jdk/src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/Class.java - platform/libcore - Git at Google

 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1994, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
  * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
  * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
  * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
  * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
  *
  * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
  * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
  * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
  * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
  * accompanied this code).
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
  * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
  * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
  *
  * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
  * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
  * questions.
  */

 package java.lang;

 import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
 import java.lang.module.ModuleReader;
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.ObjectStreamField;
 import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
 import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType;
 import java.lang.reflect.Array;
 import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
 import java.lang.reflect.Executable;
 import java.lang.reflect.Field;
 import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;
 import java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration;
 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 import java.lang.reflect.Member;
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
 import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
 import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
 import java.lang.reflect.Type;
 import java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable;
 import java.net.URL;
 import java.security.AccessController;
 import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.StringJoiner;

 import jdk.internal.HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate;
 import jdk.internal.loader.BootLoader;
 import jdk.internal.loader.BuiltinClassLoader;
 import jdk.internal.misc.Unsafe;
 import jdk.internal.misc.VM;
 import jdk.internal.module.Resources;
 import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
 import jdk.internal.reflect.ConstantPool;
 import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
 import jdk.internal.reflect.ReflectionFactory;
 import jdk.internal.vm.annotation.ForceInline;
 import sun.reflect.generics.factory.CoreReflectionFactory;
 import sun.reflect.generics.factory.GenericsFactory;
 import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ClassRepository;
 import sun.reflect.generics.repository.MethodRepository;
 import sun.reflect.generics.repository.ConstructorRepository;
 import sun.reflect.generics.scope.ClassScope;
 import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
 import sun.reflect.annotation.*;
 import sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil;

 /**
  * Instances of the class {@code Class} represent classes and
  * interfaces in a running Java application.  An enum is a kind of
  * class and an annotation is a kind of interface.  Every array also
  * belongs to a class that is reflected as a {@code Class} object
  * that is shared by all arrays with the same element type and number
  * of dimensions.  The primitive Java types ({@code boolean},
  * {@code byte}, {@code char}, {@code short},
  * {@code int}, {@code long}, {@code float}, and
  * {@code double}), and the keyword {@code void} are also
  * represented as {@code Class} objects.
  *
  * <p> {@code Class} has no public constructor. Instead {@code Class}
  * objects are constructed automatically by the Java Virtual Machine as classes
  * are loaded and by calls to the {@code defineClass} method in the class
  * loader.
  *
  * <p> The following example uses a {@code Class} object to print the
  * class name of an object:
  *
  * <blockquote><pre>
  *     void printClassName(Object obj) {
  *         System.out.println("The class of " + obj +
  *                            " is " + obj.getClass().getName());
  *     }
  * </pre></blockquote>
  *
  * <p> It is also possible to get the {@code Class} object for a named
  * type (or for void) using a class literal.  See Section 15.8.2 of
  * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
  * For example:
  *
  * <blockquote>
  *     {@code System.out.println("The name of class Foo is: "+Foo.class.getName());}
  * </blockquote>
  *
  * @param <T> the type of the class modeled by this {@code Class}
  * object.  For example, the type of {@code String.class} is {@code
  * Class<String>}.  Use {@code Class<?>} if the class being modeled is
  * unknown.
  *
  * @author  unascribed
  * @see     java.lang.ClassLoader#defineClass(byte[], int, int)
  * @since   1.0
  */
 public final class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable,
                               GenericDeclaration,
                               Type,
                               AnnotatedElement {
     private static final int ANNOTATION= 0x00002000;
     private static final int ENUM      = 0x00004000;
     private static final int SYNTHETIC = 0x00001000;

     private static native void registerNatives();
     static {
         registerNatives();
     }

     /*
      * Private constructor. Only the Java Virtual Machine creates Class objects.
      * This constructor is not used and prevents the default constructor being
      * generated.
      */
     private Class(ClassLoader loader, Class<?> arrayComponentType) {
         // Initialize final field for classLoader.  The initialization value of non-null
         // prevents future JIT optimizations from assuming this final field is null.
         classLoader = loader;
         componentType = arrayComponentType;
     }

     /**
      * Converts the object to a string. The string representation is the
      * string "class" or "interface", followed by a space, and then by the
      * fully qualified name of the class in the format returned by
      * {@code getName}.  If this {@code Class} object represents a
      * primitive type, this method returns the name of the primitive type.  If
      * this {@code Class} object represents void this method returns
      * "void". If this {@code Class} object represents an array type,
      * this method returns "class " followed by {@code getName}.
      *
      * @return a string representation of this class object.
      */
     public String toString() {
         return (isInterface() ? "interface " : (isPrimitive() ? "" : "class "))
             + getName();
     }

     /**
      * Returns a string describing this {@code Class}, including
      * information about modifiers and type parameters.
      *
      * The string is formatted as a list of type modifiers, if any,
      * followed by the kind of type (empty string for primitive types
      * and {@code class}, {@code enum}, {@code interface}, or
      * <code>&#64;</code>{@code interface}, as appropriate), followed
      * by the type's name, followed by an angle-bracketed
      * comma-separated list of the type's type parameters, if any.
      *
      * A space is used to separate modifiers from one another and to
      * separate any modifiers from the kind of type. The modifiers
      * occur in canonical order. If there are no type parameters, the
      * type parameter list is elided.
      *
      * For an array type, the string starts with the type name,
      * followed by an angle-bracketed comma-separated list of the
      * type's type parameters, if any, followed by a sequence of
      * {@code []} characters, one set of brackets per dimension of
      * the array.
      *
      * <p>Note that since information about the runtime representation
      * of a type is being generated, modifiers not present on the
      * originating source code or illegal on the originating source
      * code may be present.
      *
      * @return a string describing this {@code Class}, including
      * information about modifiers and type parameters
      *
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public String toGenericString() {
         if (isPrimitive()) {
             return toString();
         } else {
             StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
             Class<?> component = this;
             int arrayDepth = 0;

             if (isArray()) {
                 do {
                     arrayDepth++;
                     component = component.getComponentType();
                 } while (component.isArray());
                 sb.append(component.getName());
             } else {
                 // Class modifiers are a superset of interface modifiers
                 int modifiers = getModifiers() & Modifier.classModifiers();
                 if (modifiers != 0) {
                     sb.append(Modifier.toString(modifiers));
                     sb.append(' ');
                 }

                 if (isAnnotation()) {
                     sb.append('@');
                 }
                 if (isInterface()) { // Note: all annotation types are interfaces
                     sb.append("interface");
                 } else {
                     if (isEnum())
                         sb.append("enum");
                     else
                         sb.append("class");
                 }
                 sb.append(' ');
                 sb.append(getName());
             }

             TypeVariable<?>[] typeparms = component.getTypeParameters();
             if (typeparms.length > 0) {
                 StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(",", "<", ">");
                 for(TypeVariable<?> typeparm: typeparms) {
                     sj.add(typeparm.getTypeName());
                 }
                 sb.append(sj.toString());
             }

             for (int i = 0; i < arrayDepth; i++)
                 sb.append("[]");

             return sb.toString();
         }
     }

     /**
      * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
      * interface with the given string name.  Invoking this method is
      * equivalent to:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      *  {@code Class.forName(className, true, currentLoader)}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * where {@code currentLoader} denotes the defining class loader of
      * the current class.
      *
      * <p> For example, the following code fragment returns the
      * runtime {@code Class} descriptor for the class named
      * {@code java.lang.Thread}:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      *   {@code Class t = Class.forName("java.lang.Thread")}
      * </blockquote>
      * <p>
      * A call to {@code forName("X")} causes the class named
      * {@code X} to be initialized.
      *
      * @param      className   the fully qualified name of the desired class.
      * @return     the {@code Class} object for the class with the
      *             specified name.
      * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
      * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
      *            by this method fails
      * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public static Class<?> forName(String className)
                 throws ClassNotFoundException {
         Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
         return forName0(className, true, ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller), caller);
     }


     /**
      * Returns the {@code Class} object associated with the class or
      * interface with the given string name, using the given class loader.
      * Given the fully qualified name for a class or interface (in the same
      * format returned by {@code getName}) this method attempts to
      * locate, load, and link the class or interface.  The specified class
      * loader is used to load the class or interface.  If the parameter
      * {@code loader} is null, the class is loaded through the bootstrap
      * class loader.  The class is initialized only if the
      * {@code initialize} parameter is {@code true} and if it has
      * not been initialized earlier.
      *
      * <p> If {@code name} denotes a primitive type or void, an attempt
      * will be made to locate a user-defined class in the unnamed package whose
      * name is {@code name}. Therefore, this method cannot be used to
      * obtain any of the {@code Class} objects representing primitive
      * types or void.
      *
      * <p> If {@code name} denotes an array class, the component type of
      * the array class is loaded but not initialized.
      *
      * <p> For example, in an instance method the expression:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      *  {@code Class.forName("Foo")}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * is equivalent to:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      *  {@code Class.forName("Foo", true, this.getClass().getClassLoader())}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * Note that this method throws errors related to loading, linking or
      * initializing as specified in Sections 12.2, 12.3 and 12.4 of <em>The
      * Java Language Specification</em>.
      * Note that this method does not check whether the requested class
      * is accessible to its caller.
      *
      * @param name       fully qualified name of the desired class
      * @param initialize if {@code true} the class will be initialized.
      *                   See Section 12.4 of <em>The Java Language Specification</em>.
      * @param loader     class loader from which the class must be loaded
      * @return           class object representing the desired class
      *
      * @exception LinkageError if the linkage fails
      * @exception ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization provoked
      *            by this method fails
      * @exception ClassNotFoundException if the class cannot be located by
      *            the specified class loader
      * @exception SecurityException
      *            if a security manager is present, and the {@code loader} is
      *            {@code null}, and the caller's class loader is not
      *            {@code null}, and the caller does not have the
      *            {@link RuntimePermission}{@code ("getClassLoader")}
      *
      * @see       java.lang.Class#forName(String)
      * @see       java.lang.ClassLoader
      * @since     1.2
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public static Class<?> forName(String name, boolean initialize,
                                    ClassLoader loader)
         throws ClassNotFoundException
     {
         Class<?> caller = null;
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             // Reflective call to get caller class is only needed if a security manager
             // is present.  Avoid the overhead of making this call otherwise.
             caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
             if (VM.isSystemDomainLoader(loader)) {
                 ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
                 if (!VM.isSystemDomainLoader(ccl)) {
                     sm.checkPermission(
                         SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
                 }
             }
         }
         return forName0(name, initialize, loader, caller);
     }

     /** Called after security check for system loader access checks have been made. */
     private static native Class<?> forName0(String name, boolean initialize,
                                             ClassLoader loader,
                                             Class<?> caller)
         throws ClassNotFoundException;


     /**
      * Returns the {@code Class} with the given <a href="ClassLoader.html#name">
      * binary name</a> in the given module.
      *
      * <p> This method attempts to locate, load, and link the class or interface.
      * It does not run the class initializer.  If the class is not found, this
      * method returns {@code null}. </p>
      *
      * <p> If the class loader of the given module defines other modules and
      * the given name is a class defined in a different module, this method
      * returns {@code null} after the class is loaded. </p>
      *
      * <p> This method does not check whether the requested class is
      * accessible to its caller. </p>
      *
      * @apiNote
      * This method returns {@code null} on failure rather than
      * throwing a {@link ClassNotFoundException}, as is done by
      * the {@link #forName(String, boolean, ClassLoader)} method.
      * The security check is a stack-based permission check if the caller
      * loads a class in another module.
      *
      * @param  module   A module
      * @param  name     The <a href="ClassLoader.html#name">binary name</a>
      *                  of the class
      * @return {@code Class} object of the given name defined in the given module;
      *         {@code null} if not found.
      *
      * @throws NullPointerException if the given module or name is {@code null}
      *
      * @throws LinkageError if the linkage fails
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         <ul>
      *         <li> if the caller is not the specified module and
      *         {@code RuntimePermission("getClassLoader")} permission is denied; or</li>
      *         <li> access to the module content is denied. For example,
      *         permission check will be performed when a class loader calls
      *         {@link ModuleReader#open(String)} to read the bytes of a class file
      *         in a module.</li>
      *         </ul>
      *
      * @since 9
      * @spec JPMS
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public static Class<?> forName(Module module, String name) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(module);
         Objects.requireNonNull(name);

         Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
         if (caller != null && caller.getModule() != module) {
             // if caller is null, Class.forName is the last java frame on the stack.
             // java.base has all permissions
             SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
             if (sm != null) {
                 sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_CLASSLOADER_PERMISSION);
             }
         }

         PrivilegedAction<ClassLoader> pa = module::getClassLoader;
         ClassLoader cl = AccessController.doPrivileged(pa);
         if (cl != null) {
             return cl.loadClass(module, name);
         } else {
             return BootLoader.loadClass(module, name);
         }
     }

     /**
      * Creates a new instance of the class represented by this {@code Class}
      * object.  The class is instantiated as if by a {@code new}
      * expression with an empty argument list.  The class is initialized if it
      * has not already been initialized.
      *
      * @deprecated This method propagates any exception thrown by the
      * nullary constructor, including a checked exception.  Use of
      * this method effectively bypasses the compile-time exception
      * checking that would otherwise be performed by the compiler.
      * The {@link
      * java.lang.reflect.Constructor#newInstance(java.lang.Object...)
      * Constructor.newInstance} method avoids this problem by wrapping
      * any exception thrown by the constructor in a (checked) {@link
      * java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException}.
      *
      * <p>The call
      *
      * <pre>{@code
      * clazz.newInstance()
      * }</pre>
      *
      * can be replaced by
      *
      * <pre>{@code
      * clazz.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance()
      * }</pre>
      *
      * The latter sequence of calls is inferred to be able to throw
      * the additional exception types {@link
      * InvocationTargetException} and {@link
      * NoSuchMethodException}. Both of these exception types are
      * subclasses of {@link ReflectiveOperationException}.
      *
      * @return  a newly allocated instance of the class represented by this
      *          object.
      * @throws  IllegalAccessException  if the class or its nullary
      *          constructor is not accessible.
      * @throws  InstantiationException
      *          if this {@code Class} represents an abstract class,
      *          an interface, an array class, a primitive type, or void;
      *          or if the class has no nullary constructor;
      *          or if the instantiation fails for some other reason.
      * @throws  ExceptionInInitializerError if the initialization
      *          provoked by this method fails.
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *          the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class.
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     @Deprecated(since="9")
     public T newInstance()
         throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException
     {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
         }

         // NOTE: the following code may not be strictly correct under
         // the current Java memory model.

         // Constructor lookup
         if (cachedConstructor == null) {
             if (this == Class.class) {
                 throw new IllegalAccessException(
                     "Can not call newInstance() on the Class for java.lang.Class"
                 );
             }
             try {
                 Class<?>[] empty = {};
                 final Constructor<T> c = getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(
                     getConstructor0(empty, Member.DECLARED));
                 // Disable accessibility checks on the constructor
                 // since we have to do the security check here anyway
                 // (the stack depth is wrong for the Constructor's
                 // security check to work)
                 java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                     new java.security.PrivilegedAction<>() {
                         public Void run() {
                                 c.setAccessible(true);
                                 return null;
                             }
                         });
                 cachedConstructor = c;
             } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
                 throw (InstantiationException)
                     new InstantiationException(getName()).initCause(e);
             }
         }
         Constructor<T> tmpConstructor = cachedConstructor;
         // Security check (same as in java.lang.reflect.Constructor)
         Class<?> caller = Reflection.getCallerClass();
         if (newInstanceCallerCache != caller) {
             int modifiers = tmpConstructor.getModifiers();
             Reflection.ensureMemberAccess(caller, this, this, modifiers);
             newInstanceCallerCache = caller;
         }
         // Run constructor
         try {
             return tmpConstructor.newInstance((Object[])null);
         } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
             Unsafe.getUnsafe().throwException(e.getTargetException());
             // Not reached
             return null;
         }
     }
     private transient volatile Constructor<T> cachedConstructor;
     private transient volatile Class<?>       newInstanceCallerCache;


     /**
      * Determines if the specified {@code Object} is assignment-compatible
      * with the object represented by this {@code Class}.  This method is
      * the dynamic equivalent of the Java language {@code instanceof}
      * operator. The method returns {@code true} if the specified
      * {@code Object} argument is non-null and can be cast to the
      * reference type represented by this {@code Class} object without
      * raising a {@code ClassCastException.} It returns {@code false}
      * otherwise.
      *
      * <p> Specifically, if this {@code Class} object represents a
      * declared class, this method returns {@code true} if the specified
      * {@code Object} argument is an instance of the represented class (or
      * of any of its subclasses); it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
      * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, this method
      * returns {@code true} if the specified {@code Object} argument
      * can be converted to an object of the array class by an identity
      * conversion or by a widening reference conversion; it returns
      * {@code false} otherwise. If this {@code Class} object
      * represents an interface, this method returns {@code true} if the
      * class or any superclass of the specified {@code Object} argument
      * implements this interface; it returns {@code false} otherwise. If
      * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, this method
      * returns {@code false}.
      *
      * @param   obj the object to check
      * @return  true if {@code obj} is an instance of this class
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native boolean isInstance(Object obj);


     /**
      * Determines if the class or interface represented by this
      * {@code Class} object is either the same as, or is a superclass or
      * superinterface of, the class or interface represented by the specified
      * {@code Class} parameter. It returns {@code true} if so;
      * otherwise it returns {@code false}. If this {@code Class}
      * object represents a primitive type, this method returns
      * {@code true} if the specified {@code Class} parameter is
      * exactly this {@code Class} object; otherwise it returns
      * {@code false}.
      *
      * <p> Specifically, this method tests whether the type represented by the
      * specified {@code Class} parameter can be converted to the type
      * represented by this {@code Class} object via an identity conversion
      * or via a widening reference conversion. See <em>The Java Language
      * Specification</em>, sections 5.1.1 and 5.1.4 , for details.
      *
      * @param cls the {@code Class} object to be checked
      * @return the {@code boolean} value indicating whether objects of the
      * type {@code cls} can be assigned to objects of this class
      * @exception NullPointerException if the specified Class parameter is
      *            null.
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native boolean isAssignableFrom(Class<?> cls);


     /**
      * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents an
      * interface type.
      *
      * @return  {@code true} if this object represents an interface;
      *          {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native boolean isInterface();


     /**
      * Determines if this {@code Class} object represents an array class.
      *
      * @return  {@code true} if this object represents an array class;
      *          {@code false} otherwise.
      * @since   1.1
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native boolean isArray();


     /**
      * Determines if the specified {@code Class} object represents a
      * primitive type.
      *
      * <p> There are nine predefined {@code Class} objects to represent
      * the eight primitive types and void.  These are created by the Java
      * Virtual Machine, and have the same names as the primitive types that
      * they represent, namely {@code boolean}, {@code byte},
      * {@code char}, {@code short}, {@code int},
      * {@code long}, {@code float}, and {@code double}.
      *
      * <p> These objects may only be accessed via the following public static
      * final variables, and are the only {@code Class} objects for which
      * this method returns {@code true}.
      *
      * @return true if and only if this class represents a primitive type
      *
      * @see     java.lang.Boolean#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Character#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Byte#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Short#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Integer#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Long#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Float#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Double#TYPE
      * @see     java.lang.Void#TYPE
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native boolean isPrimitive();

     /**
      * Returns true if this {@code Class} object represents an annotation
      * type.  Note that if this method returns true, {@link #isInterface()}
      * would also return true, as all annotation types are also interfaces.
      *
      * @return {@code true} if this class object represents an annotation
      *      type; {@code false} otherwise
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public boolean isAnnotation() {
         return (getModifiers() & ANNOTATION) != 0;
     }

     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if this class is a synthetic class;
      * returns {@code false} otherwise.
      * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a synthetic class as
      *         defined by the Java Language Specification.
      * @jls 13.1 The Form of a Binary
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public boolean isSynthetic() {
         return (getModifiers() & SYNTHETIC) != 0;
     }

     /**
      * Returns the  name of the entity (class, interface, array class,
      * primitive type, or void) represented by this {@code Class} object,
      * as a {@code String}.
      *
      * <p> If this class object represents a reference type that is not an
      * array type then the binary name of the class is returned, as specified
      * by
      * <cite>The Java&trade; Language Specification</cite>.
      *
      * <p> If this class object represents a primitive type or void, then the
      * name returned is a {@code String} equal to the Java language
      * keyword corresponding to the primitive type or void.
      *
      * <p> If this class object represents a class of arrays, then the internal
      * form of the name consists of the name of the element type preceded by
      * one or more '{@code [}' characters representing the depth of the array
      * nesting.  The encoding of element type names is as follows:
      *
      * <blockquote><table class="borderless">
      * <caption style="display:none">Element types and encodings</caption>
      * <thead>
      * <tr><th style="padding-right:3em;"> Element Type <th> Encoding
      * </thead>
      * <tbody>
      * <tr><td> boolean      <td style="text-align:center"> Z
      * <tr><td> byte         <td style="text-align:center"> B
      * <tr><td> char         <td style="text-align:center"> C
      * <tr><td> class or interface
      *                       <td style="text-align:center"> L<i>classname</i>;
      * <tr><td> double       <td style="text-align:center"> D
      * <tr><td> float        <td style="text-align:center"> F
      * <tr><td> int          <td style="text-align:center"> I
      * <tr><td> long         <td style="text-align:center"> J
      * <tr><td> short        <td style="text-align:center"> S
      * </tbody>
      * </table></blockquote>
      *
      * <p> The class or interface name <i>classname</i> is the binary name of
      * the class specified above.
      *
      * <p> Examples:
      * <blockquote><pre>
      * String.class.getName()
      *     returns "java.lang.String"
      * byte.class.getName()
      *     returns "byte"
      * (new Object[3]).getClass().getName()
      *     returns "[Ljava.lang.Object;"
      * (new int[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]).getClass().getName()
      *     returns "[[[[[[[I"
      * </pre></blockquote>
      *
      * @return  the name of the class or interface
      *          represented by this object.
      */
     public String getName() {
         String name = this.name;
         if (name == null)
             this.name = name = getName0();
         return name;
     }

     // cache the name to reduce the number of calls into the VM
     private transient String name;
     private native String getName0();

     /**
      * Returns the class loader for the class.  Some implementations may use
      * null to represent the bootstrap class loader. This method will return
      * null in such implementations if this class was loaded by the bootstrap
      * class loader.
      *
      * <p>If this object
      * represents a primitive type or void, null is returned.
      *
      * @return  the class loader that loaded the class or interface
      *          represented by this object.
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          if a security manager is present, and the caller's class loader
      *          is not {@code null} and is not the same as or an ancestor of the
      *          class loader for the class whose class loader is requested,
      *          and the caller does not have the
      *          {@link RuntimePermission}{@code ("getClassLoader")}
      * @see java.lang.ClassLoader
      * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     @ForceInline // to ensure Reflection.getCallerClass optimization
     public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
         ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
         if (cl == null)
             return null;
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             ClassLoader.checkClassLoaderPermission(cl, Reflection.getCallerClass());
         }
         return cl;
     }

     // Package-private to allow ClassLoader access
     ClassLoader getClassLoader0() { return classLoader; }

     /**
      * Returns the module that this class or interface is a member of.
      *
      * If this class represents an array type then this method returns the
      * {@code Module} for the element type. If this class represents a
      * primitive type or void, then the {@code Module} object for the
      * {@code java.base} module is returned.
      *
      * If this class is in an unnamed module then the {@link
      * ClassLoader#getUnnamedModule() unnamed} {@code Module} of the class
      * loader for this class is returned.
      *
      * @return the module that this class or interface is a member of
      *
      * @since 9
      * @spec JPMS
      */
     public Module getModule() {
         return module;
     }

     // set by VM
     private transient Module module;

     // Initialized in JVM not by private constructor
     // This field is filtered from reflection access, i.e. getDeclaredField
     // will throw NoSuchFieldException
     private final ClassLoader classLoader;

     /**
      * Returns an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent the
      * type variables declared by the generic declaration represented by this
      * {@code GenericDeclaration} object, in declaration order.  Returns an
      * array of length 0 if the underlying generic declaration declares no type
      * variables.
      *
      * @return an array of {@code TypeVariable} objects that represent
      *     the type variables declared by this generic declaration
      * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic
      *     signature of this generic declaration does not conform to
      *     the format specified in
      *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public TypeVariable<Class<T>>[] getTypeParameters() {
         ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
         if (info != null)
             return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[])info.getTypeParameters();
         else
             return (TypeVariable<Class<T>>[])new TypeVariable<?>[0];
     }


     /**
      * Returns the {@code Class} representing the direct superclass of the
      * entity (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by
      * this {@code Class}.  If this {@code Class} represents either the
      * {@code Object} class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then
      * null is returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
      * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
      * returned.
      *
      * @return the direct superclass of the class represented by this object
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native Class<? super T> getSuperclass();


     /**
      * Returns the {@code Type} representing the direct superclass of
      * the entity (class, interface, primitive type or void) represented by
      * this {@code Class}.
      *
      * <p>If the superclass is a parameterized type, the {@code Type}
      * object returned must accurately reflect the actual type
      * parameters used in the source code. The parameterized type
      * representing the superclass is created if it had not been
      * created before. See the declaration of {@link
      * java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType} for the
      * semantics of the creation process for parameterized types.  If
      * this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object}
      * class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then null is
      * returned.  If this object represents an array class then the
      * {@code Class} object representing the {@code Object} class is
      * returned.
      *
      * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError if the generic
      *     class signature does not conform to the format specified in
      *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
      * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the generic superclass
      *     refers to a non-existent type declaration
      * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the
      *     generic superclass refers to a parameterized type that cannot be
      *     instantiated  for any reason
      * @return the direct superclass of the class represented by this object
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public Type getGenericSuperclass() {
         ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
         if (info == null) {
             return getSuperclass();
         }

         // Historical irregularity:
         // Generic signature marks interfaces with superclass = Object
         // but this API returns null for interfaces
         if (isInterface()) {
             return null;
         }

         return info.getSuperclass();
     }

     /**
      * Gets the package of this class.
      *
      * <p>If this class represents an array type, a primitive type or void,
      * this method returns {@code null}.
      *
      * @return the package of this class.
      * @revised 9
      * @spec JPMS
      */
     public Package getPackage() {
         if (isPrimitive() || isArray()) {
             return null;
         }
         ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
         return cl != null ? cl.definePackage(this)
                           : BootLoader.definePackage(this);
     }

     /**
      * Returns the fully qualified package name.
      *
      * <p> If this class is a top level class, then this method returns the fully
      * qualified name of the package that the class is a member of, or the
      * empty string if the class is in an unnamed package.
      *
      * <p> If this class is a member class, then this method is equivalent to
      * invoking {@code getPackageName()} on the {@link #getEnclosingClass
      * enclosing class}.
      *
      * <p> If this class is a {@link #isLocalClass local class} or an {@link
      * #isAnonymousClass() anonymous class}, then this method is equivalent to
      * invoking {@code getPackageName()} on the {@link #getDeclaringClass
      * declaring class} of the {@link #getEnclosingMethod enclosing method} or
      * {@link #getEnclosingConstructor enclosing constructor}.
      *
      * <p> If this class represents an array type then this method returns the
      * package name of the element type. If this class represents a primitive
      * type or void then the package name "{@code java.lang}" is returned.
      *
      * @return the fully qualified package name
      *
      * @since 9
      * @spec JPMS
      * @jls 6.7  Fully Qualified Names
      */
     public String getPackageName() {
         String pn = this.packageName;
         if (pn == null) {
             Class<?> c = this;
             while (c.isArray()) {
                 c = c.getComponentType();
             }
             if (c.isPrimitive()) {
                 pn = "java.lang";
             } else {
                 String cn = c.getName();
                 int dot = cn.lastIndexOf('.');
                 pn = (dot != -1) ? cn.substring(0, dot).intern() : "";
             }
             this.packageName = pn;
         }
         return pn;
     }

     // cached package name
     private transient String packageName;

     /**
      * Returns the interfaces directly implemented by the class or interface
      * represented by this object.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents a class, the return value is an array
      * containing objects representing all interfaces directly implemented by
      * the class.  The order of the interface objects in the array corresponds
      * to the order of the interface names in the {@code implements} clause of
      * the declaration of the class represented by this object.  For example,
      * given the declaration:
      * <blockquote>
      * {@code class Shimmer implements FloorWax, DessertTopping { ... }}
      * </blockquote>
      * suppose the value of {@code s} is an instance of
      * {@code Shimmer}; the value of the expression:
      * <blockquote>
      * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[0]}
      * </blockquote>
      * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
      * {@code FloorWax}; and the value of:
      * <blockquote>
      * {@code s.getClass().getInterfaces()[1]}
      * </blockquote>
      * is the {@code Class} object that represents interface
      * {@code DessertTopping}.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects
      * representing all interfaces directly extended by the interface.  The
      * order of the interface objects in the array corresponds to the order of
      * the interface names in the {@code extends} clause of the declaration of
      * the interface represented by this object.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents a class or interface that implements no
      * interfaces, the method returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents a primitive type or void, the method
      * returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p>If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, the
      * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code java.io.Serializable} are
      * returned in that order.
      *
      * @return an array of interfaces directly implemented by this class
      */
     public Class<?>[] getInterfaces() {
         // defensively copy before handing over to user code
         return getInterfaces(true);
     }

     private Class<?>[] getInterfaces(boolean cloneArray) {
         ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
         if (rd == null) {
             // no cloning required
             return getInterfaces0();
         } else {
             Class<?>[] interfaces = rd.interfaces;
             if (interfaces == null) {
                 interfaces = getInterfaces0();
                 rd.interfaces = interfaces;
             }
             // defensively copy if requested
             return cloneArray ? interfaces.clone() : interfaces;
         }
     }

     private native Class<?>[] getInterfaces0();

     /**
      * Returns the {@code Type}s representing the interfaces
      * directly implemented by the class or interface represented by
      * this object.
      *
      * <p>If a superinterface is a parameterized type, the
      * {@code Type} object returned for it must accurately reflect
      * the actual type parameters used in the source code. The
      * parameterized type representing each superinterface is created
      * if it had not been created before. See the declaration of
      * {@link java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType}
      * for the semantics of the creation process for parameterized
      * types.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents a class, the return value is an array
      * containing objects representing all interfaces directly implemented by
      * the class.  The order of the interface objects in the array corresponds
      * to the order of the interface names in the {@code implements} clause of
      * the declaration of the class represented by this object.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects
      * representing all interfaces directly extended by the interface.  The
      * order of the interface objects in the array corresponds to the order of
      * the interface names in the {@code extends} clause of the declaration of
      * the interface represented by this object.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents a class or interface that implements no
      * interfaces, the method returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p>If this object represents a primitive type or void, the method
      * returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p>If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, the
      * interfaces {@code Cloneable} and {@code java.io.Serializable} are
      * returned in that order.
      *
      * @throws java.lang.reflect.GenericSignatureFormatError
      *     if the generic class signature does not conform to the format
      *     specified in
      *     <cite>The Java&trade; Virtual Machine Specification</cite>
      * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the generic
      *     superinterfaces refers to a non-existent type declaration
      * @throws java.lang.reflect.MalformedParameterizedTypeException
      *     if any of the generic superinterfaces refer to a parameterized
      *     type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
      * @return an array of interfaces directly implemented by this class
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public Type[] getGenericInterfaces() {
         ClassRepository info = getGenericInfo();
         return (info == null) ?  getInterfaces() : info.getSuperInterfaces();
     }


     /**
      * Returns the {@code Class} representing the component type of an
      * array.  If this class does not represent an array class this method
      * returns null.
      *
      * @return the {@code Class} representing the component type of this
      * class if this class is an array
      * @see     java.lang.reflect.Array
      * @since 1.1
      */
     public Class<?> getComponentType() {
         // Only return for array types. Storage may be reused for Class for instance types.
         if (isArray()) {
             return componentType;
         } else {
             return null;
         }
     }

     private final Class<?> componentType;


     /**
      * Returns the Java language modifiers for this class or interface, encoded
      * in an integer. The modifiers consist of the Java Virtual Machine's
      * constants for {@code public}, {@code protected},
      * {@code private}, {@code final}, {@code static},
      * {@code abstract} and {@code interface}; they should be decoded
      * using the methods of class {@code Modifier}.
      *
      * <p> If the underlying class is an array class, then its
      * {@code public}, {@code private} and {@code protected}
      * modifiers are the same as those of its component type.  If this
      * {@code Class} represents a primitive type or void, its
      * {@code public} modifier is always {@code true}, and its
      * {@code protected} and {@code private} modifiers are always
      * {@code false}. If this object represents an array class, a
      * primitive type or void, then its {@code final} modifier is always
      * {@code true} and its interface modifier is always
      * {@code false}. The values of its other modifiers are not determined
      * by this specification.
      *
      * <p> The modifier encodings are defined in <em>The Java Virtual Machine
      * Specification</em>, table 4.1.
      *
      * @return the {@code int} representing the modifiers for this class
      * @see     java.lang.reflect.Modifier
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public native int getModifiers();


     /**
      * Gets the signers of this class.
      *
      * @return  the signers of this class, or null if there are no signers.  In
      *          particular, this method returns null if this object represents
      *          a primitive type or void.
      * @since   1.1
      */
     public native Object[] getSigners();


     /**
      * Set the signers of this class.
      */
     native void setSigners(Object[] signers);


     /**
      * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
      * class within a method, returns a {@link
      * java.lang.reflect.Method Method} object representing the
      * immediately enclosing method of the underlying class. Returns
      * {@code null} otherwise.
      *
      * In particular, this method returns {@code null} if the underlying
      * class is a local or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type
      * declaration, instance initializer or static initializer.
      *
      * @return the immediately enclosing method of the underlying class, if
      *     that class is a local or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *         following conditions is met:
      *
      *         <ul>
      *
      *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *         class loader of the enclosing class and invocation of
      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *         s.checkPermission} method with
      *         {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *         denies access to the methods within the enclosing class
      *
      *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the enclosing class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of the enclosing class
      *
      *         </ul>
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Method getEnclosingMethod() throws SecurityException {
         EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();

         if (enclosingInfo == null)
             return null;
         else {
             if (!enclosingInfo.isMethod())
                 return null;

             MethodRepository typeInfo = MethodRepository.make(enclosingInfo.getDescriptor(),
                                                               getFactory());
             Class<?>   returnType       = toClass(typeInfo.getReturnType());
             Type []    parameterTypes   = typeInfo.getParameterTypes();
             Class<?>[] parameterClasses = new Class<?>[parameterTypes.length];

             // Convert Types to Classes; returned types *should*
             // be class objects since the methodDescriptor's used
             // don't have generics information
             for(int i = 0; i < parameterClasses.length; i++)
                 parameterClasses[i] = toClass(parameterTypes[i]);

             // Perform access check
             final Class<?> enclosingCandidate = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
             SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
             if (sm != null) {
                 enclosingCandidate.checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED,
                                                      Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
             }
             Method[] candidates = enclosingCandidate.privateGetDeclaredMethods(false);

             /*
              * Loop over all declared methods; match method name,
              * number of and type of parameters, *and* return
              * type.  Matching return type is also necessary
              * because of covariant returns, etc.
              */
             ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
             for (Method m : candidates) {
                 if (m.getName().equals(enclosingInfo.getName()) &&
                     arrayContentsEq(parameterClasses,
                                     fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(m))) {
                     // finally, check return type
                     if (m.getReturnType().equals(returnType)) {
                         return fact.copyMethod(m);
                     }
                 }
             }

             throw new InternalError("Enclosing method not found");
         }
     }

     private native Object[] getEnclosingMethod0();

     private EnclosingMethodInfo getEnclosingMethodInfo() {
         Object[] enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethod0();
         if (enclosingInfo == null)
             return null;
         else {
             return new EnclosingMethodInfo(enclosingInfo);
         }
     }

     private static final class EnclosingMethodInfo {
         private final Class<?> enclosingClass;
         private final String name;
         private final String descriptor;

         static void validate(Object[] enclosingInfo) {
             if (enclosingInfo.length != 3)
                 throw new InternalError("Malformed enclosing method information");
             try {
                 // The array is expected to have three elements:

                 // the immediately enclosing class
                 Class<?> enclosingClass = (Class<?>)enclosingInfo[0];
                 assert(enclosingClass != null);

                 // the immediately enclosing method or constructor's
                 // name (can be null).
                 String name = (String)enclosingInfo[1];

                 // the immediately enclosing method or constructor's
                 // descriptor (null iff name is).
                 String descriptor = (String)enclosingInfo[2];
                 assert((name != null && descriptor != null) || name == descriptor);
             } catch (ClassCastException cce) {
                 throw new InternalError("Invalid type in enclosing method information", cce);
             }
         }

         EnclosingMethodInfo(Object[] enclosingInfo) {
             validate(enclosingInfo);
             this.enclosingClass = (Class<?>)enclosingInfo[0];
             this.name = (String)enclosingInfo[1];
             this.descriptor = (String)enclosingInfo[2];
         }

         boolean isPartial() {
             return enclosingClass == null || name == null || descriptor == null;
         }

         boolean isConstructor() { return !isPartial() && "<init>".equals(name); }

         boolean isMethod() { return !isPartial() && !isConstructor() && !"<clinit>".equals(name); }

         Class<?> getEnclosingClass() { return enclosingClass; }

         String getName() { return name; }

         String getDescriptor() { return descriptor; }

     }

     private static Class<?> toClass(Type o) {
         if (o instanceof GenericArrayType)
             return Array.newInstance(toClass(((GenericArrayType)o).getGenericComponentType()),
                                      0)
                 .getClass();
         return (Class<?>)o;
      }

     /**
      * If this {@code Class} object represents a local or anonymous
      * class within a constructor, returns a {@link
      * java.lang.reflect.Constructor Constructor} object representing
      * the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying
      * class. Returns {@code null} otherwise.  In particular, this
      * method returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a local
      * or anonymous class immediately enclosed by a type declaration,
      * instance initializer or static initializer.
      *
      * @return the immediately enclosing constructor of the underlying class, if
      *     that class is a local or anonymous class; otherwise {@code null}.
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *         following conditions is met:
      *
      *         <ul>
      *
      *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *         class loader of the enclosing class and invocation of
      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *         s.checkPermission} method with
      *         {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *         denies access to the constructors within the enclosing class
      *
      *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the enclosing class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of the enclosing class
      *
      *         </ul>
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Constructor<?> getEnclosingConstructor() throws SecurityException {
         EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();

         if (enclosingInfo == null)
             return null;
         else {
             if (!enclosingInfo.isConstructor())
                 return null;

             ConstructorRepository typeInfo = ConstructorRepository.make(enclosingInfo.getDescriptor(),
                                                                         getFactory());
             Type []    parameterTypes   = typeInfo.getParameterTypes();
             Class<?>[] parameterClasses = new Class<?>[parameterTypes.length];

             // Convert Types to Classes; returned types *should*
             // be class objects since the methodDescriptor's used
             // don't have generics information
             for(int i = 0; i < parameterClasses.length; i++)
                 parameterClasses[i] = toClass(parameterTypes[i]);

             // Perform access check
             final Class<?> enclosingCandidate = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
             SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
             if (sm != null) {
                 enclosingCandidate.checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED,
                                                      Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
             }

             Constructor<?>[] candidates = enclosingCandidate
                     .privateGetDeclaredConstructors(false);
             /*
              * Loop over all declared constructors; match number
              * of and type of parameters.
              */
             ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
             for (Constructor<?> c : candidates) {
                 if (arrayContentsEq(parameterClasses,
                                     fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(c))) {
                     return fact.copyConstructor(c);
                 }
             }

             throw new InternalError("Enclosing constructor not found");
         }
     }


     /**
      * If the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object
      * is a member of another class, returns the {@code Class} object
      * representing the class in which it was declared.  This method returns
      * null if this class or interface is not a member of any other class.  If
      * this {@code Class} object represents an array class, a primitive
      * type, or void,then this method returns null.
      *
      * @return the declaring class for this class
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's
      *         class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class
      *         loader for the declaring class and invocation of {@link
      *         SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()}
      *         denies access to the package of the declaring class
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Class<?> getDeclaringClass() throws SecurityException {
         final Class<?> candidate = getDeclaringClass0();

         if (candidate != null) {
             SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
             if (sm != null) {
                 candidate.checkPackageAccess(sm,
                     ClassLoader.getClassLoader(Reflection.getCallerClass()), true);
             }
         }
         return candidate;
     }

     private native Class<?> getDeclaringClass0();


     /**
      * Returns the immediately enclosing class of the underlying
      * class.  If the underlying class is a top level class this
      * method returns {@code null}.
      * @return the immediately enclosing class of the underlying class
      * @exception  SecurityException
      *             If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and the caller's
      *             class loader is not the same as or an ancestor of the class
      *             loader for the enclosing class and invocation of {@link
      *             SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess s.checkPackageAccess()}
      *             denies access to the package of the enclosing class
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Class<?> getEnclosingClass() throws SecurityException {
         // There are five kinds of classes (or interfaces):
         // a) Top level classes
         // b) Nested classes (static member classes)
         // c) Inner classes (non-static member classes)
         // d) Local classes (named classes declared within a method)
         // e) Anonymous classes


         // JVM Spec 4.7.7: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
         // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
         // anonymous class.
         EnclosingMethodInfo enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethodInfo();
         Class<?> enclosingCandidate;

         if (enclosingInfo == null) {
             // This is a top level or a nested class or an inner class (a, b, or c)
             enclosingCandidate = getDeclaringClass0();
         } else {
             Class<?> enclosingClass = enclosingInfo.getEnclosingClass();
             // This is a local class or an anonymous class (d or e)
             if (enclosingClass == this || enclosingClass == null)
                 throw new InternalError("Malformed enclosing method information");
             else
                 enclosingCandidate = enclosingClass;
         }

         if (enclosingCandidate != null) {
             SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
             if (sm != null) {
                 enclosingCandidate.checkPackageAccess(sm,
                     ClassLoader.getClassLoader(Reflection.getCallerClass()), true);
             }
         }
         return enclosingCandidate;
     }

     /**
      * Returns the simple name of the underlying class as given in the
      * source code. Returns an empty string if the underlying class is
      * anonymous.
      *
      * <p>The simple name of an array is the simple name of the
      * component type with "[]" appended.  In particular the simple
      * name of an array whose component type is anonymous is "[]".
      *
      * @return the simple name of the underlying class
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public String getSimpleName() {
         if (isArray())
             return getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"[]";

         String simpleName = getSimpleBinaryName();
         if (simpleName == null) { // top level class
             simpleName = getName();
             return simpleName.substring(simpleName.lastIndexOf('.')+1); // strip the package name
         }
         return simpleName;
     }

     /**
      * Return an informative string for the name of this type.
      *
      * @return an informative string for the name of this type
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public String getTypeName() {
         if (isArray()) {
             try {
                 Class<?> cl = this;
                 int dimensions = 0;
                 while (cl.isArray()) {
                     dimensions++;
                     cl = cl.getComponentType();
                 }
                 StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
                 sb.append(cl.getName());
                 for (int i = 0; i < dimensions; i++) {
                     sb.append("[]");
                 }
                 return sb.toString();
             } catch (Throwable e) { /*FALLTHRU*/ }
         }
         return getName();
     }

     /**
      * Returns the canonical name of the underlying class as
      * defined by the Java Language Specification.  Returns null if
      * the underlying class does not have a canonical name (i.e., if
      * it is a local or anonymous class or an array whose component
      * type does not have a canonical name).
      * @return the canonical name of the underlying class if it exists, and
      * {@code null} otherwise.
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public String getCanonicalName() {
         if (isArray()) {
             String canonicalName = getComponentType().getCanonicalName();
             if (canonicalName != null)
                 return canonicalName + "[]";
             else
                 return null;
         }
         if (isLocalOrAnonymousClass())
             return null;
         Class<?> enclosingClass = getEnclosingClass();
         if (enclosingClass == null) { // top level class
             return getName();
         } else {
             String enclosingName = enclosingClass.getCanonicalName();
             if (enclosingName == null)
                 return null;
             return enclosingName + "." + getSimpleName();
         }
     }

     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
      * is an anonymous class.
      *
      * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is an anonymous class.
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public boolean isAnonymousClass() {
         return !isArray() && isLocalOrAnonymousClass() &&
                 getSimpleBinaryName0() == null;
     }

     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
      * is a local class.
      *
      * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a local class.
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public boolean isLocalClass() {
         return isLocalOrAnonymousClass() &&
                 (isArray() || getSimpleBinaryName0() != null);
     }

     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if and only if the underlying class
      * is a member class.
      *
      * @return {@code true} if and only if this class is a member class.
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public boolean isMemberClass() {
         return !isLocalOrAnonymousClass() && getDeclaringClass0() != null;
     }

     /**
      * Returns the "simple binary name" of the underlying class, i.e.,
      * the binary name without the leading enclosing class name.
      * Returns {@code null} if the underlying class is a top level
      * class.
      */
     private String getSimpleBinaryName() {
         if (isTopLevelClass())
             return null;
         String name = getSimpleBinaryName0();
         if (name == null) // anonymous class
             return "";
         return name;
     }

     private native String getSimpleBinaryName0();

     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if this is a top level class.  Returns {@code false}
      * otherwise.
      */
     private boolean isTopLevelClass() {
         return !isLocalOrAnonymousClass() && getDeclaringClass0() == null;
     }

     /**
      * Returns {@code true} if this is a local class or an anonymous
      * class.  Returns {@code false} otherwise.
      */
     private boolean isLocalOrAnonymousClass() {
         // JVM Spec 4.7.7: A class must have an EnclosingMethod
         // attribute if and only if it is a local class or an
         // anonymous class.
         return hasEnclosingMethodInfo();
     }

     private boolean hasEnclosingMethodInfo() {
         Object[] enclosingInfo = getEnclosingMethod0();
         if (enclosingInfo != null) {
             EnclosingMethodInfo.validate(enclosingInfo);
             return true;
         }
         return false;
     }

     /**
      * Returns an array containing {@code Class} objects representing all
      * the public classes and interfaces that are members of the class
      * represented by this {@code Class} object.  This includes public
      * class and interface members inherited from superclasses and public class
      * and interface members declared by the class.  This method returns an
      * array of length 0 if this {@code Class} object has no public member
      * classes or interfaces.  This method also returns an array of length 0 if
      * this {@code Class} object represents a primitive type, an array
      * class, or void.
      *
      * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing the public
      *         members of this class
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Class<?>[] getClasses() {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
         }

         // Privileged so this implementation can look at DECLARED classes,
         // something the caller might not have privilege to do.  The code here
         // is allowed to look at DECLARED classes because (1) it does not hand
         // out anything other than public members and (2) public member access
         // has already been ok'd by the SecurityManager.

         return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
             new java.security.PrivilegedAction<>() {
                 public Class<?>[] run() {
                     List<Class<?>> list = new ArrayList<>();
                     Class<?> currentClass = Class.this;
                     while (currentClass != null) {
                         for (Class<?> m : currentClass.getDeclaredClasses()) {
                             if (Modifier.isPublic(m.getModifiers())) {
                                 list.add(m);
                             }
                         }
                         currentClass = currentClass.getSuperclass();
                     }
                     return list.toArray(new Class<?>[0]);
                 }
             });
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array containing {@code Field} objects reflecting all
      * the accessible public fields of the class or interface represented by
      * this {@code Class} object.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with
      * no accessible public fields, then this method returns an array of length
      * 0.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class, then this method
      * returns the public fields of the class and of all its superclasses and
      * superinterfaces.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface, then this
      * method returns the fields of the interface and of all its
      * superinterfaces.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
      * type, or void, then this method returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
      * particular order.
      *
      * @return the array of {@code Field} objects representing the
      *         public fields
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @since 1.1
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Field[] getFields() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return copyFields(privateGetPublicFields(null));
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
      * public methods of the class or interface represented by this {@code
      * Class} object, including those declared by the class or interface and
      * those inherited from superclasses and superinterfaces.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then the
      * returned array has a {@code Method} object for each of the public
      * methods inherited by the array type from {@code Object}. It does not
      * contain a {@code Method} object for {@code clone()}.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface then the
      * returned array does not contain any implicitly declared methods from
      * {@code Object}. Therefore, if no methods are explicitly declared in
      * this interface or any of its superinterfaces then the returned array
      * has length 0. (Note that a {@code Class} object which represents a class
      * always has public methods, inherited from {@code Object}.)
      *
      * <p> The returned array never contains methods with names "{@code <init>}"
      * or "{@code <clinit>}".
      *
      * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
      * particular order.
      *
      * <p> Generally, the result is computed as with the following 4 step algorithm.
      * Let C be the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object:
      * <ol>
      * <li> A union of methods is composed of:
      *   <ol type="a">
      *   <li> C's declared public instance and static methods as returned by
      *        {@link #getDeclaredMethods()} and filtered to include only public
      *        methods.</li>
      *   <li> If C is a class other than {@code Object}, then include the result
      *        of invoking this algorithm recursively on the superclass of C.</li>
      *   <li> Include the results of invoking this algorithm recursively on all
      *        direct superinterfaces of C, but include only instance methods.</li>
      *   </ol></li>
      * <li> Union from step 1 is partitioned into subsets of methods with same
      *      signature (name, parameter types) and return type.</li>
      * <li> Within each such subset only the most specific methods are selected.
      *      Let method M be a method from a set of methods with same signature
      *      and return type. M is most specific if there is no such method
      *      N != M from the same set, such that N is more specific than M.
      *      N is more specific than M if:
      *   <ol type="a">
      *   <li> N is declared by a class and M is declared by an interface; or</li>
      *   <li> N and M are both declared by classes or both by interfaces and
      *        N's declaring type is the same as or a subtype of M's declaring type
      *        (clearly, if M's and N's declaring types are the same type, then
      *        M and N are the same method).</li>
      *   </ol></li>
      * <li> The result of this algorithm is the union of all selected methods from
      *      step 3.</li>
      * </ol>
      *
      * @apiNote There may be more than one method with a particular name
      * and parameter types in a class because while the Java language forbids a
      * class to declare multiple methods with the same signature but different
      * return types, the Java virtual machine does not.  This
      * increased flexibility in the virtual machine can be used to
      * implement various language features.  For example, covariant
      * returns can be implemented with {@linkplain
      * java.lang.reflect.Method#isBridge bridge methods}; the bridge
      * method and the overriding method would have the same
      * signature but different return types.
      *
      * @return the array of {@code Method} objects representing the
      *         public methods of this class
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Method[] getMethods() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return copyMethods(privateGetPublicMethods());
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array containing {@code Constructor} objects reflecting
      * all the public constructors of the class represented by this
      * {@code Class} object.  An array of length 0 is returned if the
      * class has no public constructors, or if the class is an array class, or
      * if the class reflects a primitive type or void.
      *
      * Note that while this method returns an array of {@code
      * Constructor<T>} objects (that is an array of constructors from
      * this class), the return type of this method is {@code
      * Constructor<?>[]} and <em>not</em> {@code Constructor<T>[]} as
      * might be expected.  This less informative return type is
      * necessary since after being returned from this method, the
      * array could be modified to hold {@code Constructor} objects for
      * different classes, which would violate the type guarantees of
      * {@code Constructor<T>[]}.
      *
      * @return the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing the
      *         public constructors of this class
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Constructor<?>[] getConstructors() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return copyConstructors(privateGetDeclaredConstructors(true));
     }


     /**
      * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified public member
      * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
      * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} specifying the
      * simple name of the desired field.
      *
      * <p> The field to be reflected is determined by the algorithm that
      * follows.  Let C be the class or interface represented by this object:
      *
      * <OL>
      * <LI> If C declares a public field with the name specified, that is the
      *      field to be reflected.</LI>
      * <LI> If no field was found in step 1 above, this algorithm is applied
      *      recursively to each direct superinterface of C. The direct
      *      superinterfaces are searched in the order they were declared.</LI>
      * <LI> If no field was found in steps 1 and 2 above, and C has a
      *      superclass S, then this algorithm is invoked recursively upon S.
      *      If C has no superclass, then a {@code NoSuchFieldException}
      *      is thrown.</LI>
      * </OL>
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
      * method does not find the {@code length} field of the array type.
      *
      * @param name the field name
      * @return the {@code Field} object of this class specified by
      *         {@code name}
      * @throws NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is
      *         not found.
      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @since 1.1
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Field getField(String name)
         throws NoSuchFieldException, SecurityException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(name);
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         Field field = getField0(name);
         if (field == null) {
             throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
         }
         return getReflectionFactory().copyField(field);
     }


     /**
      * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified public
      * member method of the class or interface represented by this
      * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
      * {@code String} specifying the simple name of the desired method. The
      * {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of {@code Class}
      * objects that identify the method's formal parameter types, in declared
      * order. If {@code parameterTypes} is {@code null}, it is
      * treated as if it were an empty array.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
      * method finds any public method inherited by the array type from
      * {@code Object} except method {@code clone()}.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface then this
      * method does not find any implicitly declared method from
      * {@code Object}. Therefore, if no methods are explicitly declared in
      * this interface or any of its superinterfaces, then this method does not
      * find any method.
      *
      * <p> This method does not find any method with name "{@code <init>}" or
      * "{@code <clinit>}".
      *
      * <p> Generally, the method to be reflected is determined by the 4 step
      * algorithm that follows.
      * Let C be the class or interface represented by this {@code Class} object:
      * <ol>
      * <li> A union of methods is composed of:
      *   <ol type="a">
      *   <li> C's declared public instance and static methods as returned by
      *        {@link #getDeclaredMethods()} and filtered to include only public
      *        methods that match given {@code name} and {@code parameterTypes}</li>
      *   <li> If C is a class other than {@code Object}, then include the result
      *        of invoking this algorithm recursively on the superclass of C.</li>
      *   <li> Include the results of invoking this algorithm recursively on all
      *        direct superinterfaces of C, but include only instance methods.</li>
      *   </ol></li>
      * <li> This union is partitioned into subsets of methods with same
      *      return type (the selection of methods from step 1 also guarantees that
      *      they have the same method name and parameter types).</li>
      * <li> Within each such subset only the most specific methods are selected.
      *      Let method M be a method from a set of methods with same VM
      *      signature (return type, name, parameter types).
      *      M is most specific if there is no such method N != M from the same
      *      set, such that N is more specific than M. N is more specific than M
      *      if:
      *   <ol type="a">
      *   <li> N is declared by a class and M is declared by an interface; or</li>
      *   <li> N and M are both declared by classes or both by interfaces and
      *        N's declaring type is the same as or a subtype of M's declaring type
      *        (clearly, if M's and N's declaring types are the same type, then
      *        M and N are the same method).</li>
      *   </ol></li>
      * <li> The result of this algorithm is chosen arbitrarily from the methods
      *      with most specific return type among all selected methods from step 3.
      *      Let R be a return type of a method M from the set of all selected methods
      *      from step 3. M is a method with most specific return type if there is
      *      no such method N != M from the same set, having return type S != R,
      *      such that S is a subtype of R as determined by
      *      R.class.{@link #isAssignableFrom}(S.class).
      * </ol>
      *
      * @apiNote There may be more than one method with matching name and
      * parameter types in a class because while the Java language forbids a
      * class to declare multiple methods with the same signature but different
      * return types, the Java virtual machine does not.  This
      * increased flexibility in the virtual machine can be used to
      * implement various language features.  For example, covariant
      * returns can be implemented with {@linkplain
      * java.lang.reflect.Method#isBridge bridge methods}; the bridge
      * method and the overriding method would have the same
      * signature but different return types. This method would return the
      * overriding method as it would have a more specific return type.
      *
      * @param name the name of the method
      * @param parameterTypes the list of parameters
      * @return the {@code Method} object that matches the specified
      *         {@code name} and {@code parameterTypes}
      * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found
      *         or if the name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;".
      * @throws NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Method getMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
         throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(name);
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         Method method = getMethod0(name, parameterTypes);
         if (method == null) {
             throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodToString(name, parameterTypes));
         }
         return getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(method);
     }

     /**
      * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
      * public constructor of the class represented by this {@code Class}
      * object. The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
      * {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's formal
      * parameter types, in declared order.
      *
      * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
      * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
      * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
      *
      * <p> The constructor to reflect is the public constructor of the class
      * represented by this {@code Class} object whose formal parameter
      * types match those specified by {@code parameterTypes}.
      *
      * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
      * @return the {@code Constructor} object of the public constructor that
      *         matches the specified {@code parameterTypes}
      * @throws NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and
      *         the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class.
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Constructor<T> getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
         throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException
     {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.PUBLIC, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(
             getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.PUBLIC));
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array of {@code Class} objects reflecting all the
      * classes and interfaces declared as members of the class represented by
      * this {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
      * (package) access, and private classes and interfaces declared by the
      * class, but excludes inherited classes and interfaces.  This method
      * returns an array of length 0 if the class declares no classes or
      * interfaces as members, or if this {@code Class} object represents a
      * primitive type, an array class, or void.
      *
      * @return the array of {@code Class} objects representing all the
      *         declared members of this class
      * @throws SecurityException
      *         If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *         following conditions is met:
      *
      *         <ul>
      *
      *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *         class loader of this class and invocation of
      *         {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *         s.checkPermission} method with
      *         {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *         denies access to the declared classes within this class
      *
      *         <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *         ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *         invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *         s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *         of this class
      *
      *         </ul>
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Class<?>[] getDeclaredClasses() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), false);
         }
         return getDeclaredClasses0();
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array of {@code Field} objects reflecting all the fields
      * declared by the class or interface represented by this
      * {@code Class} object. This includes public, protected, default
      * (package) access, and private fields, but excludes inherited fields.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
      * declared fields, then this method returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
      * type, or void, then this method returns an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
      * particular order.
      *
      * @return  the array of {@code Field} objects representing all the
      *          declared fields of this class
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *          following conditions is met:
      *
      *          <ul>
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *          class loader of this class and invocation of
      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *          s.checkPermission} method with
      *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *          denies access to the declared fields within this class
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class
      *
      *          </ul>
      *
      * @since 1.1
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Field[] getDeclaredFields() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return copyFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(false));
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array containing {@code Method} objects reflecting all the
      * declared methods of the class or interface represented by this {@code
      * Class} object, including public, protected, default (package)
      * access, and private methods, but excluding inherited methods.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has multiple
      * declared methods with the same name and parameter types, but different
      * return types, then the returned array has a {@code Method} object for
      * each such method.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type that has a class
      * initialization method {@code <clinit>}, then the returned array does
      * <em>not</em> have a corresponding {@code Method} object.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface with no
      * declared methods, then the returned array has length 0.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, a primitive
      * type, or void, then the returned array has length 0.
      *
      * <p> The elements in the returned array are not sorted and are not in any
      * particular order.
      *
      * @return  the array of {@code Method} objects representing all the
      *          declared methods of this class
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *          following conditions is met:
      *
      *          <ul>
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *          class loader of this class and invocation of
      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *          s.checkPermission} method with
      *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *          denies access to the declared methods within this class
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class
      *
      *          </ul>
      *
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Method[] getDeclaredMethods() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return copyMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false));
     }


     /**
      * Returns an array of {@code Constructor} objects reflecting all the
      * constructors declared by the class represented by this
      * {@code Class} object. These are public, protected, default
      * (package) access, and private constructors.  The elements in the array
      * returned are not sorted and are not in any particular order.  If the
      * class has a default constructor, it is included in the returned array.
      * This method returns an array of length 0 if this {@code Class}
      * object represents an interface, a primitive type, an array class, or
      * void.
      *
      * <p> See <em>The Java Language Specification</em>, section 8.2.
      *
      * @return  the array of {@code Constructor} objects representing all the
      *          declared constructors of this class
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *          following conditions is met:
      *
      *          <ul>
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *          class loader of this class and invocation of
      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *          s.checkPermission} method with
      *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *          denies access to the declared constructors within this class
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class
      *
      *          </ul>
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Constructor<?>[] getDeclaredConstructors() throws SecurityException {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         return copyConstructors(privateGetDeclaredConstructors(false));
     }


     /**
      * Returns a {@code Field} object that reflects the specified declared
      * field of the class or interface represented by this {@code Class}
      * object. The {@code name} parameter is a {@code String} that specifies
      * the simple name of the desired field.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
      * method does not find the {@code length} field of the array type.
      *
      * @param name the name of the field
      * @return  the {@code Field} object for the specified field in this
      *          class
      * @throws  NoSuchFieldException if a field with the specified name is
      *          not found.
      * @throws  NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *          following conditions is met:
      *
      *          <ul>
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *          class loader of this class and invocation of
      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *          s.checkPermission} method with
      *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *          denies access to the declared field
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class
      *
      *          </ul>
      *
      * @since 1.1
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.3 Field Declarations
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Field getDeclaredField(String name)
         throws NoSuchFieldException, SecurityException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(name);
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         Field field = searchFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(false), name);
         if (field == null) {
             throw new NoSuchFieldException(name);
         }
         return getReflectionFactory().copyField(field);
     }


     /**
      * Returns a {@code Method} object that reflects the specified
      * declared method of the class or interface represented by this
      * {@code Class} object. The {@code name} parameter is a
      * {@code String} that specifies the simple name of the desired
      * method, and the {@code parameterTypes} parameter is an array of
      * {@code Class} objects that identify the method's formal parameter
      * types, in declared order.  If more than one method with the same
      * parameter types is declared in a class, and one of these methods has a
      * return type that is more specific than any of the others, that method is
      * returned; otherwise one of the methods is chosen arbitrarily.  If the
      * name is "&lt;init&gt;"or "&lt;clinit&gt;" a {@code NoSuchMethodException}
      * is raised.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an array type, then this
      * method does not find the {@code clone()} method.
      *
      * @param name the name of the method
      * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
      * @return  the {@code Method} object for the method of this class
      *          matching the specified name and parameters
      * @throws  NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
      * @throws  NullPointerException if {@code name} is {@code null}
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *          following conditions is met:
      *
      *          <ul>
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *          class loader of this class and invocation of
      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *          s.checkPermission} method with
      *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *          denies access to the declared method
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class
      *
      *          </ul>
      *
      * @jls 8.2 Class Members
      * @jls 8.4 Method Declarations
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Method getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes)
         throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException {
         Objects.requireNonNull(name);
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }
         Method method = searchMethods(privateGetDeclaredMethods(false), name, parameterTypes);
         if (method == null) {
             throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodToString(name, parameterTypes));
         }
         return getReflectionFactory().copyMethod(method);
     }

     /**
      * Returns the list of {@code Method} objects for the declared public
      * methods of this class or interface that have the specified method name
      * and parameter types.
      *
      * @param name the name of the method
      * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
      * @return the list of {@code Method} objects for the public methods of
      *         this class matching the specified name and parameters
      */
     List<Method> getDeclaredPublicMethods(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes) {
         Method[] methods = privateGetDeclaredMethods(/* publicOnly */ true);
         ReflectionFactory factory = getReflectionFactory();
         List<Method> result = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Method method : methods) {
             if (method.getName().equals(name)
                 && Arrays.equals(
                     factory.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(method),
                     parameterTypes)) {
                 result.add(factory.copyMethod(method));
             }
         }
         return result;
     }

     /**
      * Returns a {@code Constructor} object that reflects the specified
      * constructor of the class or interface represented by this
      * {@code Class} object.  The {@code parameterTypes} parameter is
      * an array of {@code Class} objects that identify the constructor's
      * formal parameter types, in declared order.
      *
      * If this {@code Class} object represents an inner class
      * declared in a non-static context, the formal parameter types
      * include the explicit enclosing instance as the first parameter.
      *
      * @param parameterTypes the parameter array
      * @return  The {@code Constructor} object for the constructor with the
      *          specified parameter list
      * @throws  NoSuchMethodException if a matching method is not found.
      * @throws  SecurityException
      *          If a security manager, <i>s</i>, is present and any of the
      *          following conditions is met:
      *
      *          <ul>
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as the
      *          class loader of this class and invocation of
      *          {@link SecurityManager#checkPermission
      *          s.checkPermission} method with
      *          {@code RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")}
      *          denies access to the declared constructor
      *
      *          <li> the caller's class loader is not the same as or an
      *          ancestor of the class loader for the current class and
      *          invocation of {@link SecurityManager#checkPackageAccess
      *          s.checkPackageAccess()} denies access to the package
      *          of this class
      *
      *          </ul>
      *
      * @since 1.1
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public Constructor<T> getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes)
         throws NoSuchMethodException, SecurityException
     {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             checkMemberAccess(sm, Member.DECLARED, Reflection.getCallerClass(), true);
         }

         return getReflectionFactory().copyConstructor(
             getConstructor0(parameterTypes, Member.DECLARED));
     }

     /**
      * Finds a resource with a given name.
      *
      * <p> If this class is in a named {@link Module Module} then this method
      * will attempt to find the resource in the module. This is done by
      * delegating to the module's class loader {@link
      * ClassLoader#findResource(String,String) findResource(String,String)}
      * method, invoking it with the module name and the absolute name of the
      * resource. Resources in named modules are subject to the rules for
      * encapsulation specified in the {@code Module} {@link
      * Module#getResourceAsStream getResourceAsStream} method and so this
      * method returns {@code null} when the resource is a
      * non-"{@code .class}" resource in a package that is not open to the
      * caller's module.
      *
      * <p> Otherwise, if this class is not in a named module then the rules for
      * searching resources associated with a given class are implemented by the
      * defining {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
      * delegates to this object's class loader.  If this object was loaded by
      * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
      * ClassLoader#getSystemResourceAsStream}.
      *
      * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
      * given resource name using this algorithm:
      *
      * <ul>
      *
      * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
      * (<code>'&#92;u002f'</code>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
      * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
      *
      * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      *   {@code modified_package_name/name}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
      * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
      * (<code>'&#92;u002e'</code>).
      *
      * </ul>
      *
      * @param  name name of the desired resource
      * @return  A {@link java.io.InputStream} object; {@code null} if no
      *          resource with this name is found, the resource is in a package
      *          that is not {@link Module#isOpen(String, Module) open} to at
      *          least the caller module, or access to the resource is denied
      *          by the security manager.
      * @throws  NullPointerException If {@code name} is {@code null}
      *
      * @see Module#getResourceAsStream(String)
      * @since  1.1
      * @revised 9
      * @spec JPMS
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public InputStream getResourceAsStream(String name) {
         name = resolveName(name);

         Module thisModule = getModule();
         if (thisModule.isNamed()) {
             // check if resource can be located by caller
             if (Resources.canEncapsulate(name)
                 && !isOpenToCaller(name, Reflection.getCallerClass())) {
                 return null;
             }

             // resource not encapsulated or in package open to caller
             String mn = thisModule.getName();
             ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
             try {

                 // special-case built-in class loaders to avoid the
                 // need for a URL connection
                 if (cl == null) {
                     return BootLoader.findResourceAsStream(mn, name);
                 } else if (cl instanceof BuiltinClassLoader) {
                     return ((BuiltinClassLoader) cl).findResourceAsStream(mn, name);
                 } else {
                     URL url = cl.findResource(mn, name);
                     return (url != null) ? url.openStream() : null;
                 }

             } catch (IOException | SecurityException e) {
                 return null;
             }
         }

         // unnamed module
         ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
         if (cl == null) {
             return ClassLoader.getSystemResourceAsStream(name);
         } else {
             return cl.getResourceAsStream(name);
         }
     }

     /**
      * Finds a resource with a given name.
      *
      * <p> If this class is in a named {@link Module Module} then this method
      * will attempt to find the resource in the module. This is done by
      * delegating to the module's class loader {@link
      * ClassLoader#findResource(String,String) findResource(String,String)}
      * method, invoking it with the module name and the absolute name of the
      * resource. Resources in named modules are subject to the rules for
      * encapsulation specified in the {@code Module} {@link
      * Module#getResourceAsStream getResourceAsStream} method and so this
      * method returns {@code null} when the resource is a
      * non-"{@code .class}" resource in a package that is not open to the
      * caller's module.
      *
      * <p> Otherwise, if this class is not in a named module then the rules for
      * searching resources associated with a given class are implemented by the
      * defining {@linkplain ClassLoader class loader} of the class.  This method
      * delegates to this object's class loader. If this object was loaded by
      * the bootstrap class loader, the method delegates to {@link
      * ClassLoader#getSystemResource}.
      *
      * <p> Before delegation, an absolute resource name is constructed from the
      * given resource name using this algorithm:
      *
      * <ul>
      *
      * <li> If the {@code name} begins with a {@code '/'}
      * (<code>'&#92;u002f'</code>), then the absolute name of the resource is the
      * portion of the {@code name} following the {@code '/'}.
      *
      * <li> Otherwise, the absolute name is of the following form:
      *
      * <blockquote>
      *   {@code modified_package_name/name}
      * </blockquote>
      *
      * <p> Where the {@code modified_package_name} is the package name of this
      * object with {@code '/'} substituted for {@code '.'}
      * (<code>'&#92;u002e'</code>).
      *
      * </ul>
      *
      * @param  name name of the desired resource
      * @return A {@link java.net.URL} object; {@code null} if no resource with
      *         this name is found, the resource cannot be located by a URL, the
      *         resource is in a package that is not
      *         {@link Module#isOpen(String, Module) open} to at least the caller
      *         module, or access to the resource is denied by the security
      *         manager.
      * @throws NullPointerException If {@code name} is {@code null}
      * @since  1.1
      * @revised 9
      * @spec JPMS
      */
     @CallerSensitive
     public URL getResource(String name) {
         name = resolveName(name);

         Module thisModule = getModule();
         if (thisModule.isNamed()) {
             // check if resource can be located by caller
             if (Resources.canEncapsulate(name)
                 && !isOpenToCaller(name, Reflection.getCallerClass())) {
                 return null;
             }

             // resource not encapsulated or in package open to caller
             String mn = thisModule.getName();
             ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
             try {
                 if (cl == null) {
                     return BootLoader.findResource(mn, name);
                 } else {
                     return cl.findResource(mn, name);
                 }
             } catch (IOException ioe) {
                 return null;
             }
         }

         // unnamed module
         ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
         if (cl == null) {
             return ClassLoader.getSystemResource(name);
         } else {
             return cl.getResource(name);
         }
     }

     /**
      * Returns true if a resource with the given name can be located by the
      * given caller. All resources in a module can be located by code in
      * the module. For other callers, then the package needs to be open to
      * the caller.
      */
     private boolean isOpenToCaller(String name, Class<?> caller) {
         // assert getModule().isNamed();
         Module thisModule = getModule();
         Module callerModule = (caller != null) ? caller.getModule() : null;
         if (callerModule != thisModule) {
             String pn = Resources.toPackageName(name);
             if (thisModule.getDescriptor().packages().contains(pn)) {
                 if (callerModule == null && !thisModule.isOpen(pn)) {
                     // no caller, package not open
                     return false;
                 }
                 if (!thisModule.isOpen(pn, callerModule)) {
                     // package not open to caller
                     return false;
                 }
             }
         }
         return true;
     }


     /** protection domain returned when the internal domain is null */
     private static java.security.ProtectionDomain allPermDomain;

     /**
      * Returns the {@code ProtectionDomain} of this class.  If there is a
      * security manager installed, this method first calls the security
      * manager's {@code checkPermission} method with a
      * {@code RuntimePermission("getProtectionDomain")} permission to
      * ensure it's ok to get the
      * {@code ProtectionDomain}.
      *
      * @return the ProtectionDomain of this class
      *
      * @throws SecurityException
      *        if a security manager exists and its
      *        {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
      *        getting the ProtectionDomain.
      *
      * @see java.security.ProtectionDomain
      * @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
      * @see java.lang.RuntimePermission
      * @since 1.2
      */
     public java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain() {
         SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
         if (sm != null) {
             sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.GET_PD_PERMISSION);
         }
         java.security.ProtectionDomain pd = getProtectionDomain0();
         if (pd == null) {
             if (allPermDomain == null) {
                 java.security.Permissions perms =
                     new java.security.Permissions();
                 perms.add(SecurityConstants.ALL_PERMISSION);
                 allPermDomain =
                     new java.security.ProtectionDomain(null, perms);
             }
             pd = allPermDomain;
         }
         return pd;
     }


     /**
      * Returns the ProtectionDomain of this class.
      */
     private native java.security.ProtectionDomain getProtectionDomain0();

     /*
      * Return the Virtual Machine's Class object for the named
      * primitive type.
      */
     static native Class<?> getPrimitiveClass(String name);

     /*
      * Check if client is allowed to access members.  If access is denied,
      * throw a SecurityException.
      *
      * This method also enforces package access.
      *
      * <p> Default policy: allow all clients access with normal Java access
      * control.
      *
      * <p> NOTE: should only be called if a SecurityManager is installed
      */
     private void checkMemberAccess(SecurityManager sm, int which,
                                    Class<?> caller, boolean checkProxyInterfaces) {
         /* Default policy allows access to all {@link Member#PUBLIC} members,
          * as well as access to classes that have the same class loader as the caller.
          * In all other cases, it requires RuntimePermission("accessDeclaredMembers")
          * permission.
          */
         final ClassLoader ccl = ClassLoader.getClassLoader(caller);
         if (which != Member.PUBLIC) {
             final ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();
             if (ccl != cl) {
                 sm.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.CHECK_MEMBER_ACCESS_PERMISSION);
             }
         }
         this.checkPackageAccess(sm, ccl, checkProxyInterfaces);
     }

     /*
      * Checks if a client loaded in ClassLoader ccl is allowed to access this
      * class under the current package access policy. If access is denied,
      * throw a SecurityException.
      *
      * NOTE: this method should only be called if a SecurityManager is active
      */
     private void checkPackageAccess(SecurityManager sm, final ClassLoader ccl,
                                     boolean checkProxyInterfaces) {
         final ClassLoader cl = getClassLoader0();

         if (ReflectUtil.needsPackageAccessCheck(ccl, cl)) {
             String pkg = this.getPackageName();
             if (pkg != null && !pkg.isEmpty()) {
                 // skip the package access check on a proxy class in default proxy package
                 if (!Proxy.isProxyClass(this) || ReflectUtil.isNonPublicProxyClass(this)) {
                     sm.checkPackageAccess(pkg);
                 }
             }
         }
         // check package access on the proxy interfaces
         if (checkProxyInterfaces && Proxy.isProxyClass(this)) {
             ReflectUtil.checkProxyPackageAccess(ccl, this.getInterfaces());
         }
     }

     /**
      * Add a package name prefix if the name is not absolute Remove leading "/"
      * if name is absolute
      */
     private String resolveName(String name) {
         if (!name.startsWith("/")) {
             Class<?> c = this;
             while (c.isArray()) {
                 c = c.getComponentType();
             }
             String baseName = c.getPackageName();
             if (baseName != null && !baseName.isEmpty()) {
                 name = baseName.replace('.', '/') + "/" + name;
             }
         } else {
             name = name.substring(1);
         }
         return name;
     }

     /**
      * Atomic operations support.
      */
     private static class Atomic {
         // initialize Unsafe machinery here, since we need to call Class.class instance method
         // and have to avoid calling it in the static initializer of the Class class...
         private static final Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();
         // offset of Class.reflectionData instance field
         private static final long reflectionDataOffset;
         // offset of Class.annotationType instance field
         private static final long annotationTypeOffset;
         // offset of Class.annotationData instance field
         private static final long annotationDataOffset;

         static {
             Field[] fields = Class.class.getDeclaredFields0(false); // bypass caches
             reflectionDataOffset = objectFieldOffset(fields, "reflectionData");
             annotationTypeOffset = objectFieldOffset(fields, "annotationType");
             annotationDataOffset = objectFieldOffset(fields, "annotationData");
         }

         private static long objectFieldOffset(Field[] fields, String fieldName) {
             Field field = searchFields(fields, fieldName);
             if (field == null) {
                 throw new Error("No " + fieldName + " field found in java.lang.Class");
             }
             return unsafe.objectFieldOffset(field);
         }

         static <T> boolean casReflectionData(Class<?> clazz,
                                              SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldData,
                                              SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> newData) {
             return unsafe.compareAndSetObject(clazz, reflectionDataOffset, oldData, newData);
         }

         static <T> boolean casAnnotationType(Class<?> clazz,
                                              AnnotationType oldType,
                                              AnnotationType newType) {
             return unsafe.compareAndSetObject(clazz, annotationTypeOffset, oldType, newType);
         }

         static <T> boolean casAnnotationData(Class<?> clazz,
                                              AnnotationData oldData,
                                              AnnotationData newData) {
             return unsafe.compareAndSetObject(clazz, annotationDataOffset, oldData, newData);
         }
     }

     /**
      * Reflection support.
      */

     // reflection data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
     private static class ReflectionData<T> {
         volatile Field[] declaredFields;
         volatile Field[] publicFields;
         volatile Method[] declaredMethods;
         volatile Method[] publicMethods;
         volatile Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors;
         volatile Constructor<T>[] publicConstructors;
         // Intermediate results for getFields and getMethods
         volatile Field[] declaredPublicFields;
         volatile Method[] declaredPublicMethods;
         volatile Class<?>[] interfaces;

         // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this ReflectionData instance
         final int redefinedCount;

         ReflectionData(int redefinedCount) {
             this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
         }
     }

     private transient volatile SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData;

     // Incremented by the VM on each call to JVM TI RedefineClasses()
     // that redefines this class or a superclass.
     private transient volatile int classRedefinedCount;

     // Lazily create and cache ReflectionData
     private ReflectionData<T> reflectionData() {
         SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> reflectionData = this.reflectionData;
         int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
         ReflectionData<T> rd;
         if (reflectionData != null &&
             (rd = reflectionData.get()) != null &&
             rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
             return rd;
         }
         // else no SoftReference or cleared SoftReference or stale ReflectionData
         // -> create and replace new instance
         return newReflectionData(reflectionData, classRedefinedCount);
     }

     private ReflectionData<T> newReflectionData(SoftReference<ReflectionData<T>> oldReflectionData,
                                                 int classRedefinedCount) {
         while (true) {
             ReflectionData<T> rd = new ReflectionData<>(classRedefinedCount);
             // try to CAS it...
             if (Atomic.casReflectionData(this, oldReflectionData, new SoftReference<>(rd))) {
                 return rd;
             }
             // else retry
             oldReflectionData = this.reflectionData;
             classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
             if (oldReflectionData != null &&
                 (rd = oldReflectionData.get()) != null &&
                 rd.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
                 return rd;
             }
         }
     }

     // Generic signature handling
     private native String getGenericSignature0();

     // Generic info repository; lazily initialized
     private transient volatile ClassRepository genericInfo;

     // accessor for factory
     private GenericsFactory getFactory() {
         // create scope and factory
         return CoreReflectionFactory.make(this, ClassScope.make(this));
     }

     // accessor for generic info repository;
     // generic info is lazily initialized
     private ClassRepository getGenericInfo() {
         ClassRepository genericInfo = this.genericInfo;
         if (genericInfo == null) {
             String signature = getGenericSignature0();
             if (signature == null) {
                 genericInfo = ClassRepository.NONE;
             } else {
                 genericInfo = ClassRepository.make(signature, getFactory());
             }
             this.genericInfo = genericInfo;
         }
         return (genericInfo != ClassRepository.NONE) ? genericInfo : null;
     }

     // Annotations handling
     native byte[] getRawAnnotations();
     // Since 1.8
     native byte[] getRawTypeAnnotations();
     static byte[] getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(Executable ex) {
         return getReflectionFactory().getExecutableTypeAnnotationBytes(ex);
     }

     native ConstantPool getConstantPool();

     //
     //
     // java.lang.reflect.Field handling
     //
     //

     // Returns an array of "root" fields. These Field objects must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
     private Field[] privateGetDeclaredFields(boolean publicOnly) {
         Field[] res;
         ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
         if (rd != null) {
             res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicFields : rd.declaredFields;
             if (res != null) return res;
         }
         // No cached value available; request value from VM
         res = Reflection.filterFields(this, getDeclaredFields0(publicOnly));
         if (rd != null) {
             if (publicOnly) {
                 rd.declaredPublicFields = res;
             } else {
                 rd.declaredFields = res;
             }
         }
         return res;
     }

     // Returns an array of "root" fields. These Field objects must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
     private Field[] privateGetPublicFields(Set<Class<?>> traversedInterfaces) {
         Field[] res;
         ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
         if (rd != null) {
             res = rd.publicFields;
             if (res != null) return res;
         }

         // No cached value available; compute value recursively.
         // Traverse in correct order for getField().
         List<Field> fields = new ArrayList<>();
         if (traversedInterfaces == null) {
             traversedInterfaces = new HashSet<>();
         }

         // Local fields
         Field[] tmp = privateGetDeclaredFields(true);
         addAll(fields, tmp);

         // Direct superinterfaces, recursively
         for (Class<?> c : getInterfaces()) {
             if (!traversedInterfaces.contains(c)) {
                 traversedInterfaces.add(c);
                 addAll(fields, c.privateGetPublicFields(traversedInterfaces));
             }
         }

         // Direct superclass, recursively
         if (!isInterface()) {
             Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
             if (c != null) {
                 addAll(fields, c.privateGetPublicFields(traversedInterfaces));
             }
         }

         res = new Field[fields.size()];
         fields.toArray(res);
         if (rd != null) {
             rd.publicFields = res;
         }
         return res;
     }

     private static void addAll(Collection<Field> c, Field[] o) {
         for (Field f : o) {
             c.add(f);
         }
     }


     //
     //
     // java.lang.reflect.Constructor handling
     //
     //

     // Returns an array of "root" constructors. These Constructor
     // objects must NOT be propagated to the outside world, but must
     // instead be copied via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
     private Constructor<T>[] privateGetDeclaredConstructors(boolean publicOnly) {
         Constructor<T>[] res;
         ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
         if (rd != null) {
             res = publicOnly ? rd.publicConstructors : rd.declaredConstructors;
             if (res != null) return res;
         }
         // No cached value available; request value from VM
         if (isInterface()) {
             @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
             Constructor<T>[] temporaryRes = (Constructor<T>[]) new Constructor<?>[0];
             res = temporaryRes;
         } else {
             res = getDeclaredConstructors0(publicOnly);
         }
         if (rd != null) {
             if (publicOnly) {
                 rd.publicConstructors = res;
             } else {
                 rd.declaredConstructors = res;
             }
         }
         return res;
     }

     //
     //
     // java.lang.reflect.Method handling
     //
     //

     // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
     private Method[] privateGetDeclaredMethods(boolean publicOnly) {
         Method[] res;
         ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
         if (rd != null) {
             res = publicOnly ? rd.declaredPublicMethods : rd.declaredMethods;
             if (res != null) return res;
         }
         // No cached value available; request value from VM
         res = Reflection.filterMethods(this, getDeclaredMethods0(publicOnly));
         if (rd != null) {
             if (publicOnly) {
                 rd.declaredPublicMethods = res;
             } else {
                 rd.declaredMethods = res;
             }
         }
         return res;
     }

     // Returns an array of "root" methods. These Method objects must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
     private Method[] privateGetPublicMethods() {
         Method[] res;
         ReflectionData<T> rd = reflectionData();
         if (rd != null) {
             res = rd.publicMethods;
             if (res != null) return res;
         }

         // No cached value available; compute value recursively.
         // Start by fetching public declared methods...
         PublicMethods pms = new PublicMethods();
         for (Method m : privateGetDeclaredMethods(/* publicOnly */ true)) {
             pms.merge(m);
         }
         // ...then recur over superclass methods...
         Class<?> sc = getSuperclass();
         if (sc != null) {
             for (Method m : sc.privateGetPublicMethods()) {
                 pms.merge(m);
             }
         }
         // ...and finally over direct superinterfaces.
         for (Class<?> intf : getInterfaces(/* cloneArray */ false)) {
             for (Method m : intf.privateGetPublicMethods()) {
                 // static interface methods are not inherited
                 if (!Modifier.isStatic(m.getModifiers())) {
                     pms.merge(m);
                 }
             }
         }

         res = pms.toArray();
         if (rd != null) {
             rd.publicMethods = res;
         }
         return res;
     }


     //
     // Helpers for fetchers of one field, method, or constructor
     //

     // This method does not copy the returned Field object!
     private static Field searchFields(Field[] fields, String name) {
         for (Field field : fields) {
             if (field.getName().equals(name)) {
                 return field;
             }
         }
         return null;
     }

     // Returns a "root" Field object. This Field object must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyField.
     private Field getField0(String name) {
         // Note: the intent is that the search algorithm this routine
         // uses be equivalent to the ordering imposed by
         // privateGetPublicFields(). It fetches only the declared
         // public fields for each class, however, to reduce the number
         // of Field objects which have to be created for the common
         // case where the field being requested is declared in the
         // class which is being queried.
         Field res;
         // Search declared public fields
         if ((res = searchFields(privateGetDeclaredFields(true), name)) != null) {
             return res;
         }
         // Direct superinterfaces, recursively
         Class<?>[] interfaces = getInterfaces(/* cloneArray */ false);
         for (Class<?> c : interfaces) {
             if ((res = c.getField0(name)) != null) {
                 return res;
             }
         }
         // Direct superclass, recursively
         if (!isInterface()) {
             Class<?> c = getSuperclass();
             if (c != null) {
                 if ((res = c.getField0(name)) != null) {
                     return res;
                 }
             }
         }
         return null;
     }

     // This method does not copy the returned Method object!
     private static Method searchMethods(Method[] methods,
                                         String name,
                                         Class<?>[] parameterTypes)
     {
         ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
         Method res = null;
         for (Method m : methods) {
             if (m.getName().equals(name)
                 && arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
                                    fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(m))
                 && (res == null
                     || (res.getReturnType() != m.getReturnType()
                         && res.getReturnType().isAssignableFrom(m.getReturnType()))))
                 res = m;
         }
         return res;
     }

     private static final Class<?>[] EMPTY_CLASS_ARRAY = new Class<?>[0];

     // Returns a "root" Method object. This Method object must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
     private Method getMethod0(String name, Class<?>[] parameterTypes) {
         PublicMethods.MethodList res = getMethodsRecursive(
             name,
             parameterTypes == null ? EMPTY_CLASS_ARRAY : parameterTypes,
             /* includeStatic */ true);
         return res == null ? null : res.getMostSpecific();
     }

     // Returns a list of "root" Method objects. These Method objects must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyMethod.
     private PublicMethods.MethodList getMethodsRecursive(String name,
                                                          Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                                          boolean includeStatic) {
         // 1st check declared public methods
         Method[] methods = privateGetDeclaredMethods(/* publicOnly */ true);
         PublicMethods.MethodList res = PublicMethods.MethodList
             .filter(methods, name, parameterTypes, includeStatic);
         // if there is at least one match among declared methods, we need not
         // search any further as such match surely overrides matching methods
         // declared in superclass(es) or interface(s).
         if (res != null) {
             return res;
         }

         // if there was no match among declared methods,
         // we must consult the superclass (if any) recursively...
         Class<?> sc = getSuperclass();
         if (sc != null) {
             res = sc.getMethodsRecursive(name, parameterTypes, includeStatic);
         }

         // ...and coalesce the superclass methods with methods obtained
         // from directly implemented interfaces excluding static methods...
         for (Class<?> intf : getInterfaces(/* cloneArray */ false)) {
             res = PublicMethods.MethodList.merge(
                 res, intf.getMethodsRecursive(name, parameterTypes,
                                               /* includeStatic */ false));
         }

         return res;
     }

     // Returns a "root" Constructor object. This Constructor object must NOT
     // be propagated to the outside world, but must instead be copied
     // via ReflectionFactory.copyConstructor.
     private Constructor<T> getConstructor0(Class<?>[] parameterTypes,
                                         int which) throws NoSuchMethodException
     {
         ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
         Constructor<T>[] constructors = privateGetDeclaredConstructors((which == Member.PUBLIC));
         for (Constructor<T> constructor : constructors) {
             if (arrayContentsEq(parameterTypes,
                                 fact.getExecutableSharedParameterTypes(constructor))) {
                 return constructor;
             }
         }
         throw new NoSuchMethodException(methodToString("<init>", parameterTypes));
     }

     //
     // Other helpers and base implementation
     //

     private static boolean arrayContentsEq(Object[] a1, Object[] a2) {
         if (a1 == null) {
             return a2 == null || a2.length == 0;
         }

         if (a2 == null) {
             return a1.length == 0;
         }

         if (a1.length != a2.length) {
             return false;
         }

         for (int i = 0; i < a1.length; i++) {
             if (a1[i] != a2[i]) {
                 return false;
             }
         }

         return true;
     }

     private static Field[] copyFields(Field[] arg) {
         Field[] out = new Field[arg.length];
         ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
         for (int i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
             out[i] = fact.copyField(arg[i]);
         }
         return out;
     }

     private static Method[] copyMethods(Method[] arg) {
         Method[] out = new Method[arg.length];
         ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
         for (int i = 0; i < arg.length; i++) {
             out[i] = fact.copyMethod(arg[i]);
         }
         return out;
     }

     private static <U> Constructor<U>[] copyConstructors(Constructor<U>[] arg) {
         Constructor<U>[] out = arg.clone();
         ReflectionFactory fact = getReflectionFactory();
         for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
             out[i] = fact.copyConstructor(out[i]);
         }
         return out;
     }

     private native Field[]       getDeclaredFields0(boolean publicOnly);
     private native Method[]      getDeclaredMethods0(boolean publicOnly);
     private native Constructor<T>[] getDeclaredConstructors0(boolean publicOnly);
     private native Class<?>[]   getDeclaredClasses0();

     /**
      * Helper method to get the method name from arguments.
      */
     private String methodToString(String name, Class<?>[] argTypes) {
         StringJoiner sj = new StringJoiner(", ", getName() + "." + name + "(", ")");
         if (argTypes != null) {
             for (int i = 0; i < argTypes.length; i++) {
                 Class<?> c = argTypes[i];
                 sj.add((c == null) ? "null" : c.getName());
             }
         }
         return sj.toString();
     }

     /** use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.1 for interoperability */
     private static final long serialVersionUID = 3206093459760846163L;


     /**
      * Class Class is special cased within the Serialization Stream Protocol.
      *
      * A Class instance is written initially into an ObjectOutputStream in the
      * following format:
      * <pre>
      *      {@code TC_CLASS} ClassDescriptor
      *      A ClassDescriptor is a special cased serialization of
      *      a {@code java.io.ObjectStreamClass} instance.
      * </pre>
      * A new handle is generated for the initial time the class descriptor
      * is written into the stream. Future references to the class descriptor
      * are written as references to the initial class descriptor instance.
      *
      * @see java.io.ObjectStreamClass
      */
     private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
         new ObjectStreamField[0];


     /**
      * Returns the assertion status that would be assigned to this
      * class if it were to be initialized at the time this method is invoked.
      * If this class has had its assertion status set, the most recent
      * setting will be returned; otherwise, if any package default assertion
      * status pertains to this class, the most recent setting for the most
      * specific pertinent package default assertion status is returned;
      * otherwise, if this class is not a system class (i.e., it has a
      * class loader) its class loader's default assertion status is returned;
      * otherwise, the system class default assertion status is returned.
      * <p>
      * Few programmers will have any need for this method; it is provided
      * for the benefit of the JRE itself.  (It allows a class to determine at
      * the time that it is initialized whether assertions should be enabled.)
      * Note that this method is not guaranteed to return the actual
      * assertion status that was (or will be) associated with the specified
      * class when it was (or will be) initialized.
      *
      * @return the desired assertion status of the specified class.
      * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setClassAssertionStatus
      * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setPackageAssertionStatus
      * @see    java.lang.ClassLoader#setDefaultAssertionStatus
      * @since  1.4
      */
     public boolean desiredAssertionStatus() {
         ClassLoader loader = getClassLoader0();
         // If the loader is null this is a system class, so ask the VM
         if (loader == null)
             return desiredAssertionStatus0(this);

         // If the classloader has been initialized with the assertion
         // directives, ask it. Otherwise, ask the VM.
         synchronized(loader.assertionLock) {
             if (loader.classAssertionStatus != null) {
                 return loader.desiredAssertionStatus(getName());
             }
         }
         return desiredAssertionStatus0(this);
     }

     // Retrieves the desired assertion status of this class from the VM
     private static native boolean desiredAssertionStatus0(Class<?> clazz);

     /**
      * Returns true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
      * source code.
      *
      * @return true if and only if this class was declared as an enum in the
      *     source code
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public boolean isEnum() {
         // An enum must both directly extend java.lang.Enum and have
         // the ENUM bit set; classes for specialized enum constants
         // don't do the former.
         return (this.getModifiers() & ENUM) != 0 &&
         this.getSuperclass() == java.lang.Enum.class;
     }

     // Fetches the factory for reflective objects
     private static ReflectionFactory getReflectionFactory() {
         if (reflectionFactory == null) {
             reflectionFactory =
                 java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
                     (new ReflectionFactory.GetReflectionFactoryAction());
         }
         return reflectionFactory;
     }
     private static ReflectionFactory reflectionFactory;

     /**
      * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
      * Class object does not represent an enum type.
      *
      * @return an array containing the values comprising the enum class
      *     represented by this Class object in the order they're
      *     declared, or null if this Class object does not
      *     represent an enum type
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public T[] getEnumConstants() {
         T[] values = getEnumConstantsShared();
         return (values != null) ? values.clone() : null;
     }

     /**
      * Returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
      * Class object does not represent an enum type;
      * identical to getEnumConstants except that the result is
      * uncloned, cached, and shared by all callers.
      */
     T[] getEnumConstantsShared() {
         T[] constants = enumConstants;
         if (constants == null) {
             if (!isEnum()) return null;
             try {
                 final Method values = getMethod("values");
                 java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
                     new java.security.PrivilegedAction<>() {
                         public Void run() {
                                 values.setAccessible(true);
                                 return null;
                             }
                         });
                 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
                 T[] temporaryConstants = (T[])values.invoke(null);
                 enumConstants = constants = temporaryConstants;
             }
             // These can happen when users concoct enum-like classes
             // that don't comply with the enum spec.
             catch (InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException |
                    IllegalAccessException ex) { return null; }
         }
         return constants;
     }
     private transient volatile T[] enumConstants;

     /**
      * Returns a map from simple name to enum constant.  This package-private
      * method is used internally by Enum to implement
      * {@code public static <T extends Enum<T>> T valueOf(Class<T>, String)}
      * efficiently.  Note that the map is returned by this method is
      * created lazily on first use.  Typically it won't ever get created.
      */
     Map<String, T> enumConstantDirectory() {
         Map<String, T> directory = enumConstantDirectory;
         if (directory == null) {
             T[] universe = getEnumConstantsShared();
             if (universe == null)
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     getName() + " is not an enum type");
             directory = new HashMap<>(2 * universe.length);
             for (T constant : universe) {
                 directory.put(((Enum<?>)constant).name(), constant);
             }
             enumConstantDirectory = directory;
         }
         return directory;
     }
     private transient volatile Map<String, T> enumConstantDirectory;

     /**
      * Casts an object to the class or interface represented
      * by this {@code Class} object.
      *
      * @param obj the object to be cast
      * @return the object after casting, or null if obj is null
      *
      * @throws ClassCastException if the object is not
      * null and is not assignable to the type T.
      *
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     @HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
     public T cast(Object obj) {
         if (obj != null && !isInstance(obj))
             throw new ClassCastException(cannotCastMsg(obj));
         return (T) obj;
     }

     private String cannotCastMsg(Object obj) {
         return "Cannot cast " + obj.getClass().getName() + " to " + getName();
     }

     /**
      * Casts this {@code Class} object to represent a subclass of the class
      * represented by the specified class object.  Checks that the cast
      * is valid, and throws a {@code ClassCastException} if it is not.  If
      * this method succeeds, it always returns a reference to this class object.
      *
      * <p>This method is useful when a client needs to "narrow" the type of
      * a {@code Class} object to pass it to an API that restricts the
      * {@code Class} objects that it is willing to accept.  A cast would
      * generate a compile-time warning, as the correctness of the cast
      * could not be checked at runtime (because generic types are implemented
      * by erasure).
      *
      * @param <U> the type to cast this class object to
      * @param clazz the class of the type to cast this class object to
      * @return this {@code Class} object, cast to represent a subclass of
      *    the specified class object.
      * @throws ClassCastException if this {@code Class} object does not
      *    represent a subclass of the specified class (here "subclass" includes
      *    the class itself).
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <U> Class<? extends U> asSubclass(Class<U> clazz) {
         if (clazz.isAssignableFrom(this))
             return (Class<? extends U>) this;
         else
             throw new ClassCastException(this.toString());
     }

     /**
      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <A extends Annotation> A getAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

         return (A) annotationData().annotations.get(annotationClass);
     }

     /**
      * {@inheritDoc}
      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
      * @since 1.5
      */
     @Override
     public boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass) {
         return GenericDeclaration.super.isAnnotationPresent(annotationClass);
     }

     /**
      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
      * @since 1.8
      */
     @Override
     public <A extends Annotation> A[] getAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

         AnnotationData annotationData = annotationData();
         return AnnotationSupport.getAssociatedAnnotations(annotationData.declaredAnnotations,
                                                           this,
                                                           annotationClass);
     }

     /**
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public Annotation[] getAnnotations() {
         return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().annotations);
     }

     /**
      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
      * @since 1.8
      */
     @Override
     @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
     public <A extends Annotation> A getDeclaredAnnotation(Class<A> annotationClass) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

         return (A) annotationData().declaredAnnotations.get(annotationClass);
     }

     /**
      * @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
      * @since 1.8
      */
     @Override
     public <A extends Annotation> A[] getDeclaredAnnotationsByType(Class<A> annotationClass) {
         Objects.requireNonNull(annotationClass);

         return AnnotationSupport.getDirectlyAndIndirectlyPresent(annotationData().declaredAnnotations,
                                                                  annotationClass);
     }

     /**
      * @since 1.5
      */
     public Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations()  {
         return AnnotationParser.toArray(annotationData().declaredAnnotations);
     }

     // annotation data that might get invalidated when JVM TI RedefineClasses() is called
     private static class AnnotationData {
         final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations;
         final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations;

         // Value of classRedefinedCount when we created this AnnotationData instance
         final int redefinedCount;

         AnnotationData(Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations,
                        Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations,
                        int redefinedCount) {
             this.annotations = annotations;
             this.declaredAnnotations = declaredAnnotations;
             this.redefinedCount = redefinedCount;
         }
     }

     // Annotations cache
     @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
     private transient volatile AnnotationData annotationData;

     private AnnotationData annotationData() {
         while (true) { // retry loop
             AnnotationData annotationData = this.annotationData;
             int classRedefinedCount = this.classRedefinedCount;
             if (annotationData != null &&
                 annotationData.redefinedCount == classRedefinedCount) {
                 return annotationData;
             }
             // null or stale annotationData -> optimistically create new instance
             AnnotationData newAnnotationData = createAnnotationData(classRedefinedCount);
             // try to install it
             if (Atomic.casAnnotationData(this, annotationData, newAnnotationData)) {
                 // successfully installed new AnnotationData
                 return newAnnotationData;
             }
         }
     }

     private AnnotationData createAnnotationData(int classRedefinedCount) {
         Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> declaredAnnotations =
             AnnotationParser.parseAnnotations(getRawAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
         Class<?> superClass = getSuperclass();
         Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> annotations = null;
         if (superClass != null) {
             Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> superAnnotations =
                 superClass.annotationData().annotations;
             for (Map.Entry<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> e : superAnnotations.entrySet()) {
                 Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass = e.getKey();
                 if (AnnotationType.getInstance(annotationClass).isInherited()) {
                     if (annotations == null) { // lazy construction
                         annotations = new LinkedHashMap<>((Math.max(
                                 declaredAnnotations.size(),
                                 Math.min(12, declaredAnnotations.size() + superAnnotations.size())
                             ) * 4 + 2) / 3
                         );
                     }
                     annotations.put(annotationClass, e.getValue());
                 }
             }
         }
         if (annotations == null) {
             // no inherited annotations -> share the Map with declaredAnnotations
             annotations = declaredAnnotations;
         } else {
             // at least one inherited annotation -> declared may override inherited
             annotations.putAll(declaredAnnotations);
         }
         return new AnnotationData(annotations, declaredAnnotations, classRedefinedCount);
     }

     // Annotation types cache their internal (AnnotationType) form

     @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration")
     private transient volatile AnnotationType annotationType;

     boolean casAnnotationType(AnnotationType oldType, AnnotationType newType) {
         return Atomic.casAnnotationType(this, oldType, newType);
     }

     AnnotationType getAnnotationType() {
         return annotationType;
     }

     Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Annotation> getDeclaredAnnotationMap() {
         return annotationData().declaredAnnotations;
     }

     /* Backing store of user-defined values pertaining to this class.
      * Maintained by the ClassValue class.
      */
     transient ClassValue.ClassValueMap classValueMap;

     /**
      * Returns an {@code AnnotatedType} object that represents the use of a
      * type to specify the superclass of the entity represented by this {@code
      * Class} object. (The <em>use</em> of type Foo to specify the superclass
      * in '...  extends Foo' is distinct from the <em>declaration</em> of type
      * Foo.)
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a type whose declaration
      * does not explicitly indicate an annotated superclass, then the return
      * value is an {@code AnnotatedType} object representing an element with no
      * annotations.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} represents either the {@code Object} class, an
      * interface type, an array type, a primitive type, or void, the return
      * value is {@code null}.
      *
      * @return an object representing the superclass
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public AnnotatedType getAnnotatedSuperclass() {
         if (this == Object.class ||
                 isInterface() ||
                 isArray() ||
                 isPrimitive() ||
                 this == Void.TYPE) {
             return null;
         }

         return TypeAnnotationParser.buildAnnotatedSuperclass(getRawTypeAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
     }

     /**
      * Returns an array of {@code AnnotatedType} objects that represent the use
      * of types to specify superinterfaces of the entity represented by this
      * {@code Class} object. (The <em>use</em> of type Foo to specify a
      * superinterface in '... implements Foo' is distinct from the
      * <em>declaration</em> of type Foo.)
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class, the return value is
      * an array containing objects representing the uses of interface types to
      * specify interfaces implemented by the class. The order of the objects in
      * the array corresponds to the order of the interface types used in the
      * 'implements' clause of the declaration of this {@code Class} object.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents an interface, the return
      * value is an array containing objects representing the uses of interface
      * types to specify interfaces directly extended by the interface. The
      * order of the objects in the array corresponds to the order of the
      * interface types used in the 'extends' clause of the declaration of this
      * {@code Class} object.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents a class or interface whose
      * declaration does not explicitly indicate any annotated superinterfaces,
      * the return value is an array of length 0.
      *
      * <p> If this {@code Class} object represents either the {@code Object}
      * class, an array type, a primitive type, or void, the return value is an
      * array of length 0.
      *
      * @return an array representing the superinterfaces
      * @since 1.8
      */
     public AnnotatedType[] getAnnotatedInterfaces() {
          return TypeAnnotationParser.buildAnnotatedInterfaces(getRawTypeAnnotations(), getConstantPool(), this);
     }
 }