Import MOAT.java test from OpenJDK11.0.13-ga.

Bug: 203822631
Test: atest CtsLibcoreOjTestCases:test.java.util.Collection.MOAT
Change-Id: I502fe8f7e5a363266e062bb450b34d6bda923020
diff --git a/ojluni/src/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java b/ojluni/src/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0e7b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ojluni/src/test/java/util/Collection/MOAT.java
@@ -0,0 +1,1795 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2005, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
+ *
+ * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
+ * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
+ * accompanied this code).
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
+ * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
+ *
+ * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
+ * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
+ * questions.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * @test
+ * @bug     6207984 6272521 6192552 6269713 6197726 6260652 5073546 4137464
+ *          4155650 4216399 4294891 6282555 6318622 6355327 6383475 6420753
+ *          6431845 4802633 6570566 6570575 6570631 6570924 6691185 6691215
+ *          4802647 7123424 8024709 8193128
+ * @summary Run many tests on many Collection and Map implementations
+ * @author  Martin Buchholz
+ * @modules java.base/java.util:open
+ * @run main MOAT
+ * @key randomness
+ */
+
+/* Mother Of All (Collection) Tests
+ *
+ * Testing of collection classes is often spotty, because many tests
+ * need to be performed on many implementations, but the onus on
+ * writing the tests falls on the engineer introducing the new
+ * implementation.
+ *
+ * The idea of this mega-test is that:
+ *
+ * An engineer adding a new collection implementation could simply add
+ * their new implementation to a list of implementations in this
+ * test's main method.  Any general purpose Collection<Integer> or
+ * Map<Integer,Integer> class is appropriate.
+ *
+ * An engineer fixing a regression could add their regression test here and
+ * simultaneously test all other implementations.
+ */
+package test.java.util.Collection;
+
+import java.io.*;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.*;
+import static java.util.Collections.*;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+// Android-added: run as TestNG test case.
+import org.testng.annotations.Test;
+
+public class MOAT {
+    // Collections under test must not be initialized to contain this value,
+    // and maps under test must not contain this value as a key.
+    // It's used as a sentinel for absent-element testing.
+    static final int ABSENT_VALUE = 778347983;
+
+    static final Integer[] integerArray;
+    static {
+        Integer[] ia = new Integer[20];
+        // fill with 1..20 inclusive
+        for (int i = 0; i < ia.length; i++) {
+            ia[i] = i + 1;
+        }
+        integerArray = ia;
+    }
+
+    // Android-changed: run as TestNG test case and do not accept arguments.
+    // public static void realMain(String[] args) {
+    @Test
+    public void realMain() {
+
+        testCollection(new NewAbstractCollection<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new NewAbstractSet<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new LinkedHashSet<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new HashSet<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new Vector<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new Vector<Integer>().subList(0,0));
+        testCollection(new ArrayDeque<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new ArrayList<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new ArrayList<Integer>().subList(0,0));
+        testCollection(new LinkedList<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new LinkedList<Integer>().subList(0,0));
+        testCollection(new TreeSet<Integer>());
+        testCollection(Collections.checkedList(new ArrayList<Integer>(), Integer.class));
+        testCollection(Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<Integer>()));
+        testCollection(Collections.checkedSet(new HashSet<Integer>(), Integer.class));
+        testCollection(Collections.checkedSortedSet(new TreeSet<Integer>(), Integer.class));
+        testCollection(Collections.checkedNavigableSet(new TreeSet<Integer>(), Integer.class));
+        testCollection(Collections.synchronizedSet(new HashSet<Integer>()));
+        testCollection(Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new TreeSet<Integer>()));
+        testCollection(Collections.synchronizedNavigableSet(new TreeSet<Integer>()));
+
+        testCollection(new CopyOnWriteArrayList<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new CopyOnWriteArrayList<Integer>().subList(0,0));
+        testCollection(new CopyOnWriteArraySet<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new PriorityQueue<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new PriorityBlockingQueue<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new ArrayBlockingQueue<Integer>(20));
+        testCollection(new LinkedBlockingQueue<Integer>(20));
+        testCollection(new LinkedBlockingDeque<Integer>(20));
+        testCollection(new ConcurrentLinkedDeque<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new LinkedTransferQueue<Integer>());
+        testCollection(new ConcurrentSkipListSet<Integer>());
+        testCollection(Arrays.asList(new Integer(42)));
+        testCollection(Arrays.asList(1,2,3));
+        testCollection(nCopies(25,1));
+        testImmutableList(nCopies(25,1));
+
+        testMap(new HashMap<Integer,Integer>());
+        testMap(new LinkedHashMap<Integer,Integer>());
+
+        // TODO: Add reliable support for WeakHashMap.
+        // This test is subject to very rare failures because the GC
+        // may remove unreferenced-keys from the map at any time.
+        // testMap(new WeakHashMap<Integer,Integer>());
+
+        testMap(new IdentityHashMap<Integer,Integer>());
+        testMap(new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>());
+        testMap(new Hashtable<Integer,Integer>());
+        testMap(new ConcurrentHashMap<Integer,Integer>(10, 0.5f));
+        testMap(new ConcurrentSkipListMap<Integer,Integer>());
+        testMap(Collections.checkedMap(new HashMap<Integer,Integer>(), Integer.class, Integer.class));
+        testMap(Collections.checkedSortedMap(new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>(), Integer.class, Integer.class));
+        testMap(Collections.checkedNavigableMap(new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>(), Integer.class, Integer.class));
+        testMap(Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<Integer,Integer>()));
+        testMap(Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>()));
+        testMap(Collections.synchronizedNavigableMap(new TreeMap<Integer,Integer>()));
+
+        // Unmodifiable wrappers
+        testImmutableSet(unmodifiableSet(new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3))));
+        testImmutableList(unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(1,2,3)));
+        testImmutableMap(unmodifiableMap(Collections.singletonMap(1,2)));
+        testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableSet(new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(1,2,3))));
+        testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableSet(Collections.emptySet()));
+        testEmptyCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableSet(Collections.emptySet()));
+        testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableList(Arrays.asList(1,2,3)));
+        testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableList(Collections.emptyList()));
+        testEmptyListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableList(Collections.emptyList()));
+        testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableMap(Collections.singletonMap(1,2)));
+        testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableMap(Collections.emptyMap()));
+        testEmptyMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(unmodifiableMap(Collections.emptyMap()));
+
+        // Empty collections
+        final List<Integer> emptyArray = Arrays.asList(new Integer[]{});
+        testCollection(emptyArray);
+        testEmptyList(emptyArray);
+        THROWS(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> emptyArray.set(0,1));
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> emptyArray.add(0,1));
+
+        List<Integer> noOne = nCopies(0,1);
+        testCollection(noOne);
+        testEmptyList(noOne);
+        testImmutableList(noOne);
+
+        Set<Integer> emptySet = emptySet();
+        testCollection(emptySet);
+        testEmptySet(emptySet);
+        testEmptySet(EMPTY_SET);
+        testEmptySet(Collections.emptySet());
+        testEmptySet(Collections.emptySortedSet());
+        testEmptySet(Collections.emptyNavigableSet());
+        testImmutableSet(emptySet);
+
+        List<Integer> emptyList = emptyList();
+        testCollection(emptyList);
+        testEmptyList(emptyList);
+        testEmptyList(EMPTY_LIST);
+        testEmptyList(Collections.emptyList());
+        testImmutableList(emptyList);
+
+        Map<Integer,Integer> emptyMap = emptyMap();
+        testMap(emptyMap);
+        testEmptyMap(emptyMap);
+        testEmptyMap(EMPTY_MAP);
+        testEmptyMap(Collections.emptyMap());
+        testEmptyMap(Collections.emptySortedMap());
+        testEmptyMap(Collections.emptyNavigableMap());
+        testImmutableMap(emptyMap);
+        testImmutableMap(Collections.emptyMap());
+        testImmutableMap(Collections.emptySortedMap());
+        testImmutableMap(Collections.emptyNavigableMap());
+
+        // Singleton collections
+        Set<Integer> singletonSet = singleton(1);
+        equal(singletonSet.size(), 1);
+        testCollection(singletonSet);
+        testImmutableSet(singletonSet);
+
+        List<Integer> singletonList = singletonList(1);
+        equal(singletonList.size(), 1);
+        testCollection(singletonList);
+        testImmutableList(singletonList);
+        testImmutableList(singletonList.subList(0,1));
+        testImmutableList(singletonList.subList(0,1).subList(0,1));
+        testEmptyList(singletonList.subList(0,0));
+        testEmptyList(singletonList.subList(0,0).subList(0,0));
+
+        Map<Integer,Integer> singletonMap = singletonMap(1,2);
+        equal(singletonMap.size(), 1);
+        testMap(singletonMap);
+        testImmutableMap(singletonMap);
+
+        // Immutable List
+        testEmptyList(List.of());
+        testEmptyList(List.of().subList(0,0));
+        testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(List.of());
+        testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(List.<Integer>of().subList(0,0));
+        testEmptyListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(List.of());
+        testEmptyListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(List.<Integer>of().subList(0,0));
+        for (List<Integer> list : Arrays.asList(
+                List.<Integer>of(),
+                List.of(1),
+                List.of(1, 2),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
+                List.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
+                List.of(integerArray))) {
+            testCollection(list);
+            testImmutableList(list);
+            testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(list);
+            if (list.size() >= 1) {
+                // test subLists
+                List<Integer> headList = list.subList(0, list.size() - 1);
+                List<Integer> tailList = list.subList(1, list.size());
+                testCollection(headList);
+                testCollection(tailList);
+                testImmutableList(headList);
+                testImmutableList(tailList);
+                testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(headList);
+                testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(tailList);
+            }
+        }
+
+        List<Integer> listCopy = List.copyOf(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3));
+        testCollection(listCopy);
+        testImmutableList(listCopy);
+        testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(listCopy);
+
+        List<Integer> listCollected = Stream.of(1, 2, 3).collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());
+        equal(listCollected, List.of(1, 2, 3));
+        testCollection(listCollected);
+        testImmutableList(listCollected);
+        testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(listCollected);
+
+        // List indexOf / lastIndexOf
+
+        // 0 element
+        System.out.println("testListIndexOf size 0");
+        testListIndexOf(-1, -1);
+
+        System.out.println("testListIndexOf size 1");
+        testListIndexOf(-1, -1, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 0, 1);
+
+        System.out.println("testListIndexOf size 2");
+        testListIndexOf(-1, -1, 0, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 0, 1, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(1, 1, 0, 1);
+
+
+        System.out.println("testListIndexOf size 3");
+        testListIndexOf(-1, -1, 0, 0, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 1, 1, 1, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(1, 2, 0, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(2, 2, 0, 0, 1);
+
+        System.out.println("testListIndexOf size N");
+        testListIndexOf(-1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(2, 6, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(4, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 6, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 10, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 11, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(0, 12, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(12, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1);
+        testListIndexOf(-1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+        // Immutable Set
+        testEmptySet(Set.of());
+        testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Set.of());
+        testEmptyCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Set.of());
+        for (Set<Integer> set : Arrays.asList(
+                Set.<Integer>of(),
+                Set.of(1),
+                Set.of(1, 2),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9),
+                Set.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10),
+                Set.of(integerArray))) {
+            testCollection(set);
+            testImmutableSet(set);
+            testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(set);
+        }
+
+        Set<Integer> setCopy = Set.copyOf(Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3));
+        testCollection(setCopy);
+        testImmutableSet(setCopy);
+        testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(setCopy);
+
+        Set<Integer> setCollected = Stream.of(1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3)
+                                          .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableSet());
+        equal(setCollected, Set.of(1, 2, 3));
+        testCollection(setCollected);
+        testImmutableSet(setCollected);
+        testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(setCollected);
+
+        // Immutable Map
+
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        Map.Entry<Integer,Integer>[] ea = (Map.Entry<Integer,Integer>[])new Map.Entry<?,?>[20];
+        for (int i = 0; i < ea.length; i++) {
+            ea[i] = Map.entry(i+1, i+101);
+        }
+
+        testEmptyMap(Map.of());
+        testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Map.of());
+        testEmptyMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Map.of());
+        for (Map<Integer,Integer> map : Arrays.asList(
+                Map.<Integer,Integer>of(),
+                Map.of(1, 101),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404, 5, 505),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404, 5, 505, 6, 606),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404, 5, 505, 6, 606, 7, 707),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404, 5, 505, 6, 606, 7, 707, 8, 808),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404, 5, 505, 6, 606, 7, 707, 8, 808, 9, 909),
+                Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303, 4, 404, 5, 505, 6, 606, 7, 707, 8, 808, 9, 909, 10, 1010),
+                Map.ofEntries(ea))) {
+            testMap(map);
+            testImmutableMap(map);
+            testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(map);
+        }
+
+        Map<Integer,Integer> mapCopy = Map.copyOf(new HashMap<>(Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303)));
+        testMap(mapCopy);
+        testImmutableMap(mapCopy);
+        testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(mapCopy);
+
+        Map<Integer,Integer> mapCollected1 =
+            Stream.of(1, 2, 3)
+                  .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableMap(i -> i, i -> 101 * i));
+        equal(mapCollected1, Map.of(1, 101, 2, 202, 3, 303));
+        testMap(mapCollected1);
+        testImmutableMap(mapCollected1);
+        testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(mapCollected1);
+
+        try {
+            Stream.of(1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3)
+                  .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableMap(i -> i, i -> 101 * i));
+            fail("duplicates should have thrown an exception");
+        } catch (IllegalStateException ise) {
+            pass();
+        }
+
+        Map<Integer,Integer> mapCollected2 =
+            Stream.of(1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3)
+                  .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableMap(i -> i, i -> 101 * i, Integer::sum));
+        equal(mapCollected2, Map.of(1, 202, 2, 404, 3, 606));
+        testMap(mapCollected2);
+        testImmutableMap(mapCollected2);
+        testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(mapCollected2);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkContainsSelf(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        check(c.containsAll(c));
+        check(c.containsAll(Arrays.asList(c.toArray())));
+        check(c.containsAll(Arrays.asList(c.toArray(new Integer[0]))));
+    }
+
+    private static void checkContainsEmpty(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        check(c.containsAll(new ArrayList<Integer>()));
+    }
+
+    private static void checkUnique(Set<Integer> s) {
+        for (Integer i : s) {
+            int count = 0;
+            for (Integer j : s) {
+                if (Objects.equals(i,j))
+                    ++count;
+            }
+            check(count == 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T> void testEmptyCollection(Collection<T> c) {
+        check(c.isEmpty());
+        equal(c.size(), 0);
+        equal(c.toString(),"[]");
+        equal(c.toArray().length, 0);
+        equal(c.toArray(new Object[0]).length, 0);
+        equal(c.toArray(Object[]::new).length, 0);
+        check(c.toArray(new Object[]{42})[0] == null);
+
+        Object[] a = new Object[1]; a[0] = Boolean.TRUE;
+        equal(c.toArray(a), a);
+        equal(a[0], null);
+        testEmptyIterator(c.iterator());
+    }
+
+    static <T> void testEmptyIterator(final Iterator<T> it) {
+        if (rnd.nextBoolean())
+            check(! it.hasNext());
+
+        THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class, () -> it.next());
+
+        try { it.remove(); }
+        catch (IllegalStateException ignored) { pass(); }
+        catch (UnsupportedOperationException ignored) { pass(); }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+        if (rnd.nextBoolean())
+            check(! it.hasNext());
+    }
+
+    private static void testEmptyList(List<?> c) {
+        testEmptyCollection(c);
+        equal(c.hashCode(), 1);
+        equal2(c, Collections.<Integer>emptyList());
+    }
+
+    private static <T> void testEmptySet(Set<T> c) {
+        testEmptyCollection(c);
+        equal(c.hashCode(), 0);
+        equal2(c, Collections.<Integer>emptySet());
+        if (c instanceof NavigableSet<?>)
+            testEmptyIterator(((NavigableSet<T>)c).descendingIterator());
+    }
+
+    private static void testImmutableCollection(final Collection<Integer> c) {
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+               () -> c.add(99),
+               () -> c.addAll(singleton(99)));
+        if (! c.isEmpty()) {
+            final Integer first = c.iterator().next();
+            THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                   () -> c.clear(),
+                   () -> c.remove(first),
+                   () -> c.removeAll(singleton(first)),
+                   () -> c.retainAll(emptyList()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testImmutableSet(final Set<Integer> c) {
+        testImmutableCollection(c);
+    }
+
+    private static void testImmutableList(final List<Integer> c) {
+        testList(c);
+        testImmutableCollection(c);
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+               () -> c.set(0,42),
+               () -> c.add(0,42),
+               () -> c.addAll(0,singleton(86)));
+        if (! c.isEmpty())
+            THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                   () -> { Iterator<Integer> it = c.iterator();
+                           it.next();
+                           it.remove(); },
+                   () -> { ListIterator<Integer> it = c.listIterator();
+                           it.next();
+                           it.remove(); });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that calling a mutator always throws UOE, even if the mutator
+     * wouldn't actually do anything, given its arguments.
+     *
+     * @param c the collection instance to test
+     */
+    private static void testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> c.addAll(Collections.emptyList()),
+                () -> c.remove(ABSENT_VALUE),
+                () -> c.removeAll(Collections.emptyList()),
+                () -> c.removeIf(x -> false),
+                () -> c.retainAll(c));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that calling a mutator always throws UOE, even if the mutator
+     * wouldn't actually do anything on an empty collection.
+     *
+     * @param c the collection instance to test, must be empty
+     */
+    private static void testEmptyCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        if (! c.isEmpty()) {
+            fail("collection is not empty");
+        }
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> c.clear());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * As above, for a list.
+     *
+     * @param c the list instance to test
+     */
+    private static void testListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(List<Integer> c) {
+        testCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(c);
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> c.addAll(0, Collections.emptyList()));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * As above, for an empty list.
+     *
+     * @param c the list instance to test, must be empty
+     */
+    private static void testEmptyListMutatorsAlwaysThrow(List<Integer> c) {
+        if (! c.isEmpty()) {
+            fail("list is not empty");
+        }
+        testEmptyCollMutatorsAlwaysThrow(c);
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> c.replaceAll(x -> x),
+                () -> c.sort(null));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * As above, for a map.
+     *
+     * @param m the map instance to test
+     */
+    private static void testMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Map<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> m.compute(ABSENT_VALUE, (k, v) -> null),
+                () -> m.computeIfAbsent(ABSENT_VALUE, k -> null),
+                () -> m.computeIfPresent(ABSENT_VALUE, (k, v) -> null),
+                () -> m.merge(ABSENT_VALUE, 0, (k, v) -> null),
+                () -> m.putAll(Collections.emptyMap()),
+                () -> m.remove(ABSENT_VALUE),
+                () -> m.remove(ABSENT_VALUE, 0),
+                () -> m.replace(ABSENT_VALUE, 0),
+                () -> m.replace(ABSENT_VALUE, 0, 1));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * As above, for an empty map.
+     *
+     * @param map the map instance to test, must be empty
+     */
+    private static void testEmptyMapMutatorsAlwaysThrow(Map<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        if (! m.isEmpty()) {
+            fail("map is not empty");
+        }
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                () -> m.clear(),
+                () -> m.replaceAll((k, v) -> v));
+    }
+
+    private static void clear(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try { c.clear(); }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        testEmptyCollection(c);
+    }
+
+    private static <K,V> void testEmptyMap(final Map<K,V> m) {
+        check(m.isEmpty());
+        equal(m.size(), 0);
+        equal(m.toString(),"{}");
+        testEmptySet(m.keySet());
+        testEmptySet(m.entrySet());
+        testEmptyCollection(m.values());
+
+        try { check(! m.containsValue(null)); }
+        catch (NullPointerException ignored) { /* OK */ }
+        try { check(! m.containsKey(null)); }
+        catch (NullPointerException ignored) { /* OK */ }
+        check(! m.containsValue(1));
+        check(! m.containsKey(1));
+    }
+
+    private static void testImmutableMap(final Map<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+               () -> m.put(1,1),
+               () -> m.putAll(singletonMap(1,1)));
+        if (! m.isEmpty()) {
+            final Integer first = m.keySet().iterator().next();
+            THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                   () -> m.remove(first),
+                   () -> m.clear());
+            final Map.Entry<Integer,Integer> me
+                = m.entrySet().iterator().next();
+            Integer key = me.getKey();
+            Integer val = me.getValue();
+            THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
+                   () -> me.setValue(3));
+            equal(key, me.getKey());
+            equal(val, me.getValue());
+        }
+        testImmutableSet(m.keySet());
+        testImmutableCollection(m.values());
+        //testImmutableSet(m.entrySet());
+    }
+
+    private static void clear(Map<?,?> m) {
+        try { m.clear(); }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        testEmptyMap(m);
+    }
+
+    private static void oneElement(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        clear(c);
+        try {
+            check(c.add(-42));
+            equal(c.toString(), "[-42]");
+            if (c instanceof Set) check(! c.add(-42));
+        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        check(! c.isEmpty()); check(c.size() == 1);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean supportsAdd(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try { check(c.add(ABSENT_VALUE)); }
+        catch (UnsupportedOperationException t) { return false; }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+        try {
+            check(c.contains(ABSENT_VALUE));
+            check(c.remove(ABSENT_VALUE));
+        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean supportsRemove(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try { check(! c.remove(ABSENT_VALUE)); }
+        catch (UnsupportedOperationException t) { return false; }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // 6260652: (coll) Arrays.asList(x).toArray().getClass()
+    //          should be Object[].class
+    // Fixed in jdk9, but not jdk8 ...
+    static final boolean needToWorkAround6260652 =
+        Arrays.asList("").toArray().getClass() != Object[].class;
+
+    private static void checkFunctionalInvariants(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try {
+            checkContainsSelf(c);
+            checkContainsEmpty(c);
+            check(c.size() != 0 ^ c.isEmpty());
+            check(! c.contains(ABSENT_VALUE));
+
+            {
+                int size = 0;
+                for (Integer i : c) size++;
+                check(c.size() == size);
+            }
+
+            if (c instanceof Set) {
+                checkUnique((Set<Integer>)c);
+            }
+
+            check(c.toArray().length == c.size());
+            check(c.toArray().getClass() == Object[].class
+                  ||
+                  (needToWorkAround6260652 &&
+                   c.getClass().getName().equals("java.util.Arrays$ArrayList")));
+            for (int size : new int[]{0,1,c.size(), c.size()+1}) {
+                Integer[] a = c.toArray(new Integer[size]);
+                check((size > c.size()) || a.length == c.size());
+                int i = 0; for (Integer j : c) check(a[i++] == j);
+                check((size <= c.size()) || (a[c.size()] == null));
+                check(a.getClass() == Integer[].class);
+            }
+
+            {
+                Integer[] a = c.toArray(Integer[]::new);
+                equal(c.size(), a.length);
+                check(a.getClass() == Integer[].class);
+                check(Arrays.equals(c.toArray(new Integer[0]), a));
+            }
+
+            check(c.equals(c));
+            if (c instanceof Serializable) {
+                //System.out.printf("Serializing %s%n", c.getClass().getName());
+                try {
+                    Object clone = serialClone(c);
+                    equal(c instanceof Serializable,
+                          clone instanceof Serializable);
+                    equal(c instanceof RandomAccess,
+                          clone instanceof RandomAccess);
+                    if ((c instanceof List) || (c instanceof Set))
+                        equal(c, clone);
+                    else
+                        equal(new HashSet<Integer>(c),
+                              new HashSet<Integer>(serialClone(c)));
+                } catch (Error xxx) {
+                    if (! (xxx.getCause() instanceof NotSerializableException))
+                        throw xxx;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // If add(null) succeeds, contains(null) & remove(null) should succeed
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static void testNullElement(Collection<Integer> c) {
+
+        try {
+            check(c.add(null));
+            if (c.size() == 1)
+                equal(c.toString(), "[null]");
+            try {
+                checkFunctionalInvariants(c);
+                check(c.contains(null));
+                check(c.remove(null));
+            }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+        catch (NullPointerException e) { /* OK */ }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // If add("x") succeeds, contains("x") & remove("x") should succeed
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    private static void testStringElement(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        Collection x = (Collection)c; // Make type-unsafe
+        try {
+            check(x.add("x"));
+            try {
+                check(x.contains("x"));
+                check(x.remove("x"));
+            } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+        catch (ClassCastException e) { /* OK */ }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    private static void testConcurrentCollection(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try {
+            c.add(1);
+            Iterator<Integer> it = c.iterator();
+            check(it.hasNext());
+            clear(c);
+            check(it.next() instanceof Integer); // No CME
+            check(c.isEmpty());
+        }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    private static void testQueue(Queue<Integer> q) {
+        q.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            testQueueAddRemove(q, null);
+            testQueueAddRemove(q, 537);
+            q.add(i);
+        }
+        equal(q.size(), 5);
+        checkFunctionalInvariants(q);
+        q.poll();
+        equal(q.size(), 4);
+        checkFunctionalInvariants(q);
+        if ((q instanceof LinkedBlockingQueue)   ||
+            (q instanceof LinkedBlockingDeque)   ||
+            (q instanceof ConcurrentLinkedDeque) ||
+            (q instanceof ConcurrentLinkedQueue)) {
+            testQueueIteratorRemove(q);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testQueueAddRemove(final Queue<Integer> q,
+                                           final Integer e) {
+        final List<Integer> originalContents = new ArrayList<>(q);
+        final boolean isEmpty = q.isEmpty();
+        final boolean isList = (q instanceof List);
+        final List asList = isList ? (List) q : null;
+        check(!q.contains(e));
+        try {
+            q.add(e);
+        } catch (NullPointerException npe) {
+            check(e == null);
+            return;                     // Null elements not supported
+        }
+        check(q.contains(e));
+        check(q.remove(e));
+        check(!q.contains(e));
+        equal(new ArrayList<Integer>(q), originalContents);
+
+        if (q instanceof Deque<?>) {
+            final Deque<Integer> deq = (Deque<Integer>) q;
+            final List<Integer> singleton = Collections.singletonList(e);
+
+            // insert, query, remove element at head
+            if (isEmpty) {
+                THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class,
+                       () -> deq.getFirst(),
+                       () -> deq.element(),
+                       () -> deq.iterator().next());
+                check(deq.peekFirst() == null);
+                check(deq.peek() == null);
+            } else {
+                check(deq.getFirst() != e);
+                check(deq.element() != e);
+                check(deq.iterator().next() != e);
+                check(deq.peekFirst() != e);
+                check(deq.peek() != e);
+            }
+            check(!deq.contains(e));
+            check(!deq.removeFirstOccurrence(e));
+            check(!deq.removeLastOccurrence(e));
+            if (isList) {
+                check(asList.indexOf(e) == -1);
+                check(asList.lastIndexOf(e) == -1);
+            }
+            switch (rnd.nextInt(isList ? 4 : 3)) {
+            case 0: deq.addFirst(e); break;
+            case 1: check(deq.offerFirst(e)); break;
+            case 2: deq.push(e); break;
+            case 3: asList.add(0, e); break;
+            default: throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+            check(deq.peekFirst() == e);
+            check(deq.getFirst() == e);
+            check(deq.element() == e);
+            check(deq.peek() == e);
+            check(deq.iterator().next() == e);
+            check(deq.contains(e));
+            if (isList) {
+                check(asList.get(0) == e);
+                check(asList.indexOf(e) == 0);
+                check(asList.lastIndexOf(e) == 0);
+                check(asList.subList(0, 1).equals(singleton));
+            }
+            switch (rnd.nextInt(isList ? 11 : 9)) {
+            case 0: check(deq.pollFirst() == e); break;
+            case 1: check(deq.removeFirst() == e); break;
+            case 2: check(deq.remove() == e); break;
+            case 3: check(deq.pop() == e); break;
+            case 4: check(deq.removeFirstOccurrence(e)); break;
+            case 5: check(deq.removeLastOccurrence(e)); break;
+            case 6: check(deq.remove(e)); break;
+            case 7: check(deq.removeAll(singleton)); break;
+            case 8: Iterator it = deq.iterator(); it.next(); it.remove(); break;
+            case 9: asList.remove(0); break;
+            case 10: asList.subList(0, 1).clear(); break;
+            default: throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+            if (isEmpty) {
+                THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class,
+                       () -> deq.getFirst(),
+                       () -> deq.element(),
+                       () -> deq.iterator().next());
+                check(deq.peekFirst() == null);
+                check(deq.peek() == null);
+            } else {
+                check(deq.getFirst() != e);
+                check(deq.element() != e);
+                check(deq.iterator().next() != e);
+                check(deq.peekFirst() != e);
+                check(deq.peek() != e);
+            }
+            check(!deq.contains(e));
+            check(!deq.removeFirstOccurrence(e));
+            check(!deq.removeLastOccurrence(e));
+            if (isList) {
+                check(isEmpty || asList.get(0) != e);
+                check(asList.indexOf(e) == -1);
+                check(asList.lastIndexOf(e) == -1);
+            }
+            equal(new ArrayList<Integer>(deq), originalContents);
+
+            // insert, query, remove element at tail
+            if (isEmpty) {
+                check(deq.peekLast() == null);
+                THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class, () -> deq.getLast());
+            } else {
+                check(deq.peekLast() != e);
+                check(deq.getLast() != e);
+            }
+            switch (rnd.nextInt(isList ? 6 : 4)) {
+            case 0: deq.addLast(e); break;
+            case 1: check(deq.offerLast(e)); break;
+            case 2: check(deq.add(e)); break;
+            case 3: deq.addAll(singleton); break;
+            case 4: asList.addAll(deq.size(), singleton); break;
+            case 5: asList.add(deq.size(), e); break;
+            default: throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+            check(deq.peekLast() == e);
+            check(deq.getLast() == e);
+            check(deq.contains(e));
+            if (isList) {
+                ListIterator it = asList.listIterator(asList.size());
+                check(it.previous() == e);
+                check(asList.get(asList.size() - 1) == e);
+                check(asList.indexOf(e) == asList.size() - 1);
+                check(asList.lastIndexOf(e) == asList.size() - 1);
+                int size = asList.size();
+                check(asList.subList(size - 1, size).equals(singleton));
+            }
+            switch (rnd.nextInt(isList ? 8 : 6)) {
+            case 0: check(deq.pollLast() == e); break;
+            case 1: check(deq.removeLast() == e); break;
+            case 2: check(deq.removeFirstOccurrence(e)); break;
+            case 3: check(deq.removeLastOccurrence(e)); break;
+            case 4: check(deq.remove(e)); break;
+            case 5: check(deq.removeAll(singleton)); break;
+            case 6: asList.remove(asList.size() - 1); break;
+            case 7:
+                ListIterator it = asList.listIterator(asList.size());
+                it.previous();
+                it.remove();
+                break;
+            default: throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+            if (isEmpty) {
+                check(deq.peekLast() == null);
+                THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class, () -> deq.getLast());
+            } else {
+                check(deq.peekLast() != e);
+                check(deq.getLast() != e);
+            }
+            check(!deq.contains(e));
+            equal(new ArrayList<Integer>(deq), originalContents);
+
+            // Test operations on empty deque
+            switch (rnd.nextInt(isList ? 4 : 2)) {
+            case 0: deq.clear(); break;
+            case 1:
+                Iterator it = deq.iterator();
+                while (it.hasNext()) {
+                    it.next();
+                    it.remove();
+                }
+                break;
+            case 2: asList.subList(0, asList.size()).clear(); break;
+            case 3:
+                ListIterator lit = asList.listIterator(asList.size());
+                while (lit.hasPrevious()) {
+                    lit.previous();
+                    lit.remove();
+                }
+                break;
+            default: throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+            testEmptyCollection(deq);
+            check(!deq.iterator().hasNext());
+            if (isList) {
+                check(!asList.listIterator().hasPrevious());
+                THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class,
+                       () -> asList.listIterator().previous());
+            }
+            THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class,
+                   () -> deq.iterator().next(),
+                   () -> deq.element(),
+                   () -> deq.getFirst(),
+                   () -> deq.getLast(),
+                   () -> deq.pop(),
+                   () -> deq.remove(),
+                   () -> deq.removeFirst(),
+                   () -> deq.removeLast());
+
+            check(deq.poll() == null);
+            check(deq.pollFirst() == null);
+            check(deq.pollLast() == null);
+            check(deq.peek() == null);
+            check(deq.peekFirst() == null);
+            check(deq.peekLast() == null);
+            check(!deq.removeFirstOccurrence(e));
+            check(!deq.removeLastOccurrence(e));
+
+            check(deq.addAll(originalContents) == !isEmpty);
+            equal(new ArrayList<Integer>(deq), originalContents);
+            check(!deq.addAll(Collections.<Integer>emptyList()));
+            equal(new ArrayList<Integer>(deq), originalContents);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testQueueIteratorRemove(Queue<Integer> q) {
+        System.err.printf("testQueueIteratorRemove %s%n",
+                          q.getClass().getSimpleName());
+        q.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            q.add(i);
+        Iterator<Integer> it = q.iterator();
+        check(it.hasNext());
+        for (int i = 3; i >= 0; i--)
+            q.remove(i);
+        equal(it.next(), 0);
+        equal(it.next(), 4);
+
+        q.clear();
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+            q.add(i);
+        it = q.iterator();
+        equal(it.next(), 0);
+        check(it.hasNext());
+        for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)
+            q.remove(i);
+        equal(it.next(), 1);
+        equal(it.next(), 4);
+    }
+
+    // for any array of integer values, check that the result of lastIndexOf(1)
+    // and indexOf(1) match assumptions for all types of List<Integer> we can
+    // construct
+    private static void testListIndexOf(final int index,
+                                        final int lastIndex,
+                                        final Integer ... values) {
+        if (values.length == 0) {
+            checkListIndexOf(emptyList(), index, lastIndex);
+        } else if (values.length == 1) {
+            checkListIndexOf(singletonList(values[0]), index, lastIndex);
+            checkListIndexOf(nCopies(25, values[0]), index, lastIndex == 0 ? 24 : -1);
+        }
+        List<Integer> l = List.of(values);
+        checkListIndexOf(l, index, lastIndex);
+        checkListIndexOf(Arrays.asList(values), index, lastIndex);
+        checkListIndexOf(new ArrayList(l), index, lastIndex);
+        checkListIndexOf(new LinkedList(l), index, lastIndex);
+        checkListIndexOf(new Vector(l), index, lastIndex);
+        checkListIndexOf(new CopyOnWriteArrayList(l), index, lastIndex);
+    }
+
+    private static void checkListIndexOf(final List<Integer> list,
+                                         final int index,
+                                         final int lastIndex) {
+        String msg = list.getClass().toString();
+        equal(list.indexOf(1), index, msg);
+        equal(list.lastIndexOf(1), lastIndex, msg);
+        equal(list.subList(0, list.size()).indexOf(1), index, msg);
+        equal(list.subList(0, list.size()).lastIndexOf(1), lastIndex, msg);
+    }
+
+    private static void testList(final List<Integer> l) {
+        //----------------------------------------------------------------
+        // 4802633: (coll) AbstractList.addAll(-1,emptyCollection)
+        // doesn't throw IndexOutOfBoundsException
+        //----------------------------------------------------------------
+        try {
+            l.addAll(-1, Collections.<Integer>emptyList());
+            fail("Expected IndexOutOfBoundsException not thrown");
+        }
+        catch (UnsupportedOperationException ignored) {/* OK */}
+        catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ignored) {/* OK */}
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+//      equal(l instanceof Serializable,
+//            l.subList(0,0) instanceof Serializable);
+        if (l.subList(0,0) instanceof Serializable)
+            check(l instanceof Serializable);
+
+        equal(l instanceof RandomAccess,
+              l.subList(0,0) instanceof RandomAccess);
+
+        l.iterator();
+        l.listIterator();
+        l.listIterator(0);
+        l.listIterator(l.size());
+        THROWS(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class,
+               () -> l.listIterator(-1),
+               () -> l.listIterator(l.size() + 1));
+
+        if (l instanceof AbstractList) {
+            try {
+                int size = l.size();
+                AbstractList<Integer> abList = (AbstractList<Integer>) l;
+                Method m = AbstractList.class.getDeclaredMethod("removeRange", new Class[] { int.class, int.class });
+                m.setAccessible(true);
+                m.invoke(abList, new Object[] { 0, 0 });
+                m.invoke(abList, new Object[] { size, size });
+                equal(size, l.size());
+            }
+            catch (UnsupportedOperationException ignored) {/* OK */}
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testCollection(Collection<Integer> c) {
+        try { testCollection1(c); }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    private static void testCollection1(Collection<Integer> c) {
+
+        System.out.println("\n==> " + c.getClass().getName());
+
+        checkFunctionalInvariants(c);
+
+        if (! supportsAdd(c)) return;
+        //System.out.println("add() supported");
+
+        if (c instanceof NavigableSet) {
+            System.out.println("NavigableSet tests...");
+
+            NavigableSet<Integer> ns = (NavigableSet<Integer>)c;
+            testNavigableSet(ns);
+            testNavigableSet(ns.headSet(6, false));
+            testNavigableSet(ns.headSet(5, true));
+            testNavigableSet(ns.tailSet(0, false));
+            testNavigableSet(ns.tailSet(1, true));
+            testNavigableSet(ns.subSet(0, false, 5, true));
+            testNavigableSet(ns.subSet(1, true, 6, false));
+        }
+
+        if (c instanceof Queue)
+            testQueue((Queue<Integer>)c);
+
+        if (c instanceof List)
+            testList((List<Integer>)c);
+
+        check(supportsRemove(c));
+
+        try {
+            oneElement(c);
+            checkFunctionalInvariants(c);
+        }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+        clear(c);      testNullElement(c);
+        oneElement(c); testNullElement(c);
+
+        clear(c);      testStringElement(c);
+        oneElement(c); testStringElement(c);
+
+        if (c.getClass().getName().matches(".*concurrent.*"))
+            testConcurrentCollection(c);
+
+        //----------------------------------------------------------------
+        // The "all" operations should throw NPE when passed null
+        //----------------------------------------------------------------
+        {
+            clear(c);
+            try {
+                c.removeAll(null);
+                fail("Expected NullPointerException");
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) { pass(); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+            oneElement(c);
+            try {
+                c.removeAll(null);
+                fail("Expected NullPointerException");
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) { pass(); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+            clear(c);
+            try {
+                c.retainAll(null);
+                fail("Expected NullPointerException");
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) { pass(); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+            oneElement(c);
+            try {
+                c.retainAll(null);
+                fail("Expected NullPointerException");
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) { pass(); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+            oneElement(c);
+            try {
+                c.addAll(null);
+                fail("Expected NullPointerException");
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) { pass(); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+            oneElement(c);
+            try {
+                c.containsAll(null);
+                fail("Expected NullPointerException");
+            }
+            catch (NullPointerException e) { pass(); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+    }
+
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Map
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static void checkFunctionalInvariants(Map<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        check(m.keySet().size() == m.entrySet().size());
+        check(m.keySet().size() == m.size());
+        checkFunctionalInvariants(m.keySet());
+        checkFunctionalInvariants(m.values());
+        check(m.size() != 0 ^ m.isEmpty());
+        check(! m.containsKey(ABSENT_VALUE));
+
+        if (m instanceof Serializable) {
+            //System.out.printf("Serializing %s%n", m.getClass().getName());
+            try {
+                Object clone = serialClone(m);
+                equal(m instanceof Serializable,
+                      clone instanceof Serializable);
+                equal(m, clone);
+            } catch (Error xxx) {
+                if (! (xxx.getCause() instanceof NotSerializableException))
+                    throw xxx;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testMap(Map<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        System.out.println("\n==> " + m.getClass().getName());
+
+        if (m instanceof ConcurrentMap)
+            testConcurrentMap((ConcurrentMap<Integer,Integer>) m);
+
+        if (m instanceof NavigableMap) {
+            System.out.println("NavigableMap tests...");
+
+            NavigableMap<Integer,Integer> nm =
+                (NavigableMap<Integer,Integer>) m;
+            testNavigableMapRemovers(nm);
+            testNavigableMap(nm);
+            testNavigableMap(nm.headMap(6, false));
+            testNavigableMap(nm.headMap(5, true));
+            testNavigableMap(nm.tailMap(0, false));
+            testNavigableMap(nm.tailMap(1, true));
+            testNavigableMap(nm.subMap(1, true, 6, false));
+            testNavigableMap(nm.subMap(0, false, 5, true));
+        }
+
+        checkFunctionalInvariants(m);
+
+        if (supportsClear(m)) {
+            try { clear(m); }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+
+        if (supportsPut(m)) {
+            try {
+                check(m.put(3333, 77777) == null);
+                check(m.put(9134, 74982) == null);
+                check(m.get(9134) == 74982);
+                check(m.put(9134, 1382) == 74982);
+                check(m.get(9134) == 1382);
+                check(m.size() == 2);
+                checkFunctionalInvariants(m);
+                checkNPEConsistency(m);
+            }
+            catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean supportsPut(Map<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        // We're asking for .equals(...) semantics
+        if (m instanceof IdentityHashMap) return false;
+
+        try { check(m.put(ABSENT_VALUE,12735) == null); }
+        catch (UnsupportedOperationException t) { return false; }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+        try {
+            check(m.containsKey(ABSENT_VALUE));
+            check(m.remove(ABSENT_VALUE) != null);
+        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean supportsClear(Map<?,?> m) {
+        try { m.clear(); }
+        catch (UnsupportedOperationException t) { return false; }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // ConcurrentMap
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static void testConcurrentMap(ConcurrentMap<Integer,Integer> m) {
+        System.out.println("ConcurrentMap tests...");
+
+        try {
+            clear(m);
+
+            check(m.putIfAbsent(18357,7346) == null);
+            check(m.containsKey(18357));
+            check(m.putIfAbsent(18357,8263) == 7346);
+            try { m.putIfAbsent(18357,null); fail("NPE"); }
+            catch (NullPointerException t) { }
+            check(m.containsKey(18357));
+
+            check(! m.replace(18357,8888,7777));
+            check(m.containsKey(18357));
+            try { m.replace(18357,null,7777); fail("NPE"); }
+            catch (NullPointerException t) { }
+            check(m.containsKey(18357));
+            check(m.get(18357) == 7346);
+            check(m.replace(18357,7346,5555));
+            check(m.replace(18357,5555,7346));
+            check(m.get(18357) == 7346);
+
+            check(m.replace(92347,7834) == null);
+            try { m.replace(18357,null); fail("NPE"); }
+            catch (NullPointerException t) { }
+            check(m.replace(18357,7346) == 7346);
+            check(m.replace(18357,5555) == 7346);
+            check(m.get(18357) == 5555);
+            check(m.replace(18357,7346) == 5555);
+            check(m.get(18357) == 7346);
+
+            check(! m.remove(18357,9999));
+            check(m.get(18357) == 7346);
+            check(m.containsKey(18357));
+            check(! m.remove(18357,null)); // 6272521
+            check(m.get(18357) == 7346);
+            check(m.remove(18357,7346));
+            check(m.get(18357) == null);
+            check(! m.containsKey(18357));
+            check(m.isEmpty());
+
+            m.putIfAbsent(1,2);
+            check(m.size() == 1);
+            check(! m.remove(1,null));
+            check(! m.remove(1,null));
+            check(! m.remove(1,1));
+            check(m.remove(1,2));
+            check(m.isEmpty());
+
+            testEmptyMap(m);
+        }
+        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+    }
+
+    private static void throwsConsistently(Class<? extends Throwable> k,
+                                           Iterable<Fun> fs) {
+        List<Class<? extends Throwable>> threw = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (Fun f : fs)
+            try { f.f(); threw.add(null); }
+            catch (Throwable t) {
+                check(k.isAssignableFrom(t.getClass()));
+                threw.add(t.getClass());
+            }
+        if (new HashSet<Object>(threw).size() != 1)
+            fail(threw.toString());
+    }
+
+    private static <T> void checkNPEConsistency(final Map<T,Integer> m) {
+        m.clear();
+        final ConcurrentMap<T,Integer> cm = (m instanceof ConcurrentMap)
+            ? (ConcurrentMap<T,Integer>) m
+            : null;
+        List<Fun> fs = new ArrayList<>();
+        fs.add(() -> check(! m.containsKey(null)));
+        fs.add(() -> equal(m.remove(null), null));
+        fs.add(() -> equal(m.get(null), null));
+        if (cm != null)
+            fs.add(() -> check(! cm.remove(null,null)));
+        throwsConsistently(NullPointerException.class, fs);
+
+        fs.clear();
+        final Map<T,Integer> sm = singletonMap(null,1);
+        fs.add(() -> { equal(m.put(null,1), null); m.clear();});
+        fs.add(() -> { m.putAll(sm); m.clear();});
+        if (cm != null) {
+            fs.add(() -> check(! cm.remove(null,null)));
+            fs.add(() -> equal(cm.putIfAbsent(null,1), 1));
+            fs.add(() -> equal(cm.replace(null,1), null));
+            fs.add(() -> equal(cm.replace(null,1, 1), 1));
+        }
+        throwsConsistently(NullPointerException.class, fs);
+    }
+
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    // NavigableMap
+    //----------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static void
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(NavigableMap<Integer,Integer> m,
+                              Integer i,
+                              Integer lower,
+                              Integer floor,
+                              Integer ceiling,
+                              Integer higher) {
+        equal(m.lowerKey(i),   lower);
+        equal(m.floorKey(i),   floor);
+        equal(m.ceilingKey(i), ceiling);
+        equal(m.higherKey(i),  higher);
+    }
+
+    private static void
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(NavigableSet<Integer> m,
+                              Integer i,
+                              Integer lower,
+                              Integer floor,
+                              Integer ceiling,
+                              Integer higher) {
+        equal(m.lower(i),   lower);
+        equal(m.floor(i),   floor);
+        equal(m.ceiling(i), ceiling);
+        equal(m.higher(i),  higher);
+    }
+
+    static final Random rnd = new Random();
+    static void equalNext(final Iterator<?> it, Object expected) {
+        if (rnd.nextBoolean())
+            check(it.hasNext());
+        equal(it.next(), expected);
+    }
+
+    static void equalMaps(Map m1, Map m2) {
+        equal(m1, m2);
+        equal(m2, m1);
+        equal(m1.size(), m2.size());
+        equal(m1.isEmpty(), m2.isEmpty());
+        equal(m1.toString(), m2.toString());
+        check(Arrays.equals(m1.entrySet().toArray(), m2.entrySet().toArray()));
+    }
+
+    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
+    static void testNavigableMapRemovers(NavigableMap m)
+    {
+        final Map emptyMap = new HashMap();
+
+        final Map singletonMap = new HashMap();
+        singletonMap.put(1, 2);
+
+        abstract class NavigableMapView {
+            abstract NavigableMap view(NavigableMap m);
+        }
+
+        NavigableMapView[] views = {
+            new NavigableMapView() { NavigableMap view(NavigableMap m) {
+                return m; }},
+            new NavigableMapView() { NavigableMap view(NavigableMap m) {
+                return m.headMap(99, true); }},
+            new NavigableMapView() { NavigableMap view(NavigableMap m) {
+                return m.tailMap(-99, false); }},
+            new NavigableMapView() { NavigableMap view(NavigableMap m) {
+                return m.subMap(-99, true, 99, false); }},
+        };
+
+        abstract class Remover {
+            abstract void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v);
+        }
+
+        Remover[] removers = {
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.remove(k), v); }},
+
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.descendingMap().remove(k), v); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.descendingMap().headMap(-86, false).remove(k), v); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.descendingMap().tailMap(86, true).remove(k), v); }},
+
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.headMap(86, true).remove(k), v); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.tailMap(-86, true).remove(k), v); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                equal(m.subMap(-86, false, 86, true).remove(k), v); }},
+
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.keySet().remove(k)); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.navigableKeySet().remove(k)); }},
+
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.navigableKeySet().headSet(86, true).remove(k)); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.navigableKeySet().tailSet(-86, false).remove(k)); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.navigableKeySet().subSet(-86, true, 86, false)
+                      .remove(k)); }},
+
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.descendingKeySet().headSet(-86, false).remove(k)); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.descendingKeySet().tailSet(86, true).remove(k)); }},
+            new Remover() { void remove(NavigableMap m, Object k, Object v) {
+                check(m.descendingKeySet().subSet(86, true, -86, false)
+                      .remove(k)); }},
+        };
+
+        for (NavigableMapView view : views) {
+            for (Remover remover : removers) {
+                try {
+                    m.clear();
+                    equalMaps(m, emptyMap);
+                    equal(m.put(1, 2), null);
+                    equalMaps(m, singletonMap);
+                    NavigableMap v = view.view(m);
+                    remover.remove(v, 1, 2);
+                    equalMaps(m, emptyMap);
+                } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void testNavigableMap(NavigableMap<Integer,Integer> m)
+    {
+        clear(m);
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 1, null, null, null, null);
+
+        equal(m.put(1, 2), null);
+        equal(m.put(3, 4), null);
+        equal(m.put(5, 9), null);
+
+        equal(m.put(1, 2), 2);
+        equal(m.put(3, 4), 4);
+        equal(m.put(5, 6), 9);
+
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 0, null, null,    1,    1);
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 1, null,    1,    1,    3);
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 2,    1,    1,    3,    3);
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 3,    1,    3,    3,    5);
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 5,    3,    5,    5, null);
+        checkNavigableMapKeys(m, 6,    5,    5, null, null);
+
+        for (final Iterator<Integer> it :
+                 (Iterator<Integer>[])
+                 new Iterator<?>[] {
+                     m.descendingKeySet().iterator(),
+                     m.navigableKeySet().descendingIterator()}) {
+            equalNext(it, 5);
+            equalNext(it, 3);
+            equalNext(it, 1);
+            check(! it.hasNext());
+            THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class, () -> it.next());
+        }
+
+        {
+            final Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer,Integer>> it
+                = m.descendingMap().entrySet().iterator();
+            check(it.hasNext()); equal(it.next().getKey(), 5);
+            check(it.hasNext()); equal(it.next().getKey(), 3);
+            check(it.hasNext()); equal(it.next().getKey(), 1);
+            check(! it.hasNext());
+            THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class, () -> it.next());
+        }
+
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst(m.keySet(), m.navigableKeySet().descendingIterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmMid(m.keySet(), m.navigableKeySet().descendingIterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmLast(m.keySet(), m.navigableKeySet().descendingIterator());
+
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst(m.keySet(), m.descendingMap().keySet().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmMid(m.keySet(), m.descendingMap().keySet().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmLast(m.keySet(), m.descendingMap().keySet().iterator());
+
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst(m.keySet(), m.descendingKeySet().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmMid(m.keySet(), m.descendingKeySet().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmLast(m.keySet(), m.descendingKeySet().iterator());
+
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst(m.values(), m.descendingMap().values().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmMid(m.values(), m.descendingMap().values().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmLast(m.values(), m.descendingMap().values().iterator());
+
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst((Collection)m.entrySet(),
+                            m.descendingMap().entrySet().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmMid((Collection)m.entrySet(),
+                          m.descendingMap().entrySet().iterator());
+        prepMapForDescItrTests(m);
+        checkDescItrRmLast((Collection)m.entrySet(),
+                           m.descendingMap().entrySet().iterator());
+    }
+
+    private static void testNavigableSet(NavigableSet<Integer> s) {
+        clear(s);
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 1, null, null, null, null);
+
+        check(s.add(1));
+        check(s.add(3));
+        check(s.add(5));
+
+        check(! s.add(1));
+        check(! s.add(3));
+        check(! s.add(5));
+
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 0, null, null,    1,    1);
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 1, null,    1,    1,    3);
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 2,    1,    1,    3,    3);
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 3,    1,    3,    3,    5);
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 5,    3,    5,    5, null);
+        checkNavigableSetKeys(s, 6,    5,    5, null, null);
+
+        for (final Iterator<Integer> it :
+                 (Iterator<Integer>[])
+                 new Iterator<?>[] {
+                     s.descendingIterator(),
+                     s.descendingSet().iterator()}) {
+            equalNext(it, 5);
+            equalNext(it, 3);
+            equalNext(it, 1);
+            check(! it.hasNext());
+            THROWS(NoSuchElementException.class, () -> it.next());
+        }
+
+        prepSetForDescItrTests(s);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst(s, s.descendingIterator());
+        prepSetForDescItrTests(s);
+        checkDescItrRmMid(s, s.descendingIterator());
+        prepSetForDescItrTests(s);
+        checkDescItrRmLast(s, s.descendingIterator());
+
+        prepSetForDescItrTests(s);
+        checkDescItrRmFirst(s, s.descendingSet().iterator());
+        prepSetForDescItrTests(s);
+        checkDescItrRmMid(s, s.descendingSet().iterator());
+        prepSetForDescItrTests(s);
+        checkDescItrRmLast(s, s.descendingSet().iterator());
+    }
+
+    private static void prepSetForDescItrTests(Set s) {
+        clear(s);
+        check(s.add(1));
+        check(s.add(3));
+        check(s.add(5));
+    }
+
+    private static void prepMapForDescItrTests(Map m) {
+        clear(m);
+        equal(m.put(1, 2), null);
+        equal(m.put(3, 4), null);
+        equal(m.put(5, 9), null);
+    }
+
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Check behavior of descending iterator when first element is removed
+    //--------------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static <T> void checkDescItrRmFirst(Collection<T> ascColl,
+                                                Iterator<T> descItr) {
+        T[] expected = (T[]) ascColl.toArray();
+        int idx = expected.length -1;
+
+        equalNext(descItr, expected[idx--]);
+        descItr.remove();
+        while (idx >= 0 && descItr.hasNext()) {
+            equalNext(descItr, expected[idx--]);
+        }
+        equal(descItr.hasNext(), false);
+        equal(idx, -1);
+    }
+
+    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Check behavior of descending iterator when a middle element is removed
+    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static <T> void checkDescItrRmMid(Collection<T> ascColl,
+                                              Iterator<T> descItr) {
+        T[] expected = (T[]) ascColl.toArray();
+        int idx = expected.length -1;
+
+        while (idx >= expected.length / 2) {
+            equalNext(descItr, expected[idx--]);
+        }
+        descItr.remove();
+        while (idx >= 0 && descItr.hasNext()) {
+            equalNext(descItr, expected[idx--]);
+        }
+        equal(descItr.hasNext(), false);
+        equal(idx, -1);
+    }
+
+    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Check behavior of descending iterator when the last element is removed
+    //-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+    private static <T> void checkDescItrRmLast(Collection<T> ascColl,
+                                               Iterator<T> descItr) {
+        T[] expected = (T[]) ascColl.toArray();
+        int idx = expected.length -1;
+
+        while (idx >= 0 && descItr.hasNext()) {
+            equalNext(descItr, expected[idx--]);
+        }
+        equal(idx, -1);
+        equal(descItr.hasNext(), false);
+        descItr.remove();
+        equal(ascColl.contains(expected[0]), false);
+    }
+
+    //--------------------- Infrastructure ---------------------------
+    static volatile int passed = 0, failed = 0;
+    static void pass() { passed++; }
+    static void fail() { failed++; Thread.dumpStack(); }
+    static void fail(String msg) { System.out.println(msg); fail(); }
+    static void unexpected(Throwable t) { failed++; t.printStackTrace(); }
+    static void check(boolean cond) { if (cond) pass(); else fail(); }
+    static void equal(Object x, Object y) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else {System.out.println(x + " not equal to " + y); fail();}}
+    static void equal(Object x, Object y, String msg) {
+        if (x == null ? y == null : x.equals(y)) pass();
+        else {System.out.println(x + " not equal to " + y + " : " + msg); fail();}}
+    static void equal2(Object x, Object y) {equal(x, y); equal(y, x);}
+    // BEGIN Android-removed: we do not run tests via main.
+    /*
+    public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+        try { realMain(args); } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
+
+        System.out.printf("%nPassed = %d, failed = %d%n%n", passed, failed);
+        if (failed > 0) throw new Exception("Some tests failed");
+    }
+    */
+    // END Android-removed: we do not run tests via main.
+    interface Fun {void f() throws Throwable;}
+    private static void THROWS(Class<? extends Throwable> k, Fun... fs) {
+        for (Fun f : fs)
+            try { f.f(); fail("Expected " + k.getName() + " not thrown"); }
+            catch (Throwable t) {
+                if (k.isAssignableFrom(t.getClass())) pass();
+                else unexpected(t);}}
+    static byte[] serializedForm(Object obj) {
+        try {
+            ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+            new ObjectOutputStream(baos).writeObject(obj);
+            return baos.toByteArray();
+        } catch (IOException e) { throw new Error(e); }}
+    static Object readObject(byte[] bytes)
+        throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        InputStream is = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
+        return new ObjectInputStream(is).readObject();}
+    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+    static <T> T serialClone(T obj) {
+        try { return (T) readObject(serializedForm(obj)); }
+        catch (Exception e) { throw new Error(e); }}
+    private static class NewAbstractCollection<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> {
+        ArrayList<E> list = new ArrayList<>();
+        public boolean remove(Object obj) {
+            return list.remove(obj);
+        }
+        public boolean add(E e) {
+            return list.add(e);
+        }
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return list.iterator();
+        }
+        public int size() {
+            return list.size();
+        }
+    }
+    private static class NewAbstractSet<E> extends AbstractSet<E> {
+        HashSet<E> set = new HashSet<>();
+        public boolean remove(Object obj) {
+            return set.remove(obj);
+        }
+        public boolean add(E e) {
+            return set.add(e);
+        }
+        public Iterator<E> iterator() {
+            return set.iterator();
+        }
+        public int size() {
+            return set.size();
+        }
+    }
+
+}