| page.title=Android Compatibility |
| @jd:body |
| |
| <div id="qv-wrapper"> |
| <div id="qv"> |
| |
| <h2>See also</h2> |
| <ol> |
| <li><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/google/play/filters.html">Filtering on Google Play</a></li> |
| <li><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/providing-resources.html#AlternativeResources">Providing Alternative Resources</a></li> |
| <li><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/practices/screens_support.html">Supporting Multiple Screens</a></li> |
| <li style="margin-top:3px;"><code><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/supports-screens-element.html"><supports-screens></a></code></li> |
| <li><code><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-configuration-element.html"><uses-configuration></a></code></li> |
| <li><code><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-feature-element.html"><uses-feature></a></code></li> |
| <li><code><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-library-element.html"><uses-library></a></code></li> |
| <li><code><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-permission-element.html"><uses-permission></a></code></li> |
| <li><code><a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element.html"><uses-sdk></code></a></li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| |
| </div> </div> |
| |
| <p>Android is designed to run on many different types of devices. For |
| developers, the range and number of devices means a huge potential audience: the |
| more devices that run Android apps, the more users who can access your app. In |
| exchange, however, it also means that your apps will have to cope with that same |
| variety of hardware.</p> |
| |
| <p>Fortunately, Android has built-in tools and support that make it easy for |
| your apps to do that, while at the same time letting you maintain control of |
| what types of devices your app is available to. With a bit of forethought and |
| some minor changes in your app's manifest file, you can ensure that users |
| whose devices can’t run your app will never see it on Google Play, and |
| will not get in trouble by downloading it. This page explains how you can |
| control which devices have access to your apps, and how to prepare your apps to |
| make sure they reach the right audience.</p> |
| |
| |
| <h3 id="defined">What does “compatibility” mean?</h3> |
| |
| <p>A device is “Android compatible” if it can correctly run apps written for the |
| <em>Android execution environment</em>. The exact details of the Android execution |
| environment</em> are defined by the Android Compatibility Definition Document, |
| but the single most important characteristic of a compatible device is the |
| ability to install and correctly run an Android <code>.apk</code> file.</p> |
| |
| <p>There is exactly one Android API for each <a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-sdk-element.html#ApiLevels">API level</a>, and it’s the same |
| API no matter what kind of device it’s installed on. No parts of the API are |
| optional, and you never have to worry about parts of the API missing on some |
| devices. Every compatible Android device your app will land on will include |
| every class and every API for that API level.</p> |
| |
| <p>Of course, some APIs won’t work correctly if a particular device lacks the |
| corresponding hardware or feature. But that’s not a problem: we also designed |
| Android to prevent apps from being visible to devices which don’t have features |
| the apps require. We’ve built support for this right into the SDK tools, and |
| it’s part of the Android platform itself, as well as part of Google Play.</p> |
| |
| <p>As a developer, you have complete control of how and where your apps are |
| available. Android provides tools as a first-class part of the platform that let |
| you manage this. You control the availability of your apps, so that they reach |
| only the devices capable of running them.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="how">How does it work?</h3> |
| |
| <p>You manage your app’s availability through a simple three-step process:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>You state the features your app requires by declaring <a |
| href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-feature-element.html"><code><uses-feature></code></a> |
| elements its manifest file.</li> |
| <li>Devices are required to declare the features they include to Google |
| Play.</li> |
| <li>Google Play uses your app’s stated requirements to filter it from devices |
| that don’t meet those requirements.</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>This way, users never even see apps that won’t work properly on their |
| devices. As long as you accurately describe your app’s requirements, you don’t |
| need to worry about users blaming you for compatibility problems.</p> |
| |
| <p>If you’re familiar with web development, you may recognize this model as |
| “capability detection”. Web developers typically prefer this approach to |
| “browser detection”, because it’s very difficult to keep up as new browsers and |
| new versions of current browsers are released. By checking for support for |
| specific required capabilities instead of the current browser, web developers |
| get better fine-grained control. That’s the same approach Android uses: since |
| it’s impossible to keep up with all the Android devices being released, you |
| instead use the fine-grained controls Android provides.</p> |
| |
| <h3>Filtering for technical reasons</h3> |
| |
| <div class="sidebox-wrapper"> |
| <img id="rule" src="{@docRoot}assets/images/grad-rule-qv.png"> |
| <div id="qv-sub-rule"> |
| <img src="{@docRoot}assets/images/icon_play.png" style="float:left;margin:0;padding:0;"> |
| <p style="color:#669999;">Filtering on Google Play</p> |
| |
| <p>Google Play filters the applications that are visible to users, so |
| that users can see and download only those applications that are compatible with |
| their devices.</p> |
| |
| <p style="margin-top:1em;">One of the ways Google Play filters applications is by |
| feature compatibility. To do this, Google Play checks the |
| <code><uses-feature></code> elements in each application's manifest, to |
| establish the app's feature needs. Google Play then shows or hides the application to |
| each user, based on a comparison with the features available on the user's |
| device. |
| |
| <p style="margin-top:1em;">For information about other filters that you can |
| use to control the availability of your apps, see the |
| <a href="{@docRoot}guide/google/play/filters.html">Filters on Google Play</a> |
| document.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| |
| <p>Android includes support for a lot of features, some hardware and some |
| software. Examples include compass and accelerometer sensors, cameras, and Live |
| Wallpapers. However, not every device will support every feature. For instance, |
| some devices don’t have the hardware horsepower to display Live Wallpapers |
| well.</p> |
| |
| <p>To manage this, Android defines <em>feature IDs</em>. Every capability has a |
| corresponding feature ID defined by the Android platform. For instance, the |
| feature ID for compass is <code>“android.hardware.sensor.compass”</code>, |
| while the feature |
| ID for Live Wallpapers is <code>“android.software.live_wallpapers”</code>. Each of these IDs |
| also has a corresponding Java-language constant on the |
| {@link android.content.pm.PackageManager} class that you can use to query whether |
| feature is supported at runtime. As Android adds support for new features in |
| future versions, new feature IDs will be added as well.</p> |
| |
| <p>When you write your application, you specify which features your app requires |
| by listing their feature IDs in <code><uses-feature></code> elements in |
| the <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> file. This is the information that Google |
| Play uses to match your app to devices that can run it. For instance, if you |
| state that your app requires android.software.live_wallpapers, it won’t be shown |
| to devices that don’t support Live Wallpapers.</p> |
| |
| <p>This puts you in total control of your app — because you don’t have to |
| declare these features. Consider an example involving cameras.</p> |
| |
| <p>If you’re building a really impressive next-generation augmented-reality app, |
| your app won’t function at all without a camera. However, if you’re building a |
| shopping app that only uses the camera for barcode scanning, users without |
| cameras might still find it useful even if they can’t scan barcodes. While both |
| apps need to acquire the permission to access the camera, only the first app |
| needs to state that it requires a camera. (The shopping app can simply check at |
| runtime and disable the camera-related features if there’s no camera |
| present.)</p> |
| |
| <p>Since only you can say what the best approach is for your app, Android |
| provides the tools and lets you make your own tradeoff between maximizing |
| audience size and minimizing development costs.</p> |
| |
| |
| <h3 id="filtering">Filtering for business reasons</h3> |
| |
| <p>It’s possible that you may need to restrict your app’s availability for |
| business or legal reasons. For instance, an app that displays train schedules |
| for the London Underground is unlikely to be useful to users outside the United |
| Kingdom. Other apps might not be permitted in certain countries for business or |
| legal reasons. For cases such as these, Google Play itself provides |
| developers with filtering options that allow them control their app’s |
| availability for non-technical reasons.</p> |
| |
| <p>The help information for Google Play provides full details, but in a |
| nutshell, developers can use the Google Play publisher UI to:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>List the countries an app is available in.</li> |
| <li>Select which carrier’s users are able to access the app.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>Filtering for technical compatibility (such as required hardware components) |
| is always based on information contained within your <code>.apk</code> file. But |
| filtering for non-technical reasons (such as geographic restrictions) is always |
| handled in the Google Play user interface.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="futureproofing">Future-proofing</h3> |
| |
| <p>There’s one additional quirk that we haven’t yet addressed: protecting apps |
| from changes made to future versions of Android. If the Android platform |
| introduces a new feature or changes how existing features are handled, what |
| happens to existing apps that were written without any knowledge of the new |
| behavior?</p> |
| |
| <p>Simply put, Android commits to not making existing apps available to devices |
| where they won’t work properly, even when the platform changes. The best way to |
| explain this is through examples, so here are two:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>Android 1.0 through 1.5 required a 2 megapixel camera with auto-focus. |
| However, with version 1.6, Android devices were permitted to omit the auto-focus |
| capability, though a (fixed-focus) camera was still required. Some apps such as |
| barcode scanners do not function as well with cameras that do not auto-focus. To |
| prevent users from having a bad experience with those apps, existing apps that |
| obtain permission to use the Camera were assumed by default to require |
| auto-focus. This allowed Google Play to filter those apps from devices that |
| lack auto-focus.</li> |
| |
| <li>Android 2.2, meanwhile, allowed the microphone to be optional on some |
| devices, such as set-top boxes. Android 2.2 included a new feature ID for the |
| microphone which allows developers to filter their apps if necessary, but |
| — as with camera — apps that obtain permission to record audio are |
| assumed to require the microphone feature by default. If your app can use a |
| microphone but doesn’t strictly need it, you can explicitly state that you don’t |
| require it; but unless you do that, your app won’t be shown to devices without |
| microphones.</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>In other words, whenever Android introduces new features or changes existing |
| ones, we will always take steps to protect existing applications so that they |
| don’t end up being available to devices where they won’t work.</p> |
| |
| <p>This is implemented, in part, using the <code>aapt</code> tool in the SDK. |
| To see which features your app explicitly requires or is implicitly assumed to |
| require, you can use the command <code>aapt dump badging</code>.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3> |
| |
| <p>The goal of Android is to create a huge installed base for developers to take |
| advantage of. One of the ways we will achieve this is through different kinds of |
| hardware running the same software environment. But we also recognize that only |
| developers know which kinds of devices their apps make sense on. We’ve built in |
| tools to the SDK and set up policies and requirements to ensure that developers |
| remain in control of their apps, today and in the future. With the information |
| you just read, and the resources listed in the sidebar of this document, you |
| can publish your app with the confidence that only users who can run it will |
| see it.</p> |
| |
| <p>For more information about Android device compatibility, please visit:</p> |
| |
| <p style="margin-left:2em;"><a href="http://source.android.com/compatibility/index.html">http://source.android.com/compatibility/index.html</a></p> |
| |
| |
| |