docs/html/guide/tutorials/hello-world.jd

page.title=Hello, World
@jd:body

<p>As a developer, you know that the first impression
of a development framework is how easy it is to write "Hello,
World." Well, on Android, it's pretty easy. 
It's particularly easy if you're using Eclipse as your IDE, because we've provided a
great plugin that handles your project creation and management to greatly speed-up your
development cycles.</p>

<p>If you're not using Eclipse, that's okay. Familiarize yourself with 
<a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/other-ide.html">Developing in Other IDEs</a>.
You can then return to this tutorial and ignore anything about Eclipse.</p>

<p>Before you start, you should already have the very latest SDK installed, and if you're using
Eclipse, you should have installed the ADT plugin as well. If you have not installed these, see 
<a href="{@docRoot}sdk/1.1_r1/installing.html">Installing the Android SDK</a> and return
here when you've completed the installation.</p>

<h2 id="avd">Create an AVD</h2>

<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> If you're developing with an Android SDK older
than the one provided for Android 1.5, you can skip this step and continue with
<a href="#create">Create the Project</a>.</p>

<p>In this tutorial, you will run your applicion in the Android Emulator.
Before you can launch the emulator, you must create an 
Android Virtual Device (AVD). An AVD defines the system image and
device settings used by the emulator.</p>

<p>To create an AVD, use the <code>android</code> tool provided in the Android SDK.
Open a command prompt or terminal, navigate to the 
<code>/tools</code> directory in the SDK package and execute:
<pre>
android create avd --target 1 --name myavd
</pre>

<p>The tool now asks if you would like to create a custom hardware profile, say
<code>no</code>. That's it. You now have an AVD and can use it to run the Emulator.</p>

<p>In the above command, the <code>target</code> option is required 
and specifies the target platform for the emulator. (A target defines the system image,
API level and supported skins. To view all available targets, execute:
<code>android list target</code>.) The <code>name</code> option is also required
and defines the name for the new AVD. For more information about <code>android</code>, 
see the <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/android.html">Android Tool</a>
documentation.</p>

<h2 id="create">Create the Project</h2>

<ol>
    <li><strong>Open a new Android Project.</strong>
        <p>From Eclipse, select the <strong>File &gt; New &gt; Project</strong> menu item. If the Android
            Plugin for Eclipse has been successfully installed, the resulting dialog
            should have a folder labeled "Android" which should contain a single entry:
            "Android Project". (After you create one or more Android projects, an entry for 
            "Android XML File" will also be available.)</p>
        <p>Selected "Android Project" and click <strong>Next</strong>.</p>
            
            <a href="images/hello_world_0.png"><img src="images/hello_world_0.png" style="height:230px" alt="" /></a>

    </li>

    <li><strong>Fill out the project details.</strong>
        <p>The next screen allows you to enter the relevant details for your project:</p>
        <ul>
          <li><em>Project name:</em> HelloAndroid</li>
          <li><em>Application name:</em> Hello, Android</li>
          <li><em>Package name:</em> com.example.helloandroid (or your own private namespace)</li>
          <li><em>Create Activity:</em> HelloAndroid</li>
          <li><em>Min SDK Version:</em> 3</li>
        </ul>
        <p>Click <strong>Finish</strong>.</p>

        <a href="images/hello_world_1.png"><img src="images/hello_world_1.png" style="height:230px" alt="" /></a>

        <p>Here is a description of each field:</p>
      
        <dl>
            <dt><em>Project Name</em></dt>
                <dd>This is the Eclipse Project name &mdash; the name of the directory
                that will contain the project files.</dd>
            <dt><em>Application Name</em></dt>
                <dd>This is the human-readable title for your application &mdash; the name that
                will appear on the Android device.</dd>
            <dt><em>Package Name</em></dt>
                <dd>This is the package namespace (following the same rules as for
                  packages in the Java programming language) that you want all your source code to
                  reside under. This also sets the package name under which the stub
                  Activity will be generated.
                  <p>Your package name must be unique across
                  all packages installed on the Android system; for this reason, it's very
                  important to use a standard domain-style package for your
                  applications.  The example above uses the "com.example" namespace, which is
                  a namespace reserved for example documentation &mdash;
                  when you develop your own applications, you should use a namespace that's
                  appropriate to your organization or entity.</p></dd>
            <dt><em>Create Activity</em></dt>
                <dd>This is the name for the class stub that will be generated by the plugin.
                This will be a subclass of Android's {@link android.app.Activity} class.  An 
                Activity is simply a class that can run and do work. It can create a UI if it 
                chooses, but it doesn't need to. As the checkbox suggests, this is optional, but an
                Activity is almost always used as the basis for an application.</dd>
            <dt><em>Min SDK Version</em></dt>
                <dd>This value specifies the API Level required by your application. With each new
                version of the Android system image and Android SDK, there have likely been 
                additions or changes made to the APIs. When this occurs, a new API Level is assigned
                to the system image to regulate which applications are allowed to be run. If an
                application requires an API Level that is higher than the level supported by the device,
                then the application is not allowed to be installed. Because the "Hello World" 
                application uses APIs that have not changed since the first release, you can safely
                declare API Level "1" for the Min SDK Version, which is supported by all Android 
                devices.</dd>
        </dl>
      
        <p><em>Other fields</em>: The checkbox for "Use default location" allows you to change 
        the location on disk where the project's files will be generated and stored. "Target"
        is the platform target for your application.</p>

    </li>

<li><strong>View the generated Activity.</strong>
<p>Open the HelloAndroid.java file, located inside <em>HelloAndroid > src > 
com.example.helloandroid</em>). It should look like this:</p>

<pre>
package com.example.helloandroid;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class HelloAndroid extends Activity {
    /** Called when the activity is first created. */
    &#64;Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }
}</pre>

<p>Notice that the class is based on the {@link android.app.Activity} class. An Activity is a 
single application entity that is used to perform actions. An application may have many separate 
activities, but the user interacts with them one at a time. The 
{@link android.app.Activity#onCreate(Bundle) onCreate()} method 
will be called by the Android system when your Activity starts &mdash;
it is where you should perform all initialization and UI setup. An activity is not required to
have a user interface, but usually will.</p>

<p>Now let's modify some code! </p>
</li>
</ol>


<h2 id="ui">Construct the UI</h2>

<p>Take a look at the revised code below and then make the same changes to your HelloAndroid class.
The bold items are lines that have been added.</p>

<pre>
package com.android.helloandroid;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
<strong>import android.widget.TextView;</strong>

public class HelloAndroid extends Activity {
   /** Called when the activity is first created. */
   &#64;Override
   public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
       super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
       <strong>TextView tv = new TextView(this);
       tv.setText(&quot;Hello, Android&quot;);
       setContentView(tv);</strong>
   }
}</pre>

<p class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> An easy way to add import packages to your project is
to press <strong>Ctrl-Shift-O</strong> (<strong>Cmd-Shift-O</strong>, on Mac). This is an Eclipse 
shortcut that identifies missing packages based on your code and adds them for you.</p>

<p>An Android user interface is composed of hierarchies of objects called
Views. A {@link android.view.View} is a drawable object used as an element in your UI layout, 
such as a button, image, or (in this case) a text label. Each of these objects is a subclass
of the View class and the subclass that handles text is {@link android.widget.TextView}.</p>

<p>In this change, you create a TextView with the class constructor, which accepts
an Android {@link android.content.Context} instance as its parameter. A
Context is a handle to the system; it provides services like
resolving resources, obtaining access to databases and preferences, and so
on. The Activity class inherits from Context, and because your
HelloAndroid class is a subclass of Activity, it is also a Context. So, you can
pass <code>this</code> as your Context reference to the TextView.</p>

<p>Next, define the text content with 
{@link android.widget.TextView setText(CharSequence) setText()}.</p>

<p>Finally, pass the TextView to
{@link android.app.Activity#setContentView(View) setContentView()} in order to
display it as the content for the Activity UI. If your Activity doesn't
call this method, then no UI is present and the system will display a blank
screen.</p>

<p>There it is &mdash; "Hello, World" in Android! The next step, of course, is
to see it running.</p>


<h2 id="run">Run the Code</h2>

<p>The Eclipse plugin makes it very easy to run your applications.
Select <strong>Run > Run Configurations</strong> (in Eclipse 3.3, 
<strong>Run &gt; Open Run Dialog</strong>).</p>

<p>Select the "Android Application" entry, and click the icon in the
top left corner (the one depicting a sheet of paper with a plus symbol)
or double-click on "Android Application." You should
have a new launcher entry named "New_configuration".</p>

  <a href="images/hello_world_3.png"><img src="images/hello_world_3.png" style="height:230px" alt="" /></a>

<p>Change the name to something meaningful like "Android Activity." Then pick
click the <strong>Browse</strong> button and select your HelloAndroid project. The
plugin will automatically scan your project for Activity subclasses and add
each one it finds to the drop-down list under "Launch Action." Because the
HelloAndroid project only has one Activity, it will be the default Activity.
Leave "Launch Default Activity" selected.</p>

<p>Click the <strong>Apply</strong>, then <strong>Run</strong>. The Android Emulator 
will start and once it's booted up your application will appear. You should now
see something like this:</p>

  <a href="images/hello_world_5.png"><img src="images/hello_world_5.png" style="height:230px" alt="" /></a>

<p>The "Hello, Android" you see in the grey bar is actually the application title. The Eclipse plugin
creates this automatically (the string is defined in the /res/values/strings.xml file and referenced
by your AndroidManifest.xml file). The text below the title is the actual text that you have 
created in the TextView object.</p>

<p>That covers the basic "Hello World" tutorial, but you should continue reading for some more
valuable information about developing Android applications.</p>


<h2 id="upgrading">Upgrading the UI to an XML Layout</h2>

<p>The "Hello, World" example you just completed uses what is called a "programmatic"
UI layout. This means that you constructed and built your application's UI
directly in source code. If you've done much UI programming, you're
probably familiar with how brittle that approach can sometimes be: small
changes in layout can result in big source-code headaches. It's also very
easy to forget to properly connect Views together, which can result in errors in
your layout and wasted time debugging your code.</p>

<p>That's why Android provides an alternate UI construction model: XML-based
layout files. The easiest way to explain this concept is to show an
example. Here's an XML layout file that is identical in behavior to the
programmatically-constructed example:</p>

<pre>&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;?&gt;
&lt;TextView xmlns:android=&quot;http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android&quot;
  android:layout_width=&quot;fill_parent&quot;
  android:layout_height=&quot;fill_parent&quot;
  android:text=&quot;@string/hello&quot;/&gt;</pre>

<p>The general structure of an Android XML layout file is simple: it's a tree
of XML elements, wherein each node is the name of a View class 
(this example, however, is just one View element). You can use the
name of any class that extends {@link android.view.View} as an element in your XML layouts,
including custom View classes you define in your own code. This
structure makes it very easy to quickly build up UIs, using a more simple
structure and syntax than you would use in a programmatic layout. This model is inspired
by the web development model, wherein you can separate the presentation of your
application (its UI) from the application logic used to fetch and fill in data.</p>

<p>In the above XML example, there's just one View element: the <code>TextView</code>, 
which has four XML attributes.  Here's a summary of what they mean:</p>

<table>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <th>
                Attribute
            </th>
            <th>
                Meaning
            </th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>
                <code>xmlns:android</code>
            </td>
            <td>
                This is an XML namespace declaration that tells the Android tools that you are going to refer to common attributes defined in the Android namespace. The outermost tag in every Android layout file must have this attribute.<br>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>
                <code>android:layout_width</code>
            </td>
            <td>
                This attribute defines how much of the available width on the screen this View should consume. 
In this case, it's the only View so you want it to take up the entire screen, which is what a value of "fill_parent" means.<br>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>
                <code>android:layout_height</code>
            </td>
            <td>
                This is just like android:layout_width, except that it refers to available screen height.
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td>
                <code>android:text</code>
            </td>
            <td>
                This sets the text that the TextView should display. In this example, you use a string 
                resource instead of a hard-coded string value.
                The <em>hello</em> string is defined in the <em>res/values/strings.xml</em> file. This is the
                recommended practice for inserting strings to your application, because it makes the localization
                of your application to other languages graceful, without need to hard-code changes to the layout file.
                For more information, see <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/resources-i18n.html">Resources
                and Internationalization</a>.
            </td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
</table>


<p>These XML layout files belong in the <em>res/layout/</em> directory of your project. The "res" is
short for "resources" and the directory contains all the non-code assets that
your application requires. In addition to layout files, resources also include assets
such as images, sounds, and localized strings.</p>

<div class="sidebox">
  <h2>Landscape layout</h2>
  <p>When you want a different design for landscape, put your layout XML file
  inside /res/layout-land. Android will automatically look here when the layout changes.
  Without this special landscape layout defined, Android will stretch the default layout.</p>
</div>

<p>The Eclipse plugin automatically creates one of these layout files for you: main.xml. 
In the "Hello World" application you just completed, this file was ignored and you created a 
layout programmatically. This was meant to teach you more
about the Android framework, but you should almost always define your layout 
in an XML file instead of in your code.
The following procedures will instruct you how to change your 
existing application to use an XML layout.</p>

<ol>
  <li>In the Eclipse Package Explorer, expand the
<em>/res/layout/</em> folder and open <em>main.xml</em> (once opened, you might need to click 
the "main.xml" tab at the bottom of the window to see the XML source). Replace the contents with
the following XML:

<pre>&lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;?&gt;
&lt;TextView xmlns:android=&quot;http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android&quot;
  android:layout_width=&quot;fill_parent&quot;
  android:layout_height=&quot;fill_parent&quot;
  android:text=&quot;@string/hello&quot;/&gt;</pre>
<p>Save the file.</p>
</li>

<li>Inside the <em>/res/values</em> folder, open <em>strings.xml</em>.
This is where you should save all default text strings for your user interface. If you're using Eclipse, then
ADT will have started you with two strings, <em>hello</em> and <em>app_name</em>. 
Revise <em>hello</em> to something else. Perhaps "Hello, Android! I am a string resource!"
The entire file should now look like this:
<pre>
&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
&lt;resources>
    &lt;string name="hello">Hello, Android! I am a string resource!&lt;/string>
    &lt;string name="app_name">Hello, Android&lt;/string>
&lt;/resources>
</pre>
</li>

<li>Now open and modify your <code>HelloAndroid</code> class use the
XML layout. Edit the file to look like this:
<pre>
package com.example.helloandroid;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class HelloAndroid extends Activity {
    /** Called when the activity is first created. */
    &#64;Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }
}</pre>

<p>When you make this change, type it by hand to try the 
code-completion feature. As you begin typing "R.layout.main" the plugin will offer you
suggestions. You'll find that it helps in a lot of situations.</p>

<p>Instead of passing <code>setContentView()</code> a View object, you give it a reference 
to the layout resource.
The resource is identified as <code>R.layout.main</code>, which is actually a compiled object representation of
the layout defined in <em>/res/layout/main.xml</em>. The Eclipse plugin automatically creates this reference for
you inside the project's R.java class. If you're not using Eclipse, then the R.java class will be generated for you
when you run Ant to build the application. (More about the R class in a moment.)</p>
</li>
</ol>

<p>Now re-run your application &mdash; because you've created a launch configuration, all
you need to do is click the green arrow icon to run, or select 
<strong>Run &gt; Run History &gt; Android Activity</strong>. Other than the change to the TextView
string, the application looks the same. After all, the point was to show that the two different
layout approaches produce identical results.</p>

<p class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> Use the shortcut <strong>Ctrl-F11</strong> 
(<strong>Cmd-Shift-F11</strong>, on Mac) to run your currently visible application.</p>

<p>Continue reading for an introduction
to debugging and a little more information on using other IDEs. When you're ready to learn more,
read <a href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/fundamentals.html">Application
Fundamentals</a> for an introduction to all the elements that make Android applications work. 
Also refer to the <a href="{@docRoot}guide/index.html">Developer's Guide</a>
introduction page for an overview of the <em>Dev Guide</em> documentation.</p>


<div class="special">
<h3>R class</h3>
<p>In Eclipse, open the file named R.java (in the /gen [Generated Java Files] folder). 
It should look something like this:</p>

<pre>
package com.example.helloandroid;

public final class R {
    public static final class attr {
    }
    public static final class drawable {
        public static final int icon=0x7f020000;
    }
    public static final class layout {
        public static final int main=0x7f030000;
    }
    public static final class string {
        public static final int app_name=0x7f040001;
        public static final int hello=0x7f040000;
    }
}
</pre>

<p>A project's R.java file is an index into all the resources defined in the
file. You use this class in your source code as a sort of short-hand
way to refer to resources you've included in your project. This is
particularly powerful with the code-completion features of IDEs like Eclipse 
because it lets you quickly and interactively locate the specific reference
you're looking for.</p>

<p>It's possible yours looks slighly different than this (perhaps the hexadecimal values are different). 
For now, notice the inner class named "layout", and its
member field "main". The Eclipse plugin noticed the XML
layout file named main.xml and generated a class for it here.  As you add other
resources to your project (such as strings in the <em>res/values/string.xml</em> file or drawables inside
the <em>res/drawable/</em> direcory) you'll see R.java change to keep up.</p>
<p>When not using Eclipse, this class file will be generated for you at build time (with the Ant tool).</p>
<p><em>You should never edit this file by hand.</em></p>
</div>

<h2 id="debugging">Debugging Your Project</h2>

<p>The Android Plugin for Eclipse also has excellent integration with the Eclipse
debugger. To demonstrate this, introduce a bug into
your code. Change your HelloAndroid source code to look like this:</p>

<pre>
package com.android.helloandroid;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;

public class HelloAndroid extends Activity {
    /** Called when the activity is first created. */
    &#64;Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        Object o = null;
        o.toString();
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }
}</pre>

<p>This change simply introduces a NullPointerException into your code. If
you run your application again, you'll eventually see this:</p>

  <a href="images/hello_world_8.png"><img src="images/hello_world_8.png" style="height:230px" alt="" /></a>

<p>Press "Force Quit" to terminate the application and close the emulator window.</p>

<p>To find out more about the error, set a breakpoint in your source code 
on the line <code>Object o = null;</code> (double-click on the marker bar next to the source code line). Then select <strong>Run &gt; Debug History &gt; Hello, 
Android</strong> from the menu to enter debug mode. Your app will restart in the 
emulator, but this time it will suspend when it reaches the breakpoint you
set. You can then step through the code in Eclipse's Debug Perspective,
just as you would for any other application.</p>

  <a href="images/hello_world_9.png"><img src="images/hello_world_9.png" style="height:230px" alt="" /></a>


<h2 id="noeclipse">Creating the Project without Eclipse</h2>
  
  <p>If you don't use Eclipse (such as if you prefer another IDE, or simply use text
  editors and command line tools) then the Eclipse plugin can't help you.
  Don't worry though &mdash; you don't lose any functionality just because you don't
  use Eclipse.</p>
  
  <p>The Android Plugin for Eclipse is really just a wrapper around a set of tools
  included with the Android SDK. (These tools, like the emulator, aapt, adb,
  ddms, and others are <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/index.html">documented elsewhere.</a>) 
  Thus, it's possible to
  wrap those tools with another tool, such as an 'ant' build file.</p>
  
  <p>The Android SDK includes a toolk named "android" that can be
  used to create all the source code and directory stubs for your project, as well
  as an ant-compatible build.xml file. This allows you to build your project
  from the command line, or integrate it with the IDE of your choice.</p>
  
  <p>For example, to create a HelloAndroid project similar to the one created
  in Eclipse, use this command:</p>
  
  <pre>
android create project \
    --package com.android.helloandroid \
    --activity HelloAndroid \ 
    --target 1 \
    --path <em>&lt;path-for-your-project></em>/HelloAndroid \
    --mode activity
</pre>

  <p>This creates the required folders and files for the project at the location 
  defined by the <em>path</em>.</p>
  
  <p>To build the project, you'd then run the command <code>ant</code>. When that command
  successfully completes, you'll be left with a file named HelloAndroid.apk under
  the "bi"' directory. That .apk file is an Android Package, and can be
  installed and run in your emulator using the 'adb' tool.</p>
  
  <p>For more information on how to use these tools, please read 
<a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/other-ide.html">Developing in Other IDEs</a>.</p>