keystore-engine/android_engine.cpp - platform/system/security - Git at Google

 /* Copyright 2014 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  * are met:
  * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
  *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
  *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  *
  * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
  * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
  * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
  * DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
  * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
  * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
  * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
  * THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */

 #include <UniquePtr.h>

 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

 #include <openssl/bn.h>
 #include <openssl/ec.h>
 #include <openssl/ec_key.h>
 #include <openssl/ecdsa.h>
 #include <openssl/engine.h>
 #include <openssl/evp.h>
 #include <openssl/rsa.h>
 #include <openssl/x509.h>

 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <keystore/keystore.h>
 #include <keystore/IKeystoreService.h>

 using namespace android;

 namespace {

 extern const RSA_METHOD keystore_rsa_method;
 extern const ECDSA_METHOD keystore_ecdsa_method;

 /* key_id_dup is called when one of the RSA or EC_KEY objects is duplicated. */
 int key_id_dup(CRYPTO_EX_DATA* /* to */,
                const CRYPTO_EX_DATA* /* from */,
                void** from_d,
                int /* index */,
                long /* argl */,
                void* /* argp */) {
     char *key_id = reinterpret_cast<char *>(*from_d);
     if (key_id != NULL) {
         *from_d = strdup(key_id);
     }
     return 1;
 }

 /* key_id_free is called when one of the RSA, DSA or EC_KEY object is freed. */
 void key_id_free(void* /* parent */,
                  void* ptr,
                  CRYPTO_EX_DATA* /* ad */,
                  int /* index */,
                  long /* argl */,
                  void* /* argp */) {
     char *key_id = reinterpret_cast<char *>(ptr);
     free(key_id);
 }

 /* KeystoreEngine is a BoringSSL ENGINE that implements RSA and ECDSA by
  * forwarding the requested operations to Keystore. */
 class KeystoreEngine {
  public:
   KeystoreEngine()
       : rsa_index_(RSA_get_ex_new_index(0 /* argl */,
                                         NULL /* argp */,
                                         NULL /* new_func */,
                                         key_id_dup,
                                         key_id_free)),
         ec_key_index_(EC_KEY_get_ex_new_index(0 /* argl */,
                                               NULL /* argp */,
                                               NULL /* new_func */,
                                               key_id_dup,
                                               key_id_free)),
         engine_(ENGINE_new()) {
     ENGINE_set_RSA_method(
         engine_, &keystore_rsa_method, sizeof(keystore_rsa_method));
     ENGINE_set_ECDSA_method(
         engine_, &keystore_ecdsa_method, sizeof(keystore_ecdsa_method));
   }

   int rsa_ex_index() const { return rsa_index_; }
   int ec_key_ex_index() const { return ec_key_index_; }

   const ENGINE* engine() const { return engine_; }

  private:
   const int rsa_index_;
   const int ec_key_index_;
   ENGINE* const engine_;
 };

 pthread_once_t g_keystore_engine_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
 KeystoreEngine *g_keystore_engine;

 /* init_keystore_engine is called to initialize |g_keystore_engine|. This
  * should only be called by |pthread_once|. */
 void init_keystore_engine() {
     g_keystore_engine = new KeystoreEngine;
 }

 /* ensure_keystore_engine ensures that |g_keystore_engine| is pointing to a
  * valid |KeystoreEngine| object and creates one if not. */
 void ensure_keystore_engine() {
     pthread_once(&g_keystore_engine_once, init_keystore_engine);
 }

 /* Many OpenSSL APIs take ownership of an argument on success but don't free
  * the argument on failure. This means we need to tell our scoped pointers when
  * we've transferred ownership, without triggering a warning by not using the
  * result of release(). */
 #define OWNERSHIP_TRANSFERRED(obj) \
     typeof ((obj).release()) _dummy __attribute__((unused)) = (obj).release()

 const char* rsa_get_key_id(const RSA* rsa) {
   return reinterpret_cast<char*>(
       RSA_get_ex_data(rsa, g_keystore_engine->rsa_ex_index()));
 }

 /* rsa_private_transform takes a big-endian integer from |in|, calculates the
  * d'th power of it, modulo the RSA modulus, and writes the result as a
  * big-endian integer to |out|. Both |in| and |out| are |len| bytes long. It
  * returns one on success and zero otherwise. */
 int rsa_private_transform(RSA *rsa, uint8_t *out, const uint8_t *in, size_t len) {
     ALOGV("rsa_private_transform(%p, %p, %p, %u)", rsa, out, in, (unsigned) len);

     const char *key_id = rsa_get_key_id(rsa);
     if (key_id == NULL) {
         ALOGE("key had no key_id!");
         return 0;
     }

     sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
     sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("android.security.keystore"));
     sp<IKeystoreService> service = interface_cast<IKeystoreService>(binder);

     if (service == NULL) {
         ALOGE("could not contact keystore");
         return 0;
     }

     uint8_t* reply = NULL;
     size_t reply_len;
     int32_t ret = service->sign(String16(key_id), in, len, &reply, &reply_len);
     if (ret < 0) {
         ALOGW("There was an error during rsa_decrypt: could not connect");
         return 0;
     } else if (ret != 0) {
         ALOGW("Error during sign from keystore: %d", ret);
         return 0;
     } else if (reply_len == 0) {
         ALOGW("No valid signature returned");
         free(reply);
         return 0;
     }

     if (reply_len > len) {
         /* The result of the RSA operation can never be larger than the size of
          * the modulus so we assume that the result has extra zeros on the
          * left. This provides attackers with an oracle, but there's nothing
          * that we can do about it here. */
         memcpy(out, reply + reply_len - len, len);
     } else if (reply_len < len) {
         /* If the Keystore implementation returns a short value we assume that
          * it's because it removed leading zeros from the left side. This is
          * bad because it provides attackers with an oracle but we cannot do
          * anything about a broken Keystore implementation here. */
         memset(out, 0, len);
         memcpy(out + len - reply_len, reply, reply_len);
     } else {
         memcpy(out, reply, len);
     }

     free(reply);

     ALOGV("rsa=%p keystore_rsa_priv_dec successful", rsa);
     return 1;
 }

 const struct rsa_meth_st keystore_rsa_method = {
   {
     0 /* references */,
     1 /* is_static */,
   },
   NULL /* app_data */,

   NULL /* init */,
   NULL /* finish */,

   NULL /* size */,

   NULL /* sign */,

   NULL /* encrypt */,
   NULL /* sign_raw */,
   NULL /* decrypt */,

   rsa_private_transform,

   RSA_FLAG_CACHE_PUBLIC | RSA_FLAG_OPAQUE,
 };

 const char* ecdsa_get_key_id(const EC_KEY* ec_key) {
     return reinterpret_cast<char*>(
         EC_KEY_get_ex_data(ec_key, g_keystore_engine->ec_key_ex_index()));
 }

 /* ecdsa_sign signs |digest_len| bytes from |digest| with |ec_key| and writes
  * the resulting signature (an ASN.1 encoded blob) to |sig|. It returns one on
  * success and zero otherwise. */
 static int ecdsa_sign(const uint8_t* digest, size_t digest_len, uint8_t* sig,
                       unsigned int* sig_len, EC_KEY* ec_key) {
     ALOGV("ecdsa_sign(%p, %u, %p)", digest, (unsigned) digest_len, ec_key);

     const char *key_id = ecdsa_get_key_id(ec_key);
     if (key_id == NULL) {
         ALOGE("key had no key_id!");
         return 0;
     }

     sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
     sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("android.security.keystore"));
     sp<IKeystoreService> service = interface_cast<IKeystoreService>(binder);

     if (service == NULL) {
         ALOGE("could not contact keystore");
         return 0;
     }

     size_t ecdsa_size = ECDSA_size(ec_key);

     uint8_t* reply = NULL;
     size_t reply_len;
     int32_t ret = service->sign(String16(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(key_id)),
                                 digest, digest_len, &reply, &reply_len);
     if (ret < 0) {
         ALOGW("There was an error during ecdsa_sign: could not connect");
         return 0;
     } else if (ret != 0) {
         ALOGW("Error during sign from keystore: %d", ret);
         return 0;
     } else if (reply_len == 0) {
         ALOGW("No valid signature returned");
         free(reply);
         return 0;
     } else if (reply_len > ecdsa_size) {
         ALOGW("Signature is too large");
         free(reply);
         return 0;
     }

     memcpy(sig, reply, reply_len);
     *sig_len = reply_len;

     ALOGV("ecdsa_sign(%p, %u, %p) => success", digest, (unsigned)digest_len,
           ec_key);
     return 1;
 }

 const ECDSA_METHOD keystore_ecdsa_method = {
     {
      0 /* references */,
      1 /* is_static */
     } /* common */,
     NULL /* app_data */,

     NULL /* init */,
     NULL /* finish */,
     NULL /* group_order_size */,
     ecdsa_sign,
     ECDSA_FLAG_OPAQUE,
 };

 struct EVP_PKEY_Delete {
     void operator()(EVP_PKEY* p) const {
         EVP_PKEY_free(p);
     }
 };
 typedef UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY, EVP_PKEY_Delete> Unique_EVP_PKEY;

 struct RSA_Delete {
     void operator()(RSA* p) const {
         RSA_free(p);
     }
 };
 typedef UniquePtr<RSA, RSA_Delete> Unique_RSA;

 struct EC_KEY_Delete {
     void operator()(EC_KEY* ec) const {
         EC_KEY_free(ec);
     }
 };
 typedef UniquePtr<EC_KEY, EC_KEY_Delete> Unique_EC_KEY;

 /* wrap_rsa returns an |EVP_PKEY| that contains an RSA key where the public
  * part is taken from |public_rsa| and the private operations are forwarded to
  * KeyStore and operate on the key named |key_id|. */
 static EVP_PKEY *wrap_rsa(const char *key_id, const RSA *public_rsa) {
     Unique_RSA rsa(RSA_new_method(g_keystore_engine->engine()));
     if (rsa.get() == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }

     char *key_id_copy = strdup(key_id);
     if (key_id_copy == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }

     if (!RSA_set_ex_data(rsa.get(), g_keystore_engine->rsa_ex_index(),
                          key_id_copy)) {
         free(key_id_copy);
         return NULL;
     }

     rsa->n = BN_dup(public_rsa->n);
     rsa->e = BN_dup(public_rsa->e);
     if (rsa->n == NULL || rsa->e == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }

     Unique_EVP_PKEY result(EVP_PKEY_new());
     if (result.get() == NULL ||
         !EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(result.get(), rsa.get())) {
         return NULL;
     }
     OWNERSHIP_TRANSFERRED(rsa);

     return result.release();
 }

 /* wrap_ecdsa returns an |EVP_PKEY| that contains an ECDSA key where the public
  * part is taken from |public_rsa| and the private operations are forwarded to
  * KeyStore and operate on the key named |key_id|. */
 static EVP_PKEY *wrap_ecdsa(const char *key_id, const EC_KEY *public_ecdsa) {
     Unique_EC_KEY ec(EC_KEY_new_method(g_keystore_engine->engine()));
     if (ec.get() == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }

     if (!EC_KEY_set_group(ec.get(), EC_KEY_get0_group(public_ecdsa)) ||
         !EC_KEY_set_public_key(ec.get(), EC_KEY_get0_public_key(public_ecdsa))) {
         return NULL;
     }

     char *key_id_copy = strdup(key_id);
     if (key_id_copy == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }

     if (!EC_KEY_set_ex_data(ec.get(), g_keystore_engine->ec_key_ex_index(),
                             key_id_copy)) {
         free(key_id_copy);
         return NULL;
     }

     Unique_EVP_PKEY result(EVP_PKEY_new());
     if (result.get() == NULL ||
         !EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(result.get(), ec.get())) {
         return NULL;
     }
     OWNERSHIP_TRANSFERRED(ec);

     return result.release();
 }

 }  /* anonymous namespace */

 extern "C" {

 EVP_PKEY* EVP_PKEY_from_keystore(const char* key_id) __attribute__((visibility("default")));

 /* EVP_PKEY_from_keystore returns an |EVP_PKEY| that contains either an RSA or
  * ECDSA key where the public part of the key reflects the value of the key
  * named |key_id| in Keystore and the private operations are forwarded onto
  * KeyStore. */
 EVP_PKEY* EVP_PKEY_from_keystore(const char* key_id) {
     ALOGV("EVP_PKEY_from_keystore(\"%s\")", key_id);

     sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
     sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("android.security.keystore"));
     sp<IKeystoreService> service = interface_cast<IKeystoreService>(binder);

     if (service == NULL) {
         ALOGE("could not contact keystore");
         return 0;
     }

     uint8_t *pubkey = NULL;
     size_t pubkey_len;
     int32_t ret = service->get_pubkey(String16(key_id), &pubkey, &pubkey_len);
     if (ret < 0) {
         ALOGW("could not contact keystore");
         return NULL;
     } else if (ret != 0) {
         ALOGW("keystore reports error: %d", ret);
         return NULL;
     }

     const uint8_t *inp = pubkey;
     Unique_EVP_PKEY pkey(d2i_PUBKEY(NULL, &inp, pubkey_len));
     free(pubkey);
     if (pkey.get() == NULL) {
         ALOGW("Cannot convert pubkey");
         return NULL;
     }

     ensure_keystore_engine();

     EVP_PKEY *result;
     switch (EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type)) {
     case EVP_PKEY_RSA: {
         Unique_RSA public_rsa(EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(pkey.get()));
         result = wrap_rsa(key_id, public_rsa.get());
         break;
     }
     case EVP_PKEY_EC: {
         Unique_EC_KEY public_ecdsa(EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pkey.get()));
         result = wrap_ecdsa(key_id, public_ecdsa.get());
         break;
     }
     default:
         ALOGE("Unsupported key type %d", EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type));
         result = NULL;
     }

     return result;
 }

 }  // extern "C"
	/* Copyright 2014 The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
	* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
	* are met:
	* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
	* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
	* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
	* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
	*
	* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY
	* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
	* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
	* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
	* DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
	* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
	* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
	* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
	* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
	* THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */

	#include <UniquePtr.h>

	#include <sys/socket.h>
	#include <stdarg.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#include <unistd.h>

	#include <openssl/bn.h>
	#include <openssl/ec.h>
	#include <openssl/ec_key.h>
	#include <openssl/ecdsa.h>
	#include <openssl/engine.h>
	#include <openssl/evp.h>
	#include <openssl/rsa.h>
	#include <openssl/x509.h>

	#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
	#include <keystore/keystore.h>
	#include <keystore/IKeystoreService.h>

	using namespace android;

	namespace {

	extern const RSA_METHOD keystore_rsa_method;
	extern const ECDSA_METHOD keystore_ecdsa_method;

	/* key_id_dup is called when one of the RSA or EC_KEY objects is duplicated. */
	int key_id_dup(CRYPTO_EX_DATA* /* to */,
	const CRYPTO_EX_DATA* /* from */,
	void** from_d,
	int /* index */,
	long /* argl */,
	void* /* argp */) {
	char key_id = reinterpret_cast<char >(*from_d);
	if (key_id != NULL) {
	*from_d = strdup(key_id);
	}
	return 1;
	}

	/* key_id_free is called when one of the RSA, DSA or EC_KEY object is freed. */
	void key_id_free(void* /* parent */,
	void* ptr,
	CRYPTO_EX_DATA* /* ad */,
	int /* index */,
	long /* argl */,
	void* /* argp */) {
	char key_id = reinterpret_cast<char >(ptr);
	free(key_id);
	}

	/* KeystoreEngine is a BoringSSL ENGINE that implements RSA and ECDSA by
	* forwarding the requested operations to Keystore. */
	class KeystoreEngine {
	public:
	KeystoreEngine()
	: rsa_index_(RSA_get_ex_new_index(0 /* argl */,
	NULL /* argp */,
	NULL /* new_func */,
	key_id_dup,
	key_id_free)),
	ec_key_index_(EC_KEY_get_ex_new_index(0 /* argl */,
	NULL /* argp */,
	NULL /* new_func */,
	key_id_dup,
	key_id_free)),
	engine_(ENGINE_new()) {
	ENGINE_set_RSA_method(
	engine_, &keystore_rsa_method, sizeof(keystore_rsa_method));
	ENGINE_set_ECDSA_method(
	engine_, &keystore_ecdsa_method, sizeof(keystore_ecdsa_method));
	}

	int rsa_ex_index() const { return rsa_index_; }
	int ec_key_ex_index() const { return ec_key_index_; }

	const ENGINE* engine() const { return engine_; }

	private:
	const int rsa_index_;
	const int ec_key_index_;
	ENGINE* const engine_;
	};

	pthread_once_t g_keystore_engine_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
	KeystoreEngine *g_keystore_engine;

	/* init_keystore_engine is called to initialize \|g_keystore_engine\|. This
	* should only be called by \|pthread_once\|. */
	void init_keystore_engine() {
	g_keystore_engine = new KeystoreEngine;
	}

	/* ensure_keystore_engine ensures that \|g_keystore_engine\| is pointing to a
	* valid \|KeystoreEngine\| object and creates one if not. */
	void ensure_keystore_engine() {
	pthread_once(&g_keystore_engine_once, init_keystore_engine);
	}

	/* Many OpenSSL APIs take ownership of an argument on success but don't free
	* the argument on failure. This means we need to tell our scoped pointers when
	* we've transferred ownership, without triggering a warning by not using the
	* result of release(). */
	#define OWNERSHIP_TRANSFERRED(obj) \
	typeof ((obj).release()) _dummy __attribute__((unused)) = (obj).release()

	const char* rsa_get_key_id(const RSA* rsa) {
	return reinterpret_cast<char*>(
	RSA_get_ex_data(rsa, g_keystore_engine->rsa_ex_index()));
	}

	/* rsa_private_transform takes a big-endian integer from \|in\|, calculates the
	* d'th power of it, modulo the RSA modulus, and writes the result as a
	* big-endian integer to \|out\|. Both \|in\| and \|out\| are \|len\| bytes long. It
	* returns one on success and zero otherwise. */
	int rsa_private_transform(RSA rsa, uint8_t out, const uint8_t *in, size_t len) {
	ALOGV("rsa_private_transform(%p, %p, %p, %u)", rsa, out, in, (unsigned) len);

	const char *key_id = rsa_get_key_id(rsa);
	if (key_id == NULL) {
	ALOGE("key had no key_id!");
	return 0;
	}

	sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
	sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("android.security.keystore"));
	sp<IKeystoreService> service = interface_cast<IKeystoreService>(binder);

	if (service == NULL) {
	ALOGE("could not contact keystore");
	return 0;
	}

	uint8_t* reply = NULL;
	size_t reply_len;
	int32_t ret = service->sign(String16(key_id), in, len, &reply, &reply_len);
	if (ret < 0) {
	ALOGW("There was an error during rsa_decrypt: could not connect");
	return 0;
	} else if (ret != 0) {
	ALOGW("Error during sign from keystore: %d", ret);
	return 0;
	} else if (reply_len == 0) {
	ALOGW("No valid signature returned");
	free(reply);
	return 0;
	}

	if (reply_len > len) {
	/* The result of the RSA operation can never be larger than the size of
	* the modulus so we assume that the result has extra zeros on the
	* left. This provides attackers with an oracle, but there's nothing
	* that we can do about it here. */
	memcpy(out, reply + reply_len - len, len);
	} else if (reply_len < len) {
	/* If the Keystore implementation returns a short value we assume that
	* it's because it removed leading zeros from the left side. This is
	* bad because it provides attackers with an oracle but we cannot do
	* anything about a broken Keystore implementation here. */
	memset(out, 0, len);
	memcpy(out + len - reply_len, reply, reply_len);
	} else {
	memcpy(out, reply, len);
	}

	free(reply);

	ALOGV("rsa=%p keystore_rsa_priv_dec successful", rsa);
	return 1;
	}

	const struct rsa_meth_st keystore_rsa_method = {
	{
	0 /* references */,
	1 /* is_static */,
	},
	NULL /* app_data */,

	NULL /* init */,
	NULL /* finish */,

	NULL /* size */,

	NULL /* sign */,

	NULL /* encrypt */,
	NULL /* sign_raw */,
	NULL /* decrypt */,

	rsa_private_transform,

	RSA_FLAG_CACHE_PUBLIC \| RSA_FLAG_OPAQUE,
	};

	const char* ecdsa_get_key_id(const EC_KEY* ec_key) {
	return reinterpret_cast<char*>(
	EC_KEY_get_ex_data(ec_key, g_keystore_engine->ec_key_ex_index()));
	}

	/* ecdsa_sign signs \|digest_len\| bytes from \|digest\| with \|ec_key\| and writes
	* the resulting signature (an ASN.1 encoded blob) to \|sig\|. It returns one on
	* success and zero otherwise. */
	static int ecdsa_sign(const uint8_t* digest, size_t digest_len, uint8_t* sig,
	unsigned int* sig_len, EC_KEY* ec_key) {
	ALOGV("ecdsa_sign(%p, %u, %p)", digest, (unsigned) digest_len, ec_key);

	const char *key_id = ecdsa_get_key_id(ec_key);
	if (key_id == NULL) {
	ALOGE("key had no key_id!");
	return 0;
	}

	sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
	sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("android.security.keystore"));
	sp<IKeystoreService> service = interface_cast<IKeystoreService>(binder);

	if (service == NULL) {
	ALOGE("could not contact keystore");
	return 0;
	}

	size_t ecdsa_size = ECDSA_size(ec_key);

	uint8_t* reply = NULL;
	size_t reply_len;
	int32_t ret = service->sign(String16(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(key_id)),
	digest, digest_len, &reply, &reply_len);
	if (ret < 0) {
	ALOGW("There was an error during ecdsa_sign: could not connect");
	return 0;
	} else if (ret != 0) {
	ALOGW("Error during sign from keystore: %d", ret);
	return 0;
	} else if (reply_len == 0) {
	ALOGW("No valid signature returned");
	free(reply);
	return 0;
	} else if (reply_len > ecdsa_size) {
	ALOGW("Signature is too large");
	free(reply);
	return 0;
	}

	memcpy(sig, reply, reply_len);
	*sig_len = reply_len;

	ALOGV("ecdsa_sign(%p, %u, %p) => success", digest, (unsigned)digest_len,
	ec_key);
	return 1;
	}

	const ECDSA_METHOD keystore_ecdsa_method = {
	{
	0 /* references */,
	1 /* is_static */
	} /* common */,
	NULL /* app_data */,

	NULL /* init */,
	NULL /* finish */,
	NULL /* group_order_size */,
	ecdsa_sign,
	ECDSA_FLAG_OPAQUE,
	};

	struct EVP_PKEY_Delete {
	void operator()(EVP_PKEY* p) const {
	EVP_PKEY_free(p);
	}
	};
	typedef UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY, EVP_PKEY_Delete> Unique_EVP_PKEY;

	struct RSA_Delete {
	void operator()(RSA* p) const {
	RSA_free(p);
	}
	};
	typedef UniquePtr<RSA, RSA_Delete> Unique_RSA;

	struct EC_KEY_Delete {
	void operator()(EC_KEY* ec) const {
	EC_KEY_free(ec);
	}
	};
	typedef UniquePtr<EC_KEY, EC_KEY_Delete> Unique_EC_KEY;

	/* wrap_rsa returns an \|EVP_PKEY\| that contains an RSA key where the public
	* part is taken from \|public_rsa\| and the private operations are forwarded to
	* KeyStore and operate on the key named \|key_id\|. */
	static EVP_PKEY wrap_rsa(const char key_id, const RSA *public_rsa) {
	Unique_RSA rsa(RSA_new_method(g_keystore_engine->engine()));
	if (rsa.get() == NULL) {
	return NULL;
	}

	char *key_id_copy = strdup(key_id);
	if (key_id_copy == NULL) {
	return NULL;
	}

	if (!RSA_set_ex_data(rsa.get(), g_keystore_engine->rsa_ex_index(),
	key_id_copy)) {
	free(key_id_copy);
	return NULL;
	}

	rsa->n = BN_dup(public_rsa->n);
	rsa->e = BN_dup(public_rsa->e);
	if (rsa->n == NULL \|\| rsa->e == NULL) {
	return NULL;
	}

	Unique_EVP_PKEY result(EVP_PKEY_new());
	if (result.get() == NULL \|\|
	!EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(result.get(), rsa.get())) {
	return NULL;
	}
	OWNERSHIP_TRANSFERRED(rsa);

	return result.release();
	}

	/* wrap_ecdsa returns an \|EVP_PKEY\| that contains an ECDSA key where the public
	* part is taken from \|public_rsa\| and the private operations are forwarded to
	* KeyStore and operate on the key named \|key_id\|. */
	static EVP_PKEY wrap_ecdsa(const char key_id, const EC_KEY *public_ecdsa) {
	Unique_EC_KEY ec(EC_KEY_new_method(g_keystore_engine->engine()));
	if (ec.get() == NULL) {
	return NULL;
	}

	if (!EC_KEY_set_group(ec.get(), EC_KEY_get0_group(public_ecdsa)) \|\|
	!EC_KEY_set_public_key(ec.get(), EC_KEY_get0_public_key(public_ecdsa))) {
	return NULL;
	}

	char *key_id_copy = strdup(key_id);
	if (key_id_copy == NULL) {
	return NULL;
	}

	if (!EC_KEY_set_ex_data(ec.get(), g_keystore_engine->ec_key_ex_index(),
	key_id_copy)) {
	free(key_id_copy);
	return NULL;
	}

	Unique_EVP_PKEY result(EVP_PKEY_new());
	if (result.get() == NULL \|\|
	!EVP_PKEY_assign_EC_KEY(result.get(), ec.get())) {
	return NULL;
	}
	OWNERSHIP_TRANSFERRED(ec);

	return result.release();
	}

	} /* anonymous namespace */

	extern "C" {

	EVP_PKEY* EVP_PKEY_from_keystore(const char* key_id) __attribute__((visibility("default")));

	/* EVP_PKEY_from_keystore returns an \|EVP_PKEY\| that contains either an RSA or
	* ECDSA key where the public part of the key reflects the value of the key
	* named \|key_id\| in Keystore and the private operations are forwarded onto
	* KeyStore. */
	EVP_PKEY* EVP_PKEY_from_keystore(const char* key_id) {
	ALOGV("EVP_PKEY_from_keystore(\"%s\")", key_id);

	sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
	sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("android.security.keystore"));
	sp<IKeystoreService> service = interface_cast<IKeystoreService>(binder);

	if (service == NULL) {
	ALOGE("could not contact keystore");
	return 0;
	}

	uint8_t *pubkey = NULL;
	size_t pubkey_len;
	int32_t ret = service->get_pubkey(String16(key_id), &pubkey, &pubkey_len);
	if (ret < 0) {
	ALOGW("could not contact keystore");
	return NULL;
	} else if (ret != 0) {
	ALOGW("keystore reports error: %d", ret);
	return NULL;
	}

	const uint8_t *inp = pubkey;
	Unique_EVP_PKEY pkey(d2i_PUBKEY(NULL, &inp, pubkey_len));
	free(pubkey);
	if (pkey.get() == NULL) {
	ALOGW("Cannot convert pubkey");
	return NULL;
	}

	ensure_keystore_engine();

	EVP_PKEY *result;
	switch (EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type)) {
	case EVP_PKEY_RSA: {
	Unique_RSA public_rsa(EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(pkey.get()));
	result = wrap_rsa(key_id, public_rsa.get());
	break;
	}
	case EVP_PKEY_EC: {
	Unique_EC_KEY public_ecdsa(EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pkey.get()));
	result = wrap_ecdsa(key_id, public_ecdsa.get());
	break;
	}
	default:
	ALOGE("Unsupported key type %d", EVP_PKEY_type(pkey->type));
	result = NULL;
	}

	return result;
	}

	} // extern "C"