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 ////
 Copyright 1999 Greg Colvin and Beman Dawes
 Copyright 2002 Darin Adler
 Copyright 2017 Peter Dimov

 Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.

 See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 ////

 [[history]]
 [appendix]
 # History and Acknowledgments
 :idprefix: history_

 ## Summer 1994

 Greg Colvin http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/1994/N0555.pdf[proposed]
 to the {cpp} Standards Committee classes named `auto_ptr` and `counted_ptr` which were very
 similar to what we now call `scoped_ptr` and `shared_ptr`. In one of the very few cases
 where the Library Working Group's recommendations were not followed by the full committee,
 `counted_ptr` was rejected and surprising transfer-of-ownership semantics were added to `auto_ptr`.

 ## October 1998

 Beman Dawes proposed reviving the original semantics under the names `safe_ptr` and `counted_ptr`,
 meeting of Per Andersson, Matt Austern, Greg Colvin, Sean Corfield, Pete Becker, Nico Josuttis,
 Dietmar Kühl, Nathan Myers, Chichiang Wan and Judy Ward. During the discussion, the four new class
 names were finalized, it was decided that there was no need to exactly follow the `std::auto_ptr`
 interface, and various function signatures and semantics were finalized.

 Over the next three months, several implementations were considered for `shared_ptr`, and discussed
 on the http://www.boost.org/[boost.org] mailing list. The implementation questions revolved around
 the reference count which must be kept, either attached to the pointed to object, or detached elsewhere.
 Each of those variants have themselves two major variants:

 * Direct detached: the `shared_ptr` contains a pointer to the object, and a pointer to the count.
 * Indirect detached: the `shared_ptr` contains a pointer to a helper object, which in turn contains a pointer to the object and the count.
 * Embedded attached: the count is a member of the object pointed to.
 * Placement attached: the count is attached via operator new manipulations.

 Each implementation technique has advantages and disadvantages. We went so far as to run various timings
 of the direct and indirect approaches, and found that at least on Intel Pentium chips there was very little
 measurable difference. Kevlin Henney provided a paper he wrote on "Counted Body Techniques." Dietmar Kühl
 suggested an elegant partial template specialization technique to allow users to choose which implementation
 they preferred, and that was also experimented with.

 But Greg Colvin and Jerry Schwarz argued that "parameterization will discourage users", and in the end we choose
 to supply only the direct implementation.

 ## May 1999

 In April and May, 1999, Valentin Bonnard and David Abrahams made a number of suggestions resulting in numerous improvements.

 ## September 1999

 Luis Coelho provided `shared_ptr::swap` and `shared_array::swap`.

 ## November 1999

 Darin Adler provided `operator ==`, `operator !=`, and `std::swap` and `std::less` specializations for shared types.

 ## May 2001

 Vladimir Prus suggested requiring a complete type on destruction. Refinement evolved in discussions including Dave Abrahams,
 Greg Colvin, Beman Dawes, Rainer Deyke, Peter Dimov, John Maddock, Vladimir Prus, Shankar Sai, and others.

 ## January 2002

 Peter Dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing bugs, splitting them into four separate headers, and adding
 `weak_ptr`.

 ## March 2003

 Peter Dimov, Beman Dawes and Greg Colvin http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1450.html[proposed] `shared_ptr`
 and `weak_ptr` for inclusion in the Standard Library via the first Library Technical Report (known as TR1). The proposal was
 accepted and eventually went on to become a part of the {cpp} standard in its 2011 iteration.

 ## July 2007

 Peter Dimov and Beman Dawes http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2351.htm[proposed] a number of enhancements
 to `shared_ptr` as it was entering the working paper that eventually became the {cpp}11 standard.

 ## November 2012

 Glen Fernandes provided implementations of `make_shared` and `allocate_shared` for arrays. They achieve a single allocation
 for an array that can be initialized with constructor arguments or initializer lists as well as overloads for default initialization
 and no value initialization.

 Peter Dimov aided this development by extending `shared_ptr` to support arrays via the syntax `shared_ptr<T[]>` and `shared_ptr<T[N]>`.

 ## April 2013

 Peter Dimov http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3640.html[proposed] the extension of `shared_ptr` to support
 arrays for inclusion into the standard, and it was accepted.

 ## February 2014

 Glen Fernandes updated `make_shared` and `allocate_shared` to conform to the specification in {cpp} standard paper
 http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n3870.html[N3870], and implemented `make_unique` for arrays and objects.

 Peter Dimov and Glen Fernandes updated the scalar and array implementations, respectively, to resolve {cpp} standard library defect 2070.

 ## February 2017

 Glen Fernandes rewrote `allocate_shared` and `make_shared` for arrays for a more optimal and more maintainable implementation.

 ## June 2017

 Peter Dimov and Glen Fernandes rewrote the documentation in Asciidoc format.

 Peter Dimov added `atomic_shared_ptr` and `local_shared_ptr`.

 ## August 2019

 Glen Fernandes implemented `allocate_unique` for scalars and arrays.
	////
	Copyright 1999 Greg Colvin and Beman Dawes
	Copyright 2002 Darin Adler
	Copyright 2017 Peter Dimov

	Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.

	See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
	http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
	////

	[[history]]
	[appendix]
	# History and Acknowledgments
	:idprefix: history_

	## Summer 1994

	Greg Colvin http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/1994/N0555.pdf[proposed]
	to the {cpp} Standards Committee classes named `auto_ptr` and `counted_ptr` which were very
	similar to what we now call `scoped_ptr` and `shared_ptr`. In one of the very few cases
	where the Library Working Group's recommendations were not followed by the full committee,
	`counted_ptr` was rejected and surprising transfer-of-ownership semantics were added to `auto_ptr`.

	## October 1998

	Beman Dawes proposed reviving the original semantics under the names `safe_ptr` and `counted_ptr`,
	meeting of Per Andersson, Matt Austern, Greg Colvin, Sean Corfield, Pete Becker, Nico Josuttis,
	Dietmar Kühl, Nathan Myers, Chichiang Wan and Judy Ward. During the discussion, the four new class
	names were finalized, it was decided that there was no need to exactly follow the `std::auto_ptr`
	interface, and various function signatures and semantics were finalized.

	Over the next three months, several implementations were considered for `shared_ptr`, and discussed
	on the http://www.boost.org/[boost.org] mailing list. The implementation questions revolved around
	the reference count which must be kept, either attached to the pointed to object, or detached elsewhere.
	Each of those variants have themselves two major variants:

	* Direct detached: the `shared_ptr` contains a pointer to the object, and a pointer to the count.
	* Indirect detached: the `shared_ptr` contains a pointer to a helper object, which in turn contains a pointer to the object and the count.
	* Embedded attached: the count is a member of the object pointed to.
	* Placement attached: the count is attached via operator new manipulations.

	Each implementation technique has advantages and disadvantages. We went so far as to run various timings
	of the direct and indirect approaches, and found that at least on Intel Pentium chips there was very little
	measurable difference. Kevlin Henney provided a paper he wrote on "Counted Body Techniques." Dietmar Kühl
	suggested an elegant partial template specialization technique to allow users to choose which implementation
	they preferred, and that was also experimented with.

	But Greg Colvin and Jerry Schwarz argued that "parameterization will discourage users", and in the end we choose
	to supply only the direct implementation.

	## May 1999

	In April and May, 1999, Valentin Bonnard and David Abrahams made a number of suggestions resulting in numerous improvements.

	## September 1999

	Luis Coelho provided `shared_ptr::swap` and `shared_array::swap`.

	## November 1999

	Darin Adler provided `operator ==`, `operator !=`, and `std::swap` and `std::less` specializations for shared types.

	## May 2001

	Vladimir Prus suggested requiring a complete type on destruction. Refinement evolved in discussions including Dave Abrahams,
	Greg Colvin, Beman Dawes, Rainer Deyke, Peter Dimov, John Maddock, Vladimir Prus, Shankar Sai, and others.

	## January 2002

	Peter Dimov reworked all four classes, adding features, fixing bugs, splitting them into four separate headers, and adding
	`weak_ptr`.

	## March 2003

	Peter Dimov, Beman Dawes and Greg Colvin http://open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2003/n1450.html[proposed] `shared_ptr`
	and `weak_ptr` for inclusion in the Standard Library via the first Library Technical Report (known as TR1). The proposal was
	accepted and eventually went on to become a part of the {cpp} standard in its 2011 iteration.

	## July 2007

	Peter Dimov and Beman Dawes http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2007/n2351.htm[proposed] a number of enhancements
	to `shared_ptr` as it was entering the working paper that eventually became the {cpp}11 standard.

	## November 2012

	Glen Fernandes provided implementations of `make_shared` and `allocate_shared` for arrays. They achieve a single allocation
	for an array that can be initialized with constructor arguments or initializer lists as well as overloads for default initialization
	and no value initialization.

	Peter Dimov aided this development by extending `shared_ptr` to support arrays via the syntax `shared_ptr<T[]>` and `shared_ptr<T[N]>`.

	## April 2013

	Peter Dimov http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2013/n3640.html[proposed] the extension of `shared_ptr` to support
	arrays for inclusion into the standard, and it was accepted.

	## February 2014

	Glen Fernandes updated `make_shared` and `allocate_shared` to conform to the specification in {cpp} standard paper
	http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n3870.html[N3870], and implemented `make_unique` for arrays and objects.

	Peter Dimov and Glen Fernandes updated the scalar and array implementations, respectively, to resolve {cpp} standard library defect 2070.

	## February 2017

	Glen Fernandes rewrote `allocate_shared` and `make_shared` for arrays for a more optimal and more maintainable implementation.

	## June 2017

	Peter Dimov and Glen Fernandes rewrote the documentation in Asciidoc format.

	Peter Dimov added `atomic_shared_ptr` and `local_shared_ptr`.

	## August 2019

	Glen Fernandes implemented `allocate_unique` for scalars and arrays.