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/*
* Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
* Copyright (c) 1994, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package java.lang;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
/**
* The {@code Throwable} class is the superclass of all errors and
* exceptions in the Java language. Only objects that are instances of this
* class (or one of its subclasses) are thrown by the Java Virtual Machine or
* can be thrown by the Java {@code throw} statement. Similarly, only
* this class or one of its subclasses can be the argument type in a
* {@code catch} clause.
*
* For the purposes of compile-time checking of exceptions, {@code
* Throwable} and any subclass of {@code Throwable} that is not also a
* subclass of either {@link java.lang.RuntimeException RuntimeException} or {@link java.lang.Error Error} are
* regarded as checked exceptions.
*
* <p>Instances of two subclasses, {@link java.lang.Error} and
* {@link java.lang.Exception}, are conventionally used to indicate
* that exceptional situations have occurred. Typically, these instances
* are freshly created in the context of the exceptional situation so
* as to include relevant information (such as stack trace data).
*
* <p>A throwable contains a snapshot of the execution stack of its
* thread at the time it was created. It can also contain a message
* string that gives more information about the error. Over time, a
* throwable can {@linkplain java.lang.Throwable#addSuppressed Throwable#addSuppressed} other
* throwables from being propagated. Finally, the throwable can also
* contain a <i>cause</i>: another throwable that caused this
* throwable to be constructed. The recording of this causal information
* is referred to as the <i>chained exception</i> facility, as the
* cause can, itself, have a cause, and so on, leading to a "chain" of
* exceptions, each caused by another.
*
* <p>One reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the class that
* throws it is built atop a lower layered abstraction, and an operation on
* the upper layer fails due to a failure in the lower layer. It would be bad
* design to let the throwable thrown by the lower layer propagate outward, as
* it is generally unrelated to the abstraction provided by the upper layer.
* Further, doing so would tie the API of the upper layer to the details of
* its implementation, assuming the lower layer's exception was a checked
* exception. Throwing a "wrapped exception" (i.e., an exception containing a
* cause) allows the upper layer to communicate the details of the failure to
* its caller without incurring either of these shortcomings. It preserves
* the flexibility to change the implementation of the upper layer without
* changing its API (in particular, the set of exceptions thrown by its
* methods).
*
* <p>A second reason that a throwable may have a cause is that the method
* that throws it must conform to a general-purpose interface that does not
* permit the method to throw the cause directly. For example, suppose
* a persistent collection conforms to the {@link java.util.Collection
* Collection} interface, and that its persistence is implemented atop
* {@code java.io}. Suppose the internals of the {@code add} method
* can throw an {@link java.io.IOException IOException}. The implementation
* can communicate the details of the {@code IOException} to its caller
* while conforming to the {@code Collection} interface by wrapping the
* {@code IOException} in an appropriate unchecked exception. (The
* specification for the persistent collection should indicate that it is
* capable of throwing such exceptions.)
*
* <p>A cause can be associated with a throwable in two ways: via a
* constructor that takes the cause as an argument, or via the
* {@link #initCause(java.lang.Throwable)} method. New throwable classes that
* wish to allow causes to be associated with them should provide constructors
* that take a cause and delegate (perhaps indirectly) to one of the
* {@code Throwable} constructors that takes a cause.
*
* Because the {@code initCause} method is public, it allows a cause to be
* associated with any throwable, even a "legacy throwable" whose
* implementation predates the addition of the exception chaining mechanism to
* {@code Throwable}.
*
* <p>By convention, class {@code Throwable} and its subclasses have two
* constructors, one that takes no arguments and one that takes a
* {@code String} argument that can be used to produce a detail message.
* Further, those subclasses that might likely have a cause associated with
* them should have two more constructors, one that takes a
* {@code Throwable} (the cause), and one that takes a
* {@code String} (the detail message) and a {@code Throwable} (the
* cause).
*
* @author unascribed
* @author Josh Bloch (Added exception chaining and programmatic access to
* stack trace in 1.4.)
* @jls 11.2 Compile-Time Checking of Exceptions
* @since JDK1.0
*/
@SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "deprecation", "all"})
public class Throwable implements java.io.Serializable {
/**
* Constructs a new throwable with {@code null} as its detail message.
* The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
* call to {@link #initCause}.
*
* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
*/
public Throwable() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message. The
* cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by
* a call to {@link #initCause}.
*
* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
*
* @param message the detail message. The detail message is saved for
* later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method.
*/
public Throwable(@android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.String message) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message and
* cause. <p>Note that the detail message associated with
* {@code cause} is <i>not</i> automatically incorporated in
* this throwable's detail message.
*
* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
*
* @param message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
* by the {@link #getMessage()} method).
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A {@code null} value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @since 1.4
*/
public Throwable(@android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.String message, @android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.Throwable cause) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Constructs a new throwable with the specified cause and a detail
* message of {@code (cause==null ? null : cause.toString())} (which
* typically contains the class and detail message of {@code cause}).
* This constructor is useful for throwables that are little more than
* wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link
* java.security.PrivilegedActionException}).
*
* <p>The {@link #fillInStackTrace()} method is called to initialize
* the stack trace data in the newly created throwable.
*
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A {@code null} value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @since 1.4
*/
public Throwable(@android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.Throwable cause) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Constructs a new throwable with the specified detail message,
* cause, {@linkplain #addSuppressed suppression} enabled or
* disabled, and writable stack trace enabled or disabled. If
* suppression is disabled, {@link #getSuppressed} for this object
* will return a zero-length array and calls to {@link
* #addSuppressed} that would otherwise append an exception to the
* suppressed list will have no effect. If the writable stack
* trace is false, this constructor will not call {@link
* #fillInStackTrace()}, a {@code null} will be written to the
* {@code stackTrace} field, and subsequent calls to {@code
* fillInStackTrace} and {@link
* #setStackTrace(java.lang.StackTraceElement[])} will not set the stack
* trace. If the writable stack trace is false, {@link
* #getStackTrace} will return a zero length array.
*
* <p>Note that the other constructors of {@code Throwable} treat
* suppression as being enabled and the stack trace as being
* writable. Subclasses of {@code Throwable} should document any
* conditions under which suppression is disabled and document
* conditions under which the stack trace is not writable.
* Disabling of suppression should only occur in exceptional
* circumstances where special requirements exist, such as a
* virtual machine reusing exception objects under low-memory
* situations. Circumstances where a given exception object is
* repeatedly caught and rethrown, such as to implement control
* flow between two sub-systems, is another situation where
* immutable throwable objects would be appropriate.
*
* @param message the detail message.
* @param cause the cause. (A {@code null} value is permitted,
* and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or unknown.)
* @param enableSuppression whether or not suppression is enabled or disabled
* @param writableStackTrace whether or not the stack trace should be
* writable
*
* @see java.lang.OutOfMemoryError
* @see java.lang.NullPointerException
* @see java.lang.ArithmeticException
* @since 1.7
*/
protected Throwable(@android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.String message, @android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.Throwable cause, boolean enableSuppression, boolean writableStackTrace) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Returns the detail message string of this throwable.
*
* @return the detail message string of this {@code Throwable} instance
* (which may be {@code null}).
*/
@android.annotation.Nullable
public java.lang.String getMessage() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Creates a localized description of this throwable.
* Subclasses may override this method in order to produce a
* locale-specific message. For subclasses that do not override this
* method, the default implementation returns the same result as
* {@code getMessage()}.
*
* @return The localized description of this throwable.
* @since JDK1.1
*/
@android.annotation.Nullable
public java.lang.String getLocalizedMessage() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Returns the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the
* cause is nonexistent or unknown. (The cause is the throwable that
* caused this throwable to get thrown.)
*
* <p>This implementation returns the cause that was supplied via one of
* the constructors requiring a {@code Throwable}, or that was set after
* creation with the {@link #initCause(java.lang.Throwable)} method. While it is
* typically unnecessary to override this method, a subclass can override
* it to return a cause set by some other means. This is appropriate for
* a "legacy chained throwable" that predates the addition of chained
* exceptions to {@code Throwable}. Note that it is <i>not</i>
* necessary to override any of the {@code PrintStackTrace} methods,
* all of which invoke the {@code getCause} method to determine the
* cause of a throwable.
*
* @return the cause of this throwable or {@code null} if the
* cause is nonexistent or unknown.
* @since 1.4
*/
@android.annotation.Nullable
public synchronized java.lang.Throwable getCause() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Initializes the <i>cause</i> of this throwable to the specified value.
* (The cause is the throwable that caused this throwable to get thrown.)
*
* <p>This method can be called at most once. It is generally called from
* within the constructor, or immediately after creating the
* throwable. If this throwable was created
* with {@link #Throwable(java.lang.Throwable)} or
* {@link #Throwable(java.lang.String,java.lang.Throwable)}, this method cannot be called
* even once.
*
* <p>An example of using this method on a legacy throwable type
* without other support for setting the cause is:
*
* <pre>
* try {
* lowLevelOp();
* } catch (LowLevelException le) {
* throw (HighLevelException)
* new HighLevelException().initCause(le); // Legacy constructor
* }
* </pre>
*
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A {@code null} value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @return a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance.
* @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if {@code cause} is this
* throwable. (A throwable cannot be its own cause.)
* @throws java.lang.IllegalStateException if this throwable was
* created with {@link #Throwable(java.lang.Throwable)} or
* {@link #Throwable(java.lang.String,java.lang.Throwable)}, or this method has already
* been called on this throwable.
* @since 1.4
*/
@android.annotation.NonNull
public synchronized java.lang.Throwable initCause(@android.annotation.Nullable java.lang.Throwable cause) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Returns a short description of this throwable.
* The result is the concatenation of:
* <ul>
* <li> the {@linkplain java.lang.Class#getName() Class#getName()} of the class of this object
* <li> ": " (a colon and a space)
* <li> the result of invoking this object's {@link #getLocalizedMessage}
* method
* </ul>
* If {@code getLocalizedMessage} returns {@code null}, then just
* the class name is returned.
*
* @return a string representation of this throwable.
*/
@android.annotation.NonNull
public java.lang.String toString() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the
* standard error stream. This method prints a stack trace for this
* {@code Throwable} object on the error output stream that is
* the value of the field {@code System.err}. The first line of
* output contains the result of the {@link #toString()} method for
* this object. Remaining lines represent data previously recorded by
* the method {@link #fillInStackTrace()}. The format of this
* information depends on the implementation, but the following
* example may be regarded as typical:
* <blockquote><pre>
* java.lang.NullPointerException
* at MyClass.mash(MyClass.java:9)
* at MyClass.crunch(MyClass.java:6)
* at MyClass.main(MyClass.java:3)
* </pre></blockquote>
* This example was produced by running the program:
* <pre>
* class MyClass {
* public static void main(String[] args) {
* crunch(null);
* }
* static void crunch(int[] a) {
* mash(a);
* }
* static void mash(int[] b) {
* System.out.println(b[0]);
* }
* }
* </pre>
* The backtrace for a throwable with an initialized, non-null cause
* should generally include the backtrace for the cause. The format
* of this information depends on the implementation, but the following
* example may be regarded as typical:
* <pre>
* HighLevelException: MidLevelException: LowLevelException
* at Junk.a(Junk.java:13)
* at Junk.main(Junk.java:4)
* Caused by: MidLevelException: LowLevelException
* at Junk.c(Junk.java:23)
* at Junk.b(Junk.java:17)
* at Junk.a(Junk.java:11)
* ... 1 more
* Caused by: LowLevelException
* at Junk.e(Junk.java:30)
* at Junk.d(Junk.java:27)
* at Junk.c(Junk.java:21)
* ... 3 more
* </pre>
* Note the presence of lines containing the characters {@code "..."}.
* These lines indicate that the remainder of the stack trace for this
* exception matches the indicated number of frames from the bottom of the
* stack trace of the exception that was caused by this exception (the
* "enclosing" exception). This shorthand can greatly reduce the length
* of the output in the common case where a wrapped exception is thrown
* from same method as the "causative exception" is caught. The above
* example was produced by running the program:
* <pre>
* public class Junk {
* public static void main(String args[]) {
* try {
* a();
* } catch(HighLevelException e) {
* e.printStackTrace();
* }
* }
* static void a() throws HighLevelException {
* try {
* b();
* } catch(MidLevelException e) {
* throw new HighLevelException(e);
* }
* }
* static void b() throws MidLevelException {
* c();
* }
* static void c() throws MidLevelException {
* try {
* d();
* } catch(LowLevelException e) {
* throw new MidLevelException(e);
* }
* }
* static void d() throws LowLevelException {
* e();
* }
* static void e() throws LowLevelException {
* throw new LowLevelException();
* }
* }
*
* class HighLevelException extends Exception {
* HighLevelException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); }
* }
*
* class MidLevelException extends Exception {
* MidLevelException(Throwable cause) { super(cause); }
* }
*
* class LowLevelException extends Exception {
* }
* </pre>
* As of release 7, the platform supports the notion of
* <i>suppressed exceptions</i> (in conjunction with the {@code
* try}-with-resources statement). Any exceptions that were
* suppressed in order to deliver an exception are printed out
* beneath the stack trace. The format of this information
* depends on the implementation, but the following example may be
* regarded as typical:
*
* <pre>
* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Something happened
* at Foo.bar(Foo.java:10)
* at Foo.main(Foo.java:5)
* Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 0
* at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
* at Foo.bar(Foo.java:9)
* ... 1 more
* </pre>
* Note that the "... n more" notation is used on suppressed exceptions
* just at it is used on causes. Unlike causes, suppressed exceptions are
* indented beyond their "containing exceptions."
*
* <p>An exception can have both a cause and one or more suppressed
* exceptions:
* <pre>
* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:7)
* Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 2
* at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5)
* Suppressed: Resource$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1
* at Resource.close(Resource.java:26)
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:5)
* Caused by: java.lang.Exception: I did it
* at Foo3.main(Foo3.java:8)
* </pre>
* Likewise, a suppressed exception can have a cause:
* <pre>
* Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: Main block
* at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:6)
* Suppressed: Resource2$CloseFailException: Resource ID = 1
* at Resource2.close(Resource2.java:20)
* at Foo4.main(Foo4.java:5)
* Caused by: java.lang.Exception: Rats, you caught me
* at Resource2$CloseFailException.&lt;init&gt;(Resource2.java:45)
* ... 2 more
* </pre>
*/
public void printStackTrace() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified print stream.
*
* @param s {@code PrintStream} to use for output
*/
public void printStackTrace(@android.annotation.NonNull java.io.PrintStream s) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the specified
* print writer.
*
* @param s {@code PrintWriter} to use for output
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public void printStackTrace(@android.annotation.NonNull java.io.PrintWriter s) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Fills in the execution stack trace. This method records within this
* {@code Throwable} object information about the current state of
* the stack frames for the current thread.
*
* <p>If the stack trace of this {@code Throwable} {@linkplain java.lang.Throwable#Throwable(java.lang.String,java.lang.Throwable,boolean,boolean) Throwable#Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean)}, calling this method has no effect.
*
* @return a reference to this {@code Throwable} instance.
* @see java.lang.Throwable#printStackTrace()
*/
@android.annotation.NonNull
public synchronized java.lang.Throwable fillInStackTrace() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Provides programmatic access to the stack trace information printed by
* {@link #printStackTrace()}. Returns an array of stack trace elements,
* each representing one stack frame. The zeroth element of the array
* (assuming the array's length is non-zero) represents the top of the
* stack, which is the last method invocation in the sequence. Typically,
* this is the point at which this throwable was created and thrown.
* The last element of the array (assuming the array's length is non-zero)
* represents the bottom of the stack, which is the first method invocation
* in the sequence.
*
* <p>Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
* or more stack frames from the stack trace. In the extreme case,
* a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
* this throwable is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
* method. Generally speaking, the array returned by this method will
* contain one element for every frame that would be printed by
* {@code printStackTrace}. Writes to the returned array do not
* affect future calls to this method.
*
* @return an array of stack trace elements representing the stack trace
* pertaining to this throwable.
* @since 1.4
*/
@android.annotation.NonNull
public java.lang.StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Sets the stack trace elements that will be returned by
* {@link #getStackTrace()} and printed by {@link #printStackTrace()}
* and related methods.
*
* This method, which is designed for use by RPC frameworks and other
* advanced systems, allows the client to override the default
* stack trace that is either generated by {@link #fillInStackTrace()}
* when a throwable is constructed or deserialized when a throwable is
* read from a serialization stream.
*
* <p>If the stack trace of this {@code Throwable} {@linkplain java.lang.Throwable#Throwable(java.lang.String,java.lang.Throwable,boolean,boolean) Throwable#Throwable(String, Throwable, boolean, boolean)}, calling this method has no effect other than
* validating its argument.
*
* @param stackTrace the stack trace elements to be associated with
* this {@code Throwable}. The specified array is copied by this
* call; changes in the specified array after the method invocation
* returns will have no affect on this {@code Throwable}'s stack
* trace.
*
* @throws java.lang.NullPointerException if {@code stackTrace} is
* {@code null} or if any of the elements of
* {@code stackTrace} are {@code null}
*
* @since 1.4
*/
public void setStackTrace(@android.annotation.NonNull java.lang.StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Appends the specified exception to the exceptions that were
* suppressed in order to deliver this exception. This method is
* thread-safe and typically called (automatically and implicitly)
* by the {@code try}-with-resources statement.
*
* <p>The suppression behavior is enabled <em>unless</em> disabled
* {@linkplain #Throwable(java.lang.String,java.lang.Throwable,boolean,boolean) via
* a constructor}. When suppression is disabled, this method does
* nothing other than to validate its argument.
*
* <p>Note that when one exception {@linkplain
* #initCause(java.lang.Throwable) causes} another exception, the first
* exception is usually caught and then the second exception is
* thrown in response. In other words, there is a causal
* connection between the two exceptions.
*
* In contrast, there are situations where two independent
* exceptions can be thrown in sibling code blocks, in particular
* in the {@code try} block of a {@code try}-with-resources
* statement and the compiler-generated {@code finally} block
* which closes the resource.
*
* In these situations, only one of the thrown exceptions can be
* propagated. In the {@code try}-with-resources statement, when
* there are two such exceptions, the exception originating from
* the {@code try} block is propagated and the exception from the
* {@code finally} block is added to the list of exceptions
* suppressed by the exception from the {@code try} block. As an
* exception unwinds the stack, it can accumulate multiple
* suppressed exceptions.
*
* <p>An exception may have suppressed exceptions while also being
* caused by another exception. Whether or not an exception has a
* cause is semantically known at the time of its creation, unlike
* whether or not an exception will suppress other exceptions
* which is typically only determined after an exception is
* thrown.
*
* <p>Note that programmer written code is also able to take
* advantage of calling this method in situations where there are
* multiple sibling exceptions and only one can be propagated.
*
* @param exception the exception to be added to the list of
* suppressed exceptions
* @throws java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if {@code exception} is this
* throwable; a throwable cannot suppress itself.
* @throws java.lang.NullPointerException if {@code exception} is {@code null}
* @since 1.7
*/
public final synchronized void addSuppressed(@android.annotation.NonNull java.lang.Throwable exception) { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the exceptions that were
* suppressed, typically by the {@code try}-with-resources
* statement, in order to deliver this exception.
*
* If no exceptions were suppressed or {@linkplain
* #Throwable(java.lang.String,java.lang.Throwable,boolean,boolean) suppression is
* disabled}, an empty array is returned. This method is
* thread-safe. Writes to the returned array do not affect future
* calls to this method.
*
* @return an array containing all of the exceptions that were
* suppressed to deliver this exception.
* @since 1.7
*/
@android.annotation.NonNull
public final synchronized java.lang.Throwable[] getSuppressed() { throw new RuntimeException("Stub!"); }
}