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// Copyright 2022 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Implementation of (safe) user arenas.
//
// This file contains the implementation of user arenas wherein Go values can
// be manually allocated and freed in bulk. The act of manually freeing memory,
// potentially before a GC cycle, means that a garbage collection cycle can be
// delayed, improving efficiency by reducing GC cycle frequency. There are other
// potential efficiency benefits, such as improved locality and access to a more
// efficient allocation strategy.
//
// What makes the arenas here safe is that once they are freed, accessing the
// arena's memory will cause an explicit program fault, and the arena's address
// space will not be reused until no more pointers into it are found. There's one
// exception to this: if an arena allocated memory that isn't exhausted, it's placed
// back into a pool for reuse. This means that a crash is not always guaranteed.
//
// While this may seem unsafe, it still prevents memory corruption, and is in fact
// necessary in order to make new(T) a valid implementation of arenas. Such a property
// is desirable to allow for a trivial implementation. (It also avoids complexities
// that arise from synchronization with the GC when trying to set the arena chunks to
// fault while the GC is active.)
//
// The implementation works in layers. At the bottom, arenas are managed in chunks.
// Each chunk must be a multiple of the heap arena size, or the heap arena size must
// be divisible by the arena chunks. The address space for each chunk, and each
// corresponding heapArena for that address space, are eternally reserved for use as
// arena chunks. That is, they can never be used for the general heap. Each chunk
// is also represented by a single mspan, and is modeled as a single large heap
// allocation. It must be, because each chunk contains ordinary Go values that may
// point into the heap, so it must be scanned just like any other object. Any
// pointer into a chunk will therefore always cause the whole chunk to be scanned
// while its corresponding arena is still live.
//
// Chunks may be allocated either from new memory mapped by the OS on our behalf,
// or by reusing old freed chunks. When chunks are freed, their underlying memory
// is returned to the OS, set to fault on access, and may not be reused until the
// program doesn't point into the chunk anymore (the code refers to this state as
// "quarantined"), a property checked by the GC.
//
// The sweeper handles moving chunks out of this quarantine state to be ready for
// reuse. When the chunk is placed into the quarantine state, its corresponding
// span is marked as noscan so that the GC doesn't try to scan memory that would
// cause a fault.
//
// At the next layer are the user arenas themselves. They consist of a single
// active chunk which new Go values are bump-allocated into and a list of chunks
// that were exhausted when allocating into the arena. Once the arena is freed,
// it frees all full chunks it references, and places the active one onto a reuse
// list for a future arena to use. Each arena keeps its list of referenced chunks
// explicitly live until it is freed. Each user arena also maps to an object which
// has a finalizer attached that ensures the arena's chunks are all freed even if
// the arena itself is never explicitly freed.
//
// Pointer-ful memory is bump-allocated from low addresses to high addresses in each
// chunk, while pointer-free memory is bump-allocated from high address to low
// addresses. The reason for this is to take advantage of a GC optimization wherein
// the GC will stop scanning an object when there are no more pointers in it, which
// also allows us to elide clearing the heap bitmap for pointer-free Go values
// allocated into arenas.
//
// Note that arenas are not safe to use concurrently.
//
// In summary, there are 2 resources: arenas, and arena chunks. They exist in the
// following lifecycle:
//
// (1) A new arena is created via newArena.
// (2) Chunks are allocated to hold memory allocated into the arena with new or slice.
// (a) Chunks are first allocated from the reuse list of partially-used chunks.
// (b) If there are no such chunks, then chunks on the ready list are taken.
// (c) Failing all the above, memory for a new chunk is mapped.
// (3) The arena is freed, or all references to it are dropped, triggering its finalizer.
// (a) If the GC is not active, exhausted chunks are set to fault and placed on a
// quarantine list.
// (b) If the GC is active, exhausted chunks are placed on a fault list and will
// go through step (a) at a later point in time.
// (c) Any remaining partially-used chunk is placed on a reuse list.
// (4) Once no more pointers are found into quarantined arena chunks, the sweeper
// takes these chunks out of quarantine and places them on the ready list.
package runtime
import (
"internal/goarch"
"runtime/internal/atomic"
"runtime/internal/math"
"unsafe"
)
// Functions starting with arena_ are meant to be exported to downstream users
// of arenas. They should wrap these functions in a higher-lever API.
//
// The underlying arena and its resources are managed through an opaque unsafe.Pointer.
// arena_newArena is a wrapper around newUserArena.
//
//go:linkname arena_newArena arena.runtime_arena_newArena
func arena_newArena() unsafe.Pointer {
return unsafe.Pointer(newUserArena())
}
// arena_arena_New is a wrapper around (*userArena).new, except that typ
// is an any (must be a *_type, still) and typ must be a type descriptor
// for a pointer to the type to actually be allocated, i.e. pass a *T
// to allocate a T. This is necessary because this function returns a *T.
//
//go:linkname arena_arena_New arena.runtime_arena_arena_New
func arena_arena_New(arena unsafe.Pointer, typ any) any {
t := (*_type)(efaceOf(&typ).data)
if t.Kind_&kindMask != kindPtr {
throw("arena_New: non-pointer type")
}
te := (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t)).Elem
x := ((*userArena)(arena)).new(te)
var result any
e := efaceOf(&result)
e._type = t
e.data = x
return result
}
// arena_arena_Slice is a wrapper around (*userArena).slice.
//
//go:linkname arena_arena_Slice arena.runtime_arena_arena_Slice
func arena_arena_Slice(arena unsafe.Pointer, slice any, cap int) {
((*userArena)(arena)).slice(slice, cap)
}
// arena_arena_Free is a wrapper around (*userArena).free.
//
//go:linkname arena_arena_Free arena.runtime_arena_arena_Free
func arena_arena_Free(arena unsafe.Pointer) {
((*userArena)(arena)).free()
}
// arena_heapify takes a value that lives in an arena and makes a copy
// of it on the heap. Values that don't live in an arena are returned unmodified.
//
//go:linkname arena_heapify arena.runtime_arena_heapify
func arena_heapify(s any) any {
var v unsafe.Pointer
e := efaceOf(&s)
t := e._type
switch t.Kind_ & kindMask {
case kindString:
v = stringStructOf((*string)(e.data)).str
case kindSlice:
v = (*slice)(e.data).array
case kindPtr:
v = e.data
default:
panic("arena: Clone only supports pointers, slices, and strings")
}
span := spanOf(uintptr(v))
if span == nil || !span.isUserArenaChunk {
// Not stored in a user arena chunk.
return s
}
// Heap-allocate storage for a copy.
var x any
switch t.Kind_ & kindMask {
case kindString:
s1 := s.(string)
s2, b := rawstring(len(s1))
copy(b, s1)
x = s2
case kindSlice:
len := (*slice)(e.data).len
et := (*slicetype)(unsafe.Pointer(t)).Elem
sl := new(slice)
*sl = slice{makeslicecopy(et, len, len, (*slice)(e.data).array), len, len}
xe := efaceOf(&x)
xe._type = t
xe.data = unsafe.Pointer(sl)
case kindPtr:
et := (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t)).Elem
e2 := newobject(et)
typedmemmove(et, e2, e.data)
xe := efaceOf(&x)
xe._type = t
xe.data = e2
}
return x
}
const (
// userArenaChunkBytes is the size of a user arena chunk.
userArenaChunkBytesMax = 8 << 20
userArenaChunkBytes = uintptr(int64(userArenaChunkBytesMax-heapArenaBytes)&(int64(userArenaChunkBytesMax-heapArenaBytes)>>63) + heapArenaBytes) // min(userArenaChunkBytesMax, heapArenaBytes)
// userArenaChunkPages is the number of pages a user arena chunk uses.
userArenaChunkPages = userArenaChunkBytes / pageSize
// userArenaChunkMaxAllocBytes is the maximum size of an object that can
// be allocated from an arena. This number is chosen to cap worst-case
// fragmentation of user arenas to 25%. Larger allocations are redirected
// to the heap.
userArenaChunkMaxAllocBytes = userArenaChunkBytes / 4
)
func init() {
if userArenaChunkPages*pageSize != userArenaChunkBytes {
throw("user arena chunk size is not a multiple of the page size")
}
if userArenaChunkBytes%physPageSize != 0 {
throw("user arena chunk size is not a multiple of the physical page size")
}
if userArenaChunkBytes < heapArenaBytes {
if heapArenaBytes%userArenaChunkBytes != 0 {
throw("user arena chunk size is smaller than a heap arena, but doesn't divide it")
}
} else {
if userArenaChunkBytes%heapArenaBytes != 0 {
throw("user arena chunks size is larger than a heap arena, but not a multiple")
}
}
lockInit(&userArenaState.lock, lockRankUserArenaState)
}
type userArena struct {
// full is a list of full chunks that have not enough free memory left, and
// that we'll free once this user arena is freed.
//
// Can't use mSpanList here because it's not-in-heap.
fullList *mspan
// active is the user arena chunk we're currently allocating into.
active *mspan
// refs is a set of references to the arena chunks so that they're kept alive.
//
// The last reference in the list always refers to active, while the rest of
// them correspond to fullList. Specifically, the head of fullList is the
// second-to-last one, fullList.next is the third-to-last, and so on.
//
// In other words, every time a new chunk becomes active, its appended to this
// list.
refs []unsafe.Pointer
// defunct is true if free has been called on this arena.
//
// This is just a best-effort way to discover a concurrent allocation
// and free. Also used to detect a double-free.
defunct atomic.Bool
}
// newUserArena creates a new userArena ready to be used.
func newUserArena() *userArena {
a := new(userArena)
SetFinalizer(a, func(a *userArena) {
// If arena handle is dropped without being freed, then call
// free on the arena, so the arena chunks are never reclaimed
// by the garbage collector.
a.free()
})
a.refill()
return a
}
// new allocates a new object of the provided type into the arena, and returns
// its pointer.
//
// This operation is not safe to call concurrently with other operations on the
// same arena.
func (a *userArena) new(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer {
return a.alloc(typ, -1)
}
// slice allocates a new slice backing store. slice must be a pointer to a slice
// (i.e. *[]T), because userArenaSlice will update the slice directly.
//
// cap determines the capacity of the slice backing store and must be non-negative.
//
// This operation is not safe to call concurrently with other operations on the
// same arena.
func (a *userArena) slice(sl any, cap int) {
if cap < 0 {
panic("userArena.slice: negative cap")
}
i := efaceOf(&sl)
typ := i._type
if typ.Kind_&kindMask != kindPtr {
panic("slice result of non-ptr type")
}
typ = (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(typ)).Elem
if typ.Kind_&kindMask != kindSlice {
panic("slice of non-ptr-to-slice type")
}
typ = (*slicetype)(unsafe.Pointer(typ)).Elem
// t is now the element type of the slice we want to allocate.
*((*slice)(i.data)) = slice{a.alloc(typ, cap), cap, cap}
}
// free returns the userArena's chunks back to mheap and marks it as defunct.
//
// Must be called at most once for any given arena.
//
// This operation is not safe to call concurrently with other operations on the
// same arena.
func (a *userArena) free() {
// Check for a double-free.
if a.defunct.Load() {
panic("arena double free")
}
// Mark ourselves as defunct.
a.defunct.Store(true)
SetFinalizer(a, nil)
// Free all the full arenas.
//
// The refs on this list are in reverse order from the second-to-last.
s := a.fullList
i := len(a.refs) - 2
for s != nil {
a.fullList = s.next
s.next = nil
freeUserArenaChunk(s, a.refs[i])
s = a.fullList
i--
}
if a.fullList != nil || i >= 0 {
// There's still something left on the full list, or we
// failed to actually iterate over the entire refs list.
throw("full list doesn't match refs list in length")
}
// Put the active chunk onto the reuse list.
//
// Note that active's reference is always the last reference in refs.
s = a.active
if s != nil {
if raceenabled || msanenabled || asanenabled {
// Don't reuse arenas with sanitizers enabled. We want to catch
// any use-after-free errors aggressively.
freeUserArenaChunk(s, a.refs[len(a.refs)-1])
} else {
lock(&userArenaState.lock)
userArenaState.reuse = append(userArenaState.reuse, liveUserArenaChunk{s, a.refs[len(a.refs)-1]})
unlock(&userArenaState.lock)
}
}
// nil out a.active so that a race with freeing will more likely cause a crash.
a.active = nil
a.refs = nil
}
// alloc reserves space in the current chunk or calls refill and reserves space
// in a new chunk. If cap is negative, the type will be taken literally, otherwise
// it will be considered as an element type for a slice backing store with capacity
// cap.
func (a *userArena) alloc(typ *_type, cap int) unsafe.Pointer {
s := a.active
var x unsafe.Pointer
for {
x = s.userArenaNextFree(typ, cap)
if x != nil {
break
}
s = a.refill()
}
return x
}
// refill inserts the current arena chunk onto the full list and obtains a new
// one, either from the partial list or allocating a new one, both from mheap.
func (a *userArena) refill() *mspan {
// If there's an active chunk, assume it's full.
s := a.active
if s != nil {
if s.userArenaChunkFree.size() > userArenaChunkMaxAllocBytes {
// It's difficult to tell when we're actually out of memory
// in a chunk because the allocation that failed may still leave
// some free space available. However, that amount of free space
// should never exceed the maximum allocation size.
throw("wasted too much memory in an arena chunk")
}
s.next = a.fullList
a.fullList = s
a.active = nil
s = nil
}
var x unsafe.Pointer
// Check the partially-used list.
lock(&userArenaState.lock)
if len(userArenaState.reuse) > 0 {
// Pick off the last arena chunk from the list.
n := len(userArenaState.reuse) - 1
x = userArenaState.reuse[n].x
s = userArenaState.reuse[n].mspan
userArenaState.reuse[n].x = nil
userArenaState.reuse[n].mspan = nil
userArenaState.reuse = userArenaState.reuse[:n]
}
unlock(&userArenaState.lock)
if s == nil {
// Allocate a new one.
x, s = newUserArenaChunk()
if s == nil {
throw("out of memory")
}
}
a.refs = append(a.refs, x)
a.active = s
return s
}
type liveUserArenaChunk struct {
*mspan // Must represent a user arena chunk.
// Reference to mspan.base() to keep the chunk alive.
x unsafe.Pointer
}
var userArenaState struct {
lock mutex
// reuse contains a list of partially-used and already-live
// user arena chunks that can be quickly reused for another
// arena.
//
// Protected by lock.
reuse []liveUserArenaChunk
// fault contains full user arena chunks that need to be faulted.
//
// Protected by lock.
fault []liveUserArenaChunk
}
// userArenaNextFree reserves space in the user arena for an item of the specified
// type. If cap is not -1, this is for an array of cap elements of type t.
func (s *mspan) userArenaNextFree(typ *_type, cap int) unsafe.Pointer {
size := typ.Size_
if cap > 0 {
if size > ^uintptr(0)/uintptr(cap) {
// Overflow.
throw("out of memory")
}
size *= uintptr(cap)
}
if size == 0 || cap == 0 {
return unsafe.Pointer(&zerobase)
}
if size > userArenaChunkMaxAllocBytes {
// Redirect allocations that don't fit into a chunk well directly
// from the heap.
if cap >= 0 {
return newarray(typ, cap)
}
return newobject(typ)
}
// Prevent preemption as we set up the space for a new object.
//
// Act like we're allocating.
mp := acquirem()
if mp.mallocing != 0 {
throw("malloc deadlock")
}
if mp.gsignal == getg() {
throw("malloc during signal")
}
mp.mallocing = 1
var ptr unsafe.Pointer
if typ.PtrBytes == 0 {
// Allocate pointer-less objects from the tail end of the chunk.
v, ok := s.userArenaChunkFree.takeFromBack(size, typ.Align_)
if ok {
ptr = unsafe.Pointer(v)
}
} else {
v, ok := s.userArenaChunkFree.takeFromFront(size, typ.Align_)
if ok {
ptr = unsafe.Pointer(v)
}
}
if ptr == nil {
// Failed to allocate.
mp.mallocing = 0
releasem(mp)
return nil
}
if s.needzero != 0 {
throw("arena chunk needs zeroing, but should already be zeroed")
}
// Set up heap bitmap and do extra accounting.
if typ.PtrBytes != 0 {
if cap >= 0 {
userArenaHeapBitsSetSliceType(typ, cap, ptr, s.base())
} else {
userArenaHeapBitsSetType(typ, ptr, s.base())
}
c := getMCache(mp)
if c == nil {
throw("mallocgc called without a P or outside bootstrapping")
}
if cap > 0 {
c.scanAlloc += size - (typ.Size_ - typ.PtrBytes)
} else {
c.scanAlloc += typ.PtrBytes
}
}
// Ensure that the stores above that initialize x to
// type-safe memory and set the heap bits occur before
// the caller can make ptr observable to the garbage
// collector. Otherwise, on weakly ordered machines,
// the garbage collector could follow a pointer to x,
// but see uninitialized memory or stale heap bits.
publicationBarrier()
mp.mallocing = 0
releasem(mp)
return ptr
}
// userArenaHeapBitsSetType is the equivalent of heapBitsSetType but for
// non-slice-backing-store Go values allocated in a user arena chunk. It
// sets up the heap bitmap for the value with type typ allocated at address ptr.
// base is the base address of the arena chunk.
func userArenaHeapBitsSetType(typ *_type, ptr unsafe.Pointer, base uintptr) {
h := writeHeapBitsForAddr(uintptr(ptr))
// Our last allocation might have ended right at a noMorePtrs mark,
// which we would not have erased. We need to erase that mark here,
// because we're going to start adding new heap bitmap bits.
// We only need to clear one mark, because below we make sure to
// pad out the bits with zeroes and only write one noMorePtrs bit
// for each new object.
// (This is only necessary at noMorePtrs boundaries, as noMorePtrs
// marks within an object allocated with newAt will be erased by
// the normal writeHeapBitsForAddr mechanism.)
//
// Note that we skip this if this is the first allocation in the
// arena because there's definitely no previous noMorePtrs mark
// (in fact, we *must* do this, because we're going to try to back
// up a pointer to fix this up).
if uintptr(ptr)%(8*goarch.PtrSize*goarch.PtrSize) == 0 && uintptr(ptr) != base {
// Back up one pointer and rewrite that pointer. That will
// cause the writeHeapBits implementation to clear the
// noMorePtrs bit we need to clear.
r := heapBitsForAddr(uintptr(ptr)-goarch.PtrSize, goarch.PtrSize)
_, p := r.next()
b := uintptr(0)
if p == uintptr(ptr)-goarch.PtrSize {
b = 1
}
h = writeHeapBitsForAddr(uintptr(ptr) - goarch.PtrSize)
h = h.write(b, 1)
}
p := typ.GCData // start of 1-bit pointer mask (or GC program)
var gcProgBits uintptr
if typ.Kind_&kindGCProg != 0 {
// Expand gc program, using the object itself for storage.
gcProgBits = runGCProg(addb(p, 4), (*byte)(ptr))
p = (*byte)(ptr)
}
nb := typ.PtrBytes / goarch.PtrSize
for i := uintptr(0); i < nb; i += ptrBits {
k := nb - i
if k > ptrBits {
k = ptrBits
}
h = h.write(readUintptr(addb(p, i/8)), k)
}
// Note: we call pad here to ensure we emit explicit 0 bits
// for the pointerless tail of the object. This ensures that
// there's only a single noMorePtrs mark for the next object
// to clear. We don't need to do this to clear stale noMorePtrs
// markers from previous uses because arena chunk pointer bitmaps
// are always fully cleared when reused.
h = h.pad(typ.Size_ - typ.PtrBytes)
h.flush(uintptr(ptr), typ.Size_)
if typ.Kind_&kindGCProg != 0 {
// Zero out temporary ptrmask buffer inside object.
memclrNoHeapPointers(ptr, (gcProgBits+7)/8)
}
// Double-check that the bitmap was written out correctly.
//
// Derived from heapBitsSetType.
const doubleCheck = false
if doubleCheck {
size := typ.Size_
x := uintptr(ptr)
h := heapBitsForAddr(x, size)
for i := uintptr(0); i < size; i += goarch.PtrSize {
// Compute the pointer bit we want at offset i.
want := false
off := i % typ.Size_
if off < typ.PtrBytes {
j := off / goarch.PtrSize
want = *addb(typ.GCData, j/8)>>(j%8)&1 != 0
}
if want {
var addr uintptr
h, addr = h.next()
if addr != x+i {
throw("userArenaHeapBitsSetType: pointer entry not correct")
}
}
}
if _, addr := h.next(); addr != 0 {
throw("userArenaHeapBitsSetType: extra pointer")
}
}
}
// userArenaHeapBitsSetSliceType is the equivalent of heapBitsSetType but for
// Go slice backing store values allocated in a user arena chunk. It sets up the
// heap bitmap for n consecutive values with type typ allocated at address ptr.
func userArenaHeapBitsSetSliceType(typ *_type, n int, ptr unsafe.Pointer, base uintptr) {
mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(typ.Size_, uintptr(n))
if overflow || n < 0 || mem > maxAlloc {
panic(plainError("runtime: allocation size out of range"))
}
for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
userArenaHeapBitsSetType(typ, add(ptr, uintptr(i)*typ.Size_), base)
}
}
// newUserArenaChunk allocates a user arena chunk, which maps to a single
// heap arena and single span. Returns a pointer to the base of the chunk
// (this is really important: we need to keep the chunk alive) and the span.
func newUserArenaChunk() (unsafe.Pointer, *mspan) {
if gcphase == _GCmarktermination {
throw("newUserArenaChunk called with gcphase == _GCmarktermination")
}
// Deduct assist credit. Because user arena chunks are modeled as one
// giant heap object which counts toward heapLive, we're obligated to
// assist the GC proportionally (and it's worth noting that the arena
// does represent additional work for the GC, but we also have no idea
// what that looks like until we actually allocate things into the
// arena).
deductAssistCredit(userArenaChunkBytes)
// Set mp.mallocing to keep from being preempted by GC.
mp := acquirem()
if mp.mallocing != 0 {
throw("malloc deadlock")
}
if mp.gsignal == getg() {
throw("malloc during signal")
}
mp.mallocing = 1
// Allocate a new user arena.
var span *mspan
systemstack(func() {
span = mheap_.allocUserArenaChunk()
})
if span == nil {
throw("out of memory")
}
x := unsafe.Pointer(span.base())
// Allocate black during GC.
// All slots hold nil so no scanning is needed.
// This may be racing with GC so do it atomically if there can be
// a race marking the bit.
if gcphase != _GCoff {
gcmarknewobject(span, span.base(), span.elemsize)
}
if raceenabled {
// TODO(mknyszek): Track individual objects.
racemalloc(unsafe.Pointer(span.base()), span.elemsize)
}
if msanenabled {
// TODO(mknyszek): Track individual objects.
msanmalloc(unsafe.Pointer(span.base()), span.elemsize)
}
if asanenabled {
// TODO(mknyszek): Track individual objects.
rzSize := computeRZlog(span.elemsize)
span.elemsize -= rzSize
span.limit -= rzSize
span.userArenaChunkFree = makeAddrRange(span.base(), span.limit)
asanpoison(unsafe.Pointer(span.limit), span.npages*pageSize-span.elemsize)
asanunpoison(unsafe.Pointer(span.base()), span.elemsize)
}
if rate := MemProfileRate; rate > 0 {
c := getMCache(mp)
if c == nil {
throw("newUserArenaChunk called without a P or outside bootstrapping")
}
// Note cache c only valid while m acquired; see #47302
if rate != 1 && userArenaChunkBytes < c.nextSample {
c.nextSample -= userArenaChunkBytes
} else {
profilealloc(mp, unsafe.Pointer(span.base()), userArenaChunkBytes)
}
}
mp.mallocing = 0
releasem(mp)
// Again, because this chunk counts toward heapLive, potentially trigger a GC.
if t := (gcTrigger{kind: gcTriggerHeap}); t.test() {
gcStart(t)
}
if debug.malloc {
if debug.allocfreetrace != 0 {
tracealloc(unsafe.Pointer(span.base()), userArenaChunkBytes, nil)
}
if inittrace.active && inittrace.id == getg().goid {
// Init functions are executed sequentially in a single goroutine.
inittrace.bytes += uint64(userArenaChunkBytes)
}
}
// Double-check it's aligned to the physical page size. Based on the current
// implementation this is trivially true, but it need not be in the future.
// However, if it's not aligned to the physical page size then we can't properly
// set it to fault later.
if uintptr(x)%physPageSize != 0 {
throw("user arena chunk is not aligned to the physical page size")
}
return x, span
}
// isUnusedUserArenaChunk indicates that the arena chunk has been set to fault
// and doesn't contain any scannable memory anymore. However, it might still be
// mSpanInUse as it sits on the quarantine list, since it needs to be swept.
//
// This is not safe to execute unless the caller has ownership of the mspan or
// the world is stopped (preemption is prevented while the relevant state changes).
//
// This is really only meant to be used by accounting tests in the runtime to
// distinguish when a span shouldn't be counted (since mSpanInUse might not be
// enough).
func (s *mspan) isUnusedUserArenaChunk() bool {
return s.isUserArenaChunk && s.spanclass == makeSpanClass(0, true)
}
// setUserArenaChunkToFault sets the address space for the user arena chunk to fault
// and releases any underlying memory resources.
//
// Must be in a non-preemptible state to ensure the consistency of statistics
// exported to MemStats.
func (s *mspan) setUserArenaChunkToFault() {
if !s.isUserArenaChunk {
throw("invalid span in heapArena for user arena")
}
if s.npages*pageSize != userArenaChunkBytes {
throw("span on userArena.faultList has invalid size")
}
// Update the span class to be noscan. What we want to happen is that
// any pointer into the span keeps it from getting recycled, so we want
// the mark bit to get set, but we're about to set the address space to fault,
// so we have to prevent the GC from scanning this memory.
//
// It's OK to set it here because (1) a GC isn't in progress, so the scanning code
// won't make a bad decision, (2) we're currently non-preemptible and in the runtime,
// so a GC is blocked from starting. We might race with sweeping, which could
// put it on the "wrong" sweep list, but really don't care because the chunk is
// treated as a large object span and there's no meaningful difference between scan
// and noscan large objects in the sweeper. The STW at the start of the GC acts as a
// barrier for this update.
s.spanclass = makeSpanClass(0, true)
// Actually set the arena chunk to fault, so we'll get dangling pointer errors.
// sysFault currently uses a method on each OS that forces it to evacuate all
// memory backing the chunk.
sysFault(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.npages*pageSize)
// Everything on the list is counted as in-use, however sysFault transitions to
// Reserved, not Prepared, so we skip updating heapFree or heapReleased and just
// remove the memory from the total altogether; it's just address space now.
gcController.heapInUse.add(-int64(s.npages * pageSize))
// Count this as a free of an object right now as opposed to when
// the span gets off the quarantine list. The main reason is so that the
// amount of bytes allocated doesn't exceed how much is counted as
// "mapped ready," which could cause a deadlock in the pacer.
gcController.totalFree.Add(int64(s.npages * pageSize))
// Update consistent stats to match.
//
// We're non-preemptible, so it's safe to update consistent stats (our P
// won't change out from under us).
stats := memstats.heapStats.acquire()
atomic.Xaddint64(&stats.committed, -int64(s.npages*pageSize))
atomic.Xaddint64(&stats.inHeap, -int64(s.npages*pageSize))
atomic.Xadd64(&stats.largeFreeCount, 1)
atomic.Xadd64(&stats.largeFree, int64(s.npages*pageSize))
memstats.heapStats.release()
// This counts as a free, so update heapLive.
gcController.update(-int64(s.npages*pageSize), 0)
// Mark it as free for the race detector.
if raceenabled {
racefree(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.elemsize)
}
systemstack(func() {
// Add the user arena to the quarantine list.
lock(&mheap_.lock)
mheap_.userArena.quarantineList.insert(s)
unlock(&mheap_.lock)
})
}
// inUserArenaChunk returns true if p points to a user arena chunk.
func inUserArenaChunk(p uintptr) bool {
s := spanOf(p)
if s == nil {
return false
}
return s.isUserArenaChunk
}
// freeUserArenaChunk releases the user arena represented by s back to the runtime.
//
// x must be a live pointer within s.
//
// The runtime will set the user arena to fault once it's safe (the GC is no longer running)
// and then once the user arena is no longer referenced by the application, will allow it to
// be reused.
func freeUserArenaChunk(s *mspan, x unsafe.Pointer) {
if !s.isUserArenaChunk {
throw("span is not for a user arena")
}
if s.npages*pageSize != userArenaChunkBytes {
throw("invalid user arena span size")
}
// Mark the region as free to various santizers immediately instead
// of handling them at sweep time.
if raceenabled {
racefree(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.elemsize)
}
if msanenabled {
msanfree(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.elemsize)
}
if asanenabled {
asanpoison(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.elemsize)
}
// Make ourselves non-preemptible as we manipulate state and statistics.
//
// Also required by setUserArenaChunksToFault.
mp := acquirem()
// We can only set user arenas to fault if we're in the _GCoff phase.
if gcphase == _GCoff {
lock(&userArenaState.lock)
faultList := userArenaState.fault
userArenaState.fault = nil
unlock(&userArenaState.lock)
s.setUserArenaChunkToFault()
for _, lc := range faultList {
lc.mspan.setUserArenaChunkToFault()
}
// Until the chunks are set to fault, keep them alive via the fault list.
KeepAlive(x)
KeepAlive(faultList)
} else {
// Put the user arena on the fault list.
lock(&userArenaState.lock)
userArenaState.fault = append(userArenaState.fault, liveUserArenaChunk{s, x})
unlock(&userArenaState.lock)
}
releasem(mp)
}
// allocUserArenaChunk attempts to reuse a free user arena chunk represented
// as a span.
//
// Must be in a non-preemptible state to ensure the consistency of statistics
// exported to MemStats.
//
// Acquires the heap lock. Must run on the system stack for that reason.
//
//go:systemstack
func (h *mheap) allocUserArenaChunk() *mspan {
var s *mspan
var base uintptr
// First check the free list.
lock(&h.lock)
if !h.userArena.readyList.isEmpty() {
s = h.userArena.readyList.first
h.userArena.readyList.remove(s)
base = s.base()
} else {
// Free list was empty, so allocate a new arena.
hintList := &h.userArena.arenaHints
if raceenabled {
// In race mode just use the regular heap hints. We might fragment
// the address space, but the race detector requires that the heap
// is mapped contiguously.
hintList = &h.arenaHints
}
v, size := h.sysAlloc(userArenaChunkBytes, hintList, false)
if size%userArenaChunkBytes != 0 {
throw("sysAlloc size is not divisible by userArenaChunkBytes")
}
if size > userArenaChunkBytes {
// We got more than we asked for. This can happen if
// heapArenaSize > userArenaChunkSize, or if sysAlloc just returns
// some extra as a result of trying to find an aligned region.
//
// Divide it up and put it on the ready list.
for i := uintptr(userArenaChunkBytes); i < size; i += userArenaChunkBytes {
s := h.allocMSpanLocked()
s.init(uintptr(v)+i, userArenaChunkPages)
h.userArena.readyList.insertBack(s)
}
size = userArenaChunkBytes
}
base = uintptr(v)
if base == 0 {
// Out of memory.
unlock(&h.lock)
return nil
}
s = h.allocMSpanLocked()
}
unlock(&h.lock)
// sysAlloc returns Reserved address space, and any span we're
// reusing is set to fault (so, also Reserved), so transition
// it to Prepared and then Ready.
//
// Unlike (*mheap).grow, just map in everything that we
// asked for. We're likely going to use it all.
sysMap(unsafe.Pointer(base), userArenaChunkBytes, &gcController.heapReleased)
sysUsed(unsafe.Pointer(base), userArenaChunkBytes, userArenaChunkBytes)
// Model the user arena as a heap span for a large object.
spc := makeSpanClass(0, false)
h.initSpan(s, spanAllocHeap, spc, base, userArenaChunkPages)
s.isUserArenaChunk = true
// Account for this new arena chunk memory.
gcController.heapInUse.add(int64(userArenaChunkBytes))
gcController.heapReleased.add(-int64(userArenaChunkBytes))
stats := memstats.heapStats.acquire()
atomic.Xaddint64(&stats.inHeap, int64(userArenaChunkBytes))
atomic.Xaddint64(&stats.committed, int64(userArenaChunkBytes))
// Model the arena as a single large malloc.
atomic.Xadd64(&stats.largeAlloc, int64(userArenaChunkBytes))
atomic.Xadd64(&stats.largeAllocCount, 1)
memstats.heapStats.release()
// Count the alloc in inconsistent, internal stats.
gcController.totalAlloc.Add(int64(userArenaChunkBytes))
// Update heapLive.
gcController.update(int64(userArenaChunkBytes), 0)
// Put the large span in the mcentral swept list so that it's
// visible to the background sweeper.
h.central[spc].mcentral.fullSwept(h.sweepgen).push(s)
s.limit = s.base() + userArenaChunkBytes
s.freeindex = 1
s.allocCount = 1
// This must clear the entire heap bitmap so that it's safe
// to allocate noscan data without writing anything out.
s.initHeapBits(true)
// Clear the span preemptively. It's an arena chunk, so let's assume
// everything is going to be used.
//
// This also seems to make a massive difference as to whether or
// not Linux decides to back this memory with transparent huge
// pages. There's latency involved in this zeroing, but the hugepage
// gains are almost always worth it. Note: it's important that we
// clear even if it's freshly mapped and we know there's no point
// to zeroing as *that* is the critical signal to use huge pages.
memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.elemsize)
s.needzero = 0
s.freeIndexForScan = 1
// Set up the range for allocation.
s.userArenaChunkFree = makeAddrRange(base, s.limit)
return s
}