Merge "build multilib netd_integration_test binary" into pi-dev
diff --git a/bpfloader/BpfLoader.cpp b/bpfloader/BpfLoader.cpp
index 375ed92..8ab34d9 100644
--- a/bpfloader/BpfLoader.cpp
+++ b/bpfloader/BpfLoader.cpp
@@ -264,6 +264,7 @@
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
 
+using android::bpf::APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH;
 using android::bpf::BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH;
 using android::bpf::BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH;
 using android::bpf::COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH;
@@ -276,6 +277,7 @@
 using android::bpf::UID_STATS_MAP_PATH;
 using android::bpf::XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH;
 using android::bpf::XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH;
+
 using android::bpf::ReplacePattern;
 using android::bpf::loadAndAttachProgram;
 
@@ -291,6 +293,7 @@
     int ret = 0;
     DECLARE_MAP(cookieTagMap, COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
     DECLARE_MAP(uidCounterSetMap, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH);
+    DECLARE_MAP(appUidStatsMap, APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     DECLARE_MAP(uidStatsMap, UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     DECLARE_MAP(tagStatsMap, TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     DECLARE_MAP(ifaceStatsMap, IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
@@ -301,6 +304,7 @@
     const std::vector<ReplacePattern> mapPatterns = {
         ReplacePattern(COOKIE_TAG_MAP, cookieTagMap.get()),
         ReplacePattern(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP, uidCounterSetMap.get()),
+        ReplacePattern(APP_UID_STATS_MAP, appUidStatsMap.get()),
         ReplacePattern(UID_STATS_MAP, uidStatsMap.get()),
         ReplacePattern(TAG_STATS_MAP, tagStatsMap.get()),
         ReplacePattern(IFACE_STATS_MAP, ifaceStatsMap.get()),
diff --git a/bpfloader/bpf_kern.h b/bpfloader/bpf_kern.h
index 69803e8..a59cb6d 100644
--- a/bpfloader/bpf_kern.h
+++ b/bpfloader/bpf_kern.h
@@ -14,6 +14,20 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+/*
+ * This h file together with bpf_kern.c is used for compiling the eBPF kernel
+ * program. To generate the bpf_kern.o file manually, use the clang prebuilt in
+ * this android tree to compile the files with --target=bpf options. For
+ * example, in system/netd/ directory, execute the following command:
+ * $: ANDROID_BASE_DIRECTORY/prebuilts/clang/host/linux-x86/clang-4691093/bin/clang  \
+ *    -I ANDROID_BASE_DIRECTORY/bionic/libc/kernel/uapi/ \
+ *    -I ANDROID_BASE_DIRECTORY/system/netd/bpfloader/ \
+ *    -I ANDROID_BASE_DIRECTORY/bionic/libc/kernel/android/uapi/ \
+ *    -I ANDROID_BASE_DIRECTORY/bionic/libc/include \
+ *    -I ANDROID_BASE_DIRECTORY/system/netd/libbpf/include  \
+ *    --target=bpf -O2 -c bpfloader/bpf_kern.c -o bpfloader/bpf_kern.o
+ */
+
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/if_ether.h>
 #include <linux/in.h>
@@ -171,9 +185,8 @@
 
     struct stats_key key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = 0, .ifaceIndex = skb->ifindex};
 
-    uint32_t* counterSet;
-    counterSet = find_map_entry(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP, &uid);
-    if (counterSet) key.counterSet = *counterSet;
+    uint8_t* counterSet = find_map_entry(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP, &uid);
+    if (counterSet) key.counterSet = (uint32_t)*counterSet;
 
     if (tag) {
         bpf_update_stats(skb, TAG_STATS_MAP, direction, &key);
@@ -181,5 +194,6 @@
 
     key.tag = 0;
     bpf_update_stats(skb, UID_STATS_MAP, direction, &key);
+    bpf_update_stats(skb, APP_UID_STATS_MAP, direction, &uid);
     return match;
 }
diff --git a/libbpf/Android.bp b/libbpf/Android.bp
index cf467ce..cf16ae9 100644
--- a/libbpf/Android.bp
+++ b/libbpf/Android.bp
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
     name: "libbpf_test",
     srcs: [
         "BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp",
+        "BpfMapTest.cpp",
     ],
     cflags: [
         "-Wall",
diff --git a/libbpf/BpfMapTest.cpp b/libbpf/BpfMapTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..925117b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbpf/BpfMapTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <linux/inet_diag.h>
+#include <linux/sock_diag.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+#include <netdutils/MockSyscalls.h>
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::ByMove;
+using ::testing::Invoke;
+using ::testing::Return;
+using ::testing::StrictMock;
+using ::testing::Test;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+
+using base::unique_fd;
+using netdutils::StatusOr;
+
+constexpr uint32_t TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
+constexpr uint32_t TEST_KEY1 = 1;
+constexpr uint32_t TEST_VALUE1 = 10;
+constexpr const char PINNED_MAP_PATH[] = "/sys/fs/bpf/testMap";
+
+class BpfMapTest : public testing::Test {
+  protected:
+    BpfMapTest() {}
+    int mMapFd;
+
+    void SetUp() {
+        if (!access(PINNED_MAP_PATH, R_OK)) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(0, remove(PINNED_MAP_PATH));
+        }
+        mMapFd = createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint32_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE,
+                           BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
+    }
+
+    void TearDown() {
+        if (!access(PINNED_MAP_PATH, R_OK)) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(0, remove(PINNED_MAP_PATH));
+        }
+        close(mMapFd);
+    }
+
+    void checkMapInvalid(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t>& map) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(map.isValid());
+        EXPECT_EQ(-1, map.getMap().get());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(map.getPinnedPath().empty());
+    }
+
+    void checkMapValid(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t>& map) {
+        EXPECT_LE(0, map.getMap().get());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(map.isValid());
+    }
+
+    void writeToMapAndCheck(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t>& map, uint32_t key, uint32_t value) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(map.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY)));
+        uint32_t value_read;
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(map.getMap(), &key, &value_read));
+        checkValueAndStatus(value, value_read);
+    }
+
+    void checkValueAndStatus(uint32_t refValue, StatusOr<uint32_t> value) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(value.status()));
+        ASSERT_EQ(refValue, value.value());
+    }
+
+    void populateMap(uint32_t total, BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t>& map) {
+        for (uint32_t key = 0; key < total; key++) {
+            uint32_t value = key * 10;
+            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(map.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY)));
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, constructor) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap1;
+    checkMapInvalid(testMap1);
+
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap2(mMapFd);
+    checkMapValid(testMap2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(testMap2.getPinnedPath().empty());
+
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap3(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC);
+    checkMapValid(testMap3);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(testMap3.getPinnedPath().empty());
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, basicHelpers) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap(mMapFd);
+    uint32_t key = TEST_KEY1;
+    uint32_t value_write = TEST_VALUE1;
+    writeToMapAndCheck(testMap, key, value_write);
+    StatusOr<uint32_t> value_read = testMap.readValue(key);
+    checkValueAndStatus(value_write, value_read);
+    StatusOr<uint32_t> key_read = testMap.getFirstKey();
+    checkValueAndStatus(key, key_read);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(testMap.deleteValue(key)));
+    ASSERT_GT(0, findMapEntry(testMap.getMap(), &key, &value_read));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, reset) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap;
+    testMap.reset(mMapFd);
+    uint32_t key = TEST_KEY1;
+    uint32_t value_write = TEST_VALUE1;
+    writeToMapAndCheck(testMap, key, value_write);
+    testMap.reset();
+    checkMapInvalid(testMap);
+    unique_fd invalidFd(mMapFd);
+    ASSERT_GT(0, findMapEntry(invalidFd, &key, &value_write));
+    ASSERT_EQ(EBADF, errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, moveConstructor) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap1(mMapFd);
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap2;
+    testMap2 = std::move(testMap1);
+    uint32_t key = TEST_KEY1;
+    checkMapInvalid(testMap1);
+    uint32_t value = TEST_VALUE1;
+    writeToMapAndCheck(testMap2, key, value);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, iterateEmptyMap) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap(mMapFd);
+    auto itr = testMap.begin();
+    ASSERT_NE(testMap.end(), itr);
+    itr.start();
+    ASSERT_EQ(testMap.end(), itr);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(itr.next()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(testMap.end(), itr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, iterator) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap(mMapFd);
+    for (uint32_t key = 0; key < TEST_MAP_SIZE; key++) {
+        uint32_t value = key * 10;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(testMap.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY)));
+    }
+    std::vector<uint32_t> valueList;
+    auto itr = testMap.begin();
+    for (itr.start(); itr != testMap.end(); itr.next()) {
+        uint32_t readKey = *itr;
+        StatusOr<uint32_t> readValue = testMap.readValue(readKey);
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(readValue.status()));
+        valueList.push_back(readValue.value());
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ((size_t)TEST_MAP_SIZE, valueList.size());
+    std::sort(valueList.begin(), valueList.end());
+    for (uint32_t key = 0; key < TEST_MAP_SIZE; key++) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(key * 10, valueList[key]);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, twoIterator) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap(mMapFd);
+    for (uint32_t key = 0; key < TEST_MAP_SIZE; key++) {
+        uint32_t value = key * 10;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(testMap.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY)));
+    }
+    auto itr1 = testMap.begin();
+    auto itr2 = testMap.begin();
+    ASSERT_EQ(itr1, itr2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(itr1.start()));
+    ASSERT_NE(itr1, itr2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(itr2.start()));
+    ASSERT_EQ(itr1, itr2);
+    uint32_t count = 0;
+    while (itr1 != testMap.end()) {
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(itr1.next()));
+        count++;
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(testMap.end(), itr1);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_MAP_SIZE, count);
+    while (count != 0) {
+        ASSERT_NE(testMap.end(), itr2);
+        count--;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(itr2.next()));
+    }
+    ASSERT_EQ(itr1, itr2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(testMap.end(), itr2);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, pinnedToPath) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap1(mMapFd);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(testMap1.pinToPath(PINNED_MAP_PATH)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, access(PINNED_MAP_PATH, R_OK));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, testMap1.getPinnedPath().compare(PINNED_MAP_PATH));
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap2(mapRetrieve(PINNED_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    checkMapValid(testMap2);
+    uint32_t key = TEST_KEY1;
+    uint32_t value = TEST_VALUE1;
+    writeToMapAndCheck(testMap1, key, value);
+    StatusOr<uint32_t> value_read = testMap2.readValue(key);
+    checkValueAndStatus(value, value_read);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, SetUpMap) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap1;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(testMap1.getOrCreate(TEST_MAP_SIZE, PINNED_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, access(PINNED_MAP_PATH, R_OK));
+    checkMapValid(testMap1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, testMap1.getPinnedPath().compare(PINNED_MAP_PATH));
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap2;
+    testMap2.getOrCreate(TEST_MAP_SIZE, PINNED_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH);
+    checkMapValid(testMap2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, testMap2.getPinnedPath().compare(PINNED_MAP_PATH));
+    uint32_t key = TEST_KEY1;
+    uint32_t value = TEST_VALUE1;
+    writeToMapAndCheck(testMap1, key, value);
+    StatusOr<uint32_t> value_read = testMap2.readValue(key);
+    checkValueAndStatus(value, value_read);
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, iterate) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap(mMapFd);
+    populateMap(TEST_MAP_SIZE, testMap);
+    int totalCount = 0;
+    int totalSum = 0;
+    const auto iterateWithDeletion = [&totalCount, &totalSum](const uint32_t& key,
+                                                              BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t>& map) {
+        EXPECT_GE((uint32_t)TEST_MAP_SIZE, key);
+        totalCount++;
+        totalSum += key;
+        return map.deleteValue(key);
+    };
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(testMap.iterate(iterateWithDeletion)));
+    EXPECT_EQ((int)TEST_MAP_SIZE, totalCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(((1 + TEST_MAP_SIZE - 1) * (TEST_MAP_SIZE - 1)) / 2, (uint32_t)totalSum);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(testMap.getFirstKey()));
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfMapTest, iterateWithValue) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t> testMap(mMapFd);
+    populateMap(TEST_MAP_SIZE, testMap);
+    int totalCount = 0;
+    int totalSum = 0;
+    const auto iterateWithDeletion = [&totalCount, &totalSum](const uint32_t& key,
+                                                              const uint32_t& value,
+                                                              BpfMap<uint32_t, uint32_t>& map) {
+        EXPECT_GE((uint32_t)TEST_MAP_SIZE, key);
+        EXPECT_EQ(value, key * 10);
+        totalCount++;
+        totalSum += value;
+        return map.deleteValue(key);
+    };
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(testMap.iterateWithValue(iterateWithDeletion)));
+    EXPECT_EQ((int)TEST_MAP_SIZE, totalCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(((1 + TEST_MAP_SIZE - 1) * (TEST_MAP_SIZE - 1)) * 5, (uint32_t)totalSum);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(testMap.getFirstKey()));
+}
+
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp b/libbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
index acde1e6..eafbb5e 100644
--- a/libbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
+++ b/libbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 #include "android-base/file.h"
 #include "android-base/strings.h"
 #include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h"
-#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 
 #ifdef LOG_TAG
 #undef LOG_TAG
@@ -37,81 +37,72 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
 
-
-// The limit for stats received by a unknown interface;
-static const int64_t MAX_UNKNOWN_IFACE_BYTES = 100*1000;
+using netdutils::Status;
 
 static constexpr uint32_t BPF_OPEN_FLAGS = BPF_F_RDONLY;
 
-int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, Stats* stats, const base::unique_fd& map_fd) {
-    struct StatsKey nonExistentKey = NONEXISTENT_STATSKEY;
-    struct StatsValue dummyValue;
-    auto processUidStats = [uid, stats](void *key, const base::unique_fd& map_fd) {
-        if (((StatsKey *) key)->uid != uid) {
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
-        }
-        StatsValue statsEntry;
-        int ret = bpf::findMapEntry(map_fd, key, &statsEntry);
-        if (ret) return -errno;
-        stats->rxPackets += statsEntry.rxPackets;
-        stats->txPackets += statsEntry.txPackets;
-        stats->rxBytes += statsEntry.rxBytes;
-        stats->txBytes += statsEntry.txBytes;
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
-    };
-    return bpfIterateMap(nonExistentKey, dummyValue, map_fd, processUidStats);
+int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, Stats* stats,
+                           const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& appUidStatsMap) {
+    auto statsEntry = appUidStatsMap.readValue(uid);
+    if (isOk(statsEntry)) {
+        stats->rxPackets = statsEntry.value().rxPackets;
+        stats->txPackets = statsEntry.value().txPackets;
+        stats->rxBytes = statsEntry.value().rxBytes;
+        stats->txBytes = statsEntry.value().txBytes;
+    }
+    return -statsEntry.status().code();
 }
 
 int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, Stats* stats) {
-    base::unique_fd uidStatsMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    if (uidStatsMap < 0) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(
+        mapRetrieve(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+
+    if (!appUidStatsMap.isValid()) {
         int ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Opening map fd from %s failed: %s", UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, strerror(errno));
+        ALOGE("Opening appUidStatsMap(%s) failed: %s", UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
-    return bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid, stats, uidStatsMap);
+    return bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid, stats, appUidStatsMap);
 }
 
 int bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(const char* iface, Stats* stats,
-                             const base::unique_fd& ifaceStatsMapFd,
-                             const base::unique_fd& ifaceNameMapFd) {
-    uint32_t nonExistentKey = NONEXISTENT_IFACE_STATS_KEY;
-    struct StatsValue dummyValue;
+                             const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& ifaceStatsMap,
+                             const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceNameMap) {
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
     stats->tcpRxPackets = -1;
     stats->tcpTxPackets = -1;
-    auto processIfaceStats = [iface, stats, &ifaceNameMapFd, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal](
-                              void* key, const base::unique_fd& ifaceStatsMapFd) {
+    const auto processIfaceStats = [iface, stats, &ifaceNameMap, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal]
+                                   (const uint32_t& key,
+                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& ifaceStatsMap) {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
-        int ifIndex = *(int *)key;
-        if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceNameMapFd, ifaceStatsMapFd, ifIndex, ifname, &ifIndex,
+        if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceNameMap, ifaceStatsMap, key, ifname, key,
                                 &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         }
         if (!iface || !strcmp(iface, ifname)) {
             StatsValue statsEntry;
-            int ret = bpf::findMapEntry(ifaceStatsMapFd, &ifIndex, &statsEntry);
-            if (ret) return -errno;
+            ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(statsEntry, ifaceStatsMap.readValue(key));
             stats->rxPackets += statsEntry.rxPackets;
             stats->txPackets += statsEntry.txPackets;
             stats->rxBytes += statsEntry.rxBytes;
             stats->txBytes += statsEntry.txBytes;
         }
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    return bpfIterateMap(nonExistentKey, dummyValue, ifaceStatsMapFd, processIfaceStats);
+    return -ifaceStatsMap.iterate(processIfaceStats).code();
 }
 
 int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, Stats* stats) {
-    base::unique_fd ifaceStatsMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(mapRetrieve(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
     int ret;
-    if (ifaceStatsMap < 0) {
+    if (!ifaceStatsMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
-    base::unique_fd ifaceIndexNameMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    if (ifaceIndexNameMap < 0) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(
+        mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
@@ -133,80 +124,53 @@
     return newLine;
 }
 
-void maybeLogUnknownIface(int ifaceIndex, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd, void* curKey,
-                          int64_t* unknownIfaceBytesTotal) {
-    // Have we already logged an error?
-    if (*unknownIfaceBytesTotal == -1) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Are we undercounting enough data to be worth logging?
-    StatsValue statsEntry;
-    if (bpf::findMapEntry(statsMapFd, curKey, &statsEntry) < 0) {
-        // No data is being undercounted.
-        return;
-    }
-
-    *unknownIfaceBytesTotal += (statsEntry.rxBytes + statsEntry.txBytes);
-    if (*unknownIfaceBytesTotal >= MAX_UNKNOWN_IFACE_BYTES) {
-            ALOGE("Unknown name for ifindex %d with more than %" PRId64 " bytes of traffic",
-                  ifaceIndex, *unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
-            *unknownIfaceBytesTotal = -1;
-    }
-}
-
-int getIfaceNameFromMap(const base::unique_fd& ifaceMapFd, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd,
-                        uint32_t ifaceIndex, char* ifname, void* curKey,
-                        int64_t* unknownIfaceBytesTotal) {
-    if (bpf::findMapEntry(ifaceMapFd, &ifaceIndex, ifname) < 0) {
-        maybeLogUnknownIface(ifaceIndex, statsMapFd, curKey, unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
-        return -ENODEV;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
                                        const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
-                                       int limitUid, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd,
-                                       const base::unique_fd& ifaceMapFd) {
+                                       int limitUid, const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+                                       const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap) {
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
-    struct StatsKey nonExistentKey = NONEXISTENT_STATSKEY;
-    struct StatsValue dummyValue;
-    auto processDetailUidStats = [lines, &limitIfaces, limitTag, limitUid,
-                                  &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMapFd]
-                                  (void* key, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd) {
-        struct StatsKey curKey = * (struct StatsKey*)key;
+    const auto processDetailUidStats = [lines, &limitIfaces, &limitTag, &limitUid,
+                                        &unknownIfaceBytesTotal,
+                                        &ifaceMap](const StatsKey& key,
+                                                   const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap) {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
-        if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceMapFd, statsMapFd, curKey.ifaceIndex, ifname, &curKey,
+        if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceMap, statsMap, key.ifaceIndex, ifname, key,
                                 &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         }
         std::string ifnameStr(ifname);
         if (limitIfaces.size() > 0 &&
             std::find(limitIfaces.begin(), limitIfaces.end(), ifnameStr) == limitIfaces.end()) {
             // Nothing matched; skip this line.
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         }
-        if (limitTag != TAG_ALL && uint32_t(limitTag) != curKey.tag) {
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        if (limitTag != TAG_ALL && uint32_t(limitTag) != key.tag) {
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         }
-        if (limitUid != UID_ALL && uint32_t(limitUid) != curKey.uid) {
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        if (limitUid != UID_ALL && uint32_t(limitUid) != key.uid) {
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         }
         StatsValue statsEntry;
-        if (bpf::findMapEntry(statsMapFd, &curKey, &statsEntry) < 0) return -errno;
-        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(curKey, statsEntry, ifname));
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(statsEntry, statsMap.readValue(key));
+        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry, ifname));
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    return bpfIterateMap(nonExistentKey, dummyValue, statsMapFd, processDetailUidStats);
+    Status res = statsMap.iterate(processDetailUidStats);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("failed to iterate per uid Stats map for detail traffic stats: %s",
+              strerror(res.code()));
+        return -res.code();
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
                                const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
                                int limitUid) {
     int ret = 0;
-    base::unique_fd ifaceIndexNameMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    if (ifaceIndexNameMap < 0) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(
+        mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
@@ -214,8 +178,8 @@
 
     // If the caller did not pass in TAG_NONE, read tag data.
     if (limitTag != TAG_NONE) {
-        base::unique_fd tagStatsMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-        if (tagStatsMap < 0) {
+        BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> tagStatsMap(mapRetrieve(TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+        if (!tagStatsMap.isValid()) {
             ret = -errno;
             ALOGE("get tagStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
             return ret;
@@ -228,8 +192,8 @@
     // If the caller did not pass in a specific tag (i.e., if limitTag is TAG_NONE(0) or
     // TAG_ALL(-1)) read UID data.
     if (limitTag == TAG_NONE || limitTag == TAG_ALL) {
-        base::unique_fd uidStatsMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-        if (uidStatsMap < 0) {
+        BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> uidStatsMap(mapRetrieve(UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+        if (!uidStatsMap.isValid()) {
             ret = -errno;
             ALOGE("Opening map fd from %s failed: %s", UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, strerror(errno));
             return ret;
@@ -241,39 +205,42 @@
 }
 
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                                    const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd,
-                                    const base::unique_fd& ifaceMapFd) {
+                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap) {
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
-    uint32_t nonExistentKey = NONEXISTENT_IFACE_STATS_KEY;
-    struct StatsValue dummyValue;
-    auto processDetailIfaceStats = [lines, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMapFd](
-                                    void* key, void* value, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd) {
-        uint32_t ifIndex = *(uint32_t*)key;
+    const auto processDetailIfaceStats = [lines, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMap, &statsMap](
+                                             const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
+                                             const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
-        if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceMapFd, statsMapFd, ifIndex, ifname, &ifIndex,
-                                &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceMap, statsMap, key, ifname, key, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         }
-        StatsValue* statsEntry = (StatsValue*)value;
         StatsKey fakeKey = {
             .uid = (uint32_t)UID_ALL, .counterSet = (uint32_t)SET_ALL, .tag = (uint32_t)TAG_NONE};
-        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(fakeKey, *statsEntry, ifname));
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(fakeKey, value, ifname));
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    return bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentKey, dummyValue, statsMapFd, processDetailIfaceStats);
+    Status res = statsMap.iterateWithValue(processDetailIfaceStats);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("failed to iterate per uid Stats map for detail traffic stats: %s",
+              strerror(res.code()));
+        return -res.code();
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDev(std::vector<stats_line>* lines) {
     int ret = 0;
-    base::unique_fd ifaceIndexNameMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    if (ifaceIndexNameMap < 0) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(
+        mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
 
-    base::unique_fd ifaceStatsMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    if (ifaceStatsMap < 0) {
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(mapRetrieve(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    if (!ifaceStatsMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
@@ -285,76 +252,5 @@
     return (uint64_t)uid << 32 | tag;
 }
 
-// This function get called when the system_server decided to clean up the
-// tagStatsMap after it gethered the information of taggged socket stats. The
-// function go through all the entry in tagStatsMap and remove all the entry
-// for which the tag no longer exists.
-int cleanStatsMapInternal(const base::unique_fd& cookieTagMap, const base::unique_fd& tagStatsMap) {
-    uint64_t curCookie = 0;
-    uint64_t nextCookie = 0;
-    int res;
-    UidTag tmp_uidtag;
-    std::unordered_set<uint64_t> uidTagSet;
-    StatsKey curKey, nextKey;
-
-    // Find all the uid, tag pair exist in cookieTagMap.
-    while (bpf::getNextMapKey(cookieTagMap, &curCookie, &nextCookie) != -1) {
-        curCookie = nextCookie;
-        res = bpf::findMapEntry(cookieTagMap, &curCookie, &tmp_uidtag);
-        if (res < 0) {
-            // might be a concurrent delete, continue to check other entries.
-            continue;
-        }
-        uint64_t uidTag = combineUidTag(tmp_uidtag.uid, tmp_uidtag.tag);
-        uidTagSet.insert(uidTag);
-    }
-
-    // Find all the entries in tagStatsMap where the key is not in the set of
-    // uid, tag pairs found above.
-    curKey = NONEXISTENT_STATSKEY;
-    std::vector<StatsKey> keyList;
-    while (bpf::getNextMapKey(tagStatsMap, &curKey, &nextKey) != -1) {
-        curKey = nextKey;
-        uint64_t uidTag = combineUidTag(curKey.uid, curKey.tag);
-        if (uidTagSet.find(uidTag) == uidTagSet.end()) {
-            keyList.push_back(curKey);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Delete the entries
-    int size = keyList.size();
-    while (!keyList.empty()) {
-        StatsKey key = keyList.back();
-        keyList.pop_back();
-        res = bpf::deleteMapEntry(tagStatsMap, &key);
-        if (res < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-            res = -errno;
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", key.uid, key.tag, strerror(errno));
-            return res;
-        }
-    }
-    ALOGD("finish clean up, %d stats entry cleaned", size);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int cleanStatsMap() {
-    base::unique_fd cookieTagMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    int ret = 0;
-    if (cookieTagMap < 0) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get cookieTag map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    base::unique_fd tagStatsMap(bpf::mapRetrieve(TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
-    if (tagStatsMap < 0) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("get tagStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    return cleanStatsMapInternal(cookieTagMap, tagStatsMap);
-}
-
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp b/libbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
index d1f8157..8fd4943 100644
--- a/libbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/libbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include <netdutils/MockSyscalls.h>
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 
@@ -50,7 +51,6 @@
 namespace bpf {
 
 using base::unique_fd;
-using netdutils::status::ok;
 
 constexpr int TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
 constexpr uid_t TEST_UID1 = 10086;
@@ -58,76 +58,78 @@
 constexpr uint32_t TEST_TAG = 42;
 constexpr int TEST_COUNTERSET0 = 0;
 constexpr int TEST_COUNTERSET1 = 1;
-constexpr const int COUNTERSETS_LIMIT = 2;
 constexpr uint64_t TEST_BYTES0 = 1000;
 constexpr uint64_t TEST_BYTES1 = 2000;
 constexpr uint64_t TEST_PACKET0 = 100;
 constexpr uint64_t TEST_PACKET1 = 200;
-constexpr const char* IFACE_NAME1 = "lo";
-constexpr const char* IFACE_NAME2 = "wlan0";
-constexpr const char* IFACE_NAME3 = "rmnet_data0";
+constexpr const char IFACE_NAME1[] = "lo";
+constexpr const char IFACE_NAME2[] = "wlan0";
+constexpr const char IFACE_NAME3[] = "rmnet_data0";
+// A iface name that the size is bigger then IFNAMSIZ
+constexpr const char LONG_IFACE_NAME[] = "wlanWithALongName";
+constexpr const char TRUNCATED_IFACE_NAME[] = "wlanWithALongNa";
 constexpr uint32_t IFACE_INDEX1 = 1;
 constexpr uint32_t IFACE_INDEX2 = 2;
 constexpr uint32_t IFACE_INDEX3 = 3;
+constexpr uint32_t IFACE_INDEX4 = 4;
 constexpr uint32_t UNKNOWN_IFACE = 0;
 
 class BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
     BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest() {}
-    unique_fd mFakeCookieTagMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeUidStatsMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeTagStatsMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeIfaceStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mFakeCookieTagMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeUidStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeTagStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeIfaceStatsMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
-        mFakeCookieTagMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t),
-                                                sizeof(struct UidTag), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeCookieTagMap);
+        mFakeCookieTagMap = BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>(createMap(
+            BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t), sizeof(struct UidTag), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeCookieTagMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeUidStatsMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
-                                               sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+        mFakeAppUidStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(createMap(
+            BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeAppUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeTagStatsMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
-                                               sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeTagStatsMap);
+        mFakeUidStatsMap =
+            BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
+                                                   sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap =
-            unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), IFNAMSIZ, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap);
+        mFakeTagStatsMap =
+            BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
+                                                   sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeTagStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeIfaceStatsMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t),
-                                                 sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceStatsMap);
-    }
+        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>(
+            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(IfaceValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.getMap());
 
-    void TearDown() {
-        mFakeCookieTagMap.reset();
-        mFakeUidStatsMap.reset();
-        mFakeTagStatsMap.reset();
-        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.reset();
-        mFakeIfaceStatsMap.reset();
+        mFakeIfaceStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(createMap(
+            BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceStatsMap.getMap());
     }
 
     void expectUidTag(uint64_t cookie, uid_t uid, uint32_t tag) {
-        struct UidTag tagResult;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &tagResult));
-        EXPECT_EQ(uid, tagResult.uid);
-        EXPECT_EQ(tag, tagResult.tag);
+        auto tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+        EXPECT_EQ(uid, tagResult.value().uid);
+        EXPECT_EQ(tag, tagResult.value().tag);
     }
 
     void populateFakeStats(uid_t uid, uint32_t tag, uint32_t ifaceIndex, uint32_t counterSet,
-                           StatsValue* value, const base::unique_fd& map_fd) {
+                           StatsValue value, BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& map) {
         StatsKey key = {
             .uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = counterSet, .ifaceIndex = ifaceIndex};
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(map_fd, &key, value, BPF_ANY));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(map.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY)));
     }
 
     void updateIfaceMap(const char* ifaceName, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
-        char iface[IFNAMSIZ];
-        strlcpy(iface, ifaceName, IFNAMSIZ);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap, &ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY));
+        IfaceValue iface;
+        strlcpy(iface.name, ifaceName, IFNAMSIZ);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY)));
     }
 
     void expectStatsEqual(const StatsValue& target, const Stats& result) {
@@ -158,55 +160,83 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
         uint64_t cookie = i + 1;
         struct UidTag tag = {.uid = TEST_UID1, .tag = TEST_TAG};
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &tag, BPF_ANY));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, tag, BPF_ANY)));
     }
     uint64_t curCookie = 0;
-    uint64_t nextCookie = 0;
-    struct UidTag tagResult;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, getNextMapKey(mFakeCookieTagMap, &curCookie, &nextCookie));
-    uint64_t headOfMap = nextCookie;
-    curCookie = nextCookie;
+    auto nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
+    uint64_t headOfMap = nextCookie.value();
+    curCookie = nextCookie.value();
     // Find the second entry in the map, then immediately delete it.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, getNextMapKey(mFakeCookieTagMap, &curCookie, &nextCookie));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, deleteMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &nextCookie));
+    nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.deleteValue((nextCookie.value()))));
     // Find the entry that is now immediately after headOfMap, then delete that.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, getNextMapKey(mFakeCookieTagMap, &curCookie, &nextCookie));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, deleteMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &nextCookie));
+    nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.deleteValue((nextCookie.value()))));
     // Attempting to read an entry that has been deleted fails with ENOENT.
-    curCookie = nextCookie;
-    EXPECT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &curCookie, &tagResult));
-    EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    curCookie = nextCookie.value();
+    auto tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(curCookie);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.status().code());
     // Finding the entry after our deleted entry restarts iteration from the beginning of the map.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, getNextMapKey(mFakeCookieTagMap, &curCookie, &nextCookie));
-    EXPECT_EQ(headOfMap, nextCookie);
+    nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
+    EXPECT_EQ(headOfMap, nextCookie.value());
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestBpfIterateMap) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+        uint64_t cookie = i + 1;
+        struct UidTag tag = {.uid = TEST_UID1, .tag = TEST_TAG};
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, tag, BPF_ANY)));
+    }
+    int totalCount = 0;
+    int totalSum = 0;
+    const auto iterateWithoutDeletion = [&totalCount, &totalSum](const uint64_t& key,
+                                                                 const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>&) {
+        EXPECT_GE((uint64_t)5, key);
+        totalCount++;
+        totalSum += key;
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    };
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.iterate(iterateWithoutDeletion)));
+    EXPECT_EQ(5, totalCount);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, totalSum);
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestGetUidStatsTotal) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
+    updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME2, IFACE_INDEX2);
+    updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME3, IFACE_INDEX3);
     StatsValue value1 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
                          .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
                          .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
                          .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    Stats result1 = {};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID1, &result1, mFakeUidStatsMap));
-    StatsValue uid1Value = {
+    StatsValue value2 = {
         .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
         .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
     };
-    expectStatsEqual(uid1Value, result1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID1, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID2, value2, BPF_ANY)));
+    Stats result1 = {};
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID1, &result1, mFakeAppUidStatsMap));
+    expectStatsEqual(value1, result1);
 
     Stats result2 = {};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID2, &result2, mFakeUidStatsMap));
-    expectStatsEqual(value1, result2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID2, &result2, mFakeAppUidStatsMap));
+    expectStatsEqual(value2, result2);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, 0, IFACE_INDEX3, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID1,
                                                     mFakeUidStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)2, lines.size());
@@ -214,7 +244,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, TEST_UID2,
                                                     mFakeUidStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)1, lines.size());
-    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET1, 0, lines.front());
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME3, TEST_UID2, TEST_COUNTERSET1, 0, lines.front());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestGetIfaceStatsInternal) {
@@ -236,11 +266,11 @@
         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
     };
     uint32_t ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX1;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceStatsMap, &ifaceStatsKey, &value1, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX2;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceStatsMap, &ifaceStatsKey, &value2, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX3;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceStatsMap, &ifaceStatsKey, &value1, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
 
     Stats result1 = {};
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(IFACE_NAME1, &result1, mFakeIfaceStatsMap,
@@ -271,14 +301,11 @@
                          .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
                          .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
                          .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1,
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeTagStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeTagStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG + 1, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1,
                       mFakeTagStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1,
-                      mFakeTagStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG + 1, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1,
-                      mFakeTagStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1,
-                      mFakeTagStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeTagStatsMap);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL,
@@ -309,11 +336,11 @@
                          .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
                          .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
                          .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
-    populateFakeStats(0, 0, 0, COUNTERSETS_LIMIT, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(0, 0, 0, OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET1, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID2, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL,
@@ -335,25 +362,6 @@
     ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)2, lines.size());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestGetStatsWithNoExistKey) {
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-    updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
-    StatsValue value1 = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
-    };
-    populateFakeStats(DEFAULT_OVERFLOWUID, 0, 0, 0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    std::vector<stats_line> lines;
-    std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-EUCLEAN,
-              parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(&lines, ifaces, TAG_ALL, UID_ALL, mFakeUidStatsMap,
-                                                 mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-}
-
 TEST_F(BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest, TestUnkownIfaceError) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
@@ -363,13 +371,13 @@
                          .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 20,
                          .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
     uint32_t ifaceIndex = UNKNOWN_IFACE;
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, ifaceIndex, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, ifaceIndex, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeUidStatsMap);
     StatsValue value2 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 40,
                          .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
                          .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 40,
                          .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
-    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, &value2, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+    populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value2, mFakeUidStatsMap);
     StatsKey curKey = {.uid = TEST_UID1,
                        .tag = 0,
                        .ifaceIndex = ifaceIndex,
@@ -377,11 +385,11 @@
     char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
     ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, getIfaceNameFromMap(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap, mFakeUidStatsMap, ifaceIndex,
-                                           ifname, &curKey, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal));
+                                           ifname, curKey, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal));
     ASSERT_EQ(((int64_t)(TEST_BYTES0 * 20 + TEST_BYTES1 * 20)), unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
     curKey.ifaceIndex = IFACE_INDEX2;
     ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, getIfaceNameFromMap(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap, mFakeUidStatsMap, ifaceIndex,
-                                           ifname, &curKey, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal));
+                                           ifname, curKey, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal));
     ASSERT_EQ(-1, unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     std::vector<std::string> ifaces;
@@ -398,6 +406,7 @@
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME2, IFACE_INDEX2);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME3, IFACE_INDEX3);
+    updateIfaceMap(LONG_IFACE_NAME, IFACE_INDEX4);
     StatsValue value1 = {
         .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
@@ -411,21 +420,25 @@
         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
     };
     uint32_t ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX1;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceStatsMap, &ifaceStatsKey, &value1, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX2;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceStatsMap, &ifaceStatsKey, &value2, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX3;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeIfaceStatsMap, &ifaceStatsKey, &value1, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX4;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     ASSERT_EQ(0,
               parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(&lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
-    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)3, lines.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ((unsigned long)4, lines.size());
     std::sort(lines.begin(), lines.end(), [](const auto& line1, const auto& line2)-> bool {
         return strcmp(line1.iface, line2.iface) < 0;
     });
     expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME1, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, lines[0]);
     expectStatsLineEqual(value1, IFACE_NAME3, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, lines[1]);
     expectStatsLineEqual(value2, IFACE_NAME2, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, lines[2]);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, strcmp(TRUNCATED_IFACE_NAME, lines[3].iface));
+    expectStatsLineEqual(value2, TRUNCATED_IFACE_NAME, UID_ALL, SET_ALL, TAG_NONE, lines[3]);
 }
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libbpf/BpfUtils.cpp b/libbpf/BpfUtils.cpp
index d6ea6d7..9a587fb 100644
--- a/libbpf/BpfUtils.cpp
+++ b/libbpf/BpfUtils.cpp
@@ -40,9 +40,31 @@
 using android::netdutils::statusFromErrno;
 using android::netdutils::StatusOr;
 
+#define ptr_to_u64(x) ((uint64_t)(uintptr_t)x)
+#define DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL 1
+
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
 
+/*  The bpf_attr is a union which might have a much larger size then the struct we are using, while
+ *  The inline initializer only reset the field we are using and leave the reset of the memory as
+ *  is. The bpf kernel code will performs a much stricter check to ensure all unused field is 0. So
+ *  this syscall will normally fail with E2BIG if we don't do a memset to bpf_attr.
+ */
+bool operator==(const StatsKey& lhs, const StatsKey& rhs) {
+    return ((lhs.uid == rhs.uid) && (lhs.tag == rhs.tag) && (lhs.counterSet == rhs.counterSet) &&
+            (lhs.ifaceIndex == rhs.ifaceIndex));
+}
+
+bool operator==(const UidTag& lhs, const UidTag& rhs) {
+    return ((lhs.uid == rhs.uid) && (lhs.tag == rhs.tag));
+}
+
+bool operator==(const StatsValue& lhs, const StatsValue& rhs) {
+    return ((lhs.rxBytes == rhs.rxBytes) && (lhs.txBytes == rhs.txBytes) &&
+            (lhs.rxPackets == rhs.rxPackets) && (lhs.txPackets == rhs.txPackets));
+}
+
 int bpf(int cmd, Slice bpfAttr) {
     return syscall(__NR_bpf, cmd, bpfAttr.base(), bpfAttr.size());
 }
@@ -100,6 +122,16 @@
     return bpf(BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY, Slice(&attr, sizeof(attr)));
 }
 
+int getFirstMapKey(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, void* firstKey) {
+    bpf_attr attr;
+    memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
+    attr.map_fd = map_fd.get();
+    attr.key = 0;
+    attr.next_key = ptr_to_u64(firstKey);
+
+    return bpf(BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY, Slice(&attr, sizeof(attr)));
+}
+
 int bpfProgLoad(bpf_prog_type prog_type, Slice bpf_insns, const char* license,
                 uint32_t kern_version, Slice bpf_log) {
     bpf_attr attr;
@@ -174,36 +206,6 @@
     return sock_cookie;
 }
 
-StatusOr<unique_fd> setUpBPFMap(uint32_t key_size, uint32_t value_size, uint32_t map_size,
-                                const char* path, bpf_map_type map_type) {
-    int ret;
-    base::unique_fd map_fd;
-    ret = access(path, R_OK);
-    /* Check the pinned location first to check if the map is already there.
-     * otherwise create a new one.
-     */
-    if (ret == 0) {
-        map_fd = base::unique_fd(mapRetrieve(path, 0));
-        if (map_fd < 0) {
-            return statusFromErrno(errno, StringPrintf("pinned map not accessible or does not "
-                                                       "exist: (%s)\n",
-                                                       path));
-        }
-    } else if (ret < 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
-        map_fd = base::unique_fd(createMap(map_type, key_size, value_size, map_size, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC));
-        if (map_fd < 0) {
-            return statusFromErrno(errno, StringPrintf("map create failed!: %s", path));
-        }
-        ret = mapPin(map_fd, path);
-        if (ret) {
-            return statusFromErrno(errno, StringPrintf("bpf map pin(%d, %s)", map_fd.get(), path));
-        }
-    } else {
-        return statusFromErrno(errno, StringPrintf("pinned map not accessible: %s", path));
-    }
-    return map_fd;
-}
-
 bool hasBpfSupport() {
     struct utsname buf;
     int kernel_version_major;
diff --git a/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfMap.h b/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfMap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81d7efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfMap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef BPF_BPFMAP_H
+#define BPF_BPFMAP_H
+
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+#include "netdutils/Status.h"
+#include "netdutils/StatusOr.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace bpf {
+
+// This is a class wrapper for eBPF maps. The eBPF map is a special in-kernel
+// data structure that stores data in <Key, Value> pairs. It can be read/write
+// from userspace by passing syscalls with the map file descriptor. This class
+// is used to generalize the procedure of interacting with eBPF maps and hide
+// the implementation detail from other process. Besides the basic syscalls
+// wrapper, it also provides some useful helper functions as well as an iterator
+// nested class to iterate the map more easily.
+//
+// NOTE: A kernel eBPF map may be accessed by both kernel and userspace
+// processes at the same time. Or if the map is pinned as a virtual file, it can
+// be obtained by multiple eBPF map class object and and accessed concurrently.
+// Though the map class object and the underlying kernel map are thread safe, it
+// is not safe to iterate over a map while another thread or process is deleting
+// from it. In this case the iteration can return duplicate entries.
+template <class Key, class Value>
+class BpfMap {
+  public:
+    class const_iterator {
+      public:
+        netdutils::Status start() {
+            if (mMap == nullptr) {
+                return netdutils::statusFromErrno(EINVAL, "Invalid map iterator");
+            }
+            auto firstKey = mMap->getFirstKey();
+            if (isOk(firstKey)) {
+                mCurKey = firstKey.value();
+            } else if (firstKey.status().code() == ENOENT) {
+                // The map is empty.
+                mMap = nullptr;
+                memset(&mCurKey, 0, sizeof(Key));
+            } else {
+                return firstKey.status();
+            }
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
+        }
+
+        netdutils::StatusOr<Key> next() {
+            if (mMap == nullptr) {
+                return netdutils::statusFromErrno(ENOENT, "Iterating past end of map");
+            }
+            auto nextKey = mMap->getNextKey(mCurKey);
+            if (isOk(nextKey)) {
+                mCurKey = nextKey.value();
+            } else if (nextKey.status().code() == ENOENT) {
+                // iterator reached the end of map
+                mMap = nullptr;
+                memset(&mCurKey, 0, sizeof(Key));
+            } else {
+                return nextKey.status();
+            }
+            return mCurKey;
+        }
+
+        const Key operator*() { return mCurKey; }
+
+        bool operator==(const const_iterator& other) const {
+            return (mMap == other.mMap) && (mCurKey == other.mCurKey);
+        }
+
+        bool operator!=(const const_iterator& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+
+        const_iterator(const BpfMap<Key, Value>* map) : mMap(map) {
+            memset(&mCurKey, 0, sizeof(Key));
+        }
+
+      private:
+        const BpfMap<Key, Value> * mMap;
+        Key mCurKey;
+    };
+
+    BpfMap<Key, Value>() : mMapFd(-1){};
+    BpfMap<Key, Value>(int fd) : mMapFd(fd){};
+    BpfMap<Key, Value>(bpf_map_type map_type, uint32_t max_entries, uint32_t map_flags) {
+        int map_fd = createMap(map_type, sizeof(Key), sizeof(Value), max_entries, map_flags);
+        if (map_fd < 0) {
+            mMapFd.reset(-1);
+        } else {
+            mMapFd.reset(map_fd);
+        }
+    }
+
+    netdutils::Status pinToPath(const std::string path) {
+        int ret = mapPin(mMapFd, path.c_str());
+        if (ret) {
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(errno,
+                                              base::StringPrintf("pin to %s failed", path.c_str()));
+        }
+        mPinnedPath = path;
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    }
+
+    netdutils::StatusOr<Key> getFirstKey() const {
+        Key firstKey;
+        if (getFirstMapKey(mMapFd, &firstKey)) {
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+                errno, base::StringPrintf("Get firstKey map %d failed", mMapFd.get()));
+        }
+        return firstKey;
+    }
+
+    netdutils::StatusOr<Key> getNextKey(const Key& key) const {
+        Key nextKey;
+        if (getNextMapKey(mMapFd, const_cast<Key*>(&key), &nextKey)) {
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+                errno, base::StringPrintf("Get next key of map %d failed", mMapFd.get()));
+        }
+        return nextKey;
+    }
+
+    netdutils::Status writeValue(const Key& key, const Value& value, uint64_t flags) {
+        if (writeToMapEntry(mMapFd, const_cast<Key*>(&key), const_cast<Value*>(&value), flags)) {
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+                errno, base::StringPrintf("write to map %d failed", mMapFd.get()));
+        }
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    }
+
+    netdutils::StatusOr<Value> readValue(const Key key) const {
+        Value value;
+        if (findMapEntry(mMapFd, const_cast<Key*>(&key), &value)) {
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+                errno, base::StringPrintf("read value of map %d failed", mMapFd.get()));
+        }
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    netdutils::Status deleteValue(const Key& key) {
+        if (deleteMapEntry(mMapFd, const_cast<Key*>(&key))) {
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+                errno, base::StringPrintf("delete entry from map %d failed", mMapFd.get()));
+        }
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    }
+
+    // Function that tries to get map from a pinned path, if the map doesn't
+    // exist yet, create a new one and pinned to the path.
+    netdutils::Status getOrCreate(const uint32_t maxEntries, const char* path,
+                                  const bpf_map_type mapType);
+
+    // Iterate through the map and handle each key retrieved based on the filter
+    // without modification of map content.
+    netdutils::Status iterate(
+        const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, const BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>&
+            filter) const;
+
+    // Iterate through the map and get each <key, value> pair, handle each <key,
+    // value> pair based on the filter without modification of map content.
+    netdutils::Status iterateWithValue(
+        const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, const Value& value,
+                                              const BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter) const;
+
+    // Iterate through the map and handle each key retrieved based on the filter
+    netdutils::Status iterate(
+        const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter);
+
+    // Iterate through the map and get each <key, value> pair, handle each <key,
+    // value> pair based on the filter.
+    netdutils::Status iterateWithValue(
+        const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, const Value& value,
+                                              BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter);
+
+    const base::unique_fd& getMap() const { return mMapFd; };
+
+    const std::string getPinnedPath() const { return mPinnedPath; };
+
+    // Move constructor
+    void operator=(BpfMap<Key, Value>&& other) {
+        mMapFd = std::move(other.mMapFd);
+        if (!other.mPinnedPath.empty()) {
+            mPinnedPath = other.mPinnedPath;
+        } else {
+            mPinnedPath.clear();
+        }
+        other.reset();
+    }
+
+    void reset(int fd = -1) {
+        mMapFd.reset(fd);
+        mPinnedPath.clear();
+    }
+
+    bool isValid() const { return mMapFd != -1; }
+
+    const_iterator begin() const { return const_iterator(this); }
+
+    const_iterator end() const { return const_iterator(nullptr); }
+
+  private:
+    base::unique_fd mMapFd;
+    std::string mPinnedPath;
+};
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+netdutils::Status BpfMap<Key, Value>::getOrCreate(const uint32_t maxEntries, const char* path,
+                                                  bpf_map_type mapType) {
+    int ret = access(path, R_OK);
+    /* Check the pinned location first to check if the map is already there.
+     * otherwise create a new one.
+     */
+    if (ret == 0) {
+        mMapFd = base::unique_fd(mapRetrieve(path, 0));
+        if (mMapFd == -1) {
+            reset();
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+                errno,
+                base::StringPrintf("pinned map not accessible or does not exist: (%s)\n", path));
+        }
+        mPinnedPath = path;
+    } else if (ret == -1 && errno == ENOENT) {
+        mMapFd = base::unique_fd(
+            createMap(mapType, sizeof(Key), sizeof(Value), maxEntries, BPF_F_NO_PREALLOC));
+        if (mMapFd == -1) {
+            reset();
+            return netdutils::statusFromErrno(errno,
+                                              base::StringPrintf("map create failed!: %s", path));
+        }
+        netdutils::Status pinStatus = pinToPath(path);
+        if (!isOk(pinStatus)) {
+            reset();
+            return pinStatus;
+        }
+        mPinnedPath = path;
+    } else {
+        return netdutils::statusFromErrno(
+            errno, base::StringPrintf("pinned map not accessible: %s", path));
+    }
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
+}
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+netdutils::Status BpfMap<Key, Value>::iterate(
+    const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, const BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter)
+    const {
+    const_iterator itr = this->begin();
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(itr.start());
+    while (itr != this->end()) {
+        Key prevKey = *itr;
+        netdutils::Status advanceStatus = itr.next();
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(filter(prevKey, *this));
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(advanceStatus);
+    }
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
+}
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+netdutils::Status BpfMap<Key, Value>::iterateWithValue(
+    const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, const Value& value,
+                                          const BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter) const {
+    const_iterator itr = this->begin();
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(itr.start());
+    while (itr != this->end()) {
+        Key prevKey = *itr;
+        Value prevValue;
+        ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(prevValue, this->readValue(prevKey));
+        netdutils::Status advanceStatus = itr.next();
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(filter(prevKey, prevValue, *this));
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(advanceStatus);
+    }
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
+}
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+netdutils::Status BpfMap<Key, Value>::iterate(
+    const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter) {
+    const_iterator itr = this->begin();
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(itr.start());
+    while (itr != this->end()) {
+        Key prevKey = *itr;
+        netdutils::Status advanceStatus = itr.next();
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(filter(prevKey, *this));
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(advanceStatus);
+    }
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
+}
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+netdutils::Status BpfMap<Key, Value>::iterateWithValue(
+    const std::function<netdutils::Status(const Key& key, const Value& value,
+                                          BpfMap<Key, Value>& map)>& filter) {
+    const_iterator itr = this->begin();
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(itr.start());
+    while (itr != this->end()) {
+        Key prevKey = *itr;
+        Value prevValue;
+        ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(prevValue, this->readValue(prevKey));
+        netdutils::Status advanceStatus = itr.next();
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(filter(prevKey, prevValue, *this));
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(advanceStatus);
+    }
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
+}
+
+}  // namespace bpf
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h b/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
index 63cf0bc..80dff88 100644
--- a/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
+++ b/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <bpf/BpfMap.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
 
@@ -26,6 +28,12 @@
 constexpr int SET_DEFAULT = 0;
 constexpr int SET_FOREGROUND = 1;
 
+// The limit for stats received by a unknown interface;
+constexpr const int64_t MAX_UNKNOWN_IFACE_BYTES = 100 * 1000;
+
+// This is a JNI ABI and is used by
+// framework/base/core/jni/com_android_internal_net_NetworkStatsFactory.cpp
+// make sure it is consistent with the JNI code before changing this.
 struct stats_line {
     char iface[32];
     int32_t uid;
@@ -37,26 +45,60 @@
     int64_t txPackets;
 };
 // For test only
-int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, struct Stats* stats, const base::unique_fd& map_fd);
+int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, struct Stats* stats,
+                           const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& appUidStatsMap);
 // For test only
 int bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(const char* iface, Stats* stats,
-                             const base::unique_fd& ifaceStatsMapFd,
-                             const base::unique_fd& ifaceNameMapFd);
+                             const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& ifaceStatsMap,
+                             const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceNameMap);
 // For test only
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetailInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
                                        const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
-                                       int limitUid, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd,
-                                       const base::unique_fd& ifaceMapFd);
+                                       int limitUid, const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+                                       const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap);
 // For test only
 int cleanStatsMapInternal(const base::unique_fd& cookieTagMap, const base::unique_fd& tagStatsMap);
 // For test only
-int getIfaceNameFromMap(const base::unique_fd& ifaceMapFd, const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd,
-                        uint32_t ifaceIndex, char* ifname, void* curKey,
-                        int64_t* unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
+template <class Key>
+int getIfaceNameFromMap(const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap,
+                        const BpfMap<Key, StatsValue>& statsMap, uint32_t ifaceIndex, char* ifname,
+                        const Key& curKey, int64_t* unknownIfaceBytesTotal) {
+    auto iface = ifaceMap.readValue(ifaceIndex);
+    if (!isOk(iface)) {
+        maybeLogUnknownIface(ifaceIndex, statsMap, curKey, unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
+        return -ENODEV;
+    }
+    strlcpy(ifname, iface.value().name, sizeof(IfaceValue));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template <class Key>
+void maybeLogUnknownIface(int ifaceIndex, const BpfMap<Key, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+                          const Key& curKey, int64_t* unknownIfaceBytesTotal) {
+    // Have we already logged an error?
+    if (*unknownIfaceBytesTotal == -1) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Are we undercounting enough data to be worth logging?
+    auto statsEntry = statsMap.readValue(curKey);
+    if (!netdutils::isOk(statsEntry)) {
+        // No data is being undercounted.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    *unknownIfaceBytesTotal += (statsEntry.value().rxBytes + statsEntry.value().txBytes);
+    if (*unknownIfaceBytesTotal >= MAX_UNKNOWN_IFACE_BYTES) {
+        ALOGE("Unknown name for ifindex %d with more than %" PRId64 " bytes of traffic", ifaceIndex,
+              *unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
+        *unknownIfaceBytesTotal = -1;
+    }
+}
+
 // For test only
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
-                                    const base::unique_fd& statsMapFd,
-                                    const base::unique_fd& ifaceMapFd);
+                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& statsMap,
+                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap);
 
 int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, struct Stats* stats);
 int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, struct Stats* stats);
diff --git a/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h b/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
index 550c9ca..ac107df 100644
--- a/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
+++ b/libbpf/include/bpf/BpfUtils.h
@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#ifndef BPF_BPFUTILS_H
+#define BPF_BPFUTILS_H
+
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
 #include <linux/if_ether.h>
 #include <linux/in.h>
 #include <linux/unistd.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
@@ -26,9 +30,6 @@
 #include "netdutils/Slice.h"
 #include "netdutils/StatusOr.h"
 
-#define ptr_to_u64(x) ((uint64_t)(uintptr_t)x)
-#define DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL 1
-
 #define BPF_PASS 1
 #define BPF_DROP 0
 
@@ -63,12 +64,48 @@
     uint64_t tcpTxPackets;
 };
 
+struct IfaceValue {
+    char name[IFNAMSIZ];
+};
+
 #ifndef DEFAULT_OVERFLOWUID
 #define DEFAULT_OVERFLOWUID 65534
 #endif
 
 #define BPF_PATH "/sys/fs/bpf"
 
+// Since we cannot garbage collect the stats map since device boot, we need to make these maps as
+// large as possible. The maximum size of number of map entries we can have is depend on the rlimit
+// of MEM_LOCK granted to netd. The memory space needed by each map can be calculated by the
+// following fomula:
+//      elem_size = 40 + roundup(key_size, 8) + roundup(value_size, 8)
+//      cost = roundup_pow_of_two(max_entries) * 16 + elem_size * max_entries +
+//              elem_size * number_of_CPU
+// And the cost of each map currently used is(assume the device have 8 CPUs):
+// cookie_tag_map:      key:  8 bytes, value:  8 bytes, cost:  822592 bytes    =   823Kbytes
+// uid_counter_set_map: key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
+// app_uid_stats_map:   key:  4 bytes, value: 32 bytes, cost: 1062784 bytes    =  1063Kbytes
+// uid_stats_map:       key: 16 bytes, value: 32 bytes, cost: 1142848 bytes    =  1143Kbytes
+// tag_stats_map:       key: 16 bytes, value: 32 bytes, cost: 1142848 bytes    =  1143Kbytes
+// iface_index_name_map:key:  4 bytes, value: 16 bytes, cost:   80896 bytes    =    81Kbytes
+// iface_stats_map:     key:  4 bytes, value: 32 bytes, cost:   97024 bytes    =    97Kbytes
+// dozable_uid_map:     key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
+// standby_uid_map:     key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
+// powersave_uid_map:   key:  4 bytes, value:  1 bytes, cost:  145216 bytes    =   145Kbytes
+// total:                                                                         4930Kbytes
+// It takes maximum 4.9MB kernel memory space if all maps are full, which requires any devices
+// running this module to have a memlock rlimit to be larger then 5MB. In the old qtaguid module,
+// we don't have a total limit for data entries but only have limitation of tags each uid can have.
+// (default is 1024 in kernel);
+
+constexpr const int COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
+constexpr const int UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE = 2000;
+constexpr const int UID_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
+constexpr const int TAG_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
+constexpr const int IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE = 1000;
+constexpr const int IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 1000;
+constexpr const int UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE = 2000;
+
 constexpr const char* BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH = BPF_PATH "/egress_prog";
 constexpr const char* BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH = BPF_PATH "/ingress_prog";
 constexpr const char* XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH = BPF_PATH "/xt_bpf_ingress_prog";
@@ -78,6 +115,7 @@
 
 constexpr const char* COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_cookie_tag_map";
 constexpr const char* UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_uid_counterSet_map";
+constexpr const char* APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_app_uid_stats_map";
 constexpr const char* UID_STATS_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_uid_stats_map";
 constexpr const char* TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_tag_stats_map";
 constexpr const char* IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_iface_index_name_map";
@@ -86,13 +124,9 @@
 constexpr const char* STANDBY_UID_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_standby_uid_map";
 constexpr const char* POWERSAVE_UID_MAP_PATH = BPF_PATH "/traffic_powersave_uid_map";
 
-const StatsKey NONEXISTENT_STATSKEY = {
-    .uid = DEFAULT_OVERFLOWUID,
-};
+constexpr const int OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET = 2;
 
 constexpr const uint64_t NONEXISTENT_COOKIE = 0;
-constexpr const uint32_t NONEXISTENT_UID = DEFAULT_OVERFLOWUID;
-constexpr const uint32_t NONEXISTENT_IFACE_STATS_KEY = 0;
 
 constexpr const int MINIMUM_API_REQUIRED = 28;
 
@@ -102,6 +136,7 @@
 int findMapEntry(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, void* key, void* value);
 int deleteMapEntry(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, void* key);
 int getNextMapKey(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, void* key, void* next_key);
+int getFirstMapKey(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, void* firstKey);
 int bpfProgLoad(bpf_prog_type prog_type, netdutils::Slice bpf_insns, const char* license,
                 uint32_t kern_version, netdutils::Slice bpf_log);
 int mapPin(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, const char* pathname);
@@ -109,94 +144,20 @@
 int attachProgram(bpf_attach_type type, uint32_t prog_fd, uint32_t cg_fd);
 int detachProgram(bpf_attach_type type, uint32_t cg_fd);
 uint64_t getSocketCookie(int sockFd);
-netdutils::StatusOr<base::unique_fd> setUpBPFMap(uint32_t key_size, uint32_t value_size,
-                                                 uint32_t map_size, const char* path,
-                                                 bpf_map_type map_type);
 bool hasBpfSupport();
 
 #define SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED     \
     do {                              \
         if (!hasBpfSupport()) return; \
-    } while (0);
+    } while (0)
 
 constexpr int BPF_CONTINUE = 0;
 constexpr int BPF_DELETED = 1;
 
-typedef std::function<int(void* key, const base::unique_fd& map_fd)> BpfMapEntryFilter;
-template <class Key, class Value>
-int bpfIterateMap(const Key& nonExistentKey, const Value& /* dummy */,
-                  const base::unique_fd& map_fd, const BpfMapEntryFilter& filter) {
-    Key curKey = nonExistentKey;
-    Key nextKey;
-    int ret;
-    Value dummyEntry;
-    if (bpf::findMapEntry(map_fd, &curKey, &dummyEntry) == 0) {
-        ALOGE("This entry should never exist in map!");
-        return -EUCLEAN;
-    }
-    while (bpf::getNextMapKey(map_fd, &curKey, &nextKey) != -1) {
-        ret = filter(&nextKey, map_fd);
-        switch (ret) {
-            case BPF_DELETED:
-                // The filter deleted the entry. Find the next key by looking up the same key
-                // we looked up this time.
-                continue;
-            case BPF_CONTINUE:
-                curKey = nextKey;
-                continue;
-            default:
-                return ret;
-        }
-    }
-    // Return errno if getNextMapKey return error before hit to the end of the map.
-    if (errno != ENOENT) {
-        ret = errno;
-        ALOGE("bpfIterateMap failed on MAP_FD: %d, error: %s", map_fd.get(), strerror(errno));
-        return -ret;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-typedef std::function<int(void* key, void* value, const base::unique_fd& map_fd)>
-    BpfMapEntryFilterWithValue;
-template <class Key, class Value>
-int bpfIterateMapWithValue(const Key& nonExistentKey, const Value& /* dummy */,
-                           const base::unique_fd& map_fd,
-                           const BpfMapEntryFilterWithValue& filter) {
-    Key curKey = nonExistentKey;
-    Key nextKey;
-    int ret = 0;
-    Value value;
-    if (bpf::findMapEntry(map_fd, &curKey, &value) == 0) {
-        ALOGE("This entry should never exist in map!");
-        return -EUCLEAN;
-    }
-    while (bpf::getNextMapKey(map_fd, &curKey, &nextKey) != -1) {
-        ret = bpf::findMapEntry(map_fd, &nextKey, &value);
-        if (ret) {
-            ALOGE("Get value failed");
-            return ret;
-        }
-        ret = filter(&nextKey, &value, map_fd);
-        switch (ret) {
-            case BPF_DELETED:
-                // The filter deleted the entry. Find the next key by looking up the same key
-                // we looked up this time.
-                continue;
-            case BPF_CONTINUE:
-                curKey = nextKey;
-                continue;
-            default:
-                return ret;
-        }
-    }
-    // Return errno if getNextMapKey return error before hit to the end of the map.
-    if (errno != ENOENT) {
-        ret = errno;
-        ALOGE("bpfIterateMap failed on MAP_FD: %d, error: %s", map_fd.get(), strerror(errno));
-        return -ret;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
+bool operator==(const StatsValue& lhs, const StatsValue& rhs);
+bool operator==(const UidTag& lhs, const UidTag& rhs);
+bool operator==(const StatsKey& lhs, const StatsKey& rhs);
 }  // namespace bpf
 }  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/libbpf/include/bpf/bpf_shared.h b/libbpf/include/bpf/bpf_shared.h
index 4a4904d..217b76f 100644
--- a/libbpf/include/bpf/bpf_shared.h
+++ b/libbpf/include/bpf/bpf_shared.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 #define COOKIE_TAG_MAP 0xbfceaaffffffffff
 #define UID_COUNTERSET_MAP 0xbfdceeafffffffff
+#define APP_UID_STATS_MAP 0xbfa1daafffffffff
 #define UID_STATS_MAP 0xbfdaafffffffffff
 #define TAG_STATS_MAP 0xbfaaafffffffffff
 #define IFACE_STATS_MAP 0xbf1faceaafffffff
diff --git a/server/TrafficController.cpp b/server/TrafficController.cpp
index 17c8f9a..d6a6480 100644
--- a/server/TrafficController.cpp
+++ b/server/TrafficController.cpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 #include <netdutils/Misc.h>
 #include <netdutils/Syscalls.h>
 #include "TrafficController.h"
-#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 #include "bpf/bpf_shared.h"
 
 #include "DumpWriter.h"
@@ -116,73 +116,75 @@
     ebpfSupported = hasBpfSupport();
 }
 
-Status initialOwnerMap(const unique_fd& map_fd, const std::string mapName) {
+Status initialOwnerMap(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& map) {
+    // Check and delete all the entries from the map in case it is a runtime
+    // restart
+    const auto deleteAllEntries = [](const uint32_t& key, BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& map) {
+        Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
+        if (!isOk(res) && (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u): %s\n", key, strerror(res.code()));
+        }
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    };
+    // It is safe to delete from this map because nothing will concurrently iterate over it:
+    // - Nothing in netd will iterate over it because we're holding mOwnerMatchMutex.
+    // - Nothing outside netd iterates over it.
+    map.iterate(deleteAllEntries);
     uint32_t mapSettingKey = UID_MAP_ENABLED;
-    uint32_t defaultMapState = 0;
-    int ret = writeToMapEntry(map_fd, &mapSettingKey, &defaultMapState, BPF_NOEXIST);
-    // If it is already exist, it might be a runtime restart and we just keep
-    // the old state.
-    if (ret && errno != EEXIST) {
-        return statusFromErrno(errno, "Fail to set the initial state of " + mapName);
-    }
-    return netdutils::status::ok;
+    uint8_t defaultMapState = 0;
+    return map.writeValue(mapSettingKey, defaultMapState, BPF_NOEXIST);
 }
 
 Status TrafficController::initMaps() {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ownerMapGuard(mOwnerMatchMutex);
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> statsMapGuard(mDeleteStatsMutex);
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mCookieTagMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint64_t), sizeof(struct UidTag), COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mCookieTagMap.getOrCreate(COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE, COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
 
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, "CookieTagMap",
                                         false));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mUidCounterSetMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint32_t), UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidCounterSetMap.getOrCreate(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH,
+                                                   BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_ACCT,
                                         "UidCounterSetMap", false));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mUidStatsMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(struct StatsKey), sizeof(struct StatsValue),
-                                 UID_STATS_MAP_SIZE, UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mAppUidStatsMap.getOrCreate(UID_STATS_MAP_SIZE, APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        changeOwnerAndMode(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "AppUidStatsMap", false));
+
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mUidStatsMap.getOrCreate(UID_STATS_MAP_SIZE, UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "UidStatsMap",
                                         false));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mTagStatsMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(struct StatsKey), sizeof(struct StatsValue),
-                                 TAG_STATS_MAP_SIZE, TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mTagStatsMap.getOrCreate(TAG_STATS_MAP_SIZE, TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "TagStatsMap",
                                         false));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mIfaceIndexNameMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint32_t), IFNAMSIZ, IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mIfaceIndexNameMap.getOrCreate(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE,
+                                                    IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS,
                                         "IfaceIndexNameMap", false));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mDozableUidMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 DOZABLE_UID_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mDozableUidMap.getOrCreate(UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE, DOZABLE_UID_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(DOZABLE_UID_MAP_PATH, AID_ROOT, "DozableUidMap", true));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initialOwnerMap(mDozableUidMap, "DozableUidMap"));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initialOwnerMap(mDozableUidMap));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mStandbyUidMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 STANDBY_UID_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mStandbyUidMap.getOrCreate(UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE, STANDBY_UID_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(STANDBY_UID_MAP_PATH, AID_ROOT, "StandbyUidMap", true));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initialOwnerMap(mStandbyUidMap, "StandbyUidMap"));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initialOwnerMap(mStandbyUidMap));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mPowerSaveUidMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 POWERSAVE_UID_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mPowerSaveUidMap.getOrCreate(UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE, POWERSAVE_UID_MAP_PATH,
+                                                  BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(POWERSAVE_UID_MAP_PATH, AID_ROOT, "PowerSaveUidMap", true));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initialOwnerMap(mPowerSaveUidMap, "PowerSaveUidMap"));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(initialOwnerMap(mPowerSaveUidMap));
 
-    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(mIfaceStatsMap,
-                     setUpBPFMap(sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(struct StatsValue), IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE,
-                                 IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
+        mIfaceStatsMap.getOrCreate(IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE, IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "IfaceStatsMap",
                                         false));
     return netdutils::status::ok;
@@ -229,7 +231,7 @@
         uint64_t sock_cookie = static_cast<uint64_t>(diagmsg.id.idiag_cookie[0]) |
                                (static_cast<uint64_t>(diagmsg.id.idiag_cookie[1]) << 32);
 
-        deleteMapEntry(mCookieTagMap, &sock_cookie);
+        mCookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
     };
     expectOk(mSkDestroyListener->subscribe(kSockDiagMsgType, rxHandler));
 
@@ -294,13 +296,12 @@
     // yet. And update the tag if there is already a tag stored. Since the eBPF
     // program in kernel only read this map, and is protected by rcu read lock. It
     // should be fine to cocurrently update the map while eBPF program is running.
-    int res = writeToMapEntry(mCookieTagMap, &sock_cookie, &newKey, BPF_ANY);
-    if (res < 0) {
-        res = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d", strerror(errno), mCookieTagMap.get());
+    Status res = mCookieTagMap.writeValue(sock_cookie, newKey, BPF_ANY);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d", strerror(res.code()),
+              mCookieTagMap.getMap().get());
     }
-
-    return res;
+    return -res.code();
 }
 
 int TrafficController::untagSocket(int sockFd) {
@@ -311,17 +312,16 @@
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
 
     if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
-    int res = deleteMapEntry(mCookieTagMap, &sock_cookie);
-    if (res) {
-        res = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    Status res = mCookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s\n", strerror(res.code()));
     }
-    return res;
+    return -res.code();
 }
 
 int TrafficController::setCounterSet(int counterSetNum, uid_t uid) {
-    if (counterSetNum < 0 || counterSetNum >= COUNTERSETS_LIMIT) return -EINVAL;
-    int res;
+    if (counterSetNum < 0 || counterSetNum >= OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET) return -EINVAL;
+    Status res;
     if (!ebpfSupported) {
         if (legacy_setCounterSet(counterSetNum, uid)) return -errno;
         return 0;
@@ -330,134 +330,121 @@
     // The default counter set for all uid is 0, so deleting the current counterset for that uid
     // will automatically set it to 0.
     if (counterSetNum == 0) {
-        res = deleteMapEntry(mUidCounterSetMap, &uid);
-        if (res == 0 || (res == -1 && errno == ENOENT)) {
+        Status res = mUidCounterSetMap.deleteValue(uid);
+        if (isOk(res) || (!isOk(res) && res.code() == ENOENT)) {
             return 0;
         } else {
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete the counterSet: %s\n", strerror(errno));
-            return -errno;
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete the counterSet: %s\n", strerror(res.code()));
+            return -res.code();
         }
     }
-
-    res = writeToMapEntry(mUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetNum, BPF_ANY);
-    if (res < 0) {
-        res = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Failed to set the counterSet: %s, fd: %d", strerror(errno), mUidCounterSetMap.get());
+    uint8_t tmpCounterSetNum = (uint8_t)counterSetNum;
+    res = mUidCounterSetMap.writeValue(uid, tmpCounterSetNum, BPF_ANY);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to set the counterSet: %s, fd: %d", strerror(res.code()),
+              mUidCounterSetMap.getMap().get());
+        return -res.code();
     }
-    return res;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::deleteTagData(uint32_t tag, uid_t uid) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mDeleteStatsMutex);
-    int res = 0;
 
     if (!ebpfSupported) {
         if (legacy_deleteTagData(tag, uid)) return -errno;
         return 0;
     }
 
-    uint64_t nonExistentCookie = NONEXISTENT_COOKIE;
     // First we go through the cookieTagMap to delete the target uid tag combination. Or delete all
     // the tags related to the uid if the tag is 0.
-    struct UidTag dummyUidTag;
-    auto deleteMatchedCookieEntry = [&uid, &tag](void *key, void *value,
-                                                 const base::unique_fd& map_fd) {
-        UidTag *tmp_uidtag = (UidTag *) value;
-        uint64_t cookie = *(uint64_t *)key;
-        if (tmp_uidtag->uid == uid && (tmp_uidtag->tag == tag || tag == 0)) {
-            int res = deleteMapEntry(map_fd, &cookie);
-            if (res == 0 || (res && errno == ENOENT)) {
-                return BPF_DELETED;
+    const auto deleteMatchedCookieEntries = [uid, tag](const uint64_t& key, const UidTag& value,
+                                                       BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>& map) {
+        if (value.uid == uid && (value.tag == tag || tag == 0)) {
+            Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
+            if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
+                return netdutils::status::ok;
             }
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", cookie,
-                  strerror(errno));
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", key, strerror(res.code()));
         }
         // Move forward to next cookie in the map.
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentCookie, dummyUidTag, mCookieTagMap,
-                                 deleteMatchedCookieEntry);
+    mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(deleteMatchedCookieEntries);
     // Now we go through the Tag stats map and delete the data entry with correct uid and tag
     // combination. Or all tag stats under that uid if the target tag is 0.
-    struct StatsKey nonExistentStatsKey = NONEXISTENT_STATSKEY;
-    struct StatsValue dummyStatsValue;
-    auto deleteMatchedUidTagEntry = [&uid, &tag](void *key, const base::unique_fd& map_fd) {
-        StatsKey *keyInfo = (StatsKey *) key;
-        if (keyInfo->uid == uid && (keyInfo->tag == tag || tag == 0)) {
-            int res = deleteMapEntry(map_fd, key);
-            if (res == 0 || (res && (errno == ENOENT))) {
+    const auto deleteMatchedUidTagEntries = [uid, tag](const StatsKey& key,
+                                                       BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& map) {
+        if (key.uid == uid && (key.tag == tag || tag == 0)) {
+            Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
+            if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
                 //Entry is deleted, use the current key to get a new nextKey;
-                return BPF_DELETED;
+                return netdutils::status::ok;
             }
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", keyInfo->uid,
-                  keyInfo->tag, strerror(errno));
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", key.uid, key.tag,
+                  strerror(res.code()));
         }
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    bpfIterateMap(nonExistentStatsKey, dummyStatsValue, mTagStatsMap,
-                  deleteMatchedUidTagEntry);
+    mTagStatsMap.iterate(deleteMatchedUidTagEntries);
     // If the tag is not zero, we already deleted all the data entry required. If tag is 0, we also
     // need to delete the stats stored in uidStatsMap and counterSet map.
     if (tag != 0) return 0;
 
-    res = deleteMapEntry(mUidCounterSetMap, &uid);
-    if (res < 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to delete counterSet data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", uid, tag, strerror(errno));
+    Status res = mUidCounterSetMap.deleteValue(uid);
+    if (!isOk(res) && res.code() != ENOENT) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to delete counterSet data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", uid, tag,
+              strerror(res.code()));
     }
-    return bpfIterateMap(nonExistentStatsKey, dummyStatsValue, mUidStatsMap,
-                         deleteMatchedUidTagEntry);
+    mUidStatsMap.iterate(deleteMatchedUidTagEntries);
+
+    auto deleteAppUidStatsEntry = [uid](const uint32_t& key, BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& map) {
+        if (key == uid) {
+            Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
+            if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
+                return netdutils::status::ok;
+            }
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u): %s", key, strerror(res.code()));
+        }
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    };
+    mAppUidStatsMap.iterate(deleteAppUidStatsEntry);
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::addInterface(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
-    int res = 0;
-    if (!ebpfSupported) return res;
+    if (!ebpfSupported) return 0;
 
-    char ifaceName[IFNAMSIZ];
+    IfaceValue iface;
     if (ifaceIndex == 0) {
-        ALOGE("Unknow interface %s(%d)", name, ifaceIndex);
+        ALOGE("Unknown interface %s(%d)", name, ifaceIndex);
         return -1;
     }
 
-    strlcpy(ifaceName, name, sizeof(ifaceName));
-    res = writeToMapEntry(mIfaceIndexNameMap, &ifaceIndex, ifaceName, BPF_ANY);
-    if (res) {
-        res = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Failed to add iface %s(%d): %s", name, ifaceIndex, strerror(errno));
+    strlcpy(iface.name, name, sizeof(IfaceValue));
+    Status res = mIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to add iface %s(%d): %s", name, ifaceIndex, strerror(res.code()));
+        return -res.code();
     }
-    return res;
+    return 0;
 }
 
-int TrafficController::updateOwnerMapEntry(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, uid_t uid,
-                                           FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type) {
-    int res = 0;
-    if (uid == NONEXISTENT_UID) {
-        ALOGE("This uid should never exist in maps: %u", uid);
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-
+Status TrafficController::updateOwnerMapEntry(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& map, uid_t uid,
+                                              FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type) {
     if (uid == UID_MAP_ENABLED) {
-        ALOGE("This uid is reserved for map state");
-        return -EINVAL;
+        return statusFromErrno(-EINVAL, "This uid is reserved for map state");
     }
 
     if ((rule == ALLOW && type == WHITELIST) || (rule == DENY && type == BLACKLIST)) {
         uint8_t flag = (type == WHITELIST) ? BPF_PASS : BPF_DROP;
-        res = writeToMapEntry(map_fd, &uid, &flag, BPF_ANY);
-        if (res) {
-            res = -errno;
-            ALOGE("Failed to add owner rule(uid: %u): %s", uid, strerror(errno));
-        }
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.writeValue(uid, flag, BPF_ANY));
     } else if ((rule == ALLOW && type == BLACKLIST) || (rule == DENY && type == WHITELIST)) {
-        res = deleteMapEntry(map_fd, &uid);
-        if (res) {
-            res = -errno;
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete owner rule(uid: %u): %s", uid, strerror(errno));
-        }
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.deleteValue(uid));
     } else {
         //Cannot happen.
-        return -EINVAL;
+        return statusFromErrno(-EINVAL, "");
     }
-    return res;
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::changeUidOwnerRule(ChildChain chain, uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule,
@@ -467,54 +454,51 @@
         ALOGE("bpf is not set up, should use iptables rule");
         return -ENOSYS;
     }
+    Status res;
     switch (chain) {
         case DOZABLE:
-            return updateOwnerMapEntry(mDozableUidMap, uid, rule, type);
+            res = updateOwnerMapEntry(mDozableUidMap, uid, rule, type);
+            break;
         case STANDBY:
-            return updateOwnerMapEntry(mStandbyUidMap, uid, rule, type);
+            res = updateOwnerMapEntry(mStandbyUidMap, uid, rule, type);
+            break;
         case POWERSAVE:
-            return updateOwnerMapEntry(mPowerSaveUidMap, uid, rule, type);
+            res = updateOwnerMapEntry(mPowerSaveUidMap, uid, rule, type);
+            break;
         case NONE:
         default:
             return -EINVAL;
     }
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("change uid(%u) rule of %d failed: %s, rule: %d, type: %d", uid, chain,
+              res.msg().c_str(), rule, type);
+        return -res.code();
+    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
-int TrafficController::replaceUidsInMap(const base::unique_fd& map_fd,
-                                        const std::vector<int32_t> &uids,
-                                        FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type) {
+Status TrafficController::replaceUidsInMap(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& map,
+                                           const std::vector<int32_t>& uids, FirewallRule rule,
+                                           FirewallType type) {
     std::set<int32_t> uidSet(uids.begin(), uids.end());
     std::vector<uint32_t> uidsToDelete;
-    auto getUidsToDelete = [&uidsToDelete, &uidSet](void *key, const base::unique_fd&) {
-        uint32_t uid = *(uint32_t *)key;
-        if (uid != UID_MAP_ENABLED && uidSet.find((int32_t)uid) == uidSet.end()) {
-            uidsToDelete.push_back(uid);
+    auto getUidsToDelete = [&uidsToDelete, &uidSet](const uint32_t& key,
+                                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
+        if (key != UID_MAP_ENABLED && uidSet.find((int32_t)key) == uidSet.end()) {
+            uidsToDelete.push_back(key);
         }
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    uint32_t nonExistentKey = NONEXISTENT_UID;
-    uint8_t dummyValue;
-    int ret = bpfIterateMap(nonExistentKey, dummyValue, map_fd, getUidsToDelete);
-
-    if (ret)  return ret;
+    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.iterate(getUidsToDelete));
 
     for(auto uid : uidsToDelete) {
-        if(deleteMapEntry(map_fd, &uid)) {
-            ret = -errno;
-            ALOGE("Delete uid(%u) from owner Map %d failed: %s", uid, map_fd.get(),
-                  strerror(errno));
-            return -errno;
-        }
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.deleteValue(uid));
     }
 
     for (auto uid : uids) {
-        ret = updateOwnerMapEntry(map_fd, uid, rule, type);
-        if (ret) {
-            ALOGE("Failed to add owner rule(uid: %u, map: %d)", uid, map_fd.get());
-            return ret;
-        }
+        RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(updateOwnerMapEntry(map, uid, rule, type));
     }
-    return 0;
+    return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::replaceUidOwnerMap(const std::string& name, bool isWhitelist,
@@ -529,20 +513,20 @@
         type = BLACKLIST;
         rule = DENY;
     }
-    int ret;
+    Status res;
     if (!name.compare(FirewallController::LOCAL_DOZABLE)) {
-        ret = replaceUidsInMap(mDozableUidMap, uids, rule, type);
+        res = replaceUidsInMap(mDozableUidMap, uids, rule, type);
     } else if (!name.compare(FirewallController::LOCAL_STANDBY)) {
-        ret = replaceUidsInMap(mStandbyUidMap, uids, rule, type);
+        res = replaceUidsInMap(mStandbyUidMap, uids, rule, type);
     } else if (!name.compare(FirewallController::LOCAL_POWERSAVE)) {
-        ret = replaceUidsInMap(mPowerSaveUidMap, uids, rule, type);
+        res = replaceUidsInMap(mPowerSaveUidMap, uids, rule, type);
     } else {
         ALOGE("unknown chain name: %s", name.c_str());
         return -EINVAL;
     }
-    if (ret) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to clean up chain: %s: %s", name.c_str(), strerror(ret));
-        return ret;
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to clean up chain: %s: %s", name.c_str(), res.msg().c_str());
+        return -res.code();
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -551,25 +535,24 @@
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(mOwnerMatchMutex);
     uint32_t keyUid = UID_MAP_ENABLED;
     uint8_t mapState = enable ? 1 : 0;
-    int ret;
+    Status res;
     switch (chain) {
         case DOZABLE:
-            ret = writeToMapEntry(mDozableUidMap, &keyUid, &mapState, BPF_EXIST);
+            res = mDozableUidMap.writeValue(keyUid, mapState, BPF_EXIST);
             break;
         case STANDBY:
-            ret = writeToMapEntry(mStandbyUidMap, &keyUid, &mapState, BPF_EXIST);
+            res = mStandbyUidMap.writeValue(keyUid, mapState, BPF_EXIST);
             break;
         case POWERSAVE:
-            ret = writeToMapEntry(mPowerSaveUidMap, &keyUid, &mapState, BPF_EXIST);
+            res = mPowerSaveUidMap.writeValue(keyUid, mapState, BPF_EXIST);
             break;
         default:
             return -EINVAL;
     }
-    if (ret) {
-        ret = -errno;
-        ALOGE("Failed to toggleUidOwnerMap(%d): %s", chain, strerror(errno));
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to toggleUidOwnerMap(%d): %s", chain, res.msg().c_str());
     }
-    return ret;
+    return -res.code();
 }
 
 bool TrafficController::checkBpfStatsEnable() {
@@ -587,7 +570,7 @@
     return StringPrintf("check Program %s error: %s", path, strerror(errno));
 }
 
-std::string getMapStatus(const unique_fd& map_fd, const char *path) {
+std::string getMapStatus(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, const char* path) {
     if (map_fd.get() < 0) {
         return StringPrintf("map fd lost");
     }
@@ -609,7 +592,6 @@
 
 void TrafficController::dump(DumpWriter& dw, bool verbose) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ownerMapGuard(mOwnerMatchMutex);
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> statsMapGuard(mDeleteStatsMutex);
     dw.incIndent();
     dw.println("TrafficController");
 
@@ -621,21 +603,25 @@
 
     dw.blankline();
     dw.println("mCookieTagMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mCookieTagMap, COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mCookieTagMap.getMap(), COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mUidCounterSetMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mUidCounterSetMap, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("mUidStatsMap status: %s", getMapStatus(mUidStatsMap, UID_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
-    dw.println("mTagStatsMap status: %s", getMapStatus(mTagStatsMap, TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mUidCounterSetMap.getMap(), UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+    dw.println("mAppUidStatsMap status: %s",
+               getMapStatus(mAppUidStatsMap.getMap(), APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+    dw.println("mUidStatsMap status: %s",
+               getMapStatus(mUidStatsMap.getMap(), UID_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+    dw.println("mTagStatsMap status: %s",
+               getMapStatus(mTagStatsMap.getMap(), TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mIfaceIndexNameMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mIfaceIndexNameMap, IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mIfaceIndexNameMap.getMap(), IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mIfaceStatsMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mIfaceStatsMap, IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mIfaceStatsMap.getMap(), IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mDozableUidMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mDozableUidMap, DOZABLE_UID_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mDozableUidMap.getMap(), DOZABLE_UID_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mStandbyUidMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mStandbyUidMap, STANDBY_UID_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mStandbyUidMap.getMap(), STANDBY_UID_MAP_PATH).c_str());
     dw.println("mPowerSaveUidMap status: %s",
-               getMapStatus(mPowerSaveUidMap, POWERSAVE_UID_MAP_PATH).c_str());
+               getMapStatus(mPowerSaveUidMap.getMap(), POWERSAVE_UID_MAP_PATH).c_str());
 
     dw.blankline();
     dw.println("Cgroup ingress program status: %s",
@@ -655,124 +641,119 @@
 
     // Print CookieTagMap content.
     dumpBpfMap("mCookieTagMap", dw, "");
-    const uint64_t nonExistentCookie = NONEXISTENT_COOKIE;
-    UidTag dummyUidTag;
-    auto printCookieTagInfo = [&dw](void *key, void *value, const base::unique_fd&) {
-        UidTag uidTagEntry = *(UidTag *) value;
-        uint64_t cookie = *(uint64_t *) key;
-        dw.println("cookie=%" PRIu64 " tag=0x%x uid=%u", cookie, uidTagEntry.tag, uidTagEntry.uid);
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+    const auto printCookieTagInfo = [&dw](const uint64_t& key, const UidTag& value,
+                                          const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>&) {
+        dw.println("cookie=%" PRIu64 " tag=0x%x uid=%u", key, value.tag, value.uid);
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    int ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentCookie, dummyUidTag, mCookieTagMap,
-                                     printCookieTagInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mCookieTagMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    Status res = mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(printCookieTagInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mCookieTagMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print UidCounterSetMap Content
     dumpBpfMap("mUidCounterSetMap", dw, "");
-    const uint32_t nonExistentUid = NONEXISTENT_UID;
-    uint32_t dummyUidInfo;
-    auto printUidInfo = [&dw](void *key, void *value, const base::unique_fd&) {
-        uint8_t setting = *(uint8_t *) value;
-        uint32_t uid = *(uint32_t *) key;
-        dw.println("%u %u", uid, setting);
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+    const auto printUidInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const uint8_t& value,
+                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
+        dw.println("%u %u", key, value);
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentUid, dummyUidInfo, mUidCounterSetMap, printUidInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-       dw.println("mUidCounterSetMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mUidCounterSetMap.iterateWithValue(printUidInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mUidCounterSetMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    }
+
+    // Print AppUidStatsMap content
+    std::string appUidStatsHeader = StringPrintf("uid rxBytes rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
+    dumpBpfMap("mAppUidStatsMap:", dw, appUidStatsHeader);
+    auto printAppUidStatsInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
+                                      const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
+        dw.println("%u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, value.rxBytes,
+                   value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
+    };
+    res = mAppUidStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printAppUidStatsInfo);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mAppUidStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print uidStatsMap content
     std::string statsHeader = StringPrintf("ifaceIndex ifaceName tag_hex uid_int cnt_set rxBytes"
                                            " rxPackets txBytes txPackets");
     dumpBpfMap("mUidStatsMap", dw, statsHeader);
-    const struct StatsKey nonExistentStatsKey = NONEXISTENT_STATSKEY;
-    struct StatsValue dummyStatsValue;
-    auto printStatsInfo = [&dw, this](void *key, void *value, const base::unique_fd&) {
-        StatsValue statsEntry = *(StatsValue *) value;
-        StatsKey keyInfo = *(StatsKey *) key;
-        char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
-        uint32_t ifIndex = keyInfo.ifaceIndex;
-        if (bpf::findMapEntry(mIfaceIndexNameMap, &ifIndex, &ifname) < 0) {
-            strlcpy(ifname, "unknown", sizeof(ifname));
+    const auto printStatsInfo = [&dw, this](const StatsKey& key, const StatsValue& value,
+                                            const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
+        uint32_t ifIndex = key.ifaceIndex;
+        auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(ifIndex);
+        if (!isOk(ifname)) {
+            strlcpy(ifname.value().name, "unknown", sizeof(IfaceValue));
         }
-        dw.println("%u %s 0x%x %u %u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, ifIndex, ifname,
-                   keyInfo.tag, keyInfo.uid, keyInfo.counterSet, statsEntry.rxBytes,
-                   statsEntry.rxPackets, statsEntry.txBytes, statsEntry.txPackets);
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        dw.println("%u %s 0x%x %u %u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, ifIndex,
+                   ifname.value().name, key.tag, key.uid, key.counterSet, value.rxBytes,
+                   value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentStatsKey, dummyStatsValue, mUidStatsMap,
-                                 printStatsInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mUidStatsMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mUidStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printStatsInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mUidStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print TagStatsMap content.
     dumpBpfMap("mTagStatsMap", dw, statsHeader);
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentStatsKey, dummyStatsValue, mTagStatsMap,
-                                 printStatsInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mTagStatsMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mTagStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printStatsInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mTagStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print ifaceIndexToNameMap content.
     dumpBpfMap("mIfaceIndexNameMap", dw, "");
-    uint32_t nonExistentIface = NONEXISTENT_IFACE_STATS_KEY;
-    char dummyIface[IFNAMSIZ];
-    auto printIfaceNameInfo = [&dw](void *key, void *value, const base::unique_fd&) {
-        char *ifname = (char *) value;
-        uint32_t ifaceIndex = *(uint32_t *)key;
-        dw.println("ifaceIndex=%u ifaceName=%s", ifaceIndex, ifname);
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+    const auto printIfaceNameInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const IfaceValue& value,
+                                          const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>&) {
+        const char* ifname = value.name;
+        dw.println("ifaceIndex=%u ifaceName=%s", key, ifname);
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentIface, dummyIface, mIfaceIndexNameMap,
-                               printIfaceNameInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mIfaceIndexNameMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mIfaceIndexNameMap.iterateWithValue(printIfaceNameInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mIfaceIndexNameMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print ifaceStatsMap content
     std::string ifaceStatsHeader = StringPrintf("ifaceIndex ifaceName rxBytes rxPackets txBytes"
                                                 " txPackets");
     dumpBpfMap("mIfaceStatsMap:", dw, ifaceStatsHeader);
-    auto printIfaceStatsInfo = [&dw, this] (void *key, void *value, const base::unique_fd&) {
-        StatsValue statsEntry = *(StatsValue *) value;
-        uint32_t ifaceIndex = *(uint32_t *) key;
-        char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
-        if (bpf::findMapEntry(mIfaceIndexNameMap, key, ifname) < 0) {
-            strlcpy(ifname, "unknown", sizeof(ifname));
+    const auto printIfaceStatsInfo = [&dw, this](const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
+                                                 const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
+        auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(key);
+        if (!isOk(ifname)) {
+            strlcpy(ifname.value().name, "unknown", sizeof(IfaceValue));
         }
-        dw.println("%u %s %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, ifaceIndex, ifname,
-                   statsEntry.rxBytes, statsEntry.rxPackets, statsEntry.txBytes,
-                   statsEntry.txPackets);
-        return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        dw.println("%u %s %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, ifname.value().name,
+                   value.rxBytes, value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
+        return netdutils::status::ok;
     };
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentIface, dummyStatsValue, mIfaceStatsMap,
-                                 printIfaceStatsInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mIfaceStatsMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mIfaceStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printIfaceStatsInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mIfaceStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print owner match uid maps
-    uint8_t dummyOwnerInfo;
     dumpBpfMap("mDozableUidMap", dw, "");
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentUid, dummyOwnerInfo, mDozableUidMap, printUidInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mDozableUidMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mDozableUidMap.iterateWithValue(printUidInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mDozableUidMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     dumpBpfMap("mStandbyUidMap", dw, "");
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentUid, dummyOwnerInfo, mStandbyUidMap, printUidInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mDozableUidMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mStandbyUidMap.iterateWithValue(printUidInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mDozableUidMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     dumpBpfMap("mPowerSaveUidMap", dw, "");
-    ret = bpfIterateMapWithValue(nonExistentUid, dummyOwnerInfo, mPowerSaveUidMap, printUidInfo);
-    if (ret) {
-        dw.println("mDozableUidMap print end with error: %s", strerror(-ret));
+    res = mPowerSaveUidMap.iterateWithValue(printUidInfo);
+    if (!isOk(res)) {
+        dw.println("mDozableUidMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
     }
 
     dw.decIndent();
diff --git a/server/TrafficController.h b/server/TrafficController.h
index b810bf8..79f7d14 100644
--- a/server/TrafficController.h
+++ b/server/TrafficController.h
@@ -25,26 +25,13 @@
 #include "Network.h"
 #include "android-base/thread_annotations.h"
 #include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 
-// Since we cannot garbage collect the stats map since device boot, we need to make these maps as
-// large as possible. The current rlimit of MEM_LOCK allows at most 10000 map entries for each
-// stats map. In the old qtaguid module, we don't have a total limit for data entries but only have
-// limitation of tags each uid can have. (default is 1024 in kernel);
-// cookie_uid_map:      key:  8 bytes, value:  8 bytes, total:10000*8*2 bytes         =  160Kbytes
-// uid_counter_set_map: key:  4 bytes, value:  4 bytes, total:10000*4*2 bytes         =   80Kbytes
-// uid_stats_map:       key: 16 bytes, value: 32 bytes, total:10000*16+10000*32 bytes =  480Kbytes
-// tag_stats_map:       key: 16 bytes, value: 32 bytes, total:10000*16+10000*32 bytes =  480Kbytes
-// iface_index_name_map:key:  4 bytes, value: 32 bytes, total:10000*36 bytes          =  360Kbytes
-// total:                                                                               1560Kbytes
-constexpr const int COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
-constexpr const int UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
-constexpr const int UID_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
-constexpr const int TAG_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
-constexpr const int IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE = 1000;
-constexpr const int IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE = 1000;
-constexpr const int UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
-
-constexpr const int COUNTERSETS_LIMIT = 2;
+using android::bpf::BpfMap;
+using android::bpf::IfaceValue;
+using android::bpf::StatsKey;
+using android::bpf::StatsValue;
+using android::bpf::UidTag;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
@@ -110,13 +97,14 @@
     int replaceUidOwnerMap(const std::string& name, bool isWhitelist,
                            const std::vector<int32_t>& uids);
 
-    int updateOwnerMapEntry(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule,
-                            FirewallType type);
+    netdutils::Status updateOwnerMapEntry(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& map, uid_t uid,
+                                          FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type);
 
     void dump(DumpWriter& dw, bool verbose);
 
-    int replaceUidsInMap(const base::unique_fd& map_fd, const std::vector<int32_t> &uids,
-                         FirewallRule rule, FirewallType type);
+    netdutils::Status replaceUidsInMap(BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& map,
+                                       const std::vector<int32_t>& uids, FirewallRule rule,
+                                       FirewallType type);
 
     static const String16 DUMP_KEYWORD;
 
@@ -133,7 +121,7 @@
      * Map Key: uint64_t socket cookie
      * Map Value: struct UidTag, contains a uint32 uid and a uint32 tag.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mCookieTagMap;
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mCookieTagMap;
 
     /*
      * mUidCounterSetMap: Store the counterSet of a specific uid.
@@ -141,7 +129,14 @@
      * Map Value: uint32 counterSet specifies if the traffic is a background
      * or foreground traffic.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mUidCounterSetMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mUidCounterSetMap;
+
+    /*
+     * mAppUidStatsMap: Store the total traffic stats for a uid regardless of
+     * tag, counterSet and iface. The stats is used by TrafficStats.getUidStats
+     * API to return persistent stats for a specific uid since device boot.
+     */
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mAppUidStatsMap;
 
     /*
      * mUidStatsMap: Store the traffic statistics for a specific combination of
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@
      * Map Value: struct Stats, contains packet count and byte count of each
      * transport protocol on egress and ingress direction.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mUidStatsMap GUARDED_BY(mDeleteStatsMutex);
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mUidStatsMap;
 
     /*
      * mTagStatsMap: Store the traffic statistics for a specific combination of
@@ -164,39 +159,38 @@
      * Map Value: struct Stats, contains packet count and byte count of each
      * transport protocol on egress and ingress direction.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mTagStatsMap GUARDED_BY(mDeleteStatsMutex);
-
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mTagStatsMap;
 
     /*
      * mIfaceIndexNameMap: Store the index name pair of each interface show up
      * on the device since boot. The interface index is used by the eBPF program
      * to correctly match the iface name when receiving a packet.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mIfaceIndexNameMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> mIfaceIndexNameMap;
 
     /*
      * mIfaceStataMap: Store per iface traffic stats gathered from xt_bpf
      * filter.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mIfaceStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mIfaceStatsMap;
 
     /*
      * mDozableUidMap: Store uids that have related rules in dozable mode owner match
      * chain.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mDozableUidMap GUARDED_BY(mOwnerMatchMutex);
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mDozableUidMap GUARDED_BY(mOwnerMatchMutex);
 
     /*
      * mStandbyUidMap: Store uids that have related rules in standby mode owner match
      * chain.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mStandbyUidMap GUARDED_BY(mOwnerMatchMutex);
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mStandbyUidMap GUARDED_BY(mOwnerMatchMutex);
 
     /*
      * mPowerSaveUidMap: Store uids that have related rules in power save mode owner match
      * chain.
      */
-    base::unique_fd mPowerSaveUidMap GUARDED_BY(mOwnerMatchMutex);
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mPowerSaveUidMap GUARDED_BY(mOwnerMatchMutex);
 
     std::unique_ptr<NetlinkListenerInterface> mSkDestroyListener;
 
@@ -204,18 +198,6 @@
 
     std::mutex mOwnerMatchMutex;
 
-    // When aquiring both mOwnerMatchMutex and mDeleteStatsMutex,
-    // mOwnerMatchMutex must be grabbed first to prevent protential deadlock.
-    // This lock need to be hold when deleting from any stats map which we
-    // can iterate which are uidStatsMap and tagStatsMap. We don't need this
-    // lock to guard mUidCounterSetMap because we always directly look up /
-    // write / delete the map by uid. Also we don't need this lock for
-    // mCookieTagMap since the only time we need to iterate the map is
-    // deleteTagStats and we don't care if we failed and started from the
-    // beginning, since we will eventually scan through the map and delete all
-    // target entries.
-    std::mutex mDeleteStatsMutex;
-
     netdutils::Status loadAndAttachProgram(bpf_attach_type type, const char* path, const char* name,
                                            base::unique_fd& cg_fd);
 
diff --git a/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp b/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
index 187014f..a354f83 100644
--- a/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include <netdutils/MockSyscalls.h>
+#include "netdutils/Status.h"
+#include "netdutils/StatusOr.h"
+
 #include "FirewallController.h"
 #include "TrafficController.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
@@ -50,70 +53,78 @@
 namespace net {
 
 using base::unique_fd;
+using netdutils::isOk;
+using netdutils::Status;
 using netdutils::status::ok;
+using netdutils::StatusOr;
 
 constexpr int TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
 constexpr uid_t TEST_UID = 10086;
 constexpr uid_t TEST_UID2 = 54321;
 constexpr uid_t TEST_UID3 = 98765;
 constexpr uint32_t TEST_TAG = 42;
-constexpr int TEST_COUNTERSET = 1;
-constexpr int DEFAULT_COUNTERSET = 0;
+constexpr uint32_t TEST_COUNTERSET = 1;
+constexpr uint32_t DEFAULT_COUNTERSET = 0;
 
 class TrafficControllerTest : public ::testing::Test {
   protected:
     TrafficControllerTest() {}
     TrafficController mTc;
-    unique_fd mFakeCookieTagMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeUidCounterSetMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeUidStatsMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeTagStatsMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeDozableUidMap;
-    unique_fd mFakeStandbyUidMap;
-    unique_fd mFakePowerSaveUidMap;
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mFakeCookieTagMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidCounterSetMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeUidStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeTagStatsMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeDozableUidMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeStandbyUidMap;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakePowerSaveUidMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ownerGuard(mTc.mOwnerMatchMutex);
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> statsGuard(mTc.mDeleteStatsMutex);
         SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-        mFakeCookieTagMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t),
-                                                sizeof(struct UidTag), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeCookieTagMap);
+        mFakeCookieTagMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t),
+                                          sizeof(struct UidTag), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeCookieTagMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeUidCounterSetMap = unique_fd(
-            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint32_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
+        mFakeUidCounterSetMap.reset(
+            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeUidCounterSetMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeUidStatsMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
-                                               sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeUidStatsMap);
+        mFakeAppUidStatsMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t),
+                                            sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeAppUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeTagStatsMap = unique_fd(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
-                                               sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeTagStatsMap);
+        mFakeUidStatsMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
+                                         sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeDozableUidMap = unique_fd(
-            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint32_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeDozableUidMap);
+        mFakeTagStatsMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
+                                         sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeTagStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeStandbyUidMap = unique_fd(
-            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint32_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeStandbyUidMap);
+        mFakeDozableUidMap.reset(
+            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeDozableUidMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakePowerSaveUidMap = unique_fd(
-            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint32_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
-        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakePowerSaveUidMap);
+        mFakeStandbyUidMap.reset(
+            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeStandbyUidMap.getMap());
+
+        mFakePowerSaveUidMap.reset(
+            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        ASSERT_LE(0, mFakePowerSaveUidMap.getMap());
         // Make sure trafficController use the eBPF code path.
         mTc.ebpfSupported = true;
 
-        mTc.mCookieTagMap.reset(mFakeCookieTagMap);
-        mTc.mUidCounterSetMap.reset(mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
-        mTc.mUidStatsMap.reset(mFakeUidStatsMap);
-        mTc.mTagStatsMap.reset(mFakeTagStatsMap);
-        mTc.mDozableUidMap.reset(mFakeDozableUidMap);
-        mTc.mStandbyUidMap.reset(mFakeStandbyUidMap);
-        mTc.mPowerSaveUidMap.reset(mFakePowerSaveUidMap);
+        mTc.mCookieTagMap.reset(mFakeCookieTagMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mUidCounterSetMap.reset(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mAppUidStatsMap.reset(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mUidStatsMap.reset(mFakeUidStatsMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mTagStatsMap.reset(mFakeTagStatsMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mDozableUidMap.reset(mFakeDozableUidMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mStandbyUidMap.reset(mFakeStandbyUidMap.getMap());
+        mTc.mPowerSaveUidMap.reset(mFakePowerSaveUidMap.getMap());
     }
 
     int setUpSocketAndTag(int protocol, uint64_t* cookie, uint32_t tag, uid_t uid) {
@@ -126,84 +137,80 @@
     }
 
     void expectUidTag(uint64_t cookie, uid_t uid, uint32_t tag) {
-        struct UidTag tagResult;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &tagResult));
-        EXPECT_EQ(uid, tagResult.uid);
-        EXPECT_EQ(tag, tagResult.tag);
+        StatusOr<UidTag> tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+        EXPECT_EQ(uid, tagResult.value().uid);
+        EXPECT_EQ(tag, tagResult.value().tag);
     }
 
-    void expectNoTag(uint64_t cookie) {
-        struct UidTag tagResult;
-        EXPECT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &tagResult));
-    }
+    void expectNoTag(uint64_t cookie) { EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie))); }
 
-    void expectTagMapEmpty() {
-        uint64_t invalidCookie = NONEXISTENT_COOKIE;
-        uint64_t cookie;
-        EXPECT_EQ(-1, getNextMapKey(mFakeCookieTagMap, &invalidCookie, &cookie));
-    }
+    void expectTagMapEmpty() { EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.getFirstKey())); }
 
-    void populateFakeStats(uint64_t cookie, uid_t uid, uint32_t tag, StatsKey* key) {
+    void populateFakeStats(uint64_t cookie, uint32_t uid, uint32_t tag, StatsKey* key) {
         UidTag cookieMapkey = {.uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag};
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &cookieMapkey, BPF_ANY));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, cookieMapkey, BPF_ANY)));
         *key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET, .ifaceIndex = 1};
         StatsValue statsMapValue = {.rxPackets = 1, .rxBytes = 100};
-        int counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSet, BPF_ANY));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeTagStatsMap, key, &statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
+        uint8_t counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET;
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.writeValue(uid, counterSet, BPF_ANY)));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeTagStatsMap.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
         key->tag = 0;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(mFakeUidStatsMap, key, &statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeUidStatsMap.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(uid, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
         // put tag information back to statsKey
         key->tag = tag;
     }
 
-    void checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(ChildChain chain, const unique_fd& targetMap) {
+    void checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(ChildChain chain, BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& targetMap) {
         uint32_t uid = TEST_UID;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, DENY, BLACKLIST));
-        uint8_t value;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(targetMap, &uid, &value));
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint8_t)BPF_DROP, value);
+        StatusOr<uint8_t> value = targetMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+        EXPECT_EQ(BPF_DROP, value.value());
 
         uid = TEST_UID2;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, ALLOW, WHITELIST));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(targetMap, &uid, &value));
-        EXPECT_EQ((uint8_t)BPF_PASS, value);
+        value = targetMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+        EXPECT_EQ(BPF_PASS, value.value());
 
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, DENY, WHITELIST));
-        EXPECT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(targetMap, &uid, &value));
-        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+        value = targetMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(value));
+        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.status().code());
 
         uid = TEST_UID;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST));
-        EXPECT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(targetMap, &uid, &value));
-        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+        value = targetMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(value));
+        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.status().code());
 
         uid = TEST_UID3;
         EXPECT_EQ(-ENOENT, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST));
-        EXPECT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(targetMap, &uid, &value));
-        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+        value = targetMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(value));
+        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.status().code());
     }
 
     void checkEachUidValue(const std::vector<int32_t>& uids, const uint8_t expectValue,
-                           const unique_fd& targetMap) {
-        uint8_t value;
-        for (auto uid : uids) {
-            EXPECT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(targetMap, &uid, &value));
-            EXPECT_EQ((uint8_t)expectValue, value);
+                           BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& targetMap) {
+        for (uint32_t uid : uids) {
+            StatusOr<uint8_t> value = targetMap.readValue(uid);
+            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+            EXPECT_EQ(expectValue, value.value());
         }
         std::set<uint32_t> uidSet(uids.begin(), uids.end());
-        auto checkNoOtherUid = [&uidSet](void *key, const base::unique_fd&) {
-            int32_t uid = *(int32_t *)key;
-            EXPECT_NE(uidSet.end(), uidSet.find(uid));
-            return BPF_CONTINUE;
+        const auto checkNoOtherUid = [&uidSet](const int32_t& key,
+                                               const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
+            EXPECT_NE(uidSet.end(), uidSet.find(key));
+            return netdutils::status::ok;
         };
-        uint32_t nonExistentKey = NONEXISTENT_UID;
-        uint8_t dummyValue;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, bpfIterateMap(nonExistentKey, dummyValue, targetMap, checkNoOtherUid));
+        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(targetMap.iterate(checkNoOtherUid)));
     }
 
     void checkUidMapReplace(const std::string& name, const std::vector<int32_t>& uids,
-                            const unique_fd& targetMap) {
+                            BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>& targetMap) {
         bool isWhitelist = true;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.replaceUidOwnerMap(name, isWhitelist, uids));
         checkEachUidValue(uids, BPF_PASS, targetMap);
@@ -214,10 +221,15 @@
     }
 
     void TearDown() {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ownerGuard(mTc.mOwnerMatchMutex);
         mFakeCookieTagMap.reset();
         mFakeUidCounterSetMap.reset();
+        mFakeAppUidStatsMap.reset();
         mFakeUidStatsMap.reset();
         mFakeTagStatsMap.reset();
+        mTc.mDozableUidMap.reset();
+        mTc.mStandbyUidMap.reset();
+        mTc.mPowerSaveUidMap.reset();
     }
 };
 
@@ -254,8 +266,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.untagSocket(v4socket1));
     expectNoTag(sockCookie1);
     expectUidTag(sockCookie2, TEST_UID, TEST_TAG);
-    uint64_t cookieResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, getNextMapKey(mFakeCookieTagMap, &sockCookie2, &cookieResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(sockCookie2)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestTagSocketV6) {
@@ -292,24 +303,21 @@
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.setCounterSet(TEST_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult);
+    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.setCounterSet(DEFAULT_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    uid = TEST_UID;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, getNextMapKey(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.getFirstKey()));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestSetInvalidCounterSet) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    ASSERT_GT(0, mTc.setCounterSet(COUNTERSETS_LIMIT, TEST_UID));
+    ASSERT_GT(0, mTc.setCounterSet(OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    uid = TEST_UID;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, getNextMapKey(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.getFirstKey()));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestDeleteTagData) {
@@ -321,17 +329,20 @@
     StatsKey tagStatsMapKey;
     populateFakeStats(cookie, uid, tag, &tagStatsMapKey);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
-    UidTag cookieMapkey;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &cookieMapkey));
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult);
-    StatsValue statsMapResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeTagStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey, &statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie)));
+    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeTagStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey)));
     tagStatsMapKey.tag = 0;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeUidStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey, &statsMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.rxPackets);
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.rxBytes);
+    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeUidStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
+    auto appStatsResult = mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(appStatsResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, appStatsResult.value().rxPackets);
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, appStatsResult.value().rxBytes);
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestDeleteAllUidData) {
@@ -343,13 +354,12 @@
     StatsKey tagStatsMapKey;
     populateFakeStats(cookie, uid, tag, &tagStatsMapKey);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(0, TEST_UID));
-    UidTag cookieMapkey;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie, &cookieMapkey));
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    StatsValue statsMapResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeTagStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey, &statsMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey, &statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeTagStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey)));
+    tagStatsMapKey.tag = 0;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestDeleteDataWithTwoTags) {
@@ -365,19 +375,19 @@
     populateFakeStats(cookie1, uid, tag1, &tagStatsMapKey1);
     populateFakeStats(cookie2, uid, tag2, &tagStatsMapKey2);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
-    UidTag cookieMapResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie1, &cookieMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie2, &cookieMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, cookieMapResult.uid);
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG + 1, cookieMapResult.tag);
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult);
-    StatsValue statsMapResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeTagStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey1, &statsMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeTagStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey2, &statsMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.rxPackets);
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.rxBytes);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie1)));
+    StatusOr<UidTag> cookieMapResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(cookieMapResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, cookieMapResult.value().uid);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG + 1, cookieMapResult.value().tag);
+    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeTagStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1)));
+    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeTagStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestDeleteDataWithTwoUids) {
@@ -396,53 +406,56 @@
     // Delete the stats of one of the uid. Check if it is properly collected by
     // removedStats.
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(0, uid2));
-    UidTag cookieMapResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeCookieTagMap, &cookie2, &cookieMapResult));
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid1, &counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult);
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidCounterSetMap, &uid2, &counterSetResult));
-    StatsValue statsMapResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeTagStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey2, &statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie2)));
+    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid2)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeTagStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2)));
     tagStatsMapKey2.tag = 0;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey2, &statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid2)));
     tagStatsMapKey1.tag = 0;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeUidStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey1, &statsMapResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.rxPackets);
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.rxBytes);
+    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeUidStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
+    auto appStatsResult = mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(appStatsResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, appStatsResult.value().rxPackets);
+    ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, appStatsResult.value().rxBytes);
 
     // Delete the stats of the other uid.
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(0, uid1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeUidStatsMap, &tagStatsMapKey1, &statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidStatsMap.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid1)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUpdateOwnerMapEntry) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
     uint32_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, DENY, BLACKLIST));
-    uint8_t value;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, &uid, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint8_t)BPF_DROP, value);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, DENY, BLACKLIST)));
+    StatusOr<uint8_t> value = mFakeDozableUidMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+    ASSERT_EQ(BPF_DROP, value.value());
 
     uid = TEST_UID2;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, ALLOW, WHITELIST));
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, &uid, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ((uint8_t)BPF_PASS, value);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, ALLOW, WHITELIST)));
+    value = mFakeDozableUidMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+    ASSERT_EQ(BPF_PASS, value.value());
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, DENY, WHITELIST));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, &uid, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, DENY, WHITELIST)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeDozableUidMap.readValue(uid)));
 
     uid = TEST_UID;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, &uid, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeDozableUidMap.readValue(uid)));
 
     uid = TEST_UID3;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-ENOENT, mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, &uid, &value));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(mFakeDozableUidMap, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeDozableUidMap.readValue(uid)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestChangeUidOwnerRule) {
diff --git a/tests/Android.mk b/tests/Android.mk
index b0c503a..302ad1e 100644
--- a/tests/Android.mk
+++ b/tests/Android.mk
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 LOCAL_CFLAGS += -Wno-varargs
 
 EXTRA_LDLIBS := -lpthread
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libbase libbinder libcrypto libcutils liblog \
+LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libbase libbinder libbpf libcrypto libcutils liblog \
                           libnetd_client libnetutils libssl libutils
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libnetd_test_dnsresponder liblogwrap libnetdaidl_static \
                           libnetdutils libnetd_test_tun_interface libbpf
diff --git a/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp b/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp
index 41945e2..e023052 100644
--- a/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp
@@ -33,12 +33,14 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 
 using namespace android::bpf;
 
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::netdutils::status::ok;
+using android::netdutils::StatusOr;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
@@ -83,57 +85,94 @@
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestTagSocket) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    unique_fd cookieTagMap = unique_fd(mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, 0));
-    ASSERT_LE(0, cookieTagMap);
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> cookieTagMap(mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    ASSERT_LE(0, cookieTagMap.getMap());
     int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
     ASSERT_LE(0, sock);
     uint64_t cookie = getSocketCookie(sock);
     ASSERT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, cookie);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_tagSocket(sock, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
-    struct UidTag tagResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(cookieTagMap, &cookie, &tagResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.uid);
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.tag);
+    StatusOr<UidTag> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.value().uid);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.value().tag);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_untagSocket(sock));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(cookieTagMap, &cookie, &tagResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(tagResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.status().code());
+}
+
+TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestCloseSocketWithoutUntag) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> cookieTagMap(mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    ASSERT_LE(0, cookieTagMap.getMap());
+    int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+    ASSERT_LE(0, sock);
+    uint64_t cookie = getSocketCookie(sock);
+    ASSERT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, cookie);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_tagSocket(sock, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
+    StatusOr<UidTag> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.value().uid);
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.value().tag);
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, close(sock));
+    // Check map periodically until sk destroy handler have done its job.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+        if (!isOk(tagResult)) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.status().code());
+            return;
+        }
+        usleep(50);
+    }
+    FAIL() << "socket tag still exist after 500ms";
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestChangeCounterSet) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    unique_fd uidCounterSetMap = unique_fd(mapRetrieve(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, 0));
-    ASSERT_LE(0, uidCounterSetMap);
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> uidCounterSetMap(mapRetrieve(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    ASSERT_LE(0, uidCounterSetMap.getMap());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_setCounterSet(TEST_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    int counterSetResult;
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, findMapEntry(uidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult);
+    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = uidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_setCounterSet(DEFAULT_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(uidCounterSetMap, &uid, &counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    counterSetResult = uidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, counterSetResult.status().code());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestDeleteTagData) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    unique_fd uidStatsMap = unique_fd(mapRetrieve(UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, 0));
-    ASSERT_LE(0, uidStatsMap);
-    unique_fd tagStatsMap = unique_fd(mapRetrieve(TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, 0));
-    ASSERT_LE(0, tagStatsMap);
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> uidStatsMap(mapRetrieve(UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    ASSERT_LE(0, uidStatsMap.getMap());
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> tagStatsMap(mapRetrieve(TAG_STATS_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    ASSERT_LE(0, tagStatsMap.getMap());
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(mapRetrieve(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    ASSERT_LE(0, appUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
     StatsKey key = {.uid = TEST_UID, .tag = TEST_TAG, .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET,
                     .ifaceIndex = 1};
     StatsValue statsMapValue = {.rxPackets = 1, .rxBytes = 100};
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(tagStatsMap, &key, &statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(tagStatsMap.writeValue(key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
     key.tag = 0;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, writeToMapEntry(uidStatsMap, &key, &statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(uidStatsMap.writeValue(key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(appUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_deleteTagData(0, TEST_UID));
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(uidStatsMap, &key, &statsMapValue));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsResult = uidStatsMap.readValue(key);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(statsResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.status().code());
+    statsResult = appUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(statsResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.status().code());
     key.tag = TEST_TAG;
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, findMapEntry(tagStatsMap, &key, &statsMapValue));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
+    statsResult = tagStatsMap.readValue(key);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(statsResult));
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.status().code());
 }
 
 }