common/transforms/am-am_FONIPA.xml - platform/external/cldr - Git at Google

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
 <!DOCTYPE supplementalData SYSTEM "../../common/dtd/ldmlSupplemental.dtd">
 <!-- Copyright © 1991-2015 Unicode, Inc.
 CLDR data files are interpreted according to the LDML specification (http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/)
 For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html -->
 <supplementalData>
 	<version number="$Revision$" />
 	<transforms>
 		<transform source="am" target="am_FONIPA" direction="both" alias="am-fonipa-t-am" backwardAlias="am-t-am-fonipa">
 			<tRule>
 # Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
 #
 # Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
 #     In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
 #     and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
 #     they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
 #     school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
 #     Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
 #     in a post-processing step.
 #
 # Labialization:
 #     Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
 #     labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
 #     Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
 #     transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
 #     set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
 #     such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/.
 #
 # References:
 #     [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
 #     for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
 #     retrieved on November 4, 2014.
 #     http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
 #     Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
 #     with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
 #     writes as */y/.

 $IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
 $IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}];

 # Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
 # Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
 # does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
 # not written in Amharic.
 $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}{d͡ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];

 ← [ ʼ  ͡  ͜  ̯];
 ::(null);

 # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
 # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
 # in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
 ሀ → ha;
 ሀ ← hə;
 ሁ ↔ hu;
 ሂ ↔ hi;
 ሃ ↔ ha;
 ሄ ↔ he;
 ህ ↔ hɨ;
 ሆ ↔ ho;
 ሇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ህ ← h;

 ለ ↔ lə;
 ሉ ↔ lu;
 ሊ ↔ li;
 ላ ↔ la;
 ሌ ↔ le;
 ል ↔ lɨ;
 ሎ ↔ lo;
 ⶀ → lo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ሏ ↔ lwa;
 ል ← l;

 # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
 # /ħə/.  However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
 # makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
 # are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/.  Also, according
 # to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
 # gets pronounced as /ha/.
 ሐ → ha;
 ሑ → hu;
 ሒ → hi;
 ሓ → ha;
 ሔ → he;
 ሕ → hɨ;
 ሖ → ho;
 ሗ → hwa;

 መ ↔ mə;
 ሙ ↔ mu;
 ሚ ↔ mi;
 ማ ↔ ma;
 ሜ ↔ me;
 ም ↔ mɨ;
 ሞ ↔ mo;
 ⶁ → mo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ᎀ → mwə;  # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎃ → mwu;  # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎁ → mwi;  # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ሟ ↔ mwa;
 ᎂ → mwe;  # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ፙ → mja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
 ም ← m;

 ሠ → sə;
 ሡ → su;
 ሢ → si;
 ሣ → sa;
 ሤ → se;
 ሥ → sɨ;
 ሦ → so;
 ሧ → swa;

 ረ ↔ rə;
 ሩ ↔ ru;
 ሪ ↔ ri;
 ራ ↔ ra;
 ሬ ↔ re;
 ር ↔ rɨ;
 ሮ ↔ ro;
 ⶂ → ro;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ሯ ↔ rwa;
 ፘ → rja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
 ር ← r;

 # Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
 ⶠ → ʃə;
 ⶡ → ʃu;
 ⶢ → ʃi;
 ⶣ → ʃa;
 ⶤ → ʃe;
 ⶥ → ʃɨ;
 ⶦ → ʃo;

 ሸ ↔ ʃə;
 ሹ ↔ ʃu;
 ሺ ↔ ʃi;
 ሻ ↔ ʃa;
 ሼ ↔ ʃe;
 ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
 ሾ ↔ ʃo;
 ⶄ → ʃo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
 ሽ ← ʃ;

 ቀ ↔ kʼə;
 ቁ ↔ kʼu;
 ቂ ↔ kʼi;
 ቃ ↔ kʼa;
 ቄ ↔ kʼe;
 ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
 ቆ ↔ kʼo;
 ቇ → kʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
 ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
 ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
 ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
 ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
 ቅ ← kʼ;

 # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
 # Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
 # When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
 # ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
 ቐ → kʼə;
 ቑ → kʼu;
 ቒ → kʼi;
 ቓ → kʼa;
 ቔ → kʼe;
 ቕ → kʼɨ;
 ቖ → kʼo;
 ቘ → kʼwə;
 ቝ → kʼwu;
 ቚ → kʼwi;
 ቛ → kʼwa;
 ቜ → kʼwe;

 # In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
 # In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
 ⷀ → kʼjə;
 ⷁ → kʼju;
 ⷂ → kʼji;
 ⷃ → kʼja;
 ⷄ → kʼje;
 ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
 ⷆ → kʼjo;

 በ ↔ bə;
 ቡ ↔ bu;
 ቢ ↔ bi;
 ባ ↔ ba;
 ቤ ↔ be;
 ብ ↔ bɨ;
 ቦ ↔ bo;
 ⶅ → bo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ᎄ → bwə;  # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎇ → bwu;  # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎅ → bwi;  # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ቧ → bwa;  # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎆ → bwe;  # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ብ ← b;

 ቨ ↔ və;
 ቩ ↔ vu;
 ቪ ↔ vi;
 ቫ ↔ va;
 ቬ ↔ ve;
 ቭ ↔ vɨ;
 ቮ ↔ vo;
 ቯ ↔ vwa;
 ቭ ← v;

 # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
 # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ.
 # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
 ⶨ → t͡ʃə;
 ⶩ → t͡ʃu;
 ⶪ → t͡ʃi;
 ⶫ → t͡ʃa;
 ⶬ → t͡ʃe;
 ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ;
 ⶮ → t͡ʃo;

 # In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
 # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
 # Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
 # an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
 # Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.

 ኀ → ha;
 ኁ → hu;
 ኂ → hi;
 ኃ → ha;
 ኄ → he;
 ኅ → hɨ;
 ኆ → ho;
 ኇ → ho;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ኈ → hwə;
 ኍ → hwu;
 ኊ → hwi;
 ኋ → hwa;
 ኌ → hwe;

 ነ ↔ nə;
 ኑ ↔ nu;
 ኒ ↔ ni;
 ና ↔ na;
 ኔ ↔ ne;
 ን ↔ nɨ;
 ኖ ↔ no;
 ⶈ → no;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ኗ ↔ nwa;
 ን ← n;

 ኘ ↔ ɲə;
 ኙ ↔ ɲu;
 ኚ ↔ ɲi;
 ኛ ↔ ɲa;
 ኜ ↔ ɲe;
 ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
 ኞ ↔ ɲo;
 ⶉ → ɲo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
 ኝ ← ɲ;

 # Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
 # However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
 # several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
 ዀ → hwə;
 ዂ → hwi;
 ዃ → hwa;
 ዄ → hwe;
 ዅ → hwɨ;
 ኸ → hə;
 ኹ → hu;
 ኺ → hi;
 ኻ → ha;
 ኼ → he;
 ኽ → hɨ;
 ኾ → ho;
 ዀ ← xwə;
 ዂ ← xwi;
 ዃ ← xwa;
 ዄ ← xwe;
 ዅ ← xwɨ;
 ዅ ← xw;
 ኸ ← xə;
 ኹ ← xu;
 ኺ ← xi;
 ኻ ← xa;
 ኼ ← xe;
 ኽ ← xɨ;
 ኾ ← xo;
 ኽ ← x;

 አ ↔ ʔə;
 ኡ ↔ ʔu;
 ኢ ↔ ʔi;
 ኣ ↔ ʔa;
 ኤ ↔ ʔe;
 እ ↔ ʔɨ;
 ኦ ↔ ʔo;
 ⶊ → ʔo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 እ ← ʔ;

 ከ ↔ kə;
 ኩ ↔ ku;
 ኪ ↔ ki;
 ካ ↔ ka;
 ኬ ↔ ke;
 ክ ↔ kɨ;
 ኮ ↔ ko;
 ኰ ↔ kwə;
 ኵ ↔ kwu;
 ኲ ↔ kwi;
 ኳ ↔ kwa;
 ኴ ↔ kwe;
 ክ ← k;

 # In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
 # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
 ⷈ → kə;
 ⷉ → ku;
 ⷊ → ki;
 ⷋ → ka;
 ⷌ → ke;
 ⷍ → kɨ;
 ⷎ → ko;

 # In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
 # according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
 # Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
 ⷐ → kə;
 ⷑ → ku;
 ⷒ → ki;
 ⷓ → ka;
 ⷔ → ke;
 ⷕ → kɨ;
 ⷖ → ko;

 ወ ↔ wə;
 ዉ ↔ wu;
 ዊ ↔ wi;
 ዋ ↔ wa;
 ዌ ↔ we;
 ው ↔ wɨ;
 ዎ ↔ wo;
 ዏ → wo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ው ← w;

 ዐ ↔ ʕə;
 ዑ ↔ ʕu;
 ዒ ↔ ʕi;
 ዓ ↔ ʕa;
 ዔ ↔ ʕe;
 ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
 ዖ ↔ ʕo;
 ዒ ← ʕ;

 ዘ ↔ zə;
 ዙ ↔ zu;
 ዚ ↔ zi;
 ዛ ↔ za;
 ዜ ↔ ze;
 ዝ ↔ zɨ;
 ዞ ↔ zo;
 ⶋ → zo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ዟ ↔ zwa;
 ዝ ← z;

 ዠ ↔ ʒə;
 ዡ ↔ ʒu;
 ዢ ↔ ʒi;
 ዣ ↔ ʒa;
 ዤ ↔ ʒe;
 ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
 ዦ ↔ ʒo;
 ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
 ዢ ← ʒ;

 # Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
 # “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
 # For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
 ⶰ → ʒə;
 ⶱ → ʒu;
 ⶲ → ʒi;
 ⶳ → ʒa;
 ⶴ → ʒe;
 ⶵ → ʒɨ;
 ⶶ → ʒo;

 የ ↔ jə;
 ዩ ↔ ju;
 ዪ ↔ ji;
 ያ ↔ ja;
 ዬ ↔ je;
 ይ ↔ jɨ;
 ዮ ↔ jo;
 ዯ → jo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ይ ← j;

 ጀ ↔ d͡ʒə;
 ጁ ↔ d͡ʒu;
 ጂ ↔ d͡ʒi;
 ጃ ↔ d͡ʒa;
 ጄ ↔ d͡ʒe;
 ጅ ↔ d͡ʒɨ;
 ጆ ↔ d͡ʒo;
 ጇ ↔ d͡ʒwa;
 ጅ ← d͡ʒ;

 ደ ↔ də;
 ዱ ↔ du;
 ዲ ↔ di;
 ዳ ↔ da;
 ዴ ↔ de;
 ድ ↔ dɨ;
 ዶ ↔ do;
 ⶌ → do;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ዷ ↔ dwa;
 ድ ← d;

 ገ ↔ ɡə;
 ጉ ↔ ɡu;
 ጊ ↔ ɡi;
 ጋ ↔ ɡa;
 ጌ ↔ ɡe;
 ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
 ጎ ↔ ɡo;
 ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
 ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
 ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
 ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
 ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
 ግ ← ɡ;

 # In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
 # Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
 # still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
 # foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
 # the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
 ጘ → ŋə;
 ጙ → ŋu;
 ጚ → ŋi;
 ጛ → ŋa;
 ጜ → ŋe;
 ጝ → ŋɨ;
 ጞ → ŋo;
 ⶓ → ŋwə;
 ⶖ → ŋwu;
 ⶔ → ŋwi;
 ጟ → ŋwa;
 ⶕ → ŋwe;

 # Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
 ጘ ← ɴə;
 ጙ ← ɴu;
 ጚ ← ɴi;
 ጛ ← ɴa;
 ጜ ← ɴe;
 ጝ ← ɴɨ;
 ጞ ← ɴo;
 ጝ ← ɴ;

 # In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
 # Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
 ⷘ → ɡə;
 ⷙ → ɡu;
 ⷚ → ɡi;
 ⷛ → ɡa;
 ⷜ → ɡe;
 ⷝ → ɡɨ;
 ⷞ → ɡo;

 ጠ ↔ tʼə;
 ጡ ↔ tʼu;
 ጢ ↔ tʼi;
 ጣ ↔ tʼa;
 ጤ ↔ tʼe;
 ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
 ጦ ↔ tʼo;
 ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
 ጢ ← tʼ;

 ጨ ↔ t͡ʃʼə;
 ጩ ↔ t͡ʃʼu;
 ጪ ↔ t͡ʃʼi;
 ጫ ↔ t͡ʃʼa;
 ጬ ↔ t͡ʃʼe;
 ጭ ↔ t͡ʃʼɨ;
 ጮ ↔ t͡ʃʼo;
 ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ጯ ↔ t͡ʃʼwa;
 ጪ ← t͡ʃʼ;

 # According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
 # (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex
 # ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
 # Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/.
 ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə;
 ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu;
 ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi;
 ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa;
 ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe;
 ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ;
 ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo;

 ቸ ↔ t͡ʃə;
 ቹ ↔ t͡ʃu;
 ቺ ↔ t͡ʃi;
 ቻ ↔ t͡ʃa;
 ቼ ↔ t͡ʃe;
 ች ↔ t͡ʃɨ;
 ቾ ↔ t͡ʃo;
 ቿ ↔ t͡ʃwa;
 ች ← t͡ʃ;

 ተ ↔ tə;
 ቱ ↔ tu;
 ቲ ↔ ti;
 ታ ↔ ta;
 ቴ ↔ te;
 ት ↔ tɨ;
 ቶ ↔ to;
 ⶆ → to;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ቷ ↔ twa;
 ት ← t;

 ጰ ↔ pʼə;
 ጱ ↔ pʼu;
 ጲ ↔ pʼi;
 ጳ ↔ pʼa;
 ጴ ↔ pʼe;
 ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
 ጶ ↔ pʼo;
 ⶑ → pʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
 ጵ ← pʼ;

 ጸ ↔ sʼə;
 ጹ ↔ sʼu;
 ጺ ↔ sʼi;
 ጻ ↔ sʼa;
 ጼ ↔ sʼe;
 ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
 ጾ ↔ sʼo;
 ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
 ጽ ← sʼ;

 # In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
 # Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
 ፀ → sʼə;
 ፁ → sʼu;
 ፂ → sʼi;
 ፃ → sʼa;
 ፄ → sʼe;
 ፅ → sʼɨ;
 ፆ → sʼo;
 ፇ → sʼo;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

 # Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
 ሰ ↔ sə;
 ሱ ↔ su;
 ሲ ↔ si;
 ሳ ↔ sa;
 ሴ ↔ se;
 ስ ↔ sɨ;
 ሶ ↔ so;
 ⶃ → so;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ሷ ↔ swa;
 ስ ← s;

 ፈ ↔ fə;
 ፉ ↔ fu;
 ፊ ↔ fi;
 ፋ ↔ fa;
 ፌ ↔ fe;
 ፍ ↔ fɨ;
 ፎ ↔ fo;
 ᎈ → fwə;  # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎉ → fwu;  # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎋ → fwi;  # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ፏ ↔ fwa;
 ᎊ → fwe;  # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ፚ → fja;  # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
 ፍ ← f;

 ፐ ↔ pə;
 ፑ ↔ pu;
 ፒ ↔ pi;
 ፓ ↔ pa;
 ፔ ↔ pe;
 ፕ ↔ pɨ;
 ፖ ↔ po;
 ⶒ → po;  # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
 ᎌ → pwə;  # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎍ → pwu;  # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ᎏ → pwi;  # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ፗ ↔ pwa;
 ᎎ → pwe;  # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
 ፕ ← p;

 ኧ ↔ ə;
 ኡ ← u;  # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
 አ ← a;  # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
 ኤ ← e;
 እ ← ɨ;
 ኦ ← o;  # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
 ኢ ← i;  # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/

 # Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
 # To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
 ፠ → ' ';  # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
 ፡ → ' ';  # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
 ። → ' ';  # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
 ፣ → ' ';  # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
 ፤ → ' ';  # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
 ፥ → ' ';  # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
 ፦ → ' ';  # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
 ፧ → ' ';  # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
 ፨ → ' ';  # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR

 # Likewise, Ethiopic numerals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
 # so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
 # Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
 # the am → am_FONIPA transform.
 ፩ → ' ';  # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
 ፪ → ' ';  # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
 ፫ → ' ';  # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
 ፬ → ' ';  # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
 ፭ → ' ';  # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
 ፮ → ' ';  # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
 ፯ → ' ';  # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
 ፰ → ' ';  # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
 ፱ → ' ';  # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
 ፲ → ' ';  # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
 ፳ → ' ';  # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
 ፴ → ' ';  # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
 ፵ → ' ';  # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
 ፶ → ' ';  # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
 ፷ → ' ';  # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
 ፸ → ' ';  # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
 ፹ → ' ';  # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
 ፺ → ' ';  # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
 ፻ → ' ';  # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
 ፼ → ' ';  # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND

 # Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
 # U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
 # U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
 # U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
 ::null();
 ← ː ;  # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
 ::(null);
 ($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
 ($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
 ($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
 [\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ;  # Strip off any remaining length markers.

 $1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː;  # ቷ፝ ← [tːʷaː]
 $1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A)   waː;  # ቷ፞ ← [tʷaː]
 $1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa;   # አቷ፟ ← [tːʷa]

 $1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
 $1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};

 $1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
 $1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 $1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 $1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
 $1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 $1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
 $1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);

 # Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
 ::null;
 {($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;

 ::(null);
 ← [ˈˌ\. ̯̃];

 aj ← ai;     # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
 aw ← au;     # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
 eji ← ei;    # Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
 ewo ← eo;    # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
 ija ← ia;    # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
 ijə ← iə;    # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
 iw ← iu;     # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
 jo ← io;     # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
 nɡ ← ŋɡ;     # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
 nɡ ← ŋ;      # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
 uwa ← ua;    # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
 bwe ← bue;   # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
 sʼ ← t͡s;     # Podgorica /podɡorit͡sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut͡s/ ፋዱጽ
 uwi ← ui;    # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
 uwe ← ue;    # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ

 ::(null);
 ʔə ← \. ə;
 ʔu ← \. u;
 ʔi ← \. i;
 ʔa ← \. a;
 ʔe ← \. e;
 ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
 ʔo ← \. o;
 $1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) ̯} $IPA_VOWEL;  # /ewowa/ ← /e̯o̯a/

 ::(null);

 n ← [n {n̼} {n̼̊} {m̺} {n̊} {n̥} ⁿ ᵑ];
 m ← [ɱ {m̥} {m̪} ᵐ];
 ɲ ← [{ɳ̊} {ɳ̥} ɳ {ɲ̊} {ɲ̥} ɲ];
 ŋ ← [{ŋ̊} {ŋ̥} ŋ];
 ɴ ← [{ɴ̊} {ɴ̥} ɴ];

 p ← [{t̼} {p̺}];
 pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
 b ← [{d̼} {b̺} {ɾ̼} ɓ];
 t ← [{t̪} ʈ];
 tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
 d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
 k ← q;
 kʼ ←  [ǃ ʗ];
 ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
 nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
 ʔ ← ʡ;

 s ← [θ {θ̱} {θ̞} {θ̼} {ɸ̺}];
 z ← [ð {ð̠} {ð̼} {β̺}];
 sʼ ← [{t͡s} {t͜s} ʦ];
 t͡ʃ ← [{t͜ʃ} ʧ {t͡ɕ} {t͜ɕ} ʨ {ʈ͡ʂ} c];
 t͡ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
 d͡ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d͡z} {d͜z} {d͡ɕ} ʥ {d͡ʑ} {d͜ʑ} {ɖ͡ʐ} {d͡ʐ} ɟ];
 pf ← [{p̪} {p͆} ȹ {p͡f} {p̪f} {p̪͜f}];
 bv ← [{b̪} {b͆} ȸ {b͡v} {b̪͡v}];

 ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
 ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
 r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
 rːʒ ← r̝ː;
 rʒ ← r̝;

 v ← β;
 x ← [ç x χ];
 ʕ ← ʕ̝;
 h ← ɦ;
 j ← [ʝ ʲ];
 lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
 t͡ʃl ← [{t͡ɬ} {tɬ}];
 ʃl ← ɬ;

 w ← {u̯} $IPA_VOWEL;
 w ← ʷ;
 ʼː ← ːʼ;  # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.

 ::(null);

 i ← y;
 ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
 u ← [ʊ ɯ];
 ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
 o ← [ɔ ø];
 a ← ɑ;
 ʼ ← ʰ;
 ← [ʱ];
 $1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː;  # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
 $1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː;  # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]

 ::(NFC);
 ← [ ̃  ̰  ̋  ́  ̄  ̀  ̏  ̌  ̂ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
 ::(NFD);
 			</tRule>
 		</transform>
 	</transforms>
 </supplementalData>
	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
	<!DOCTYPE supplementalData SYSTEM "../../common/dtd/ldmlSupplemental.dtd">
	<!-- Copyright © 1991-2015 Unicode, Inc.
	CLDR data files are interpreted according to the LDML specification (http://unicode.org/reports/tr35/)
	For terms of use, see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html -->
	<supplementalData>
	<version number="$Revision$" />
	<transforms>
	<transform source="am" target="am_FONIPA" direction="both" alias="am-fonipa-t-am" backwardAlias="am-t-am-fonipa">
	<tRule>
	# Transforms Amharic (am) to Amharic in phonemic IPA transcription (am_FONIPA).
	#
	# Long vowels, long/geminated consonants:
	# In the direction from am_FONIPA to am, we emit Ethiopic gemination
	# and vowel length markers (U+135D, U+135E, U+135F) although
	# they are rarely written in Amharic text. Exceptions include
	# school books and textbooks for non-native speakers.
	# Clients who do not want these markers can easily strip them off
	# in a post-processing step.
	#
	# Labialization:
	# Amharic speakers will usually say ሟ as [mʷa] instead of [mwa];
	# labializing [m] instead of saying [m] followed by a separate [w].
	# Most Amharic consonants can get labialized. To keep the phonemic
	# transcription simple, we emit /m/ + /w/; otherwise, our phoneme
	# set would almost double, and it would include very unusual phonemes
	# such as /ɲʷ/ or /t͡ʃʼʷ/.
	#
	# References:
	# [1] The Ge’ez Frontier Foundation: “Principles and Specification
	# for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards.” Version of January 17, 2009;
	# retrieved on November 4, 2014.
	# http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf
	# Other than most online sources, this report uses correct IPA notation
	# with the exception of /j/, which it consistently (but wrongly)
	# writes as */y/.

	$IPA_VOWEL = [aeəiɨou];
	$IPA_CONSONANT = [mnɲɴ p{pʼ}bt{tʼ}dk{kʼ}ɡʔʕ fvs{sʼ}zʃʒxh lr {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}];

	# Some consonants have a special syllable when labialized, such as ፗ ↔ /pʷa/.
	# Amharic restricts this mostly to /a/ syllables. While the Ethiopic script
	# does offer labialized syllables for other vowels, these are typically
	# not written in Amharic.
	$LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A = [p{pʼ}t{tʼ} {t͡ʃ}{t͡ʃʼ}{d͡ʒ}{d͡ʒʼ} s{sʼ}zʃʒ fv r];

	← [ ʼ ͡ ͜ ̯];
	::(null);

	# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
	# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence
	# in Amharic; instead, it gets pronounced as /ha/.
	ሀ → ha;
	ሀ ← hə;
	ሁ ↔ hu;
	ሂ ↔ hi;
	ሃ ↔ ha;
	ሄ ↔ he;
	ህ ↔ hɨ;
	ሆ ↔ ho;
	ሇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /hɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ህ ← h;

	ለ ↔ lə;
	ሉ ↔ lu;
	ሊ ↔ li;
	ላ ↔ la;
	ሌ ↔ le;
	ል ↔ lɨ;
	ሎ ↔ lo;
	ⶀ → lo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /lɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ሏ ↔ lwa;
	ል ← l;

	# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሐ as Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
	# /ħə/. However, according to an Amharic-speaking person, Amharic
	# makes no difference in pronunciation between ሐ...ሓ and ሀ...ሃ; both
	# are pronounced as Voiceless glottal fricative /h/. Also, according
	# to the speaker there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic; instead, it
	# gets pronounced as /ha/.
	ሐ → ha;
	ሑ → hu;
	ሒ → hi;
	ሓ → ha;
	ሔ → he;
	ሕ → hɨ;
	ሖ → ho;
	ሗ → hwa;

	መ ↔ mə;
	ሙ ↔ mu;
	ሚ ↔ mi;
	ማ ↔ ma;
	ሜ ↔ me;
	ም ↔ mɨ;
	ሞ ↔ mo;
	ⶁ → mo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /mɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ᎀ → mwə; # Sebatbeit /mwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎃ → mwu; # Sebatbeit /mwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎁ → mwi; # Sebatbeit /mwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ሟ ↔ mwa;
	ᎂ → mwe; # Sebatbeit /mwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ፙ → mja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፙ as /mʲa/.
	ም ← m;

	ሠ → sə;
	ሡ → su;
	ሢ → si;
	ሣ → sa;
	ሤ → se;
	ሥ → sɨ;
	ሦ → so;
	ሧ → swa;

	ረ ↔ rə;
	ሩ ↔ ru;
	ሪ ↔ ri;
	ራ ↔ ra;
	ሬ ↔ re;
	ር ↔ rɨ;
	ሮ ↔ ro;
	ⶂ → ro; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /rɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ሯ ↔ rwa;
	ፘ → rja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፘ as /rʲa/.
	ር ← r;

	# Amharic speakers pronounce ⶠ like ሸ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
	ⶠ → ʃə;
	ⶡ → ʃu;
	ⶢ → ʃi;
	ⶣ → ʃa;
	ⶤ → ʃe;
	ⶥ → ʃɨ;
	ⶦ → ʃo;

	ሸ ↔ ʃə;
	ሹ ↔ ʃu;
	ሺ ↔ ʃi;
	ሻ ↔ ʃa;
	ሼ ↔ ʃe;
	ሽ ↔ ʃɨ;
	ሾ ↔ ʃo;
	ⶄ → ʃo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ʃɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ሿ ↔ ʃwa;
	ሽ ← ʃ;

	ቀ ↔ kʼə;
	ቁ ↔ kʼu;
	ቂ ↔ kʼi;
	ቃ ↔ kʼa;
	ቄ ↔ kʼe;
	ቅ ↔ kʼɨ;
	ቆ ↔ kʼo;
	ቇ → kʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /kʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ቈ ↔ kʼwə;
	ቍ ↔ kʼwu;
	ቊ ↔ kʼwi;
	ቋ ↔ kʼwa;
	ቌ ↔ kʼwe;
	ቅ ← kʼ;

	# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ቐ is spoken as voiced uvular fricative [ʁ].
	# Source: [1], Appendix C. However, */ʁ/ is not an Amharic phoneme.
	# When reading foreign words with ቐ, Amharic speakers pronounce
	# ቐ like ቀ, i.e. as velar ejective /kʼ/.
	ቐ → kʼə;
	ቑ → kʼu;
	ቒ → kʼi;
	ቓ → kʼa;
	ቔ → kʼe;
	ቕ → kʼɨ;
	ቖ → kʼo;
	ቘ → kʼwə;
	ቝ → kʼwu;
	ቚ → kʼwi;
	ቛ → kʼwa;
	ቜ → kʼwe;

	# In Sebatbeit, ⷀ is spoken as palatalized velar ejective /kʼʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
	# In Amharic, the syllable is not used, but it might appear in names.
	ⷀ → kʼjə;
	ⷁ → kʼju;
	ⷂ → kʼji;
	ⷃ → kʼja;
	ⷄ → kʼje;
	ⷅ → kʼjɨ;
	ⷆ → kʼjo;

	በ ↔ bə;
	ቡ ↔ bu;
	ቢ ↔ bi;
	ባ ↔ ba;
	ቤ ↔ be;
	ብ ↔ bɨ;
	ቦ ↔ bo;
	ⶅ → bo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /bɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ᎄ → bwə; # Sebatbeit /bʷə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎇ → bwu; # Sebatbeit /bʷu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎅ → bwi; # Sebatbeit /bʷi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ቧ → bwa; # Sebatbeit /bʷa/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎆ → bwe; # Sebatbeit /bʷe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ብ ← b;

	ቨ ↔ və;
	ቩ ↔ vu;
	ቪ ↔ vi;
	ቫ ↔ va;
	ቬ ↔ ve;
	ቭ ↔ vɨ;
	ቮ ↔ vo;
	ቯ ↔ vwa;
	ቭ ← v;

	# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶨ. It only appears in the
	# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as t͡ʃ.
	# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶨ therefore like ቸ.
	ⶨ → t͡ʃə;
	ⶩ → t͡ʃu;
	ⶪ → t͡ʃi;
	ⶫ → t͡ʃa;
	ⶬ → t͡ʃe;
	ⶭ → t͡ʃɨ;
	ⶮ → t͡ʃo;

	# In Amharic, ኀ is pronounced like ሀ.
	# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
	# Appendix B of [1] transcribes ሀ as /hə/. However, according to
	# an Amharic-speaking person, there is no /hə/ sequence in Amharic.
	# Instead, ሀ (and hence also ኀ) gets pronounced as /ha/.

	ኀ → ha;
	ኁ → hu;
	ኂ → hi;
	ኃ → ha;
	ኄ → he;
	ኅ → hɨ;
	ኆ → ho;
	ኇ → ho; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ŋɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ኈ → hwə;
	ኍ → hwu;
	ኊ → hwi;
	ኋ → hwa;
	ኌ → hwe;

	ነ ↔ nə;
	ኑ ↔ nu;
	ኒ ↔ ni;
	ና ↔ na;
	ኔ ↔ ne;
	ን ↔ nɨ;
	ኖ ↔ no;
	ⶈ → no; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /nɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ኗ ↔ nwa;
	ን ← n;

	ኘ ↔ ɲə;
	ኙ ↔ ɲu;
	ኚ ↔ ɲi;
	ኛ ↔ ɲa;
	ኜ ↔ ɲe;
	ኝ ↔ ɲɨ;
	ኞ ↔ ɲo;
	ⶉ → ɲo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ኟ ↔ ɲwa;
	ኝ ← ɲ;

	# Amharic speakers pronounce ኸ as [h] because Amharic has no [x] sound.
	# However, in transliterations of foreign (eg. Spanish) words with [x],
	# several Amharic speakers have confirmed that they prefer ኻ over ሃ.
	ዀ → hwə;
	ዂ → hwi;
	ዃ → hwa;
	ዄ → hwe;
	ዅ → hwɨ;
	ኸ → hə;
	ኹ → hu;
	ኺ → hi;
	ኻ → ha;
	ኼ → he;
	ኽ → hɨ;
	ኾ → ho;
	ዀ ← xwə;
	ዂ ← xwi;
	ዃ ← xwa;
	ዄ ← xwe;
	ዅ ← xwɨ;
	ዅ ← xw;
	ኸ ← xə;
	ኹ ← xu;
	ኺ ← xi;
	ኻ ← xa;
	ኼ ← xe;
	ኽ ← xɨ;
	ኾ ← xo;
	ኽ ← x;

	አ ↔ ʔə;
	ኡ ↔ ʔu;
	ኢ ↔ ʔi;
	ኣ ↔ ʔa;
	ኤ ↔ ʔe;
	እ ↔ ʔɨ;
	ኦ ↔ ʔo;
	ⶊ → ʔo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /ɲɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	እ ← ʔ;

	ከ ↔ kə;
	ኩ ↔ ku;
	ኪ ↔ ki;
	ካ ↔ ka;
	ኬ ↔ ke;
	ክ ↔ kɨ;
	ኮ ↔ ko;
	ኰ ↔ kwə;
	ኵ ↔ kwu;
	ኲ ↔ kwi;
	ኳ ↔ kwa;
	ኴ ↔ kwe;
	ክ ← k;

	# In Sebatbeit, ⷈ is spoken as palatalized velar plosive /kʲ/ ([1], Appendix H).
	# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /k/ without palatalization.
	ⷈ → kə;
	ⷉ → ku;
	ⷊ → ki;
	ⷋ → ka;
	ⷌ → ke;
	ⷍ → kɨ;
	ⷎ → ko;

	# In Sebatbeit, ⷐ is spoken as palatalized voiceless velar fricative/xʲə/
	# according to [1], Appendix H. When the syllable appears in names,
	# Amharic speakers pronounce it as /kə/ without palatalization.
	ⷐ → kə;
	ⷑ → ku;
	ⷒ → ki;
	ⷓ → ka;
	ⷔ → ke;
	ⷕ → kɨ;
	ⷖ → ko;

	ወ ↔ wə;
	ዉ ↔ wu;
	ዊ ↔ wi;
	ዋ ↔ wa;
	ዌ ↔ we;
	ው ↔ wɨ;
	ዎ ↔ wo;
	ዏ → wo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /wɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ው ← w;

	ዐ ↔ ʕə;
	ዑ ↔ ʕu;
	ዒ ↔ ʕi;
	ዓ ↔ ʕa;
	ዔ ↔ ʕe;
	ዕ ↔ ʕɨ;
	ዖ ↔ ʕo;
	ዒ ← ʕ;

	ዘ ↔ zə;
	ዙ ↔ zu;
	ዚ ↔ zi;
	ዛ ↔ za;
	ዜ ↔ ze;
	ዝ ↔ zɨ;
	ዞ ↔ zo;
	ⶋ → zo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ዟ ↔ zwa;
	ዝ ← z;

	ዠ ↔ ʒə;
	ዡ ↔ ʒu;
	ዢ ↔ ʒi;
	ዣ ↔ ʒa;
	ዤ ↔ ʒe;
	ዥ ↔ ʒɨ;
	ዦ ↔ ʒo;
	ዧ ↔ ʒwa;
	ዢ ← ʒ;

	# Unclear which Ethiopic language uses ⶰ. It only appears in the
	# “Language Neutral” list of Appendix L in [1], which transcribes it as ʒ.
	# For Amharic, we pronounce ⶰ therefore like ዠ.
	ⶰ → ʒə;
	ⶱ → ʒu;
	ⶲ → ʒi;
	ⶳ → ʒa;
	ⶴ → ʒe;
	ⶵ → ʒɨ;
	ⶶ → ʒo;

	የ ↔ jə;
	ዩ ↔ ju;
	ዪ ↔ ji;
	ያ ↔ ja;
	ዬ ↔ je;
	ይ ↔ jɨ;
	ዮ ↔ jo;
	ዯ → jo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ይ ← j;

	ጀ ↔ d͡ʒə;
	ጁ ↔ d͡ʒu;
	ጂ ↔ d͡ʒi;
	ጃ ↔ d͡ʒa;
	ጄ ↔ d͡ʒe;
	ጅ ↔ d͡ʒɨ;
	ጆ ↔ d͡ʒo;
	ጇ ↔ d͡ʒwa;
	ጅ ← d͡ʒ;

	ደ ↔ də;
	ዱ ↔ du;
	ዲ ↔ di;
	ዳ ↔ da;
	ዴ ↔ de;
	ድ ↔ dɨ;
	ዶ ↔ do;
	ⶌ → do; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /zɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ዷ ↔ dwa;
	ድ ← d;

	ገ ↔ ɡə;
	ጉ ↔ ɡu;
	ጊ ↔ ɡi;
	ጋ ↔ ɡa;
	ጌ ↔ ɡe;
	ግ ↔ ɡɨ;
	ጎ ↔ ɡo;
	ጐ ↔ ɡwə;
	ጕ ↔ ɡwu;
	ጒ ↔ ɡwi;
	ጓ ↔ ɡwa;
	ጔ ↔ ɡwe;
	ግ ← ɡ;

	# In Awngi, Blin, Qimant, and Xamtanga, ጘ is spoken as voiced velar nasal [ŋ].
	# Source: [1], Appendix C. While /ŋ/ is not an Amharic phoneme, Amharic speakers
	# still can pronounce it according to our source. However, when transliterating
	# foreign words with [ŋ], Amharic uses the sequence ንግ /nɡ/. For example,
	# the Amharic transliteration of Washington /waʃiŋtən/ is ዋሺንግተን.
	ጘ → ŋə;
	ጙ → ŋu;
	ጚ → ŋi;
	ጛ → ŋa;
	ጜ → ŋe;
	ጝ → ŋɨ;
	ጞ → ŋo;
	ⶓ → ŋwə;
	ⶖ → ŋwu;
	ⶔ → ŋwi;
	ጟ → ŋwa;
	ⶕ → ŋwe;

	# Since there is no uvular nasal [ɴ] in Amharic, we use the velar nasal [ŋ].
	ጘ ← ɴə;
	ጙ ← ɴu;
	ጚ ← ɴi;
	ጛ ← ɴa;
	ጜ ← ɴe;
	ጝ ← ɴɨ;
	ጞ ← ɴo;
	ጝ ← ɴ;

	# In Sebatbeit, ⷘ is spoken as palatalized voiced velar stop /ɡj/ ([1], Appendix H).
	# Amharic speakers pronounce it as voiced velar stop /ɡ/ without palatalization.
	ⷘ → ɡə;
	ⷙ → ɡu;
	ⷚ → ɡi;
	ⷛ → ɡa;
	ⷜ → ɡe;
	ⷝ → ɡɨ;
	ⷞ → ɡo;

	ጠ ↔ tʼə;
	ጡ ↔ tʼu;
	ጢ ↔ tʼi;
	ጣ ↔ tʼa;
	ጤ ↔ tʼe;
	ጥ ↔ tʼɨ;
	ጦ ↔ tʼo;
	ጧ ↔ tʼwa;
	ጢ ← tʼ;

	ጨ ↔ t͡ʃʼə;
	ጩ ↔ t͡ʃʼu;
	ጪ ↔ t͡ʃʼi;
	ጫ ↔ t͡ʃʼa;
	ጬ ↔ t͡ʃʼe;
	ጭ ↔ t͡ʃʼɨ;
	ጮ ↔ t͡ʃʼo;
	ⶐ → t͡ʃʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /t͡ʃʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ጯ ↔ t͡ʃʼwa;
	ጪ ← t͡ʃʼ;

	# According to Appendix B of [1], the following are used in the Bench language
	# (aka Benchnon, Gimira). In Bench, ⶻ is pronounced as /ʈ͡ʂʼ/ Retroflex
	# ejective affricate; with a phonemic distrinction to the non-retroflex version.
	# Amharic does not have retroflex phonemes, so we go with /t͡ʃʼ/.
	ⶸ → t͡ʃʼə;
	ⶹ → t͡ʃʼu;
	ⶺ → t͡ʃʼi;
	ⶻ → t͡ʃʼa;
	ⶼ → t͡ʃʼe;
	ⶽ → t͡ʃʼɨ;
	ⶾ → t͡ʃʼo;

	ቸ ↔ t͡ʃə;
	ቹ ↔ t͡ʃu;
	ቺ ↔ t͡ʃi;
	ቻ ↔ t͡ʃa;
	ቼ ↔ t͡ʃe;
	ች ↔ t͡ʃɨ;
	ቾ ↔ t͡ʃo;
	ቿ ↔ t͡ʃwa;
	ች ← t͡ʃ;

	ተ ↔ tə;
	ቱ ↔ tu;
	ቲ ↔ ti;
	ታ ↔ ta;
	ቴ ↔ te;
	ት ↔ tɨ;
	ቶ ↔ to;
	ⶆ → to; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /tɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ቷ ↔ twa;
	ት ← t;

	ጰ ↔ pʼə;
	ጱ ↔ pʼu;
	ጲ ↔ pʼi;
	ጳ ↔ pʼa;
	ጴ ↔ pʼe;
	ጵ ↔ pʼɨ;
	ጶ ↔ pʼo;
	ⶑ → pʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ጷ ↔ pʼwa;
	ጵ ← pʼ;

	ጸ ↔ sʼə;
	ጹ ↔ sʼu;
	ጺ ↔ sʼi;
	ጻ ↔ sʼa;
	ጼ ↔ sʼe;
	ጽ ↔ sʼɨ;
	ጾ ↔ sʼo;
	ጿ ↔ sʼwa;
	ጽ ← sʼ;

	# In Amharic, ፀ is pronounced like ጸ.
	# Source: [1], section on “Phonological Redundancy” for Amharic, page 5.
	ፀ → sʼə;
	ፁ → sʼu;
	ፂ → sʼi;
	ፃ → sʼa;
	ፄ → sʼe;
	ፅ → sʼɨ;
	ፆ → sʼo;
	ፇ → sʼo; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sʼɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.

	# Amharic speakers pronounce ሰ like ሠ. Source: [1], Appendix B.
	ሰ ↔ sə;
	ሱ ↔ su;
	ሲ ↔ si;
	ሳ ↔ sa;
	ሴ ↔ se;
	ስ ↔ sɨ;
	ሶ ↔ so;
	ⶃ → so; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /sɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ሷ ↔ swa;
	ስ ← s;

	ፈ ↔ fə;
	ፉ ↔ fu;
	ፊ ↔ fi;
	ፋ ↔ fa;
	ፌ ↔ fe;
	ፍ ↔ fɨ;
	ፎ ↔ fo;
	ᎈ → fwə; # Sebatbeit /fwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎉ → fwu; # Sebatbeit /fwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎋ → fwi; # Sebatbeit /fwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ፏ ↔ fwa;
	ᎊ → fwe; # Sebatbeit /fwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ፚ → fja; # Unclear which language; Appendix L of [1] transcribes ፚ as /fja/.
	ፍ ← f;

	ፐ ↔ pə;
	ፑ ↔ pu;
	ፒ ↔ pi;
	ፓ ↔ pa;
	ፔ ↔ pe;
	ፕ ↔ pɨ;
	ፖ ↔ po;
	ⶒ → po; # Dizi, Me’en, Mursi, Suri /pɔ/ ([1], Appendix E); not used in Amharic.
	ᎌ → pwə; # Sebatbeit /pwə/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎍ → pwu; # Sebatbeit /pwu/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ᎏ → pwi; # Sebatbeit /pwi/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ፗ ↔ pwa;
	ᎎ → pwe; # Sebatbeit /pwe/ ([1], Appendix H); not used in Amharic.
	ፕ ← p;

	ኧ ↔ ə;
	ኡ ← u; # ኡላዓን ባዓታር ← Ulaan Baatar /ulaʕan baʕatar/
	አ ← a; # አምስተርዳም ← Amsterdam /amstərdam/
	ኤ ← e;
	እ ← ɨ;
	ኦ ← o; # ፖርት ኦፍ ስፔን ← Port of Spain /port of speːn/
	ኢ ← i; # ኢስላማባድ ← Islamabad /islamabad/

	# Applications will typically split words before calling our rules.
	# To be resilient, we replace punctuation by whitespace in IPA.
	፠ → ' '; # U+1360 ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK
	፡ → ' '; # U+1361 ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE
	። → ' '; # U+1362 ETHIOPIC FULL STOP
	፣ → ' '; # U+1363 ETHIOPIC COMMA
	፤ → ' '; # U+1364 ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON
	፥ → ' '; # U+1365 ETHIOPIC COLON
	፦ → ' '; # U+1366 ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON
	፧ → ' '; # U+1367 ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK
	፨ → ' '; # U+1368 ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR

	# Likewise, Ethiopic numerals cannot be pronounced by these rules,
	# so we replace them by whitespace in the output IPA notation.
	# Applications will typically pre-process text before calling
	# the am → am_FONIPA transform.
	፩ → ' '; # U+1369 ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE
	፪ → ' '; # U+136A ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO
	፫ → ' '; # U+136B ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE
	፬ → ' '; # U+136C ETHIOPIC DIGIT FOUR
	፭ → ' '; # U+136D ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE
	፮ → ' '; # U+136E ETHIOPIC DIGIT SIX
	፯ → ' '; # U+136F ETHIOPIC DIGIT SEVEN
	፰ → ' '; # U+1370 ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT
	፱ → ' '; # U+1371 ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE
	፲ → ' '; # U+1372 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN
	፳ → ' '; # U+1373 ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY
	፴ → ' '; # U+1374 ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY
	፵ → ' '; # U+1375 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY
	፶ → ' '; # U+1376 ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY
	፷ → ' '; # U+1377 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY
	፸ → ' '; # U+1378 ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY
	፹ → ' '; # U+1379 ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY
	፺ → ' '; # U+137A ETHIOPIC NUMBER NINETY
	፻ → ' '; # U+137B ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED
	፼ → ' '; # U+137C ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN THOUSAND

	# Transform IPA length markers to one of these:
	# U+135D ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION AND VOWEL LENGTH MARK
	# U+135E ETHIOPIC COMBINING VOWEL LENGTH MARK
	# U+135F ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK
	::null();
	← ː ; # Strip off any remaining IPA length markers.
	::(null);
	($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135D → $1 ː $2 ː;
	($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL) \u135E → $1 $2 ː;
	($IPA_CONSONANT) ([jw]? $IPA_VOWEL?) \u135F → $1 ː $2;
	[\u135D \u135E \u135F] → ; # Strip off any remaining length markers.

	$1 wa \u135D ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː waː; # ቷ፝ ← [tːʷaː]
	$1 wa \u135E ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) waː; # ቷ፞ ← [tʷaː]
	$1 wa \u135F ← ($LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A) ː wa; # አቷ፟ ← [tːʷa]

	$1 \u135F $2 \u135E ← ([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL) ː;
	$1 \u135F $2 ← {([b $LABIALIZABLE_BEFORE_A]) ː ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL?)};

	$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_VOWEL ː);
	$1 \u135D ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL ː);
	$1 \u135E ← ([jw] $IPA_VOWEL ː);
	$1 \u135F ← (jː $IPA_VOWEL?);
	$1 \u135D ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
	$1 \u135E ← ($IPA_CONSONANT [w]? $IPA_VOWEL ː);
	$1 \u135F ← ($IPA_CONSONANT ː [w]? $IPA_VOWEL?);

	# Insert syllable markers in a separate pass.
	::null;
	{($IPA_VOWEL ː?)} [[:L:]] → $1 \.;

	::(null);
	← [ˈˌ\. ̯̃];

	aj ← ai; # Nairobi /nairobi/ ናይሮቢ, Cairo /kairo/ ካይሮ
	aw ← au; # Bissau /bisːau/ ቢሳው
	eji ← ei; # Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
	ewo ← eo; # Montevideo /montevideo/ ሞንቴቪዴዎ
	ija ← ia; # Monrovia /monrovia/ ሞንሮቪያ
	ijə ← iə; # Reunion /rijunijən/ ሪዩኒየን
	iw ← iu; # Vilnius /vilnius/ ቪልኒውስ, New Delhi /niu deːli/ ኒው ዴሊ
	jo ← io; # Tokyo /tokio/ ቶክዮ
	nɡ ← ŋɡ; # Kongo /koŋɡo/ ኮንጎ, Hungary /həŋɡari/ ሀንጋሪ
	nɡ ← ŋ; # Bangkok /baŋkok/ ባንግኮክ, Beijing /beid͡ʒiŋ/ ቤዪጂንግ
	uwa ← ua; # Kuala Lumpur /kuala lumpur/ ኩዋላ ሉምፑር, Ruanda /ruanda/ ሩዋንዳ
	bwe ← bue; # Buenos Aires /buenos aires/ ብዌኖስ አይሬስ
	sʼ ← t͡s; # Podgorica /podɡorit͡sa/ ፖድጎሪጻ, Vaduz /fadut͡s/ ፋዱጽ
	uwi ← ui; # Port Luis /port luis/ ፖርት ሉዊስ
	uwe ← ue; # Lithuania /lituenia/ ሊቱዌኒያ, Venezuela /venɨzuela/ ቬንዙዌላ

	::(null);
	ʔə ← \. ə;
	ʔu ← \. u;
	ʔi ← \. i;
	ʔa ← \. a;
	ʔe ← \. e;
	ʔɨ ← \. ɨ;
	ʔo ← \. o;
	$1 w ← {($IPA_VOWEL ː?) ̯} $IPA_VOWEL; # /ewowa/ ← /e̯o̯a/

	::(null);

	n ← [n {n̼} {n̼̊} {m̺} {n̊} {n̥} ⁿ ᵑ];
	m ← [ɱ {m̥} {m̪} ᵐ];
	ɲ ← [{ɳ̊} {ɳ̥} ɳ {ɲ̊} {ɲ̥} ɲ];
	ŋ ← [{ŋ̊} {ŋ̥} ŋ];
	ɴ ← [{ɴ̊} {ɴ̥} ɴ];

	p ← [{t̼} {p̺}];
	pʼ ← [ʘ ɋ];
	b ← [{d̼} {b̺} {ɾ̼} ɓ];
	t ← [{t̪} ʈ];
	tʼ ← [ǁ ʖ];
	d ← [ɖ ɗ ᶑ];
	k ← q;
	kʼ ← [ǃ ʗ];
	ɡ ← [g ɢ ɣ ɠ ʛ];
	nɡ ← ᵑɡ;
	ʔ ← ʡ;

	s ← [θ {θ̱} {θ̞} {θ̼} {ɸ̺}];
	z ← [ð {ð̠} {ð̼} {β̺}];
	sʼ ← [{t͡s} {t͜s} ʦ];
	t͡ʃ ← [{t͜ʃ} ʧ {t͡ɕ} {t͜ɕ} ʨ {ʈ͡ʂ} c];
	t͡ʃʼ ← [ǀ ʇ ǂ ʄ];
	d͡ʒ ← [ʤ ʣ {d͡z} {d͜z} {d͡ɕ} ʥ {d͡ʑ} {d͜ʑ} {ɖ͡ʐ} {d͡ʐ} ɟ];
	pf ← [{p̪} {p͆} ȹ {p͡f} {p̪f} {p̪͜f}];
	bv ← [{b̪} {b͆} ȸ {b͡v} {b̪͡v}];

	ʃ ← [ʂ ɕ];
	ʒ ← [ʐ ʑ];
	r ← [ɾ ɽ ʁ];
	rːʒ ← r̝ː;
	rʒ ← r̝;

	v ← β;
	x ← [ç x χ];
	ʕ ← ʕ̝;
	h ← ɦ;
	j ← [ʝ ʲ];
	lj ← ʎ [iɨ]? [jʝʲ]?;
	t͡ʃl ← [{t͡ɬ} {tɬ}];
	ʃl ← ɬ;

	w ← {u̯} $IPA_VOWEL;
	w ← ʷ;
	ʼː ← ːʼ; # /pʼː/ ← /pːʼ/; /sʼː/ ← /sːʼ/; etc.

	::(null);

	i ← y;
	ɨ ← [ɪ ʉ];
	u ← [ʊ ɯ];
	ə ← [ɛ æ ɘ];
	o ← [ɔ ø];
	a ← ɑ;
	ʼ ← ʰ;
	← [ʱ];
	$1ːʲ ← ([pbtd])ʲː; # [bːʲeː] ← [bʲːeː]
	$1ːʷ ← ([pbtd])ʷː; # [bːʷeː] ← [bʷːeː]

	::(NFC);
	← [ ̃ ̰ ̋ ́ ̄ ̀ ̏ ̌ ̂ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ꜜ ꜛ ↗ ↘ ];
	::(NFD);
	</tRule>
	</transform>
	</transforms>
	</supplementalData>