_Space:]*</code></td>
<td>optional whitespace</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>Some constraints on UnicodeSet syntax are not captured by
this EBNF. Notably, property names and values are restricted to
those supported by the implementation, and have additional constraints imposed by
[<a href="https://unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UAX44">UAX44</a>]. In addition, quoted
values that resolve to more than one code point are disallowed in ranges of the form
<code>char '-' char</code>.</p>
<p>The syntax characters are listed in the table below:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Char</th>
<th>Hex</th>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Usage</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$</td>
<td>U+0024</td>
<td>DOLLAR SIGN</td>
<td>Equivalent of \uFFFF (This is for implementations
that return \uFFFF when accessing before the first or
after the last character)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&amp;</td>
<td>U+0026</td>
<td>AMPERSAND</td>
<td>Intersecting UnicodeSets</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>U+002D</td>
<td>HYPHEN-MINUS</td>
<td>Ranges of characters; also set difference.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>:</td>
<td>U+003A</td>
<td>COLON</td>
<td>POSIX-style property syntax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[</td>
<td>U+005B</td>
<td>LEFT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
<td>Grouping; POSIX property syntax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>]</td>
<td>U+005D</td>
<td>RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET</td>
<td>Grouping; POSIX property syntax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\</td>
<td>U+005C</td>
<td>REVERSE SOLIDUS</td>
<td>Escaping</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>^</td>
<td>U+005E</td>
<td>CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</td>
<td>Posix negation syntax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{</td>
<td>U+007B</td>
<td>LEFT CURLY BRACKET</td>
<td>Strings in set; Perl property syntax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>}</td>
<td>U+007D</td>
<td>RIGHT CURLY BRACKET</td>
<td>Strings in set; Perl property syntax</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>U+0020 U+0009..U+000D U+0085<br>
U+200E U+200F<br>
U+2028 U+2029</td>
<td>ASCII whitespace,<br>
LRM, RLM,<br>
LINE/PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR</td>
<td>Ignored except when escaped</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br>
<h5><a href="#Lists_of_Code_Points" name="Lists_of_Code_Points"
id="Lists_of_Code_Points">5.3.3.1 Lists of Code Points</a></h5>
<p>Lists are a sequence of strings that may include ranges,
which are indicated by a '-' between two code points, as in
"a-z". The sequence <em>start-end</em> specifies the range of
all code points from the start to end, inclusive, in Unicode
order. For example, <b>[a c d-f m]</b> is equivalent to <b>[a c
d e f m]</b>. Whitespace can be freely used for clarity, as
<b>[a c d-f m]</b> means the same as <b>[acd-fm]</b>.</p>
<p>A string with multiple code points is represented in a list
by being surrounded by curly braces, such as in <strong>[a-z
{ch}]</strong>. It can be used with the range notation, as
described in <em>Section <a href="#String_Range">5.3.4 String
Range</a></em> . There is an additional restriction on string
ranges in a UnicodeSet: the number of codepoints in the first
string of the range must be identical to the number in the
second. Thus [{ab}-{c}] and [{ab}-c] are invalid.</p>
<p>In UnicodeSets, there are two ways to quote syntax code
points:</p>
<p><a name="Backslash_Escapes" id=
"Backslash_Escapes"></a>Outside of single quotes, certain
backslashed code point sequences can be used to quote code
points:</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tr>
<td>\x{h...h}<br>
\u{h...h}</td>
<td>list of 1-6 hex digits ([0-9A-Fa-f]), separated by
spaces</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\xhh</td>
<td>2 hex digits</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\uhhhh</td>
<td>Exactly 4 hex digits</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\Uhhhhhhhh</td>
<td>Exactly 8 hex digits</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\a</td>
<td>U+0007 (BEL / ALERT)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\b</td>
<td>U+0008 (BACKSPACE)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\t</td>
<td>U+0009 (TAB / CHARACTER TABULATION)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\n</td>
<td>U+000A (LINE FEED)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\v</td>
<td>U+000B (LINE TABULATION)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\f</td>
<td>U+000C (FORM FEED)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\r</td>
<td>U+000D (CARRIAGE RETURN)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\\</td>
<td>U+005C (BACKSLASH / REVERSE SOLIDUS)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\N{name}</td>
<td>The Unicode code point named "name".</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\p{…},\P{…}</td>
<td>Unicode property (see below)</td>
</tr>
</table><br>
<p>Anything else following a backslash is mapped to itself,
except the property syntax described below, or in an
environment where it is defined to have some special
meaning.</p>
<p>Any code point formed as the result of a backslash escape
loses any special meaning and is treated as a literal. In
particular, note that \x, \u and \U escapes create literal code
points. (In contrast, Java treats Unicode escapes as just a way
to represent arbitrary code points in an ASCII source file, and
any resulting code points are <i><b>not</b></i> tagged as
literals.)</p>
<p>Unicode property sets are defined as described as described
in <i>UTS #18: Unicode Regular Expressions</i> [<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UTS18">UTS18</a>], Level
1 and RL2.5, including the syntax where given. For an example
of a concrete implementation of this, see [<a href=
"#ICUUnicodeSet">ICUUnicodeSet</a>].</p>
<h5><a href="#Unicode_Properties" name="Unicode_Properties" id=
"Unicode_Properties">5.3.3.2 Unicode Properties</a></h5>
<p>Briefly, Unicode property sets are specified by any Unicode
property and a value of that property, such as
<b>[:General_Category=Letter:]</b>. for Unicode letters or
<b>\p{uppercase}</b> is the set of upper case letters in
Unicode. The property names are defined by the
PropertyAliases.txt file and the property values by the
PropertyValueAliases.txt file. For more information, see
[<a href="https://unicode.org/reports/tr41/#UAX44">UAX44</a>].
The syntax for specifying the property sets is an extension of
either POSIX or Perl syntax, by the addition of
"=&lt;value&gt;". For example, you can match letters by using
the POSIX-style syntax:</p>
<p><b>[:General_Category=Letter:]</b></p>
<p>or by using the Perl-style syntax</p>
<p><b>\p{General_Category=Letter}</b>.</p>
<p>Property names and values are case-insensitive, and
whitespace, "-", and "_" are ignored. The property name can be
omitted for the <strong>General_Category</strong> and
<strong>Script</strong> properties, but is required for other
properties. If the property value is omitted, it is assumed to
represent a boolean property with the value "true". Thus
<b>[:Letter:]</b> is equivalent to
<b>[:General_Category=Letter:]</b>, and <b>[:Wh-ite-s
pa_ce:]</b> is equivalent to <b>[:Whitespace=true:]</b>.</p>
<p>The table below shows the two kinds of syntax: POSIX and
Perl style. Also, the table shows the "Negative" version, which
is a property that excludes all code points of a given kind.
For example, <b>[:^Letter:]</b> matches all code points that
are not <b>[:Letter:]</b>.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>&nbsp;</th>
<th>Positive</th>
<th>Negative</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>POSIX-style Syntax</td>
<td>[:type=value:]</td>
<td>[:^type=value:]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Perl-style Syntax</td>
<td>\p{type=value}</td>
<td>\P{type=value}</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h5><a href="#Boolean_Operations" name="Boolean_Operations" id=
"Boolean_Operations">5.3.3.3 Boolean Operations</a></h5>
<p>The low-level lists or properties then can be freely
combined with the normal set operations (union, inverse,
difference, and intersection):</p>
<ul>
<li>To union two sets, simply concatenate them. For example,
<b>[[:letter:] [:number:]]</b></li>
<li>To intersect two sets, use the '&amp;' operator. For
example, <b>[[:letter:] &amp; [a-z]]</b></li>
<li>To take the set-difference of two sets, use the '-'
operator. For example, <b>[[:letter:] - [a-z]]</b></li>
<li>To invert a set, place a '^' immediately after the
opening '['. For example, <b>[^a-z]</b>. In any other
location, the '^' does not have a special meaning. The
inversion [^X] is equivalent to [[\x{0}-\x{10FFFF}]-[X]].
Thus multi-code point strings are discarded.</li>
<li>Symmetric difference (~) is not supported.</li>
</ul>
<p>The binary operators '&amp;', '-', and the implicit union
have equal precedence and bind left-to-right. Thus
<b>[[:letter:]-[a-z]-[\u0100-\u01FF]]</b> is equal to
<b>[[[:letter:]-[a-z]]-[\u0100-\u01FF]]</b>. Another example is
the set <b>[[ace][bdf] - [abc][def]]</b>, which is not the
empty set, but instead equal to <b>[[[[ace] [bdf]] - [abc]]
[def]]</b>, which equals <b>[[[abcdef] - [abc]] [def]]</b>,
which equals <b>[[def] [def]]</b>, which equals
<b>[def]</b>.</p>
<p><strong>One caution:</strong> the '&amp;' and '-' operators
operate between sets. That is, they must be immediately
preceded and immediately followed by a set. For example, the
pattern <b>[[:Lu:]-A]</b> is illegal, since it is interpreted
as the set <b>[:Lu:]</b> followed by the incomplete range
<b>-A</b>. To specify the set of upper case letters except for
'A', enclose the 'A' in brackets: <b>[[:Lu:]-[A]]</b>.</p>
<h5><a href="#UnicodeSet_Examples" name="UnicodeSet_Examples"
id="UnicodeSet_Examples">5.3.3.4 UnicodeSet Examples</a></h5>
<p>The following table summarizes the syntax that can be
used.</p>
<table style="margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" id=
"table18">
<tr>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[a]</td>
<td>The set containing 'a' alone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[a-z]</td>
<td>The set containing 'a' through 'z' and all letters in
between, in Unicode order.<br>
Thus it is the same as [\u0061-\u007A].</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[^a-z]</td>
<td>The set containing all code points but 'a' through
'z'.<br>
Thus it is the same as [\u0000-\u0060
\u007B-\x{10FFFF}].</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[[pat1][pat2]]</td>
<td>The union of sets specified by pat1 and pat2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[[pat1]&amp;[pat2]]</td>
<td>The intersection of sets specified by pat1 and
pat2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[[pat1]-[pat2]]</td>
<td>The asymmetric difference of sets specified by pat1 and
pat2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[a {ab} {ac}]</td>
<td>The code point 'a' and the multi-code point strings
"ab" and "ac"</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[x\u{61 2019 62}y]</td>
<td>Equivalent to [x\u0061\u2019\u0062y] (= [xa’by])</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[{ax}-{bz}]</td>
<td>The set containing [{ax} {ay} {az} {bx} {by} {bz}],
using the range syntax to get all the strings from {ax} to
{bz} as described in <em>Section <a href=
"#String_Range">5.3.4 String Range</a></em>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[:Lu:]</td>
<td>The set of code points with a given property value, as
defined by PropertyValueAliases.txt. In this case, these
are the Unicode upper case letters. The long form for this
is <b>[:General_Category=Uppercase_Letter:]</b>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap>[:L:]</td>
<td>The set of code points belonging to all Unicode
categories starting with 'L', that is,
<b>[[:Lu:][:Ll:][:Lt:][:Lm:][:Lo:]]</b>. The long form for
this is <b>[:General_Category=Letter:]</b>.</td>
</tr>
</table><br>
<h4><a name="String_Range" href="#String_Range" id=
"String_Range">5.3.4 String Range</a></h4>
<p>A String Range is a compact format for specifying a list of
strings.</p>
<p><strong>Syntax:<br></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>X <em>sep</em> Y<br></p>
</blockquote>
<p>The separator and the format of strings X, Y may vary
depending on the domain. For example,</p>
<ul>
<li>for the validity files the separator is ~,</li>
<li>for UnicodeSet the separator is -, and any
multi-codepoint string is enclosed in {…}.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Validity:&nbsp;<br></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>A string range X <em>sep</em> Y is valid iff len(X) ≥
len(Y) &gt; 0, where len(X) is the length of X in code
points.</p>
<p><em>There may be additional, domain-specific requirements
for validity of the expansion of the string range.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Interpretation:<br></strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Break X into P and S, where len(S) = len(Y)
<ul>
<li>Note that P will be an empty string if the lengths of
X and Y are equal.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Form the combinations of all
P+(s₀..y₀)+(s₁..y₁)+...(sₙ..yₙ)
<ul>
<li>s₀ is the first code point in S, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Examples:</strong></p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>ab-ad</td>
<td>→</td>
<td>ab ac ad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ab-d</td>
<td>→</td>
<td>ab ac ad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ab-cd</td>
<td>→</td>
<td>ab ac ad bb bc bd cb cc cd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>👦🏻-👦🏿</td>
<td>→</td>
<td>👦🏻 👦🏼 👦🏽 👦🏾 👦🏿</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>👦🏻-🏿</td>
<td>→</td>
<td>👦🏻 👦🏼 👦🏽 👦🏾 👦🏿</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br>
<h3><a name="Identity_Elements" href="#Identity_Elements" id=
"Identity_Elements">5.4 Identity Elements</a></h3>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT identity (alias | (version,
generation?, language, script?, territory?, variant?, special*)
) &gt;</p>
<p>The identity element contains information identifying the
target locale for this data, and general information about the
version of this data.</p>
<p class="element2">&lt;version number="<u>$</u>Revision: 1.227
<u>$</u>"&gt;</p>
<p>The version element provides, in an attribute, the version
of this file.&nbsp; The contents of the element can contain
textual notes about the changes between this version and the
last. For example:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>&lt;version number="<span style=
"color: blue">1.1</span>"&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">Various notes and changes in version 1.1</span>&lt;/version&gt;</pre>
<p>This is not to be confused with the version attribute on
the ldml element, which tracks the dtd version.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="element2">&lt;generation date="<u>$</u>Date:
2007/07/17 23:41:16 <u>$</u>" /&gt;</p>
<p>The generation element is now deprecated. It was used to
contain the last modified date for the data. This could be in
two formats: ISO 8601 format, or CVS format (illustrated by the
example above).</p>
<p class="element2">&lt;language type="<span style=
"color: blue">en</span>"/&gt;</p>
<p>The language code is the primary part of the specification
of the locale id, with values as described above.</p>
<p class="element2">&lt;script type="<span style=
"color: blue">Latn</span>" /&gt;</p>
<p>The script code may be used in the identification of written
languages, with values described above.</p>
<p class="element2">&lt;territory type="<span style=
"color: blue">US</span>"/&gt;</p>
<p>The territory code is a common part of the specification of
the locale id, with values as described above.</p>
<p class="element2">&lt;variant type="<span class=
"attributeValue">NYNORSK</span>"/&gt;</p>
<p>The variant code is the tertiary part of the specification
of the locale id, with values as described above.</p>
<p>When combined according to the rules described in
<i><a href="#Unicode_Language_and_Locale_Identifiers">Section
3, Unicode Language and Locale Identifiers</a></i>, the
language element, along with any of the optional script,
territory, and variant elements, must identify a known, stable
locale identifier. Otherwise, it is an error.</p>
<h3><a name="Valid_Attribute_Values" href=
"#Valid_Attribute_Values" id="Valid_Attribute_Values">5.5 Valid
Attribute Values</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="#DTD_Annotations">DTD Annotations</a> in Section 5.7 are used to determine whether elements, attributes, or attribute values are valid (or deprecated).</p>
<h3><a name="Canonical_Form" href="#Canonical_Form" id=
"Canonical_Form">5.6 Canonical Form</a></h3>
<p>The following are restrictions on the format of LDML files
to allow for easier parsing and comparison of files.</p>
<p>Peer elements have consistent order. That is, if the DTD or
this specification requires the following order in an element
<strong>foo</strong>:</p>
<pre>&lt;foo&gt;
&lt;pattern&gt;
&lt;somethingElse&gt;
&lt;/foo&gt;</pre>
<p>It can never require the reverse order in a different
element <strong>bar</strong>.</p>
<pre>&lt;bar&gt;
&lt;somethingElse&gt;
&lt;pattern&gt;
&lt;/bar&gt;</pre>
<p>Note that there was one case that had to be corrected in
order to make this true. For that reason, pattern occurs twice
under currency:</p>
<pre class="dtd">
&lt;!ELEMENT currency (alias | (pattern*, displayName?, symbol?, pattern*,
decimal?, group?, special*)) &gt;</pre>
<p><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/">XML</a> files can
have a wide variation in textual form, while representing
precisely the same data. By putting the LDML files in the
repository into a canonical form, this allows us to use the
simple diff tools used widely (and in CVS) to detect
differences when vetting changes, without those tools being
confused. This is not a requirement on other uses of LDML; just
simply a way to manage repository data more easily.</p>
<h4><a name="Content" href="#Content" id="Content">5.6.1
Content</a></h4>
<ol>
<li>All start elements are on their own line, indented by
<i>depth</i> tabs.</li>
<li>All end elements (except for leaf nodes) are on their own
line, indented by <i>depth</i> tabs.</li>
<li>Any leaf node with empty content is in the form
&lt;foo/&gt;.</li>
<li>There are no blank lines except within comments or
content.</li>
<li>Spaces are used within a start element. There are no
extra spaces within elements.
<ul>
<li><code>&lt;version number="1.2"/&gt;</code>, not
<code>&lt;version&nbsp; number = "1.2" /&gt;</code></li>
<li><code>&lt;/identity&gt;</code>, not
<code>&lt;/identity &gt;</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All attribute values use double quote ("), not single
(').</li>
<li>There are no CDATA sections, and no escapes except those
absolutely required.
<ul>
<li>no &amp;apos; since it is not necessary</li>
<li>no '&amp;#x61;', it would be just 'a'</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>All attributes with defaulted values are suppressed.</li>
<li>The draft and alt="proposed.*" attributes are only on
leaf elements.</li>
<li>The tzid are canonicalized in the following way:
<ol>
<li type="a">All tzids as of as CLDR 1.1 (2004.06.08) in
zone.tab are canonical.</li>
<li>After that point, the first time a tzid is
introduced, that is the canonical form.</li>
</ol>
<p>That is, new IDs are added, but existing ones keep the
original form. The <i>TZ</i> timezone database keeps a set
of equivalences in the "backward" file. These are used to
map other tzids to the canonical form. For example, when
<code>America/Argentina/Catamarca</code> was introduced as
the new name for the previous
<code>America/Catamarca</code> , a link was added in the
backward file.</p>
<p><code>Link America/Argentina/Catamarca
America/Catamarca</code></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><i>Example:</i></p>
<pre>&lt;ldml draft="unconfirmed" &gt;
&lt;identity&gt;
&lt;version number="1.2"/&gt;
&lt;language type="en"/&gt;
&lt;territory type="AS"/&gt;
&lt;/identity&gt;
&lt;numbers&gt;
&lt;currencyFormats&gt;
&lt;currencyFormatLength&gt;
&lt;currencyFormat&gt;
&lt;pattern&gt;¤#,##0.00;(¤#,##0.00)&lt;/pattern&gt;
&lt;/currencyFormat&gt;
&lt;/currencyFormatLength&gt;
&lt;/currencyFormats&gt;
&lt;/numbers&gt;
&lt;/ldml&gt;</pre>
<h4><a name="Ordering" href="#Ordering" id="Ordering">5.6.2
Ordering</a></h4>
<p>An element is ordered first by the element name, and then if
the element names are identical, by the sorted set of
attribute-value pairs. For the latter, compare the first pair
in each (in sorted order by attribute pair). If not identical,
go to the second pair, and so on.</p>
<p>Elements and attributes are ordered according to their order
in the respective DTDs. Attribute value comparison is a bit
more complicated, and may depend on the attribute and type.
This is currently done with specific ordering tables.</p>
<p>Any future additions to the DTD must be structured so as to
allow compatibility with this ordering. See also <a href=
"#Valid_Attribute_Values">Section 5.5 Valid Attribute
Values.</a></p>
<h4><a name="Comments" href="#Comments" id="Comments">5.6.3
Comments</a></h4>
<ol>
<li>Comments are of the form &lt;!-- <i>stuff</i>
--&gt;.</li>
<li>They are logically attached to a node. There are 4 kinds:
<ol>
<li>Inline always appear after a leaf node, on the same
line at the end. These are a single line.</li>
<li>Preblock comments always precede the attachment node,
and are indented on the same level.</li>
<li>Postblock comments always follow the attachment node,
and are indented on the same level.</li>
<li>Final comment, after &lt;/ldml&gt;</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Multiline comments (except the final comment) have each
line after the first indented to one deeper level.</li>
</ol>
<p><b>Examples:</b></p>
<pre>&lt;eraAbbr&gt;
&lt;era type="0"&gt;BC&lt;/era&gt; &lt;!-- might add alternate BDE in the future --&gt;
...
&lt;timeZoneNames&gt;
&lt;!-- Note: zones that do not use daylight time need further work --&gt;
&lt;zone type="America/Los_Angeles"&gt;
...
&lt;!-- Note: the following is known to be sparse,
and needs to be improved in the future --&gt;
&lt;zone type="Asia/Jerusalem"&gt;</pre>
<h3><a name="DTD_Annotations" href="#DTD_Annotations" id=
"DTD_Annotations">5.7 DTD Annotations</a></h3>
<p>The information in a standard DTD is insufficient for use in
CLDR. To make up for that, DTD annotations are added. These are
of the form<br>
&lt;!--@...--&gt;<br>
and are included below the !ELEMENT or !ATTLIST line that they
apply to. The current annotations are:</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;!--@VALUE--&gt;</td>
<td>The attribute is not distinguishing, and is treated
like an element value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;!--@METADATA--&gt;</td>
<td>The attribute is a “comment” on the data, like the
draft status. It is not typically used in
implementations.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;!--@ORDERED--&gt;</td>
<td>The element's children are ordered, and do not
inherit.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;!--@DEPRECATED--&gt;</td>
<td>The element or attribute is deprecated, and should not
be used.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;!--@DEPRECATED: attribute-value1,
attribute-value2--&gt;</td>
<td>The attribute values are deprecated, and should not be
used. Spaces between tokens are not significant.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;!--@MATCH:{attribute value constraint}--&gt;</td>
<td>Requires the attribute value to match the constraint.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>There is additional information in the
attributeValueValidity.xml file that is used internally for
testing. For example, the following line indicates that the
'currency' element in the ldml dtd must have values from the
bcp47 'cu' type.</p>
<p class='example'>&lt;attributeValues dtds='ldml'
elements='currency'
attributes='type'&gt;$_bcp47_cu&lt;/attributeValues&gt;</p>
<p>The element values may be literals, regular expressions, or
variables (some of which are set programmatically according to
other CLDR data, such as the above. However, the information as
this point does not cover all attribute values, is used only
for testing, and should not be used in implementations since
the structure may change without notice.</p>
<h4>5.7.1<a href="#match_expressions" name="match_expressions">Attribute Value Constraints</a></h4>
<p>The following are constraints on the attribute values. Note: in future versions, the format may change, and/or the constaints may be tightened.</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Constraint</th>
<th colspan="2">Comments</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>any</td>
<td colspan="2">any string value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>any/TODO</td>
<td colspan="2">placeholder for future constraints</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bcp47/anykey</td>
<td colspan="2">any bcp47 key or tkey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bcp47/anyvalue</td>
<td colspan="2">any bcp47 value (type) or tvalue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>literal/{literal values}</td>
<td colspan="2">comma separated</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>regex/{regex expression}</td>
<td colspan="2">valid regex expression</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bcp47/{key or tkey}</td>
<td colspan="2">matches possible values for that key or tkey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>metazone</td>
<td colspan="2">valid metazone</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>range/{start_number~{end_number}}</td>
<td colspan="2">number between (inclusive) start and end</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>time/{time or date or date-time pattern}</td>
<td colspan="2">eg HH:mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unicodeset/{unicodeset pattern}</td>
<td colspan="2">valid unicodeset</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="4">validity/{field}</td>
<td colspan="2">currency, language, locale, region, script, subdivision, short-unit, unit, variant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">The field can be qualified by particular enums, such as:</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>validity/unit/regular deprecated</td>
<td>matches only <em>deprecated</em> and <em>regular</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>validity/unit/!deprecated</td>
<td>matches all but <em>deprecated</em></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>version</td>
<td colspan="2">1 to 4 digit field version, such as 35.3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>set/{match}</td>
<td colspan="2">set of elements that match {match}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>or/{match1}XX{match2}…</td>
<td colspan="2">matches at least one of {match1}, etc</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table><br>
<h2><a name="Property_Data" href="#Property_Data" id=
"Property_Data">6 Property Data</a></h2>
<p>Some data in CLDR does not use an XML format, but rather a
semicolon-delimited format derived from that of the Unicode
Character Database. That is because the data is more likely to
be parsed by implementations that already parse UCD data. Those
files are present in the common/properties directory.</p>
<p>Each file has a header that explains the format and usage of
the data.</p>
<h3><a name="Script_Metadata" href="#Script_Metadata" id=
"Script_Metadata">6.1 Script Metadata</a></h3>
<p><code>scriptMetadata.txt</code></p>
<p>This file provides general information about scripts that
may be useful to implementations processing text. The
information is the best currently available, and may change
between versions of CLDR. The format is similar to Unicode
Character Database property file, and is documented in the
header of the data file.</p>
<h3><a name="Extended_Pictographic" href=
"#Extended_Pictographic" id="Extended_Pictographic">6.2
Extended Pictographic</a></h3>
<p><code>ExtendedPictographic.txt</code></p>
<p>This file was used to define the ExtendedPictographic data
used for “future-proofing” emoji behavior, especially in
segmentation. As of Emoji version 11.0, the set of
Extended_Pictographic is incorporated into the emoji data files
found at <a href=
"https://unicode.org/Public/emoji/">unicode.org/Public/emoji/</a>.</p>
<h3><a name="Labels.txt" href="#Labels.txt" id="Labels.txt">6.3
Labels.txt</a></h3>
<p><code>labels.txt</code></p>
<p>This file provides general information about associations of
labels to characters that may be useful to implementations of
character-picking applications. The information is the best
currently available, and may change between versions of CLDR.
The format is similar to Unicode Character Database property
file, and is documented in the header of the data file.</p>
<p>Initially, the contents are focused on emoji, but may be
expanded in the future to other types of characters. Note that
a character may have multiple labels.</p>
<h3><a name="Segmentation_Tests" href="#Segmentation_Tests">6.4
Segmentation Tests</a></h3>
<p>CLDR provides a tailoring to the <a href="https://unicode.org/reports/tr29/">Grapheme Cluster Break (gcb)</a> algorithm to avoid splitting Indic aksaras. The corresponding test files for that are located in common/properties/segments/, along with a readme.txt that provides more details. There are also specific test files for the supported Indic scripts in the unittest directory.</p>
<h2><a name="Format_Parse_Issues" href="#Format_Parse_Issues"
id="Format_Parse_Issues">7 Issues in Formatting and
Parsing</a></h2>
<h3><a name="Lenient_Parsing" href="#Lenient_Parsing" id=
"Lenient_Parsing">7.1 Lenient Parsing</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Motivation" href="#Motivation" id=
"Motivation">7.1.1 Motivation</a></h4>
<p>User input is frequently messy. Attempting to parse it by
matching it exactly against a pattern is likely to be
unsuccessful, even when the meaning of the input is clear to a
human being. For example, for a date pattern of "MM/dd/yy", the
input "June 1, 2006" will fail.</p>
<p>The goal of lenient parsing is to accept user input whenever
it is possible to decipher what the user intended. Doing so
requires using patterns as data to guide the parsing process,
rather than an exact template that must be matched. This
informative section suggests some heuristics that may be useful
for lenient parsing of dates, times, and numbers.</p>
<h4><a name="Loose_Matching" href="#Loose_Matching" id=
"Loose_Matching">7.1.2 Loose Matching</a></h4>
<p>Loose matching ignores attributes of the strings being
compared that are not important to matching. It involves the
following steps:</p>
<ul>
<li>Remove "." from currency symbols and other fields used
for matching, and also from the input string unless:
<ul>
<li>"." is in the decimal set, and</li>
<li>its position in the input string is immediately
before a decimal digit</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Ignore all format characters: in particular, ignore any
RLM, LRM or ALM used to control BIDI formatting.</li>
<li>Ignore all characters in [:Zs:] unless they occur between
letters. (In the heuristics below, even those between letters
are ignored except to delimit fields)</li>
<li>Map all characters in [:Dash:] to U+002D
HYPHEN-MINUS</li>
<li>Use the data in the &lt;character-fallback&gt; element to
map equivalent characters (for example, curly to straight
apostrophes). Other apostrophe-like characters should also be
treated as equivalent, especially if the character actually
used in a format may be unavailable on some keyboards. For
example:
<ul>
<li>U+02BB MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA (ʻ) might be
typed instead as U+2018 LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
(‘).</li>
<li>U+02BC MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE (ʼ) might be typed
instead as U+2019 RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK (’), U+0027
APOSTROPHE, etc.</li>
<li>U+05F3 HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH (‎׳) might be typed
instead as U+0027 APOSTROPHE.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Apply mappings particular to the domain (i.e., for dates
or for numbers, discussed in more detail below)</li>
<li>Apply case folding (possibly including language-specific
mappings such as Turkish i)</li>
<li>Normalize to NFKC; thus <i>no-break space</i> will map to
<i>space</i>; half-width <i>katakana</i> will map to
full-width.</li>
</ul>
<p>Loose matching involves (logically) applying the above
transform to both the input text and to each of the field
elements used in matching, before applying the specific
heuristics below. For example, if the input number text is " -
NA f. 1,000.00", then it is mapped to "-naf1,000.00" before
processing. The currency signs are also transformed, so "NA f."
is converted to "naf" for purposes of matching. As with other
Unicode algorithms, this is a logical statement of the process;
actual implementations can optimize, such as by applying the
transform incrementally during matching.</p>
<h3><a name="Invalid_Patterns" href="#Invalid_Patterns" id=
"Invalid_Patterns">7.2 Handling Invalid Patterns</a></h3>
<p>Processes sometimes encounter invalid number or date
patterns, such as a number pattern with “¤¤¤¤¤” (valid pattern
character but invalid length in current CLDR), a date pattern
with “nn” (invalid pattern character in current CLDR), or a
date pattern with “MMMMMM” (invalid length in current CLDR).
The recommended behavior for handling such an invalid pattern
field is:</p>
<ul>
<li>For a field using a currently-invalid length for a valid
pattern character:
<ul>
<li>In <strong>formatting,</strong> emit U+FFFD
REPLACEMENT CHARACTER for the invalid field.</li>
<li>In <strong>parsing,</strong> the field may be parsed
as if it had a valid length.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>For a pattern that contains a currently-invalid pattern
character (applies only to date patterns, for which A-Za-z
are reserved as pattern characters but not all defined as
valid):
<ul>
<li>Produce an error (set an error code or throw an
exception) when an attempt is made to create a formatter
with such a pattern or to apply such a pattern to an
existing formatter.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="Deprecated_Structure" href="#Deprecated_Structure"
id="Deprecated_Structure">Annex A Deprecated Structure</a></h2>
<p>The <a href="#DTD_Annotations">DTD Annotations</a> in Section 5.7 are used to determine whether elements, attributes, or attribute values are deprecated.</p>
<p>While valid LDML, they are strongly
discouraged, and no longer used in CLDR.</p>
<p>The remainder of this section describes selected cases of
deprecated structure that were present in previous versions of
CLDR.</p>
<h3><a name="Fallback_Elements" href="#Fallback_Elements" id=
"Fallback_Elements">A.1 Element fallback</a></h3>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT fallback (#PCDATA) &gt;</p>
<p>The fallback element is deprecated. Implementations should
use instead the information in <em><a href=
"#LanguageMatching">Section 4.4 Language Matching</a></em> for
doing language fallback.</p>
<h3><a name="BCP47_Keyword_Mapping" href=
"#BCP47_Keyword_Mapping" id="BCP47_Keyword_Mapping">A.2 BCP 47
Keyword Mapping</a></h3>
<p><b>Note:</b> <i>This structure is deprecated and replaced
with <a href="#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files">Section
3.6.4 U Extension Data Files</a>.</i></p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT bcp47KeywordMappings ( mapKeys?,
mapTypes* ) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT mapKeys ( keyMap* ) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT keyMap EMPTY &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST keyMap type NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST keyMap bcp47 NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT mapTypes ( typeMap* ) &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST mapTypes type NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ELEMENT typeMap EMPTY &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST typeMap type CDATA #REQUIRED &gt;<br>
&lt;!ATTLIST typeMap bcp47 NMTOKEN #REQUIRED &gt;<br></p>
<p>This section defines mappings between old Unicode locale
identifier key/type values and their BCP 47 'u' extension
subtag representations. The 'u' extension syntax described in
<a href="#u_Extension">Section 3.6 Unicode BCP 47 U
Extension</a> restricts a key to two ASCII alphanumerics and a
type to three to eight ASCII alphanumerics. A key or a type
which does not meet that syntax requirement is converted
according to the mapping data defined by the mapKeys or
mapTypes elements. For example, a keyword "collation=phonebook"
is converted to BCP 47 'u' extension subtags "co-phonebk" by
the mapping data below:</p>
<pre> &lt;mapKeys&gt;
...
&lt;keyMap type="collation" bcp47="co"/&gt;
...
&lt;/mapKeys&gt;
&lt;mapTypes type="collation"&gt;
...
&lt;typeMap type="phonebook" bcp47="phonebk"/&gt;
...
&lt;/mapTypes&gt;
</pre>
<h3><a name="Choice_Patterns" href="#Choice_Patterns" id=
"Choice_Patterns">A.3 Choice Patterns</a></h3>
<p><b>Note:</b> <i>This structure is deprecated and replaced
with count attributes.</i></p>
<p>A choice pattern is a string that chooses among a number of
strings, based on numeric value. It has the following form:</p>
<p>&lt;choice_pattern&gt; = &lt;choice&gt; ( '|' &lt;choice&gt;
)*<br>
&lt;choice&gt; =
&lt;number&gt;&lt;relation&gt;&lt;string&gt;<br>
&lt;number&gt; = ('+' | '-')? (<font size="3">'∞' | [0-9]+ ('.'
[0-9]+)?)<br>
&lt;relation&gt; = '&lt;' | '</font> <span style=
"color: blue">≤'</span></p>
<p>The interpretation of a choice pattern is that given a
number N, the pattern is scanned from right to left, for each
choice evaluating &lt;number&gt; &lt;relation&gt; N. The first
choice that matches results in the corresponding string. If no
match is found, then the first string is used. For example:</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="33%">Pattern</td>
<td width="33%">N</td>
<td width="34%">Result</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33%" rowspan="4">0≤Rf|1≤Ru|1&lt;Re</td>
<td width="33%">-<font size="3">∞,</font> -3, -1,
-0.000001</td>
<td width="34%">Rf (defaulted to first string)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33%">0, 0.01, 0.9999</td>
<td width="34%">Rf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33%">1</td>
<td width="34%">Ru</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="33%">1.00001, 5, 99, <font size=
"3">∞</font></td>
<td width="34%">Re</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Quoting is done using ' characters, as in date or number
formats.</p>
<h3><a name="Element_default" href="#Element_default" id=
"Element_default">A.4 Element default</a></h3>
<p><b>Note:</b> <i>This structure is deprecated.</i> Use
replacement structure instead, for example:</p>
<ul>
<li>For &lt;collations&gt;, now use the
&lt;defaultCollation&gt; element.</li>
<li>For &lt;calendars&gt;, the default calendar type for a
locale is now specified by <i><a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Calendar_Preference_Data">Calendar
Preference Data</a></i>.</li>
</ul>
<p>In some cases, a number of elements are present. The default
element can be used to indicate which of them is the default,
in the absence of other information. The value of the choice
attribute is to match the value of the type attribute for the
selected item.</p>
<pre>&lt;timeFormats&gt;
&lt;default choice="<span style="color: red">medium</span>" /&gt;
&lt;timeFormatLength type="<span style=
"color: blue">full</span>"&gt;
&lt;timeFormat type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;
&lt;pattern type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">h:mm:ss a z</span>&lt;/pattern&gt;
&lt;/timeFormat&gt;
&lt;/timeFormatLength&gt;
&lt;timeFormatLength type="<span style=
"color: blue">long</span>"&gt;
&lt;timeFormat type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;
&lt;pattern type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">h:mm:ss a z</span>&lt;/pattern&gt;
&lt;/timeFormat&gt;
&lt;/timeFormatLength&gt;
&lt;timeFormatLength type="<span style=
"color: red">medium</span>"&gt;
&lt;timeFormat type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;
&lt;pattern type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">h:mm:ss a</span>&lt;/pattern&gt;
&lt;/timeFormat&gt;
&lt;/timeFormatLength&gt;
...</pre>
<p>Like all other elements, the &lt;default&gt; element is
inherited. Thus, it can also refer to inherited resources. For
example, suppose that the above resources are present in fr,
and that in fr_BE we have the following:</p>
<pre>&lt;timeFormats&gt;
&lt;default choice="<span style="color: red">long</span>"/&gt;
&lt;/timeFormats&gt;</pre>
<p>In that case, the default time format for fr_BE would be the
inherited "long" resource from fr. Now suppose that we had in
fr_CA:</p>
<pre> &lt;timeFormatLength type="<span style=
"color: red">medium</span>"&gt;
&lt;timeFormat type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;
&lt;pattern type="<span style=
"color: blue">standard</span>"&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">...</span>&lt;/pattern&gt;
&lt;/timeFormat&gt;
&lt;/timeFormatLength&gt;
</pre>
<p>In this case, the &lt;default&gt; is inherited from fr, and
has the value "medium". It thus refers to this new "medium"
pattern in this resource bundle.</p>
<h3><a name="Deprecated_Common_Attributes" href=
"#Deprecated_Common_Attributes" id=
"Deprecated_Common_Attributes">A.5 Deprecated Common
Attributes</a></h3>
<h4><a name="Attribute_standard" href="#Attribute_standard" id=
"Attribute_standard">A.5.1 Attribute standard</a></h4>
<p class="element2"><b>Note:</b> This attribute is deprecated.
Instead, use a reference element with the attribute
standard="true".</p>
<p>The value of this attribute is a list of strings
representing standards: international, national, organization,
or vendor standards. The presence of this attribute indicates
that the data in this element is compliant with the indicated
standards. Where possible, for uniqueness, the string should be
a URL that represents that standard. The strings are separated
by commas; leading or trailing spaces on each string are not
significant. Examples:</p>
<p><code>&lt;collation standard="<span style="color: blue">MSA
200:2002</span>"&gt;<br>
...<br>
&lt;dateFormatStyle
standard=”https://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=26780&amp;amp;ICS1=1&amp;amp;ICS2=140&amp;amp;ICS3=30”&gt;</code></p>
<h4><a name="Attribute_draft_nonLeaf" href=
"#Attribute_draft_nonLeaf" id="Attribute_draft_nonLeaf">A.5.2
Attribute draft in non-leaf elements</a></h4>
<p>The draft attribute is deprecated except in leaf elements
(elements that do not have any subelements)</p>
<h3><a name="Element_base" href="#Element_base" id=
"Element_base">A.6 Element base</a></h3>
<p><b>Note:</b> <i>This element is deprecated.</i> Use the
collation &lt;import&gt; element instead.</p>
<p>The optional base element <code>&lt;base&gt;<span style=
"color: blue">...</span>&lt;/base&gt;</code> , contains an
alias element that points to another data source that defines a
<i>base</i> collation. If present, it indicates that the
settings and rules in the collation are modifications applied
on <i>top of the</i> respective elements in the base collation.
That is, any successive settings, where present, override what
is in the base as described in <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Setting_Options">Setting Options</a>. Any
successive rules are concatenated to the end of the rules in
the base. The results of multiple rules applying to the same
characters is covered in <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Orderings">Orderings</a>.</p>
<h3><a name="Element_rules" href="#Element_rules" id=
"Element_rules">A.7 Element rules</a></h3>
<p><b>Note:</b> <i>The XML collation syntax is deprecated; this
includes the &lt;rules&gt; element and its subelements, except
that the &lt;import&gt; element has been moved up to be a
subelement of &lt;collation&gt;.</i> Use the basic collation
syntax with the <a href="tr35-collation.html#Rules">&lt;cr&gt;
element</a> instead.</p>
<p class="dtd">&lt;!ELEMENT rules (alias | ( ( reset | import
), ( reset | import | p | pc | s | sc | t | tc | i | ic | x)*
)) &gt;</p>
<h3><a name="Deprecated_subelements_of_dates" href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_dates" id=
"Deprecated_subelements_of_dates">A.8 Deprecated subelements of
&lt;dates&gt;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>&lt;localizedPatternChars&gt;</li>
<li>&lt;dateRangePattern&gt;, replaced by
&lt;intervalFormats&gt;.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Deprecated_subelements_of_calendars" href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_calendars" id=
"Deprecated_subelements_of_calendars">A.9 Deprecated
subelements of &lt;calendars&gt;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>&lt;monthNames&gt; and &lt;monthAbbr&gt;; month name
forms are specified in the &lt;months&gt; element. The older
monthNames, monthAbbr are equivalent to: using the months
element with the context type="<span style=
"color: blue">format</span>" and the width type="<span style=
"color: blue">wide</span>" (for ...Names) and
type="<span style="color: blue">narrow</span>" (for ...Abbr),
respectively.</li>
<li>&lt;dayNames&gt; and &lt;dayAbbr&gt;; weekday name forms
are specified in the &lt;days&gt; element. The older
dayNames, dayAbbr are equivalent to: using the days element
with the context type="<span style=
"color: blue">format</span>" and the width type="<span style=
"color: blue">wide</span>" (for ...Names) and
type="<span style="color: blue">narrow</span>" (for ...Abbr),
respectively.</li>
<li><a name="week" href="#week" id="week">&lt;week&gt;</a> is
deprecated in the main LDML files, because the data is more
appropriately organized as connected to territories, not to
linguistic data. Use the supplemental &lt;weekData&gt;
element instead.</li>
<li>&lt;am&gt; and &lt;pm&gt;; these are now included as part
of the &lt;dayPeriods&gt; element</li>
<li>&lt;fields&gt; is deprecated as a subelement of
&lt;calendars&gt; instead, a &lt;fields&gt; element should be
located just under a &lt;dates&gt; element. See <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Calendar_Fields">Calendar Fields</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Deprecated_subelements_of_timeZoneNames" href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_timeZoneNames" id=
"Deprecated_subelements_of_timeZoneNames">A.10 Deprecated
subelements of &lt;timeZoneNames&gt;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>&lt;hoursFormat&gt; e.g. "{0}/{1}" for "-0800/-0700"</li>
<li><a name="fallbackRegionFormat" href=
"#fallbackRegionFormat" id=
"fallbackRegionFormat">&lt;fallbackRegionFormat&gt;</a>
(deprecated), e.g. "{0}&nbsp;Time ({1})" for "United States
Time (New York)"</li>
<li>&lt;abbreviationFallback&gt;</li>
<li>&lt;preferenceOrdering&gt;, a preference ordering among
modern zones; use metazones instead.</li>
<li>&lt;singleCountries&gt;, use <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Primary_Zones">Primary Zones</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Deprecated_subelements_of_zone_metazone" href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_zone_metazone" id=
"Deprecated_subelements_of_zone_metazone">A.11 Deprecated
subelements of &lt;zone&gt; and &lt;metazone&gt;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>&lt;commonlyUsed&gt;, formerly used to indicate whether a
zone was commonly used in the locale.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name=
"Renamed_attribute_values_for_contextTransformUsage" href=
"#Renamed_attribute_values_for_contextTransformUsage" id=
"Renamed_attribute_values_for_contextTransformUsage">A.12
Renamed attribute values for &lt;contextTransformUsage&gt;
element</a></h3>
<p>The &lt;contextTransformUsage&gt; element was introduced in
CLDR 21. The values for its <em>type</em> attribute are
documented in <a href=
"tr35-general.html#contextTransformUsage_type_attribute_values">
&lt;contextTransformUsage&gt; type attribute values</a>. In
CLDR 25, some of these values were renamed from their previous
values for improved clarity:</p>
<ul>
<li>"type" was renamed to "keyValue"</li>
<li>"displayName" was renamed to "currencyName"</li>
<li>"displayName-count" was renamed to
"currencyName-count"</li>
<li>"tense" was renamed to "relative"</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Deprecated_subelements_of_segmentations" href=
"#Deprecated_subelements_of_segmentations" id=
"Deprecated_subelements_of_segmentations">A.13 Deprecated
subelements of &lt;segmentations&gt;</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>&lt;exceptions&gt; and &lt;exceptions&gt; were deprecated
and replaced with &lt;suppressions&gt; and
&lt;suppression&gt;.</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="Element_cp" href="#Element_cp" id=
"Element_cp">A.14 Element cp</a></h3>
<p>The cp element was used to escape characters that cannot be
represented in XML, even with NCRs. These escapes were only
allowed in certain elements, according to the DTD.</p>
<p>However, this mechanism is very clumsy, and was replaced by
specialized syntax.</p>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Code Point</th>
<th>XML Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>U+0000</code></td>
<td><code>&lt;cp hex="0"&gt;</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h3><a name="validSubLocales" href="#validSubLocales" id=
"validSubLocales">A.15 Attribute validSubLocales</a></h3>
<p>The attribute <i>validSubLocales</i> allowed sublocales in a
given tree to be treated as though a file for them were present
when there was not one. It only had an effect for locales that
inherit from the current file where a file is missing.</p>
<p><b>Example 1.</b> Suppose that in a particular LDML tree,
there are no region locales for German, for example, there is a
de.xml file, but no files for de_AT.xml, de_CH.xml, or
de_DE.xml. Then no elements are valid for any of those region
locales. If we want to mark one of those files as having valid
elements, then we introduce an empty file, such as the
following.</p>
<p><code>&lt;ldml version="1.1"&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;identity&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;version number="1.1" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;language type="de" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;territory type="AT" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;/identity&gt;<br>
&lt;/ldml&gt;</code></p>
<p>With the <i>validSubLocales</i> attribute, instead of adding
the empty files for de_AT.xml, de_CH.xml, and de_DE.xml, in the
de file we could add to the parent locale a list of the child
locales that should behave as if files were present.</p>
<p><code>&lt;ldml version="1.1" validSubLocales="de_AT de_CH
de_DE"&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;identity&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;version number="1.1" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp; &lt;language type="de" /&gt;<br>
&nbsp;&lt;/identity&gt;<br>
...<br>
&lt;/ldml&gt;</code></p>
<p>Now that the <i>validSubLocales</i> attribute has been
deprecated, it is recommended to simply add empty files to
specify which sublocales are valid. This convention is used
throughout the CLDR.</p>
<h3><a name="postCodeElements" href="#postCodeElements" id=
"postCodeElements">A.16 Elements postalCodeData,
postCodeRegex</a></h3>
<p>The postal code validation data has been deprecated. Please
see other services that are kept up to date, such as:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href=
"https://i18napis.appspot.com/address/data/US">https://i18napis.appspot.com/address/data/US</a></li>
<li><a href=
"https://i18napis.appspot.com/address/data/CH">https://i18napis.appspot.com/address/data/CH</a></li>
<li>...</li>
</ul>
<p>See <a href="tr35-info.html#Postal_Code_Validation">Postal
Code Validation</a></p>
<h3><a name="telephoneCodeData" href="#telephoneCodeData" id=
"telephoneCodeData">A.17 Element telephoneCodeData</a></h3>
<p>The element &lt;telephoneCodeData&gt; and its subelements
have been deprecated and the data removed.</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Links_to_Other_Parts" href="#Links_to_Other_Parts"
id="Links_to_Other_Parts">Annex B Links to Other Parts</a></h2>
<p>The LDML specification is split into several <a href=
"#Parts">parts</a> by topic, with one HTML document per part.
The following tables provide redirects for links to specific
topics. Please update your links and bookmarks.</p>
<p>Part 1 Links: Core (this document): No redirects needed.</p>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">
<caption>
<a href="#Part_2_Links" name="Part_2_Links" id=
"Part_2_Links">Part 2 Links</a>: <a href=
"tr35-general.html">General</a> (display names &amp;
transforms, etc.)
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old section</th>
<th>Section in new part</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.4 <a name="Display_Name_Elements" href=
"#Display_Name_Elements" id="Display_Name_Elements">Display
Name Elements</a></td>
<td>1 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Display_Name_Elements">Display Name
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.5 <a name="Layout_Elements" href="#Layout_Elements"
id="Layout_Elements">Layout Elements</a></td>
<td>2 <a href="tr35-general.html#Layout_Elements">Layout
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6 <a name="Character_Elements" href=
"#Character_Elements" id="Character_Elements">Character
Elements</a></td>
<td>3 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Character_Elements">Character
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6.1 <a name="ExemplarSyntax" href="#ExemplarSyntax"
id="ExemplarSyntax">Exemplar Syntax</a></td>
<td>3.1 <a href="tr35-general.html#ExemplarSyntax">Exemplar
Syntax</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6.2 Restrictions</td>
<td>3.1 <a href="tr35-general.html#ExemplarSyntax">Exemplar
Syntax</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6.3 Mapping</td>
<td>3.2 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Character_Mapping">Mapping</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6.4 <a name="IndexLabels" href="#IndexLabels" id=
"IndexLabels">Index Labels</a></td>
<td>3.3 <a href="tr35-general.html#IndexLabels">Index
Labels</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6.5 Ellipsis</td>
<td>3.4 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Ellipsis">Ellipsis</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.6.6 More Information</td>
<td>3.5 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Character_More_Info">More
Information</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.7 <a name="Delimiter_Elements" href=
"#Delimiter_Elements" id="Delimiter_Elements">Delimiter
Elements</a></td>
<td>4 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Delimiter_Elements">Delimiter
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.6 <a name="Measurement_System_Data" href=
"#Measurement_System_Data" id=
"Measurement_System_Data">Measurement System Data</a></td>
<td>5 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Measurement_System_Data">Measurement
System Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.8 <a name="Measurement_Elements" href=
"#Measurement_Elements" id=
"Measurement_Elements">Measurement Elements
(deprecated)</a></td>
<td>5.1 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Measurement_Elements">Measurement
Elements (deprecated)</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.11 <a name="Unit_Elements" href="#Unit_Elements" id=
"Unit_Elements">Unit Elements</a></td>
<td>6 <a href="tr35-general.html#Unit_Elements">Unit
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.12 <a name="POSIX_Elements" href="#POSIX_Elements"
id="POSIX_Elements">POSIX Elements</a></td>
<td>7 <a href="tr35-general.html#POSIX_Elements">POSIX
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.13 <a name="Reference_Elements" href=
"#Reference_Elements" id="Reference_Elements">Reference
Element</a></td>
<td>8 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Reference_Elements">Reference
Element</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.15 <a name="Segmentations" href="#Segmentations" id=
"Segmentations">Segmentations</a></td>
<td>9 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Segmentations">Segmentations</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.15.1 <a name="Segmentation_Inheritance" href=
"#Segmentation_Inheritance" id=
"Segmentation_Inheritance">Segmentation
Inheritance</a></td>
<td>9.1 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Segmentation_Inheritance">Segmentation
Inheritance</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.16 <a name="Transforms" href="#Transforms" id=
"Transforms">Transforms</a></td>
<td>10 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Transforms">Transforms</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>N <a name="Transform_Rules" href="#Transform_Rules" id=
"Transform_Rules">Transform Rules</a></td>
<td>10.3 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Transform_Rules_Syntax">Transform Rules
Syntax</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.18 <a name="ListPatterns" href="#ListPatterns" id=
"ListPatterns">List Patterns</a></td>
<td>11 <a href="tr35-general.html#ListPatterns">List
Patterns</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.20 <a name="List_Gender" href="#List_Gender" id=
"List_Gender">Gender of Lists</a></td>
<td>11.1 <a href="tr35-general.html#List_Gender">Gender of
Lists</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.19 <a name="Context_Transform_Elements" href=
"#Context_Transform_Elements" id=
"Context_Transform_Elements">ContextTransform
Elements</a></td>
<td>12 <a href=
"tr35-general.html#Context_Transform_Elements">ContextTransform
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><a href="tr35-general.html#"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">
<caption>
<a href="#Part_3_Links" name="Part_3_Links" id=
"Part_3_Links">Part 3 Links</a>: <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html">Numbers</a> (number &amp; currency
formatting)
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old section</th>
<th>Section in new part</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.13 <a name="Numbering_Systems" href=
"#Numbering_Systems" id="Numbering_Systems">Numbering
Systems</a></td>
<td>1 <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Numbering_Systems">Numbering
Systems</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.10 <a name="Number_Elements" href="#Number_Elements"
id="Number_Elements">Number Elements</a></td>
<td>2 <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Number_Elements">Number
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.10.1 <a name="Number_Symbols" href="#Number_Symbols"
id="Number_Symbols">Number Symbols</a></td>
<td>2.3 <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Number_Symbols">Number
Symbols</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>G <a name="Number_Format_Patterns" href=
"#Number_Format_Patterns" id=
"Number_Format_Patterns">Number Format Patterns</a></td>
<td>3 <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Number_Format_Patterns">Number Format
Patterns</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.10.2 <a name="Currencies" href="#Currencies" id=
"Currencies">Currencies</a></td>
<td>4 <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Currencies">Currencies</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.1 <a name="Supplemental_Currency_Data" href=
"#Supplemental_Currency_Data" id=
"Supplemental_Currency_Data">Supplemental Currency
Data</a></td>
<td>4.1 <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Supplemental_Currency_Data">Supplemental
Currency Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.11 <a name="Language_Plural_Rules" href=
"#Language_Plural_Rules" id=
"Language_Plural_Rules">Language Plural Rules</a></td>
<td>5 <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Language_Plural_Rules">Language Plural
Rules</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.17 <a name="Rule-Based_Number_Formatting" href=
"#Rule-Based_Number_Formatting" id=
"Rule-Based_Number_Formatting">Rule-Based Number
Formatting</a></td>
<td>6 <a href=
"tr35-numbers.html#Rule-Based_Number_Formatting">Rule-Based
Number Formatting</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">
<caption>
<a href="#Part_4_Links" name="Part_4_Links" id=
"Part_4_Links">Part 4 Links</a>: <a href=
"tr35-dates.html">Dates</a> (date, time, time zone
formatting)
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old section</th>
<th>Section in new part</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Date_Elements" href="#Date_Elements" id=
"Date_Elements">5.9 Date Elements</a></td>
<td>1 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Overview_Dates_Element_Supplemental">Overview:
Dates Element, Supplemental Date and Calendar
Information</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Calendar_Elements" href="#Calendar_Elements"
id="Calendar_Elements">5.9.1 Calendar Elements</a></td>
<td>2 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Calendar_Elements">Calendar
Elements</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="months_days_quarters_eras" href=
"#months_days_quarters_eras" id=
"months_days_quarters_eras">Elements months, days,
quarters, eras</a></td>
<td>2.1 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#months_days_quarters_eras">Elements
months, days, quarters, eras</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="monthPatterns_cyclicNameSets" href=
"#monthPatterns_cyclicNameSets" id=
"monthPatterns_cyclicNameSets">Elements monthPatterns,
cyclicNameSets</a></td>
<td>2.2 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#monthPatterns_cyclicNameSets">Elements
monthPatterns, cyclicNameSets</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="dayPeriods" href="#dayPeriods" id=
"dayPeriods">Element dayPeriods</a></td>
<td>2.3 <a href="tr35-dates.html#dayPeriods">Element
dayPeriods</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="dateFormats" href="#dateFormats" id=
"dateFormats">Element dateFormats</a></td>
<td>2.4 <a href="tr35-dates.html#dateFormats">Element
dateFormats</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="timeFormats" href="#timeFormats" id=
"timeFormats">Element timeFormats</a></td>
<td>2.5 <a href="tr35-dates.html#timeFormats">Element
timeFormats</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="dateTimeFormats" href="#dateTimeFormats" id=
"dateTimeFormats">Element dateTimeFormats</a></td>
<td>2.6 <a href="tr35-dates.html#dateTimeFormats">Element
dateTimeFormats</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Calendar_Fields" href="#Calendar_Fields" id=
"Calendar_Fields">5.9.2 Calendar Fields</a></td>
<td>3 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Calendar_Fields">Calendar
Fields</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.9.3 <a name="Timezone_Names" href="#Timezone_Names"
id="Timezone_Names">Time Zone Names</a></td>
<td>5 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Time_Zone_Names">Time Zone
Names</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Supplemental_Calendar_Data" href=
"#Supplemental_Calendar_Data" id=
"Supplemental_Calendar_Data">C.5 Supplemental Calendar
Data</a></td>
<td>4 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Supplemental_Calendar_Data">Supplemental
Calendar Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Supplemental_Timezone_Data" href=
"#Supplemental_Timezone_Data" id=
"Supplemental_Timezone_Data">C.7 Supplemental Time Zone
Data</a></td>
<td>6 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Supplemental_Time_Zone_Data">Supplemental
Time Zone Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Calendar_Preference_Data" href=
"#Calendar_Preference_Data" id=
"Calendar_Preference_Data">C.15 Calendar Preference
Data</a></td>
<td>4.2 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Calendar_Preference_Data">Calendar
Preference Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="DayPeriodRules" href="#DayPeriodRules" id=
"DayPeriodRules">C.17 DayPeriod Rules</a></td>
<td>4.5 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Day_Period_Rules">Day
Period Rules</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Date_Format_Patterns" href=
"#Date_Format_Patterns" id="Date_Format_Patterns">Appendix
F: Date Format Patterns</a></td>
<td>8 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Date_Format_Patterns">Date
Format Patterns</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Date_Field_Symbol_Table" href=
"#Date_Field_Symbol_Table" id=
"Date_Field_Symbol_Table">Date Field Symbol Table</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-dates.html#Date_Field_Symbol_Table">Date
Field Symbol Table</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Localized_Pattern_Characters" href=
"#Localized_Pattern_Characters" id=
"Localized_Pattern_Characters">F.1 Localized Pattern
Characters (deprecated)</a></td>
<td>8.1 <a href=
"tr35-dates.html#Localized_Pattern_Characters">Localized
Pattern Characters (deprecated)</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="Time_Zone_Fallback" href="#Time_Zone_Fallback"
id="Time_Zone_Fallback">Appendix J: Time Zone Display
Names</a></td>
<td>7 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Using_Time_Zone_Names">Using
Time Zone Names</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a name="fallbackFormat" href="#fallbackFormat" id=
"fallbackFormat"><b>fallbackFormat</b>:</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-dates.html#fallbackFormat"><b>fallbackFormat</b>:</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>O.4 Parsing Dates and Times</td>
<td>9 <a href="tr35-dates.html#Parsing_Dates_Times">Parsing
Dates and Times</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">
<caption>
<a href="#Part_5_Links" name="Part_5_Links" id=
"Part_5_Links">Part 5 Links</a>: <a href=
"tr35-collation.html">Collation</a> (sorting, searching,
grouping)
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old section</th>
<th>Section in new part</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14 <a name="Collation_Elements" href=
"#Collation_Elements" id="Collation_Elements">Collation
Elements</a></td>
<td>3 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Collation_Tailorings">Collation
Tailorings</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.1 <a name="Collation_Version" href=
"#Collation_Version" id=
"Collation_Version">Version</a></td>
<td>3.1 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Collation_Version">Version</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.2 <a name="Collation_Element" href=
"#Collation_Element" id="Collation_Element">Collation
Element</a></td>
<td>3.2 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Collation_Element">Collation
Element</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.3 <a name="Setting_Options" href=
"#Setting_Options" id="Setting_Options">Setting
Options</a></td>
<td>3.3 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Setting_Options">Setting
Options</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Table <a name="Collation_Settings" href=
"#Collation_Settings" id="Collation_Settings">Collation
Settings</a></td>
<td>Table <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Collation_Settings">Collation
Settings</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.4 <a name="Rules" href="#Rules" id=
"Rules">Collation Rule Syntax</a></td>
<td>3.4 <a href="tr35-collation.html#Rules">Collation Rule
Syntax</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.5 <a name="Orderings" href="#Orderings" id=
"Orderings">Orderings</a></td>
<td>3.5 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Orderings">Orderings</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.6 <a name="Contractions" href="#Contractions" id=
"Contractions">Contractions</a></td>
<td>3.6 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Contractions">Contractions</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.7 <a name="Expansions" href="#Expansions" id=
"Expansions">Expansions</a></td>
<td>3.7 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Expansions">Expansions</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.8 <a name="Context_Before" href="#Context_Before"
id="Context_Before">Context Before</a></td>
<td>3.8 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Context_Before">Context
Before</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.9 <a name="Placing_Characters_Before_Others" href=
"#Placing_Characters_Before_Others" id=
"Placing_Characters_Before_Others">Placing Characters
Before Others</a></td>
<td>3.9 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Placing_Characters_Before_Others">Placing
Characters Before Others</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.10 <a name="Logical_Reset_Positions" href=
"#Logical_Reset_Positions" id=
"Logical_Reset_Positions">Logical Reset Positions</a></td>
<td>3.10 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Logical_Reset_Positions">Logical Reset
Positions</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.11 <a name="Special_Purpose_Commands" href=
"#Special_Purpose_Commands" id=
"Special_Purpose_Commands">Special-Purpose
Commands</a></td>
<td>3.11 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Special_Purpose_Commands">Special-Purpose
Commands</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.12 <a name="Script_Reordering" href=
"#Script_Reordering" id="Script_Reordering">Collation
Reordering</a></td>
<td>3.12 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Script_Reordering">Collation
Reordering</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.13 <a name="Case_Parameters" href=
"#Case_Parameters" id="Case_Parameters">Case
Parameters</a></td>
<td>3.13 <a href="tr35-collation.html#Case_Parameters">Case
Parameters</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Definition: <a name="UncasedExceptions" href=
"#UncasedExceptions" id=
"UncasedExceptions">UncasedExceptions</a></td>
<td>removed: see 3.13 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Case_Parameters">Case
Parameters</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Definition: <a name="LowerExceptions" href=
"#LowerExceptions" id=
"LowerExceptions">LowerExceptions</a></td>
<td>removed: see 3.13 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Case_Parameters">Case
Parameters</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Definition: <a name="UpperExceptions" href=
"#UpperExceptions" id=
"UpperExceptions">UpperExceptions</a></td>
<td>removed: see 3.13 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Case_Parameters">Case
Parameters</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.14.14 <a name="Visibility" href="#Visibility" id=
"Visibility">Visibility</a></td>
<td>3.14 <a href=
"tr35-collation.html#Visibility">Visibility</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">
<caption>
<a href="#Part_6_Links" name="Part_6_Links" id=
"Part_6_Links">Part 6 Links</a>: <a href=
"tr35-info.html">Supplemental</a> (supplemental data)
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old section</th>
<th>Section in new part</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C <a name="Supplemental_Data" href="#Supplemental_Data"
id="Supplemental_Data">Supplemental Data</a></td>
<td>Introduction <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Data">Supplemental
Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.2 <a name="Supplemental_Territory_Containment" href=
"#Supplemental_Territory_Containment" id=
"Supplemental_Territory_Containment">Supplemental Territory
Containment</a></td>
<td>1.1 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Territory_Containment">Supplemental
Territory Containment</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.4 <a name="Supplemental_Territory_Information" href=
"#Supplemental_Territory_Information" id=
"Supplemental_Territory_Information">Supplemental Territory
Information</a></td>
<td>1.2 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Territory_Information">Supplemental
Territory Information</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.3 <a name="Supplemental_Language_Data" href=
"#Supplemental_Language_Data" id=
"Supplemental_Language_Data">Supplemental Language
Data</a></td>
<td>2 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Language_Data">Supplemental
Language Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.9 <a name="Supplemental_Code_Mapping" href=
"#Supplemental_Code_Mapping" id=
"Supplemental_Code_Mapping">Supplemental Code
Mapping</a></td>
<td>4 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Code_Mapping">Supplemental
Code Mapping</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.12 <a name="Telephone_Code_Data" href=
"#Telephone_Code_Data" id="Telephone_Code_Data">Telephone
Code Data</a></td>
<td>5 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Telephone_Code_Data">Telephone Code
Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.14 <a name="Postal_Code_Validation" href=
"#Postal_Code_Validation" id=
"Postal_Code_Validation">Postal Code Validation</a></td>
<td>6 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Postal_Code_Validation">Postal Code
Validation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C.8 <a name="Supplemental_Character_Fallback_Data"
href="#Supplemental_Character_Fallback_Data" id=
"Supplemental_Character_Fallback_Data">Supplemental
Character Fallback Data</a></td>
<td>7 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Character_Fallback_Data">Supplemental
Character Fallback Data</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>M <a name="Coverage_Levels" href="#Coverage_Levels" id=
"Coverage_Levels">Coverage Levels</a></td>
<td>8 <a href="tr35-info.html#Coverage_Levels">Coverage
Levels</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5.20 <a name="Metadata_Elements" href=
"tr35-info.html#Metadata_Elements" id=
"Metadata_Elements">Metadata Elements</a></td>
<td>10 <a href="tr35-info.html#Metadata_Elements">Locale
Metadata Element</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P <a name="Appendix_Supplemental_Metadata" href=
"tr35-info.html#Appendix_Supplemental_Metadata" id=
"Appendix_Supplemental_Metadata">Supplemental
Metadata</a><br>
P.1 <a name="Supplemental_Alias_Information" href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Alias_Information" id=
"Supplemental_Alias_Information">Supplemental Alias
Information</a><br>
P.2 <a name="Supplemental_Deprecated_Information" href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Deprecated_Information" id=
"Supplemental_Deprecated_Information">Supplemental
Deprecated Information</a><br>
P.3 <a name="Default_Content" href=
"tr35-info.html#Default_Content" id=
"Default_Content">Default Content</a></td>
<td>9 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Appendix_Supplemental_Metadata">Supplemental
Metadata</a><br>
9.1 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Alias_Information">Supplemental
Alias Information</a><br>
9.2 <a href=
"tr35-info.html#Supplemental_Deprecated_Information">Supplemental
Deprecated Information</a><br>
9.3 <a href="tr35-info.html#Default_Content">Default
Content</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1" width="100%">
<caption>
<a href="#Part_7_Links" name="Part_7_Links" id=
"Part_7_Links">Part 7 Links</a>: <a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html">Keyboards</a> (keyboard mappings)
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Old section</th>
<th>Section in new part</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Keyboards" href="#Keyboards" id=
"Keyboards">Keyboards</a></td>
<td>1 <a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Keyboards">Keyboards</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Goals_and_Nongoals" href=
"#Goals_and_Nongoals" id="Goals_and_Nongoals">Goals and
Nongoals</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Goals_and_Nongoals">Goals
and Nongoals</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="File_and_Dir_Structure" href=
"#File_and_Dir_Structure" id="File_and_Dir_Structure">File
and Directory Structure</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#File_and_Dir_Structure">File and
Directory Structure</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_Heirarchy_Layout_File" href=
"#Element_Heirarchy_Layout_File" id=
"Element_Heirarchy_Layout_File">Element Hierarchy - Layout
File</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Element_Heirarchy_Layout_File">Element
Hierarchy - Layout File</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_Heirarchy_Platform_File" href=
"#Element_Heirarchy_Platform_File" id=
"Element_Heirarchy_Platform_File">Element Hierarchy -
Platform File</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Element_Heirarchy_Platform_File">Element
Hierarchy - Platform File</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Invariants" href="#Invariants" id=
"Invariants">Invariants</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Invariants">Invariants</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Data_Sources" href="#Data_Sources" id=
"Data_Sources">Data Sources</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Data_Sources">Data
Sources</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Keyboard_IDs" href="#Keyboard_IDs" id=
"Keyboard_IDs">Keyboard IDs</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Keyboard_IDs">Keyboard
IDs</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Platform_Behaviors_in_Edge_Cases" href=
"#Platform_Behaviors_in_Edge_Cases" id=
"Platform_Behaviors_in_Edge_Cases">Platform Behaviors in
Edge Cases</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Platform_Behaviors_in_Edge_Cases">Platform
Behaviors in Edge Cases</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_Keyboard" href="#Element_Keyboard"
id="Element_Keyboard">Element: keyboard</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_Keyboard">Element:
keyboard</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_version" href="#Element_version" id=
"Element_version">Element: version</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_version">Element:
version</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_generation" href=
"#Element_generation" id="Element_generation">Element:
generation</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Element_generation">Element:
generation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_names" href="#Element_names" id=
"Element_names">Element: names</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_names">Element:
names</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_name" href="#Element_name" id=
"Element_name">Element: name</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_name">Element:
name</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_settings" href="#Element_settings"
id="Element_settings">Element: settings</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_settings">Element:
settings</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_keyMap" href="#Element_keyMap" id=
"Element_keyMap">Element: keyMap</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_keyMap">Element:
keyMap</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_map" href="#Element_map" id=
"Element_map">Element: map</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_map">Element:
map</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_transforms" href=
"#Element_transforms" id="Element_transforms">Element:
transforms</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Element_transforms">Element:
transforms</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_transform" href="#Element_transform"
id="Element_transform">Element: transform</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Element_transform">Element:
transform</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_platform" href="#Element_platform"
id="Element_platform">Element: platform</a></td>
<td><a href="tr35-keyboards.html#Element_platform">Element:
platform</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Element_hardwareMap" href=
"#Element_hardwareMap" id="Element_hardwareMap">Element:
hardwareMap</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Element_hardwareMap">Element:
hardwareMap</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>S <a name="Principles_for_Keyboard_Ids" href=
"#Principles_for_Keyboard_Ids" id=
"Principles_for_Keyboard_Ids">Principles for Keyboard
Ids</a></td>
<td><a href=
"tr35-keyboards.html#Principles_for_Keyboard_Ids">Principles
for Keyboard Ids</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2><a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" name="LocaleId_Canonicalization">Annex C. LocaleId Canonicalization</a></h2>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>The languageAlias, scriptAlias, territoryAlias, and variantAlias elements are used as rules to transform an input <em>source localeId</em>. The first step is to transform the <em>languageId</em> portion of the localeId. <br>
</p>
<blockquote>Note: in the following discussion, the separator '-' is used. That is also used in examples of XML alias data, even though for compatibility reasons that alias data actually uses '_' as a separator. The processing can also be applied to syntax while maintaining the separator '_', <em>mutatis mutandis</em>. CLDR also uses &ldquo;territory&rdquo; and &ldquo;region&rdquo; interchangeably.</blockquote>
<h3 >Definitions</h3>
<h4 >1. Multimap interpretation</h4>
<p>Interpret each languageId as a multimap from a <em>fieldId</em> (language, script, region, variants) to a <strong>set</strong> of field values.</p>
<p><em>Examples:</em></p>
<a ></a><a ></a>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><p> </p>
<p><strong>Source</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Fields</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Language</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Script</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Region</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Variants</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>en-GB</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{en}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{GB}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{}</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>und-GB</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{GB}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{}</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>ja-Latn-YU-hepburn-heploc</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{ja}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{Latn}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{YU}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{hepburn, heploc}</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>This can be represented as an abbreviated format: {L={ja}, S={Latn}, R={YU}, V={hepburn, heploc}}, skipping empty sets.</li>
<li>&ldquo;und&rdquo; is a special language code that is treated as an empty set.</li>
<li>Of course, only the Variants can contain more than one item: the others are either empty or contain exactly 1 item.</li>
</ul>
<h4 >2. Alias elements</h4>
<p>For the languageAlias elements, the <em>type</em> and <em>replacements</em> are languageIds.</p>
<p>For the script-, territory- (aka region), and variant- Alias elements, the type and replacements are interpreted as a languageIds, <em>after</em> prefixing with &ldquo;und-&rdquo;. Thus</p>
<code>&lt;territoryAlias type="AN" replacement="CW SX BQ" reason="deprecated"/&gt;</code>
<p>is interpreted as:</p>
<code>&lt;territoryAlias type="und-AN" replacement="und-CW und-SX und-BQ" reason="deprecated"/&gt;</code>
<p>Note that for the case of territoryAlias, there may be multiple replacement values separated by spaces in the text (such as replacement="und-CW und-SX und-BQ"); other rules only ever have a single replacement value.</p>
<p> </p>
<h4 >3. Matches</h4>
<p>A rule matches a source if and only for all fields, each <em>source</em> field ⊇ <em>type</em> field.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>Examples:</em></p>
<p>source=&ldquo;ja-heploc-hepburn&rdquo; and type=&rdquo;und-hepburn&rdquo;</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{ja} ⊇ {} </p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>success, und = {}</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{hepburn, heploc} ⊇ {hepburn}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>success</strong></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>so the rule matches the source. (Note that order of variants is immaterial to matching)</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p> </p>
<p>source=&ldquo;ja-hepburn&rdquo; and type=&rdquo;und-hepburn-heploc&rdquo;</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{ja} ⊇ {} </p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>success, und = {}</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{hepburn} ⊉ {hepburn, heploc}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>failure</strong></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>so the rule does not match the source.</p></blockquote>
<h4 >4. Replacement</h4>
<p>A matching rule can be used to transform the source fields as follows</p>
<ul>
<li>if type.field ≠ {}
<ul>
<li>source.field = (source.field - type.field) ∪ replacement.field</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>else if source.field = {} and replacement.field ≠ {}
<ul>
<li>source.field = replacement.field</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<blockquote><p>source=ja-Latn-fonipa-hepburn-heploc</p>
<p>rule =&rdquo;&lt;languageAlias type="und-hepburn-heploc"</p>
<p>replacement="und-alalc97"&gt;&rdquo;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>result=&rdquo;ja-Latn-alalc97-fonipa&rdquo; // note that CLDR canonical order of variants is alphabetical</p></blockquote>
<h5 >Territory Exception</h5>
<p>If the field = territory, and the replacement.field has more than one value, then look up the most likely territory* for the base language code (and script, if there is one). If that likely territory is in the list of replacements, use it. Otherwise, use the first territory in the list.</p>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<blockquote><p>source=ja-Latn-fonipa-hepburn-heploc</p>
<p>rule =&rdquo;&lt;languageAlias type="und-hepburn-heploc"</p>
<p>replacement="und-alalc97"&gt;&rdquo;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>result=&rdquo;ja-Latn-alalc97-fonipa&rdquo; <em>// note that CLDR canonical order of variants is alphabetical</em></p>
</blockquote>
<h4>5. Canonicalizing Syntax</h4>
<p>To canonicalize the syntax of <em>source</em>: </p>
<ul>
<li>Initial Script Subtag
<ul>
<li>If the first subtag has 4 letters, prepend the source with &quot;und-&quot;</li>
<li>Note: These are only for specialized use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Casing
<ul>
<li>Put any script subtag into title case (eg, Hant)</li>
<li>Put any region subtag int uppercase (eg, DE)</li>
<li>Put all other subtags into lowercase (eg, en, fonipa)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Order
<ul>
<li>Put any variants into alphabetical order (eg, en-fonipa-scouse, not en-scouse-fonipa)</li>
<li>Put any extensions into alphabetical order by their singleton (eg, en-t-xxx-u-yyy, not en-u-yyy-t-xxx)</li>
<li>Put all attributes into alphabetical order.</li>
<li>Put all &lt;keywords, tfields&gt; pairs into alphabetical order of their keys, within their respective extensions.</li>
<li>Remove any type or tfield value of "true"</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Separator
<ul>
<li>Replace '_' by '-' </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 >Preprocessing</h3>
<p>The data from supplementalMetadata is (logically) preprocessed as follows.</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>Load the rules from supplementalMetadata.xml, replacing '_' by '-', and adding &ldquo;und-&rdquo; as described in <em>Definition 2. Alias Elements</em>.</li>
<li>Capture all languageAlias rules where the <em>type</em> is an invalid languageId into a set of <strong>BCP47 LegacyRules</strong>. Example:
<ol>
<li>&lt;languageAlias type="i-mingo" replacement="see-x-i-mingo" reason="legacy"/&gt;</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Discard all rules where the <em>type</em> is an invalid languageId. Examples are
<ol>
<li>&lt;languageAlias type="i-mingo" replacement="see-x-i-mingo" reason="legacy"/&gt;</li>
<li>&lt;territoryAlias type="und-AAA" replacement="und-AA" reason="overlong"/&gt;</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Change the <em>type</em> and <em>replacement</em> values in the remaining rules into multimap rules, as per <em>Definition 1. Multimap Interpretation</em>.
<ol>
<li>Note that the &ldquo;und&rdquo; value disappears.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Order the set of rules by
<ol>
<li>the size of the union of all field value sets, with largest size first</li>
<li>and then alphabetically by field.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>The result is the set of <strong>Alias Rules</strong></li>
</ol>
<p> </p>
<p>So using the examples above, we get the following order:</p>
<table class='simple'>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>languageId</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>size of union</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p><strong>Alpha</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{V={hepburn, heploc}}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>n/a</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{L={en}, R={GB}}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><p>en &lt; fr</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{L={fr}, R={CA}}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>{R={CA}}</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>1</p></td>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><p>n/a</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<blockquote><strong>Note: </strong>The secondary sort order in Preprocessing step 5.2 is only to ensure determinant results when two rules &ldquo;of the same length&rdquo; could apply.</blockquote>
<h3 >Processing LanguageIds</h3>
<p>To canonicalize a given <em>source</em>:</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>Canonicalize the syntax of <em>source</em> as per <em>Definition 5. Canonicalizing Syntax</em>.</li>
<li>Where the <em>source</em> could be an arbitrary BCP 47 language tag, first process as follows:
<ol>
<li>If the source is identical to one of the types in the BCP47 LegacyRules, replace the entire source by the replacement value.</li>
<li>Else if there is an extlang subtag, then apply Step 3 of <a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47%23section-4.5&amp;sa=D&amp;ust=1600829915065000&amp;usg=AOvVaw12vD5EzoVl3VFzEyrECMj-">https://tools.ietf.org/html/bcp47#section-4.5</a> to remove the extlang subtag (possibly adjusting the language subtag).
<ol>
<li>Don&rsquo;t apply any of the other canonicalization steps in that section, however.</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Else if the first subtag is "x", prefix by "und-".</li>
<li><strong>Note: </strong>there are currently no valid 4-letter primary language subtags. While it is extremely unlikely that BCP47 would ever register them, if so then <i>languageAlias</i> mappings will be supplied for them, mapping to defined CLDR language subtags (from the idStatus=&quot;reserved&quot; set).</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Find the first matching rule in <strong>Alias Rules</strong> (from <strong>Preprocessing</strong>)
<ol>
<li>If there are none, return <em>source</em></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Transform <em>source</em> according to that rule</li>
<li>loop (goto #3)</li>
</ol>
<h2 >Processing LocaleIds</h2>
<p>The canonicalization of localeIds is done by first canonicalizing the languageId portion, then handling extensions in the following way:</p>
<ol start="1">
<li>Replace any <em>tlang</em> languageId value by its canonicalization.</li>
<li>Use the bcp47 data to replace keys, types, tfields, and tvalues by their canonical forms. See <strong>Section 3.6.4 U Extension Data Files</strong> and <strong>Section 3.7.1 T Extension Data Files</strong>. The matches are in the alias attribute value, while the canonical replacement is in the name attribute value. For example:
<ol>
<li>Because of the following bcp47 data:<br>
<code>&lt;key name="ms"…&gt;…&lt;type name="uksystem" … alias="imperial" … /&gt;…&lt;/key&gt;</code></li>
<li>We get the following transformation:<br>
<code>en-u-ms-imperial ⇒ en-u-ms-uksystem</code></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>If there is an 'sd' or 'rg' key, replace any subdivision alias in its value in the same way, using subdivisionAlias data.</li>
</ol>
<h2 >Optimizations</h2>
<p>The above algorithm is a logical statement of the process, but would obviously not be directly suited to production code. Production-level code can use many optimizations for efficiency while achieving the same result. For example, the Alias Rules can be further preprocessed to avoid indefinite looping, instead doing a rule lookup once per subtag. As another example, the small number of <strong>Territory Exceptions</strong> can be preprocessed to avoid the likely subtags processing.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="References" href="#References" id=
"References">References</a></h2>
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="noborder" border=
"0">
<tr>
<th class="noborder" width="148">Ancillary Information</th>
<td class="noborder" width="730"><i>To properly localize,
parse, and format data requires ancillary information,
which is not expressed in Locale Data Markup Language. Some
of the formats for values used in Locale Data Markup
Language are constructed according to external
specifications. The sources for this data and/or formats
include the following:<br>
&nbsp;</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Bugs" href=
"#Bugs" id="Bugs">Bugs</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">CLDR Bug Reporting
form<br>
<a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports">http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Charts" href=
"#Charts" id="Charts">Charts</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">The online code charts can
be found at <a href=
"https://unicode.org/charts/">https://unicode.org/charts/</a>
An index to character names with links to the corresponding
chart is found at <a href=
"https://unicode.org/charts/charindex.html">https://unicode.org/charts/charindex.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="DUCET" href=
"#DUCET" id="DUCET">DUCET</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">The Default Unicode
Collation Element Table (DUCET)<br>
For the base-level collation, of which all the collation
tables in this document are tailorings.<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode.org/reports/tr10/#Default_Unicode_Collation_Element_Table">
https://unicode.org/reports/tr10/#Default_Unicode_Collation_Element_Table</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="FAQ" href="#FAQ"
id="FAQ">FAQ</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" valign="top" width="730">Unicode
Frequently Asked Questions<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode.org/faq/">https://unicode.org/faq/<br></a>
<i>For answers to common questions on technical
issues.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="FCD" href="#FCD"
id="FCD">FCD</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">As defined in UTN #5
Canonical Equivalences in Applications<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode.org/notes/tn5/">https://unicode.org/notes/tn5/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Glossary" href=
"#Glossary" id="Glossary">Glossary</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Unicode Glossary<a href=
"https://unicode.org/glossary/"><br>
https://unicode.org/glossary/<br></a> <i>For explanations of
terminology used in this and other documents.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="JavaChoice"
href="#JavaChoice" id="JavaChoice">JavaChoice</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Java ChoiceFormat<br>
<a href=
"https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/ChoiceFormat.html">
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/ChoiceFormat.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Olson" href=
"#Olson" id="Olson">Olson</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">The <i>TZ</i>ID Database
(aka Olson timezone database)<br>
Time zone and daylight savings information.<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iana.org/time-zones">https://www.iana.org/time-zones</a><br>
For archived data, see&nbsp;<br>
<a href=
"ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Reports" href=
"#Reports" id="Reports">Reports</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Unicode Technical
Reports<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode.org/reports/">https://unicode.org/reports/<br>
</a> <i>For information on the status and development
process for technical reports, and for a list of technical
reports.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Unicode" href=
"#Unicode" id="Unicode">Unicode</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">The Unicode Consortium, <i>The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0.0</i><br>
(Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium, 2020. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9)<br>
<a href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/">https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Versions" href=
"#Versions" id="Versions">Versions</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Versions of the Unicode
Standard<br>
<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/versions/">https://www.unicode.org/versions/</a><br>
<i>For information on version numbering, and citing and
referencing the Unicode Standard, the Unicode Character
Database, and Unicode Technical Reports.</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="XPath" href=
"#XPath" id="XPath">XPath</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730"><a href=
"https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/">https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="noborder" width="148">Other Standards</th>
<td class="noborder" width="730"><i>Various standards
define codes that are used as keys or values in Locale Data
Markup Language. These include:</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder">[<a name="BCP47" href="#BCP47" id=
"BCP47">BCP47</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder">
<a href=
"https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt">https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/bcp/bcp47.txt</a>
<p>The Registry<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry">
https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ISO639" href=
"#ISO639" id="ISO639">ISO639</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ISO Language Codes<br>
<a href=
"https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/</a><br>
Actual List<br>
<a href=
"https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/langcodes.html">https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/langcodes.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ISO1000" href=
"#ISO1000" id="ISO1000">ISO1000</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ISO 1000: SI units and
recommendations for the use of their multiples and of
certain other units, International Organization for
Standardization, 1992.<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=5448">https://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=5448</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ISO3166" href=
"#ISO3166" id="ISO3166">ISO3166</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ISO Region Codes<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes">https://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes</a><br>
Actual List<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#search</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ISO4217" href=
"#ISO4217" id="ISO4217">ISO4217</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">
ISO Currency Codes<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/currency_codes.htm">
https://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/currency_codes.htm</a>
<p><i>(Note that as of this point, there are significant
problems with this list. The supplemental data file
contains the best compendium of currency information
available.)</i></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ISO8601" href=
"#ISO8601" id="ISO8601">ISO8601</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ISO Date and Time
Format<br>
<a href=
"https://www.iso.org/iso/iso8601">https://www.iso.org/iso/iso8601</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ISO15924" href=
"#ISO15924" id="ISO15924">ISO15924</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ISO Script Codes<br>
<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/index.html">https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/index.html</a><br>
Actual List<br>
<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/codelists.html">https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/codelists.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="LOCODE" href=
"#LOCODE" id="LOCODE">LOCODE</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">United Nations Code for
Trade and Transport Locations, commonly known as
"UN/LOCODE"<br>
<a href=
"https://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/welcome.html">https://www.unece.org/cefact/locode/welcome.html</a><br>
Download at:&nbsp;<a href=
"https://www.unece.org/cefact/codesfortrade/codes_index.htm">&nbsp;https://www.unece.org/cefact/codesfortrade/codes_index.htm</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="RFC6067" href=
"#RFC6067" id="RFC6067">RFC6067</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">BCP 47 Extension U<br>
<a href=
"https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6067.txt">https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6067.txt</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="RFC6497" href=
"#RFC6497" id="RFC6497">RFC6497</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">BCP 47 Extension T -
Transformed Content<br>
<a href=
"https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6497.txt">https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc6497.txt</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="UNM49" href=
"#UNM49" id="UNM49">UNM49</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">
UN M.49: UN Statistics Division
<p>Country or area &amp; region codes<br>
<a href=
"https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm</a></p>
<p>Composition of macro geographical (continental)
regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic
and other groupings<br>
<a href=
"https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm</a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="XMLSchema" href=
"#XMLSchema" id="XMLSchema">XML Schema</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">W3C XML Schema<br>
<a href=
"https://www.w3.org/XML/Schema">https://www.w3.org/XML/Schema</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="noborder" width="148">General</th>
<td class="noborder" width="730"><i>The following are
general references from the text:</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ByType" href=
"#ByType" id="ByType">ByType</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">CLDR Comparison Charts<br>
<a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/cldr/comparison_charts.html">https://www.unicode.org/cldr/comparison_charts.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Calendars" href=
"#Calendars" id="Calendars">Calendars</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Calendrical Calculations:
The Millennium Edition by Edward M. Reingold, Nachum
Dershowitz; Cambridge University Press; Book and CD-ROM
edition (July 1, 2001); ISBN: 0521777526. Note that the
algorithms given in this book are copyrighted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="Comparisons"
href="#Comparisons" id="Comparisons">Comparisons</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Comparisons between locale
data from different sources<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/cldr-staging/charts/38/supplemental/dtd_deltas.html">https://unicode-org.github.io/cldr-staging/charts/38/supplemental/dtd_deltas.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="CurrencyInfo"
href="#CurrencyInfo" id=
"CurrencyInfo">CurrencyInfo</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">UNECE Currency Data<br>
<a href=
"https://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables.html">https://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="DataFormats"
href="#DataFormats" id="DataFormats">DataFormats</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">CLDR Translation
Guidelines<br>
<a href=
"http://cldr.unicode.org/translation">http://cldr.unicode.org/translation</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="LDML" href=
"#LDML" id="LDML">Example</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">A sample in Locale Data
Markup Language<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldml-example.xml">https://unicode.org/cldr/dtd/1.1/ldml-example.xml</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ICUCollation"
href="#ICUCollation" id=
"ICUCollation">ICUCollation</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ICU rule syntax<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/collation/customization/">
https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/collation/customization/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ICUTransforms"
href="#ICUTransforms" id=
"ICUTransforms">ICUTransforms</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Transforms<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/transforms/">
https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/transforms/</a><br>
Transforms Demo<br>
<a href=
"http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/translit/">http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/translit/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ICUUnicodeSet"
href="#ICUUnicodeSet" id=
"ICUUnicodeSet">ICUUnicodeSet</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ICU UnicodeSet<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/strings/unicodeset.html">https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/strings/unicodeset.html<br>
</a> API<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/icu-docs/apidoc/released/icu4j/com/ibm/icu/text/UnicodeSet.html">
https://unicode-org.github.io/icu-docs/apidoc/released/icu4j/com/ibm/icu/text/UnicodeSet.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="ITUE164" href=
"#ITUE164" id="ITUE164">ITUE164</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">International
Telecommunication Union: List Of ITU Recommendation E.164
Assigned Country Codes<br>
available at <a href=
"https://www.itu.int/opb/publications.aspx?parent=T-SP&amp;view=T-SP2">
https://www.itu.int/opb/publications.aspx?parent=T-SP&amp;view=T-SP2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="LocaleExplorer"
href="#LocaleExplorer" id=
"LocaleExplorer">LocaleExplorer</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">ICU Locale Explorer<br>
<a href=
"http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/locexp">http://demo.icu-project.org/icu-bin/locexp</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="localeProject"
href="#localeProject" id=
"localeProject">LocaleProject</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Common Locale Data
Repository Project<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode.org/cldr/">https://unicode.org/cldr/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="NamingGuideline"
href="#NamingGuideline" id=
"NamingGuideline">NamingGuideline</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">OpenI18N Locale Naming
Guideline<br>
formerly at
https://www.openi18n.org/docs/text/LocNameGuide-V10.txt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="RBNF" href=
"#RBNF" id="RBNF">RBNF</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Rule-Based Number
Format<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/icu-docs/apidoc/released/icu4c/classicu_1_1RuleBasedNumberFormat.html">
https://unicode-org.github.io/icu-docs/apidoc/released/icu4c/classicu_1_1RuleBasedNumberFormat.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="RBBI" href=
"#RBBI" id="RBBI">RBBI</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Rule-Based Break
Iterator<br>
<a href=
"https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/boundaryanalysis">
https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/boundaryanalysis</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="UCAChart" href=
"#UCAChart" id="UCAChart">UCAChart</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Collation Chart<a href=
"https://unicode.org/charts/collation/"><br>
https://unicode.org/charts/collation/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="UTCInfo" href=
"#UTCInfo" id="UTCInfo">UTCInfo</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">NIST Time and Frequency
Division Home Page<br>
<a href="https://tf.nist.gov/">https://tf.nist.gov/<br></a>
U.S. Naval Observatory: What is Universal Time?<br>
<a href=
"https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time">https://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/time/master-clock/systems-of-time</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="noborder" width="148">[<a name="WindowsCulture"
href="#WindowsCulture" id=
"WindowsCulture">WindowsCulture</a>]</td>
<td class="noborder" width="730">Windows Culture Info
(with&nbsp; mappings from [<a href=
"#BCP47">BCP47</a>]-style codes to LCIDs)<br>
<a href=
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.globalization.cultureinfo(vs.71).aspx">
http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.globalization.cultureinfo(vs.71).aspx</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="Acknowledgments" href="#Acknowledgments" id=
"Acknowledgments">Acknowledgments</a></h2>
<p>Special thanks to the following people for their continuing
overall contributions to the CLDR project, and for their
specific contributions in the following areas. These
descriptions only touch on the many contributions that they
have made.</p>
<ul>
<li>Mark
Davis for creating the initial version of LDML, and
adding to and maintaining this specification, and for his
work on the LDML code and tests, much of the supplemental
data and overall structure, and transforms and
keyboards.</li>
<li>John Emmons for the POSIX conversion tool and
metazones.</li>
<li>Deborah Goldsmith for her contributions to LDML
architecture and this specification.</li>
<li>Chris Hansten for coordinating and managing data
submissions and vetting.</li>
<li>Erkki Kolehmainen and his team for their work on
Finnish.</li>
<li>Steven R. Loomis for development of the survey tool and
database management.</li>
<li>Peter Nugent for his contributions to the POSIX tool and
from Open Office, and for coordinating and managing data
submissions and vetting.</li>
<li>George Rhoten for his work on currencies.</li>
<li>Roozbeh Pournader (روزبه پورنادر) for his work on South
Asian countries.</li>
<li>Ram Viswanadha (రఘురామ్ విశ్వనాధ) for all of his work on
LDML code and data integration, and for coordinating and
managing data submissions and vetting.</li>
<li>Vladimir Weinstein (Владимир Вајнштајн) for his work on
collation.</li>
<li>Yoshito Umaoka (馬岡 由人) for his work on the timezone
architecture.</li>
<li>Rick McGowan for his work gathering language, script and
region data.</li>
<li>Xiaomei Ji (吉晓梅) for her work on time intervals and
plural formatting.</li>
<li>David Bertoni for his contributions to the conversion
tools.</li>
<li>Mike Tardif for reviewing this specification and for
coordinating and vetting data submissions.</li>
<li>Peter Edberg for work on this specification,
monthPatterns, cyclicNameSets, contextTransforms and other
items.</li>
<li>Raymond Wainman and Cibu Johny for their work on
keyboards.</li>
<li>Jennifer Chye for her contributions to the conversion
tools.</li>
<li>Markus Scherer for a major rewrite of Part 5, Collation.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.sffc.xyz/">Shane Carr</a> for his work on numbers and measurement units.</li>
<li>Robin Leroy for his work on compact plurals: Part 3, Section 5, <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Language_Plural_Rules">Language Plural
Rules</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Other contributors to CLDR are listed on the <a href=
"https://www.unicode.org/cldr/">CLDR Project Page</a>.</p>
<h2><a name="Modifications" href="#Modifications" id=
"Modifications">Modifications</a></h2>
<p><b>Revision 61</b></p>
<ul>
<li><b>Reissued</b> for CLDR 38.</li>
<li><strong>Part 1: <a href="tr35.html#Contents">Core</a> (languages, locales, basic structure)</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Section 3.2.1 <a href="#Canonical_Unicode_Locale_Identifiers">Canonical Unicode Locale Identifiers</a></strong>: replaced text by a reference to <strong>Annex C. <a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" >LocaleId Canonicalization</a></strong>
<li><strong>Section 3.3.1 <a href=
"#BCP_47_Language_Tag_Conversion" >BCP 47 Language Tag
Conversion</a>:</strong> replaced text by a reference to <strong>Annex C. <a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" >LocaleId Canonicalization</a></strong></li>
<li><strong>Section 3.6.1 <a href="#Key_And_Type_Definitions_" >Key And Type Definitions</a></strong>:
added new key “dx”, for <a href="#UnicodeDictionaryBreakExclusionIdentifier" >Unicode Dictionary Break Exclusion Identifier</a>.</li>
<li><strong>Section 3.6.4 <a href="#Unicode_Locale_Extension_Data_Files" >U Extension Data Files</a></strong>:
added description of <a href="#SCRIPT_CODE" >SCRIPT_CODE</a> value for key “dx”.</li>
<li><strong>Section 4.1.2 <a href="#Lateral_Inheritance">Lateral Inheritance</a>: </strong>specified lateral inheritance in more detail, added case and gender.</li>
<li><strong>Annex C. <a href="#LocaleId_Canonicalization" >LocaleId Canonicalization</a></strong>
<ul>
<li>Added new Annex, replacing text in <strong>Section 3.2.1 <a href="#Canonical_Unicode_Locale_Identifiers">Canonical Unicode Locale Identifiers</a></strong> and <strong>Section 3.3.1 <a href=
"#BCP_47_Language_Tag_Conversion" >BCP 47 Language Tag
Conversion</a></strong></li>
<li>Cleans up ambiguities in the previous specification of canonicalization. (This was done in concert with fixes to the alias data to work better with the specification.)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Part 2: <a href="tr35-general.html#Contents">General</a> (display names &amp;transforms, etc.)</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Section 6 <a href="tr35-general.html#Unit_Elements">Unit Elements</a></strong>
<ul>
<li>Added new element compoundUnitPattern1</li>
<li>Added case attribute to compoundUnitPattern</li>
<li>Provided full description of compound unit components</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 14.2 <a href="tr35-general.html#Character_Labels">Annotations Character Labels</a></strong>
<ul>
<li>Added new characterLabelPattern type attribute values subscript and superscript.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Section 16 <a href="tr35-general.html#Grammatical_Derivations">Grammatical Derivations</a></strong> — new</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Part 3: <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Contents">Numbers</a> (number &amp; currency formatting)</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Section 2.3 <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Number_Symbols">Number Symbols</a>:</strong>
added approximatelySign.</li>
<li><strong>Section 2.6 <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Minimal_Pairs">Minimal Pairs</a>:</strong> added case and
gender minimal pairs. Removed the alt/draft ATTLIST since those are documented elsewhere and just obfuscate
the text.</li>
<li><strong>Section 5 <a href="tr35-numbers.html#Language_Plural_Rules">Language Plural Rules</a>:</strong>
added the 'e' operand for use in certain compact number formatting.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Part 6: <a href="tr35-info.html#Contents">Supplemental</a> (supplemental data)</strong>
<ul>
<li><strong>Section 14 <a href="tr35-info.html#Unit_Preferences">Unit Preferences</a></strong>: defined the
userPreferences skeleton more precisely.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Throughout: </strong>Where possible, use “legacy” (for language tag or unit) instead of “grandfathered”.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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