extra_versions/crates/zerocopy/src/lib.rs - platform/external/rust/android-crates-io - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2018 The Fuchsia Authors
 //
 // Licensed under the 2-Clause BSD License <LICENSE-BSD or
 // https://opensource.org/license/bsd-2-clause>, Apache License, Version 2.0
 // <LICENSE-APACHE or https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>, or the MIT
 // license <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option.
 // This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to
 // those terms.

 // After updating the following doc comment, make sure to run the following
 // command to update `README.md` based on its contents:
 //
 //   ./generate-readme.sh > README.md

 //! *<span style="font-size: 100%; color:grey;">Want to help improve zerocopy?
 //! Fill out our [user survey][user-survey]!</span>*
 //!
 //! ***<span style="font-size: 140%">Fast, safe, <span
 //! style="color:red;">compile error</span>. Pick two.</span>***
 //!
 //! Zerocopy makes zero-cost memory manipulation effortless. We write `unsafe`
 //! so you don't have to.
 //!
 //! # Overview
 //!
 //! Zerocopy provides four core marker traits, each of which can be derived
 //! (e.g., `#[derive(FromZeroes)]`):
 //! - [`FromZeroes`] indicates that a sequence of zero bytes represents a valid
 //!   instance of a type
 //! - [`FromBytes`] indicates that a type may safely be converted from an
 //!   arbitrary byte sequence
 //! - [`AsBytes`] indicates that a type may safely be converted *to* a byte
 //!   sequence
 //! - [`Unaligned`] indicates that a type's alignment requirement is 1
 //!
 //! Types which implement a subset of these traits can then be converted to/from
 //! byte sequences with little to no runtime overhead.
 //!
 //! Zerocopy also provides byte-order aware integer types that support these
 //! conversions; see the [`byteorder`] module. These types are especially useful
 //! for network parsing.
 //!
 //! [user-survey]: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdzBNTN9tzwsmtyZxRFNL02K36IWCdHWW2ZBckyQS2xiO3i8Q/viewform?usp=published_options
 //!
 //! # Cargo Features
 //!
 //! - **`alloc`**
 //!   By default, `zerocopy` is `no_std`. When the `alloc` feature is enabled,
 //!   the `alloc` crate is added as a dependency, and some allocation-related
 //!   functionality is added.
 //!
 //! - **`byteorder`** (enabled by default)
 //!   Adds the [`byteorder`] module and a dependency on the `byteorder` crate.
 //!   The `byteorder` module provides byte order-aware equivalents of the
 //!   multi-byte primitive numerical types. Unlike their primitive equivalents,
 //!   the types in this module have no alignment requirement and support byte
 //!   order conversions. This can be useful in handling file formats, network
 //!   packet layouts, etc which don't provide alignment guarantees and which may
 //!   use a byte order different from that of the execution platform.
 //!
 //! - **`derive`**
 //!   Provides derives for the core marker traits via the `zerocopy-derive`
 //!   crate. These derives are re-exported from `zerocopy`, so it is not
 //!   necessary to depend on `zerocopy-derive` directly.
 //!
 //!   However, you may experience better compile times if you instead directly
 //!   depend on both `zerocopy` and `zerocopy-derive` in your `Cargo.toml`,
 //!   since doing so will allow Rust to compile these crates in parallel. To do
 //!   so, do *not* enable the `derive` feature, and list both dependencies in
 //!   your `Cargo.toml` with the same leading non-zero version number; e.g:
 //!
 //!   ```toml
 //!   [dependencies]
 //!   zerocopy = "0.X"
 //!   zerocopy-derive = "0.X"
 //!   ```
 //!
 //! - **`simd`**
 //!   When the `simd` feature is enabled, `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, and
 //!   `AsBytes` impls are emitted for all stable SIMD types which exist on the
 //!   target platform. Note that the layout of SIMD types is not yet stabilized,
 //!   so these impls may be removed in the future if layout changes make them
 //!   invalid. For more information, see the Unsafe Code Guidelines Reference
 //!   page on the [layout of packed SIMD vectors][simd-layout].
 //!
 //! - **`simd-nightly`**
 //!   Enables the `simd` feature and adds support for SIMD types which are only
 //!   available on nightly. Since these types are unstable, support for any type
 //!   may be removed at any point in the future.
 //!
 //! [simd-layout]: https://rust-lang.github.io/unsafe-code-guidelines/layout/packed-simd-vectors.html
 //!
 //! # Security Ethos
 //!
 //! Zerocopy is expressly designed for use in security-critical contexts. We
 //! strive to ensure that that zerocopy code is sound under Rust's current
 //! memory model, and *any future memory model*. We ensure this by:
 //! - **...not 'guessing' about Rust's semantics.**
 //!   We annotate `unsafe` code with a precise rationale for its soundness that
 //!   cites a relevant section of Rust's official documentation. When Rust's
 //!   documented semantics are unclear, we work with the Rust Operational
 //!   Semantics Team to clarify Rust's documentation.
 //! - **...rigorously testing our implementation.**
 //!   We run tests using [Miri], ensuring that zerocopy is sound across a wide
 //!   array of supported target platforms of varying endianness and pointer
 //!   width, and across both current and experimental memory models of Rust.
 //! - **...formally proving the correctness of our implementation.**
 //!   We apply formal verification tools like [Kani][kani] to prove zerocopy's
 //!   correctness.
 //!
 //! For more information, see our full [soundness policy].
 //!
 //! [Miri]: https://github.com/rust-lang/miri
 //! [Kani]: https://github.com/model-checking/kani
 //! [soundness policy]: https://github.com/google/zerocopy/blob/main/POLICIES.md#soundness
 //!
 //! # Relationship to Project Safe Transmute
 //!
 //! [Project Safe Transmute] is an official initiative of the Rust Project to
 //! develop language-level support for safer transmutation. The Project consults
 //! with crates like zerocopy to identify aspects of safer transmutation that
 //! would benefit from compiler support, and has developed an [experimental,
 //! compiler-supported analysis][mcp-transmutability] which determines whether,
 //! for a given type, any value of that type may be soundly transmuted into
 //! another type. Once this functionality is sufficiently mature, zerocopy
 //! intends to replace its internal transmutability analysis (implemented by our
 //! custom derives) with the compiler-supported one. This change will likely be
 //! an implementation detail that is invisible to zerocopy's users.
 //!
 //! Project Safe Transmute will not replace the need for most of zerocopy's
 //! higher-level abstractions. The experimental compiler analysis is a tool for
 //! checking the soundness of `unsafe` code, not a tool to avoid writing
 //! `unsafe` code altogether. For the foreseeable future, crates like zerocopy
 //! will still be required in order to provide higher-level abstractions on top
 //! of the building block provided by Project Safe Transmute.
 //!
 //! [Project Safe Transmute]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/2835-project-safe-transmute.html
 //! [mcp-transmutability]: https://github.com/rust-lang/compiler-team/issues/411
 //!
 //! # MSRV
 //!
 //! See our [MSRV policy].
 //!
 //! [MSRV policy]: https://github.com/google/zerocopy/blob/main/POLICIES.md#msrv
 //!
 //! # Changelog
 //!
 //! Zerocopy uses [GitHub Releases].
 //!
 //! [GitHub Releases]: https://github.com/google/zerocopy/releases

 // Sometimes we want to use lints which were added after our MSRV.
 // `unknown_lints` is `warn` by default and we deny warnings in CI, so without
 // this attribute, any unknown lint would cause a CI failure when testing with
 // our MSRV.
 //
 // TODO(#1201): Remove `unexpected_cfgs`
 #![allow(unknown_lints, non_local_definitions, unexpected_cfgs)]
 #![deny(renamed_and_removed_lints)]
 #![deny(
     anonymous_parameters,
     deprecated_in_future,
     late_bound_lifetime_arguments,
     missing_copy_implementations,
     missing_debug_implementations,
     missing_docs,
     path_statements,
     patterns_in_fns_without_body,
     rust_2018_idioms,
     trivial_numeric_casts,
     unreachable_pub,
     unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn,
     unused_extern_crates,
     // We intentionally choose not to deny `unused_qualifications`. When items
     // are added to the prelude (e.g., `core::mem::size_of`), this has the
     // consequence of making some uses trigger this lint on the latest toolchain
     // (e.g., `mem::size_of`), but fixing it (e.g. by replacing with `size_of`)
     // does not work on older toolchains.
     //
     // We tested a more complicated fix in #1413, but ultimately decided that,
     // since this lint is just a minor style lint, the complexity isn't worth it
     // - it's fine to occasionally have unused qualifications slip through,
     // especially since these do not affect our user-facing API in any way.
     variant_size_differences
 )]
 #![cfg_attr(
     __INTERNAL_USE_ONLY_NIGHLTY_FEATURES_IN_TESTS,
     deny(fuzzy_provenance_casts, lossy_provenance_casts)
 )]
 #![deny(
     clippy::all,
     clippy::alloc_instead_of_core,
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::as_underscore,
     clippy::assertions_on_result_states,
     clippy::as_conversions,
     clippy::correctness,
     clippy::dbg_macro,
     clippy::decimal_literal_representation,
     clippy::get_unwrap,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
     clippy::missing_inline_in_public_items,
     clippy::missing_safety_doc,
     clippy::obfuscated_if_else,
     clippy::perf,
     clippy::print_stdout,
     clippy::std_instead_of_core,
     clippy::style,
     clippy::suspicious,
     clippy::todo,
     clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks,
     clippy::unimplemented,
     clippy::unnested_or_patterns,
     clippy::unwrap_used,
     clippy::use_debug
 )]
 #![deny(
     rustdoc::bare_urls,
     rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links,
     rustdoc::invalid_codeblock_attributes,
     rustdoc::invalid_html_tags,
     rustdoc::invalid_rust_codeblocks,
     rustdoc::missing_crate_level_docs,
     rustdoc::private_intra_doc_links
 )]
 // In test code, it makes sense to weight more heavily towards concise, readable
 // code over correct or debuggable code.
 #![cfg_attr(any(test, kani), allow(
     // In tests, you get line numbers and have access to source code, so panic
     // messages are less important. You also often unwrap a lot, which would
     // make expect'ing instead very verbose.
     clippy::unwrap_used,
     // In tests, there's no harm to "panic risks" - the worst that can happen is
     // that your test will fail, and you'll fix it. By contrast, panic risks in
     // production code introduce the possibly of code panicking unexpectedly "in
     // the field".
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
 ))]
 #![cfg_attr(not(test), no_std)]
 #![cfg_attr(
     all(feature = "simd-nightly", any(target_arch = "x86", target_arch = "x86_64")),
     feature(stdarch_x86_avx512)
 )]
 #![cfg_attr(
     all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "arm"),
     feature(stdarch_arm_dsp, stdarch_arm_neon_intrinsics)
 )]
 #![cfg_attr(
     all(feature = "simd-nightly", any(target_arch = "powerpc", target_arch = "powerpc64")),
     feature(stdarch_powerpc)
 )]
 #![cfg_attr(doc_cfg, feature(doc_cfg))]
 #![cfg_attr(
     __INTERNAL_USE_ONLY_NIGHLTY_FEATURES_IN_TESTS,
     feature(layout_for_ptr, strict_provenance)
 )]

 // This is a hack to allow zerocopy-derive derives to work in this crate. They
 // assume that zerocopy is linked as an extern crate, so they access items from
 // it as `zerocopy::Xxx`. This makes that still work.
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", test))]
 extern crate self as zerocopy;

 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;

 #[cfg(feature = "byteorder")]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "byteorder")))]
 pub mod byteorder;
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod macro_util;
 mod post_monomorphization_compile_fail_tests;
 mod util;
 // TODO(#252): If we make this pub, come up with a better name.
 mod wrappers;

 #[cfg(feature = "byteorder")]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "byteorder")))]
 pub use crate::byteorder::*;
 pub use crate::wrappers::*;

 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", test))]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "derive")))]
 pub use zerocopy_derive::Unaligned;

 // `pub use` separately here so that we can mark it `#[doc(hidden)]`.
 //
 // TODO(#29): Remove this or add a doc comment.
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", test))]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "derive")))]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use zerocopy_derive::KnownLayout;

 use core::{
     cell::{self, RefMut},
     cmp::Ordering,
     fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter},
     hash::Hasher,
     marker::PhantomData,
     mem::{self, ManuallyDrop, MaybeUninit},
     num::{
         NonZeroI128, NonZeroI16, NonZeroI32, NonZeroI64, NonZeroI8, NonZeroIsize, NonZeroU128,
         NonZeroU16, NonZeroU32, NonZeroU64, NonZeroU8, NonZeroUsize, Wrapping,
     },
     ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
     ptr::{self, NonNull},
     slice,
 };

 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 extern crate alloc;
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 use alloc::{boxed::Box, vec::Vec};

 #[cfg(any(feature = "alloc", kani))]
 use core::alloc::Layout;

 // Used by `TryFromBytes::is_bit_valid`.
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub use crate::util::ptr::Ptr;

 // For each polyfill, as soon as the corresponding feature is stable, the
 // polyfill import will be unused because method/function resolution will prefer
 // the inherent method/function over a trait method/function. Thus, we suppress
 // the `unused_imports` warning.
 //
 // See the documentation on `util::polyfills` for more information.
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 use crate::util::polyfills::NonNullExt as _;

 #[rustversion::nightly]
 #[cfg(all(test, not(__INTERNAL_USE_ONLY_NIGHLTY_FEATURES_IN_TESTS)))]
 const _: () = {
     #[deprecated = "some tests may be skipped due to missing RUSTFLAGS=\"--cfg __INTERNAL_USE_ONLY_NIGHLTY_FEATURES_IN_TESTS\""]
     const _WARNING: () = ();
     #[warn(deprecated)]
     _WARNING
 };

 /// The target pointer width, counted in bits.
 const POINTER_WIDTH_BITS: usize = mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8;

 /// The layout of a type which might be dynamically-sized.
 ///
 /// `DstLayout` describes the layout of sized types, slice types, and "slice
 /// DSTs" - ie, those that are known by the type system to have a trailing slice
 /// (as distinguished from `dyn Trait` types - such types *might* have a
 /// trailing slice type, but the type system isn't aware of it).
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// Unlike [`core::alloc::Layout`], `DstLayout` is only used to describe full
 /// Rust types - ie, those that satisfy the layout requirements outlined by
 /// [the reference]. Callers may assume that an instance of `DstLayout`
 /// satisfies any conditions imposed on Rust types by the reference.
 ///
 /// If `layout: DstLayout` describes a type, `T`, then it is guaranteed that:
 /// - `layout.align` is equal to `T`'s alignment
 /// - If `layout.size_info` is `SizeInfo::Sized { size }`, then `T: Sized` and
 ///   `size_of::<T>() == size`
 /// - If `layout.size_info` is `SizeInfo::SliceDst(slice_layout)`, then
 ///   - `T` is a slice DST
 /// - The `size` of an instance of `T` with `elems` trailing slice elements is
 ///   equal to `slice_layout.offset + slice_layout.elem_size * elems` rounded up
 ///   to the nearest multiple of `layout.align`. Any bytes in the range
 ///   `[slice_layout.offset + slice_layout.elem_size * elems, size)` are padding
 ///   and must not be assumed to be initialized.
 ///
 /// [the reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html
 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations, missing_copy_implementations)]
 #[cfg_attr(any(kani, test), derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq))]
 pub struct DstLayout {
     align: NonZeroUsize,
     size_info: SizeInfo,
 }

 #[cfg_attr(any(kani, test), derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq))]
 enum SizeInfo<E = usize> {
     Sized { _size: usize },
     SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout<E>),
 }

 #[cfg_attr(any(kani, test), derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq))]
 struct TrailingSliceLayout<E = usize> {
     // The offset of the first byte of the trailing slice field. Note that this
     // is NOT the same as the minimum size of the type. For example, consider
     // the following type:
     //
     //   struct Foo {
     //       a: u16,
     //       b: u8,
     //       c: [u8],
     //   }
     //
     // In `Foo`, `c` is at byte offset 3. When `c.len() == 0`, `c` is followed
     // by a padding byte.
     _offset: usize,
     // The size of the element type of the trailing slice field.
     _elem_size: E,
 }

 impl SizeInfo {
     /// Attempts to create a `SizeInfo` from `Self` in which `elem_size` is a
     /// `NonZeroUsize`. If `elem_size` is 0, returns `None`.
     #[allow(unused)]
     const fn try_to_nonzero_elem_size(&self) -> Option<SizeInfo<NonZeroUsize>> {
         Some(match *self {
             SizeInfo::Sized { _size } => SizeInfo::Sized { _size },
             SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset, _elem_size }) => {
                 if let Some(_elem_size) = NonZeroUsize::new(_elem_size) {
                     SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset, _elem_size })
                 } else {
                     return None;
                 }
             }
         })
     }
 }

 #[doc(hidden)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 #[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
 pub enum _CastType {
     _Prefix,
     _Suffix,
 }

 impl DstLayout {
     /// The minimum possible alignment of a type.
     const MIN_ALIGN: NonZeroUsize = match NonZeroUsize::new(1) {
         Some(min_align) => min_align,
         None => unreachable!(),
     };

     /// The maximum theoretic possible alignment of a type.
     ///
     /// For compatibility with future Rust versions, this is defined as the
     /// maximum power-of-two that fits into a `usize`. See also
     /// [`DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN`].
     const THEORETICAL_MAX_ALIGN: NonZeroUsize =
         match NonZeroUsize::new(1 << (POINTER_WIDTH_BITS - 1)) {
             Some(max_align) => max_align,
             None => unreachable!(),
         };

     /// The current, documented max alignment of a type \[1\].
     ///
     /// \[1\] Per <https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-alignment-modifiers>:
     ///
     ///   The alignment value must be a power of two from 1 up to
     ///   2<sup>29</sup>.
     #[cfg(not(kani))]
     const CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN: NonZeroUsize = match NonZeroUsize::new(1 << 28) {
         Some(max_align) => max_align,
         None => unreachable!(),
     };

     /// Constructs a `DstLayout` for a zero-sized type with `repr_align`
     /// alignment (or 1). If `repr_align` is provided, then it must be a power
     /// of two.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// This function panics if the supplied `repr_align` is not a power of two.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// Unsafe code may assume that the contract of this function is satisfied.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     pub const fn new_zst(repr_align: Option<NonZeroUsize>) -> DstLayout {
         let align = match repr_align {
             Some(align) => align,
             None => Self::MIN_ALIGN,
         };

         assert!(align.is_power_of_two());

         DstLayout { align, size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: 0 } }
     }

     /// Constructs a `DstLayout` which describes `T`.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// Unsafe code may assume that `DstLayout` is the correct layout for `T`.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     pub const fn for_type<T>() -> DstLayout {
         // SAFETY: `align` is correct by construction. `T: Sized`, and so it is
         // sound to initialize `size_info` to `SizeInfo::Sized { size }`; the
         // `size` field is also correct by construction.
         DstLayout {
             align: match NonZeroUsize::new(mem::align_of::<T>()) {
                 Some(align) => align,
                 None => unreachable!(),
             },
             size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: mem::size_of::<T>() },
         }
     }

     /// Constructs a `DstLayout` which describes `[T]`.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// Unsafe code may assume that `DstLayout` is the correct layout for `[T]`.
     const fn for_slice<T>() -> DstLayout {
         // SAFETY: The alignment of a slice is equal to the alignment of its
         // element type, and so `align` is initialized correctly.
         //
         // Since this is just a slice type, there is no offset between the
         // beginning of the type and the beginning of the slice, so it is
         // correct to set `offset: 0`. The `elem_size` is correct by
         // construction. Since `[T]` is a (degenerate case of a) slice DST, it
         // is correct to initialize `size_info` to `SizeInfo::SliceDst`.
         DstLayout {
             align: match NonZeroUsize::new(mem::align_of::<T>()) {
                 Some(align) => align,
                 None => unreachable!(),
             },
             size_info: SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                 _offset: 0,
                 _elem_size: mem::size_of::<T>(),
             }),
         }
     }

     /// Like `Layout::extend`, this creates a layout that describes a record
     /// whose layout consists of `self` followed by `next` that includes the
     /// necessary inter-field padding, but not any trailing padding.
     ///
     /// In order to match the layout of a `#[repr(C)]` struct, this method
     /// should be invoked for each field in declaration order. To add trailing
     /// padding, call `DstLayout::pad_to_align` after extending the layout for
     /// all fields. If `self` corresponds to a type marked with
     /// `repr(packed(N))`, then `repr_packed` should be set to `Some(N)`,
     /// otherwise `None`.
     ///
     /// This method cannot be used to match the layout of a record with the
     /// default representation, as that representation is mostly unspecified.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// If a (potentially hypothetical) valid `repr(C)` Rust type begins with
     /// fields whose layout are `self`, and those fields are immediately
     /// followed by a field whose layout is `field`, then unsafe code may rely
     /// on `self.extend(field, repr_packed)` producing a layout that correctly
     /// encompasses those two components.
     ///
     /// We make no guarantees to the behavior of this method if these fragments
     /// cannot appear in a valid Rust type (e.g., the concatenation of the
     /// layouts would lead to a size larger than `isize::MAX`).
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     pub const fn extend(self, field: DstLayout, repr_packed: Option<NonZeroUsize>) -> Self {
         use util::{core_layout::padding_needed_for, max, min};

         // If `repr_packed` is `None`, there are no alignment constraints, and
         // the value can be defaulted to `THEORETICAL_MAX_ALIGN`.
         let max_align = match repr_packed {
             Some(max_align) => max_align,
             None => Self::THEORETICAL_MAX_ALIGN,
         };

         assert!(max_align.is_power_of_two());

         // We use Kani to prove that this method is robust to future increases
         // in Rust's maximum allowed alignment. However, if such a change ever
         // actually occurs, we'd like to be notified via assertion failures.
         #[cfg(not(kani))]
         {
             debug_assert!(self.align.get() <= DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN.get());
             debug_assert!(field.align.get() <= DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN.get());
             if let Some(repr_packed) = repr_packed {
                 debug_assert!(repr_packed.get() <= DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN.get());
             }
         }

         // The field's alignment is clamped by `repr_packed` (i.e., the
         // `repr(packed(N))` attribute, if any) [1].
         //
         // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-alignment-modifiers:
         //
         //   The alignments of each field, for the purpose of positioning
         //   fields, is the smaller of the specified alignment and the alignment
         //   of the field's type.
         let field_align = min(field.align, max_align);

         // The struct's alignment is the maximum of its previous alignment and
         // `field_align`.
         let align = max(self.align, field_align);

         let size_info = match self.size_info {
             // If the layout is already a DST, we panic; DSTs cannot be extended
             // with additional fields.
             SizeInfo::SliceDst(..) => panic!("Cannot extend a DST with additional fields."),

             SizeInfo::Sized { _size: preceding_size } => {
                 // Compute the minimum amount of inter-field padding needed to
                 // satisfy the field's alignment, and offset of the trailing
                 // field. [1]
                 //
                 // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-alignment-modifiers:
                 //
                 //   Inter-field padding is guaranteed to be the minimum
                 //   required in order to satisfy each field's (possibly
                 //   altered) alignment.
                 let padding = padding_needed_for(preceding_size, field_align);

                 // This will not panic (and is proven to not panic, with Kani)
                 // if the layout components can correspond to a leading layout
                 // fragment of a valid Rust type, but may panic otherwise (e.g.,
                 // combining or aligning the components would create a size
                 // exceeding `isize::MAX`).
                 let offset = match preceding_size.checked_add(padding) {
                     Some(offset) => offset,
                     None => panic!("Adding padding to `self`'s size overflows `usize`."),
                 };

                 match field.size_info {
                     SizeInfo::Sized { _size: field_size } => {
                         // If the trailing field is sized, the resulting layout
                         // will be sized. Its size will be the sum of the
                         // preceeding layout, the size of the new field, and the
                         // size of inter-field padding between the two.
                         //
                         // This will not panic (and is proven with Kani to not
                         // panic) if the layout components can correspond to a
                         // leading layout fragment of a valid Rust type, but may
                         // panic otherwise (e.g., combining or aligning the
                         // components would create a size exceeding
                         // `usize::MAX`).
                         let size = match offset.checked_add(field_size) {
                             Some(size) => size,
                             None => panic!("`field` cannot be appended without the total size overflowing `usize`"),
                         };
                         SizeInfo::Sized { _size: size }
                     }
                     SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                         _offset: trailing_offset,
                         _elem_size,
                     }) => {
                         // If the trailing field is dynamically sized, so too
                         // will the resulting layout. The offset of the trailing
                         // slice component is the sum of the offset of the
                         // trailing field and the trailing slice offset within
                         // that field.
                         //
                         // This will not panic (and is proven with Kani to not
                         // panic) if the layout components can correspond to a
                         // leading layout fragment of a valid Rust type, but may
                         // panic otherwise (e.g., combining or aligning the
                         // components would create a size exceeding
                         // `usize::MAX`).
                         let offset = match offset.checked_add(trailing_offset) {
                             Some(offset) => offset,
                             None => panic!("`field` cannot be appended without the total size overflowing `usize`"),
                         };
                         SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset: offset, _elem_size })
                     }
                 }
             }
         };

         DstLayout { align, size_info }
     }

     /// Like `Layout::pad_to_align`, this routine rounds the size of this layout
     /// up to the nearest multiple of this type's alignment or `repr_packed`
     /// (whichever is less). This method leaves DST layouts unchanged, since the
     /// trailing padding of DSTs is computed at runtime.
     ///
     /// In order to match the layout of a `#[repr(C)]` struct, this method
     /// should be invoked after the invocations of [`DstLayout::extend`]. If
     /// `self` corresponds to a type marked with `repr(packed(N))`, then
     /// `repr_packed` should be set to `Some(N)`, otherwise `None`.
     ///
     /// This method cannot be used to match the layout of a record with the
     /// default representation, as that representation is mostly unspecified.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// If a (potentially hypothetical) valid `repr(C)` type begins with fields
     /// whose layout are `self` followed only by zero or more bytes of trailing
     /// padding (not included in `self`), then unsafe code may rely on
     /// `self.pad_to_align(repr_packed)` producing a layout that correctly
     /// encapsulates the layout of that type.
     ///
     /// We make no guarantees to the behavior of this method if `self` cannot
     /// appear in a valid Rust type (e.g., because the addition of trailing
     /// padding would lead to a size larger than `isize::MAX`).
     #[doc(hidden)]
     #[inline]
     pub const fn pad_to_align(self) -> Self {
         use util::core_layout::padding_needed_for;

         let size_info = match self.size_info {
             // For sized layouts, we add the minimum amount of trailing padding
             // needed to satisfy alignment.
             SizeInfo::Sized { _size: unpadded_size } => {
                 let padding = padding_needed_for(unpadded_size, self.align);
                 let size = match unpadded_size.checked_add(padding) {
                     Some(size) => size,
                     None => panic!("Adding padding caused size to overflow `usize`."),
                 };
                 SizeInfo::Sized { _size: size }
             }
             // For DST layouts, trailing padding depends on the length of the
             // trailing DST and is computed at runtime. This does not alter the
             // offset or element size of the layout, so we leave `size_info`
             // unchanged.
             size_info @ SizeInfo::SliceDst(_) => size_info,
         };

         DstLayout { align: self.align, size_info }
     }

     /// Validates that a cast is sound from a layout perspective.
     ///
     /// Validates that the size and alignment requirements of a type with the
     /// layout described in `self` would not be violated by performing a
     /// `cast_type` cast from a pointer with address `addr` which refers to a
     /// memory region of size `bytes_len`.
     ///
     /// If the cast is valid, `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` returns
     /// `(elems, split_at)`. If `self` describes a dynamically-sized type, then
     /// `elems` is the maximum number of trailing slice elements for which a
     /// cast would be valid (for sized types, `elem` is meaningless and should
     /// be ignored). `split_at` is the index at which to split the memory region
     /// in order for the prefix (suffix) to contain the result of the cast, and
     /// in order for the remaining suffix (prefix) to contain the leftover
     /// bytes.
     ///
     /// There are three conditions under which a cast can fail:
     /// - The smallest possible value for the type is larger than the provided
     ///   memory region
     /// - A prefix cast is requested, and `addr` does not satisfy `self`'s
     ///   alignment requirement
     /// - A suffix cast is requested, and `addr + bytes_len` does not satisfy
     ///   `self`'s alignment requirement (as a consequence, since all instances
     ///   of the type are a multiple of its alignment, no size for the type will
     ///   result in a starting address which is properly aligned)
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// The caller may assume that this implementation is correct, and may rely
     /// on that assumption for the soundness of their code. In particular, the
     /// caller may assume that, if `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` returns
     /// `Some((elems, split_at))`, then:
     /// - A pointer to the type (for dynamically sized types, this includes
     ///   `elems` as its pointer metadata) describes an object of size `size <=
     ///   bytes_len`
     /// - If this is a prefix cast:
     ///   - `addr` satisfies `self`'s alignment
     ///   - `size == split_at`
     /// - If this is a suffix cast:
     ///   - `split_at == bytes_len - size`
     ///   - `addr + split_at` satisfies `self`'s alignment
     ///
     /// Note that this method does *not* ensure that a pointer constructed from
     /// its return values will be a valid pointer. In particular, this method
     /// does not reason about `isize` overflow, which is a requirement of many
     /// Rust pointer APIs, and may at some point be determined to be a validity
     /// invariant of pointer types themselves. This should never be a problem so
     /// long as the arguments to this method are derived from a known-valid
     /// pointer (e.g., one derived from a safe Rust reference), but it is
     /// nonetheless the caller's responsibility to justify that pointer
     /// arithmetic will not overflow based on a safety argument *other than* the
     /// mere fact that this method returned successfully.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` will panic if `self` describes a
     /// DST whose trailing slice element is zero-sized.
     ///
     /// If `addr + bytes_len` overflows `usize`,
     /// `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` may panic, or it may return
     /// incorrect results. No guarantees are made about when
     /// `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` will panic. The caller should not
     /// rely on `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` panicking in any particular
     /// condition, even if `debug_assertions` are enabled.
     #[allow(unused)]
     const fn validate_cast_and_convert_metadata(
         &self,
         addr: usize,
         bytes_len: usize,
         cast_type: _CastType,
     ) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
         // `debug_assert!`, but with `#[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]`.
         macro_rules! __debug_assert {
             ($e:expr $(, $msg:expr)?) => {
                 debug_assert!({
                     #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
                     let e = $e;
                     e
                 } $(, $msg)?);
             };
         }

         // Note that, in practice, `self` is always a compile-time constant. We
         // do this check earlier than needed to ensure that we always panic as a
         // result of bugs in the program (such as calling this function on an
         // invalid type) instead of allowing this panic to be hidden if the cast
         // would have failed anyway for runtime reasons (such as a too-small
         // memory region).
         //
         // TODO(#67): Once our MSRV is 1.65, use let-else:
         // https://blog.rust-lang.org/2022/11/03/Rust-1.65.0.html#let-else-statements
         let size_info = match self.size_info.try_to_nonzero_elem_size() {
             Some(size_info) => size_info,
             None => panic!("attempted to cast to slice type with zero-sized element"),
         };

         // Precondition
         __debug_assert!(addr.checked_add(bytes_len).is_some(), "`addr` + `bytes_len` > usize::MAX");

         // Alignment checks go in their own block to avoid introducing variables
         // into the top-level scope.
         {
             // We check alignment for `addr` (for prefix casts) or `addr +
             // bytes_len` (for suffix casts). For a prefix cast, the correctness
             // of this check is trivial - `addr` is the address the object will
             // live at.
             //
             // For a suffix cast, we know that all valid sizes for the type are
             // a multiple of the alignment (and by safety precondition, we know
             // `DstLayout` may only describe valid Rust types). Thus, a
             // validly-sized instance which lives at a validly-aligned address
             // must also end at a validly-aligned address. Thus, if the end
             // address for a suffix cast (`addr + bytes_len`) is not aligned,
             // then no valid start address will be aligned either.
             let offset = match cast_type {
                 _CastType::_Prefix => 0,
                 _CastType::_Suffix => bytes_len,
             };

             // Addition is guaranteed not to overflow because `offset <=
             // bytes_len`, and `addr + bytes_len <= usize::MAX` is a
             // precondition of this method. Modulus is guaranteed not to divide
             // by 0 because `align` is non-zero.
             #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
             if (addr + offset) % self.align.get() != 0 {
                 return None;
             }
         }

         let (elems, self_bytes) = match size_info {
             SizeInfo::Sized { _size: size } => {
                 if size > bytes_len {
                     return None;
                 }
                 (0, size)
             }
             SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset: offset, _elem_size: elem_size }) => {
                 // Calculate the maximum number of bytes that could be consumed
                 // - any number of bytes larger than this will either not be a
                 // multiple of the alignment, or will be larger than
                 // `bytes_len`.
                 let max_total_bytes =
                     util::round_down_to_next_multiple_of_alignment(bytes_len, self.align);
                 // Calculate the maximum number of bytes that could be consumed
                 // by the trailing slice.
                 //
                 // TODO(#67): Once our MSRV is 1.65, use let-else:
                 // https://blog.rust-lang.org/2022/11/03/Rust-1.65.0.html#let-else-statements
                 let max_slice_and_padding_bytes = match max_total_bytes.checked_sub(offset) {
                     Some(max) => max,
                     // `bytes_len` too small even for 0 trailing slice elements.
                     None => return None,
                 };

                 // Calculate the number of elements that fit in
                 // `max_slice_and_padding_bytes`; any remaining bytes will be
                 // considered padding.
                 //
                 // Guaranteed not to divide by zero: `elem_size` is non-zero.
                 #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
                 let elems = max_slice_and_padding_bytes / elem_size.get();
                 // Guaranteed not to overflow on multiplication: `usize::MAX >=
                 // max_slice_and_padding_bytes >= (max_slice_and_padding_bytes /
                 // elem_size) * elem_size`.
                 //
                 // Guaranteed not to overflow on addition:
                 // - max_slice_and_padding_bytes == max_total_bytes - offset
                 // - elems * elem_size <= max_slice_and_padding_bytes == max_total_bytes - offset
                 // - elems * elem_size + offset <= max_total_bytes <= usize::MAX
                 #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
                 let without_padding = offset + elems * elem_size.get();
                 // `self_bytes` is equal to the offset bytes plus the bytes
                 // consumed by the trailing slice plus any padding bytes
                 // required to satisfy the alignment. Note that we have computed
                 // the maximum number of trailing slice elements that could fit
                 // in `self_bytes`, so any padding is guaranteed to be less than
                 // the size of an extra element.
                 //
                 // Guaranteed not to overflow:
                 // - By previous comment: without_padding == elems * elem_size +
                 //   offset <= max_total_bytes
                 // - By construction, `max_total_bytes` is a multiple of
                 //   `self.align`.
                 // - At most, adding padding needed to round `without_padding`
                 //   up to the next multiple of the alignment will bring
                 //   `self_bytes` up to `max_total_bytes`.
                 #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
                 let self_bytes = without_padding
                     + util::core_layout::padding_needed_for(without_padding, self.align);
                 (elems, self_bytes)
             }
         };

         __debug_assert!(self_bytes <= bytes_len);

         let split_at = match cast_type {
             _CastType::_Prefix => self_bytes,
             // Guaranteed not to underflow:
             // - In the `Sized` branch, only returns `size` if `size <=
             //   bytes_len`.
             // - In the `SliceDst` branch, calculates `self_bytes <=
             //   max_toatl_bytes`, which is upper-bounded by `bytes_len`.
             #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
             _CastType::_Suffix => bytes_len - self_bytes,
         };

         Some((elems, split_at))
     }
 }

 /// A trait which carries information about a type's layout that is used by the
 /// internals of this crate.
 ///
 /// This trait is not meant for consumption by code outside of this crate. While
 /// the normal semver stability guarantees apply with respect to which types
 /// implement this trait and which trait implementations are implied by this
 /// trait, no semver stability guarantees are made regarding its internals; they
 /// may change at any time, and code which makes use of them may break.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// This trait does not convey any safety guarantees to code outside this crate.
 #[doc(hidden)] // TODO: Remove this once KnownLayout is used by other APIs
 pub unsafe trait KnownLayout {
     // The `Self: Sized` bound makes it so that `KnownLayout` can still be
     // object safe. It's not currently object safe thanks to `const LAYOUT`, and
     // it likely won't be in the future, but there's no reason not to be
     // forwards-compatible with object safety.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn only_derive_is_allowed_to_implement_this_trait()
     where
         Self: Sized;

     #[doc(hidden)]
     const LAYOUT: DstLayout;

     /// SAFETY: The returned pointer has the same address and provenance as
     /// `bytes`. If `Self` is a DST, the returned pointer's referent has `elems`
     /// elements in its trailing slice. If `Self` is sized, `elems` is ignored.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn raw_from_ptr_len(bytes: NonNull<u8>, elems: usize) -> NonNull<Self>;
 }

 // SAFETY: Delegates safety to `DstLayout::for_slice`.
 unsafe impl<T: KnownLayout> KnownLayout for [T] {
     #[allow(clippy::missing_inline_in_public_items)]
     fn only_derive_is_allowed_to_implement_this_trait()
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
     }
     const LAYOUT: DstLayout = DstLayout::for_slice::<T>();

     // SAFETY: `.cast` preserves address and provenance. The returned pointer
     // refers to an object with `elems` elements by construction.
     #[inline(always)]
     fn raw_from_ptr_len(data: NonNull<u8>, elems: usize) -> NonNull<Self> {
         // TODO(#67): Remove this allow. See NonNullExt for more details.
         #[allow(unstable_name_collisions)]
         NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(data.cast::<T>(), elems)
     }
 }

 #[rustfmt::skip]
 impl_known_layout!(
     (),
     u8, i8, u16, i16, u32, i32, u64, i64, u128, i128, usize, isize, f32, f64,
     bool, char,
     NonZeroU8, NonZeroI8, NonZeroU16, NonZeroI16, NonZeroU32, NonZeroI32,
     NonZeroU64, NonZeroI64, NonZeroU128, NonZeroI128, NonZeroUsize, NonZeroIsize
 );
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 impl_known_layout!(
     T         => Option<T>,
     T: ?Sized => PhantomData<T>,
     T         => Wrapping<T>,
     T         => MaybeUninit<T>,
     T: ?Sized => *const T,
     T: ?Sized => *mut T,
 );
 impl_known_layout!(const N: usize, T => [T; N]);

 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// `str` and `ManuallyDrop<[T]>` [1] have the same representations as
     /// `[u8]` and `[T]` repsectively. `str` has different bit validity than
     /// `[u8]`, but that doesn't affect the soundness of this impl.
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/mem/struct.ManuallyDrop.html:
     ///
     ///   `ManuallyDrop<T>` is guaranteed to have the same layout and bit
     ///   validity as `T`
     ///
     /// TODO(#429):
     /// -  Add quotes from docs.
     /// -  Once [1] (added in
     /// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/115522) is available on stable,
     /// quote the stable docs instead of the nightly docs.
     unsafe_impl_known_layout!(#[repr([u8])] str);
     unsafe_impl_known_layout!(T: ?Sized + KnownLayout => #[repr(T)] ManuallyDrop<T>);
 }

 /// Analyzes whether a type is [`FromZeroes`].
 ///
 /// This derive analyzes, at compile time, whether the annotated type satisfies
 /// the [safety conditions] of `FromZeroes` and implements `FromZeroes` if it is
 /// sound to do so. This derive can be applied to structs, enums, and unions;
 /// e.g.:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy_derive::FromZeroes;
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
 /// #[repr(u8)]
 /// enum MyEnum {
 /// #   Variant0,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
 /// union MyUnion {
 /// #   variant: u8,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [safety conditions]: trait@FromZeroes#safety
 ///
 /// # Analysis
 ///
 /// *This section describes, roughly, the analysis performed by this derive to
 /// determine whether it is sound to implement `FromZeroes` for a given type.
 /// Unless you are modifying the implementation of this derive, or attempting to
 /// manually implement `FromZeroes` for a type yourself, you don't need to read
 /// this section.*
 ///
 /// If a type has the following properties, then this derive can implement
 /// `FromZeroes` for that type:
 ///
 /// - If the type is a struct, all of its fields must be `FromZeroes`.
 /// - If the type is an enum, it must be C-like (meaning that all variants have
 ///   no fields) and it must have a variant with a discriminant of `0`. See [the
 ///   reference] for a description of how discriminant values are chosen.
 /// - The type must not contain any [`UnsafeCell`]s (this is required in order
 ///   for it to be sound to construct a `&[u8]` and a `&T` to the same region of
 ///   memory). The type may contain references or pointers to `UnsafeCell`s so
 ///   long as those values can themselves be initialized from zeroes
 ///   (`FromZeroes` is not currently implemented for, e.g.,
 ///   `Option<&UnsafeCell<_>>`, but it could be one day).
 ///
 /// This analysis is subject to change. Unsafe code may *only* rely on the
 /// documented [safety conditions] of `FromZeroes`, and must *not* rely on the
 /// implementation details of this derive.
 ///
 /// [the reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/enumerations.html#custom-discriminant-values-for-fieldless-enumerations
 /// [`UnsafeCell`]: core::cell::UnsafeCell
 ///
 /// ## Why isn't an explicit representation required for structs?
 ///
 /// Neither this derive, nor the [safety conditions] of `FromZeroes`, requires
 /// that structs are marked with `#[repr(C)]`.
 ///
 /// Per the [Rust reference](reference),
 ///
 /// > The representation of a type can change the padding between fields, but
 /// > does not change the layout of the fields themselves.
 ///
 /// [reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#representations
 ///
 /// Since the layout of structs only consists of padding bytes and field bytes,
 /// a struct is soundly `FromZeroes` if:
 /// 1. its padding is soundly `FromZeroes`, and
 /// 2. its fields are soundly `FromZeroes`.
 ///
 /// The answer to the first question is always yes: padding bytes do not have
 /// any validity constraints. A [discussion] of this question in the Unsafe Code
 /// Guidelines Working Group concluded that it would be virtually unimaginable
 /// for future versions of rustc to add validity constraints to padding bytes.
 ///
 /// [discussion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/174
 ///
 /// Whether a struct is soundly `FromZeroes` therefore solely depends on whether
 /// its fields are `FromZeroes`.
 // TODO(#146): Document why we don't require an enum to have an explicit `repr`
 // attribute.
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", test))]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "derive")))]
 pub use zerocopy_derive::FromZeroes;

 /// Types whose validity can be checked at runtime, allowing them to be
 /// conditionally converted from byte slices.
 ///
 /// WARNING: Do not implement this trait yourself! Instead, use
 /// `#[derive(TryFromBytes)]`.
 ///
 /// `TryFromBytes` types can safely be deserialized from an untrusted sequence
 /// of bytes by performing a runtime check that the byte sequence contains a
 /// valid instance of `Self`.
 ///
 /// `TryFromBytes` is ignorant of byte order. For byte order-aware types, see
 /// the [`byteorder`] module.
 ///
 /// # What is a "valid instance"?
 ///
 /// In Rust, each type has *bit validity*, which refers to the set of bit
 /// patterns which may appear in an instance of that type. It is impossible for
 /// safe Rust code to produce values which violate bit validity (ie, values
 /// outside of the "valid" set of bit patterns). If `unsafe` code produces an
 /// invalid value, this is considered [undefined behavior].
 ///
 /// Rust's bit validity rules are currently being decided, which means that some
 /// types have three classes of bit patterns: those which are definitely valid,
 /// and whose validity is documented in the language; those which may or may not
 /// be considered valid at some point in the future; and those which are
 /// definitely invalid.
 ///
 /// Zerocopy takes a conservative approach, and only considers a bit pattern to
 /// be valid if its validity is a documenteed guarantee provided by the
 /// language.
 ///
 /// For most use cases, Rust's current guarantees align with programmers'
 /// intuitions about what ought to be valid. As a result, zerocopy's
 /// conservatism should not affect most users. One notable exception is unions,
 /// whose bit validity is very up in the air; zerocopy does not permit
 /// implementing `TryFromBytes` for any union type.
 ///
 /// If you are negatively affected by lack of support for a particular type,
 /// we encourage you to let us know by [filing an issue][github-repo].
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// On its own, `T: TryFromBytes` does not make any guarantees about the layout
 /// or representation of `T`. It merely provides the ability to perform a
 /// validity check at runtime via methods like [`try_from_ref`].
 ///
 /// Currently, it is not possible to stably implement `TryFromBytes` other than
 /// by using `#[derive(TryFromBytes)]`. While there are `#[doc(hidden)]` items
 /// on this trait that provide well-defined safety invariants, no stability
 /// guarantees are made with respect to these items. In particular, future
 /// releases of zerocopy may make backwards-breaking changes to these items,
 /// including changes that only affect soundness, which may cause code which
 /// uses those items to silently become unsound.
 ///
 /// [undefined behavior]: https://raphlinus.github.io/programming/rust/2018/08/17/undefined-behavior.html
 /// [github-repo]: https://github.com/google/zerocopy
 /// [`try_from_ref`]: TryFromBytes::try_from_ref
 // TODO(#5): Update `try_from_ref` doc link once it exists
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub unsafe trait TryFromBytes {
     /// Does a given memory range contain a valid instance of `Self`?
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// ## Preconditions
     ///
     /// The memory referenced by `candidate` may only be accessed via reads for
     /// the duration of this method call. This prohibits writes through mutable
     /// references and through [`UnsafeCell`]s. There may exist immutable
     /// references to the same memory which contain `UnsafeCell`s so long as:
     /// - Those `UnsafeCell`s exist at the same byte ranges as `UnsafeCell`s in
     ///   `Self`. This is a bidirectional property: `Self` may not contain
     ///   `UnsafeCell`s where other references to the same memory do not, and
     ///   vice-versa.
     /// - Those `UnsafeCell`s are never used to perform mutation for the
     ///   duration of this method call.
     ///
     /// The memory referenced by `candidate` may not be referenced by any
     /// mutable references even if these references are not used to perform
     /// mutation.
     ///
     /// `candidate` is not required to refer to a valid `Self`. However, it must
     /// satisfy the requirement that uninitialized bytes may only be present
     /// where it is possible for them to be present in `Self`. This is a dynamic
     /// property: if, at a particular byte offset, a valid enum discriminant is
     /// set, the subsequent bytes may only have uninitialized bytes as
     /// specificed by the corresponding enum.
     ///
     /// Formally, given `len = size_of_val_raw(candidate)`, at every byte
     /// offset, `b`, in the range `[0, len)`:
     /// - If, in all instances `s: Self` of length `len`, the byte at offset `b`
     ///   in `s` is initialized, then the byte at offset `b` within `*candidate`
     ///   must be initialized.
     /// - Let `c` be the contents of the byte range `[0, b)` in `*candidate`.
     ///   Let `S` be the subset of valid instances of `Self` of length `len`
     ///   which contain `c` in the offset range `[0, b)`. If, for all instances
     ///   of `s: Self` in `S`, the byte at offset `b` in `s` is initialized,
     ///   then the byte at offset `b` in `*candidate` must be initialized.
     ///
     ///   Pragmatically, this means that if `*candidate` is guaranteed to
     ///   contain an enum type at a particular offset, and the enum discriminant
     ///   stored in `*candidate` corresponds to a valid variant of that enum
     ///   type, then it is guaranteed that the appropriate bytes of `*candidate`
     ///   are initialized as defined by that variant's bit validity (although
     ///   note that the variant may contain another enum type, in which case the
     ///   same rules apply depending on the state of its discriminant, and so on
     ///   recursively).
     ///
     /// ## Postconditions
     ///
     /// Unsafe code may assume that, if `is_bit_valid(candidate)` returns true,
     /// `*candidate` contains a valid `Self`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `is_bit_valid` may panic. Callers are responsible for ensuring that any
     /// `unsafe` code remains sound even in the face of `is_bit_valid`
     /// panicking. (We support user-defined validation routines; so long as
     /// these routines are not required to be `unsafe`, there is no way to
     /// ensure that these do not generate panics.)
     ///
     /// [`UnsafeCell`]: core::cell::UnsafeCell
     #[doc(hidden)]
     unsafe fn is_bit_valid(candidate: Ptr<'_, Self>) -> bool;

     /// Attempts to interpret a byte slice as a `Self`.
     ///
     /// `try_from_ref` validates that `bytes` contains a valid `Self`, and that
     /// it satisfies `Self`'s alignment requirement. If it does, then `bytes` is
     /// reinterpreted as a `Self`.
     ///
     /// Note that Rust's bit validity rules are still being decided. As such,
     /// there exist types whose bit validity is ambiguous. See the
     /// `TryFromBytes` docs for a discussion of how these cases are handled.
     // TODO(#251): In a future in which we distinguish between `FromBytes` and
     // `RefFromBytes`, this requires `where Self: RefFromBytes` to disallow
     // interior mutability.
     #[inline]
     #[doc(hidden)] // TODO(#5): Finalize name before remove this attribute.
     fn try_from_ref(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<&Self>
     where
         Self: KnownLayout,
     {
         let maybe_self = Ptr::from(bytes).try_cast_into_no_leftover::<Self>()?;

         // SAFETY:
         // - Since `bytes` is an immutable reference, we know that no mutable
         //   references exist to this memory region.
         // - Since `[u8]` contains no `UnsafeCell`s, we know there are no
         //   `&UnsafeCell` references to this memory region.
         // - Since we don't permit implementing `TryFromBytes` for types which
         //   contain `UnsafeCell`s, there are no `UnsafeCell`s in `Self`, and so
         //   the requirement that all references contain `UnsafeCell`s at the
         //   same offsets is trivially satisfied.
         // - All bytes of `bytes` are initialized.
         //
         // This call may panic. If that happens, it doesn't cause any soundness
         // issues, as we have not generated any invalid state which we need to
         // fix before returning.
         if unsafe { !Self::is_bit_valid(maybe_self) } {
             return None;
         }

         // SAFETY:
         // - Preconditions for `as_ref`:
         //   - `is_bit_valid` guarantees that `*maybe_self` contains a valid
         //     `Self`. Since `&[u8]` does not permit interior mutation, this
         //     cannot be invalidated after this method returns.
         //   - Since the argument and return types are immutable references,
         //     Rust will prevent the caller from producing any mutable
         //     references to the same memory region.
         //   - Since `Self` is not allowed to contain any `UnsafeCell`s and the
         //     same is true of `[u8]`, interior mutation is not possible. Thus,
         //     no mutation is possible. For the same reason, there is no
         //     mismatch between the two types in terms of which byte ranges are
         //     referenced as `UnsafeCell`s.
         // - Since interior mutation isn't possible within `Self`, there's no
         //   way for the returned reference to be used to modify the byte range,
         //   and thus there's no way for the returned reference to be used to
         //   write an invalid `[u8]` which would be observable via the original
         //   `&[u8]`.
         Some(unsafe { maybe_self.as_ref() })
     }
 }

 /// Types for which a sequence of bytes all set to zero represents a valid
 /// instance of the type.
 ///
 /// Any memory region of the appropriate length which is guaranteed to contain
 /// only zero bytes can be viewed as any `FromZeroes` type with no runtime
 /// overhead. This is useful whenever memory is known to be in a zeroed state,
 /// such memory returned from some allocation routines.
 ///
 /// # Implementation
 ///
 /// **Do not implement this trait yourself!** Instead, use
 /// [`#[derive(FromZeroes)]`][derive] (requires the `derive` Cargo feature);
 /// e.g.:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy_derive::FromZeroes;
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
 /// #[repr(u8)]
 /// enum MyEnum {
 /// #   Variant0,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
 /// union MyUnion {
 /// #   variant: u8,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
 /// This derive performs a sophisticated, compile-time safety analysis to
 /// determine whether a type is `FromZeroes`.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// *This section describes what is required in order for `T: FromZeroes`, and
 /// what unsafe code may assume of such types. If you don't plan on implementing
 /// `FromZeroes` manually, and you don't plan on writing unsafe code that
 /// operates on `FromZeroes` types, then you don't need to read this section.*
 ///
 /// If `T: FromZeroes`, then unsafe code may assume that:
 /// - It is sound to treat any initialized sequence of zero bytes of length
 ///   `size_of::<T>()` as a `T`.
 /// - Given `b: &[u8]` where `b.len() == size_of::<T>()`, `b` is aligned to
 ///   `align_of::<T>()`, and `b` contains only zero bytes, it is sound to
 ///   construct a `t: &T` at the same address as `b`, and it is sound for both
 ///   `b` and `t` to be live at the same time.
 ///
 /// If a type is marked as `FromZeroes` which violates this contract, it may
 /// cause undefined behavior.
 ///
 /// `#[derive(FromZeroes)]` only permits [types which satisfy these
 /// requirements][derive-analysis].
 ///
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "derive",
     doc = "[derive]: zerocopy_derive::FromZeroes",
     doc = "[derive-analysis]: zerocopy_derive::FromZeroes#analysis"
 )]
 #[cfg_attr(
     not(feature = "derive"),
     doc = concat!("[derive]: https://docs.rs/zerocopy/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/zerocopy/derive.FromZeroes.html"),
     doc = concat!("[derive-analysis]: https://docs.rs/zerocopy/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/zerocopy/derive.FromZeroes.html#analysis"),
 )]
 pub unsafe trait FromZeroes {
     // The `Self: Sized` bound makes it so that `FromZeroes` is still object
     // safe.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn only_derive_is_allowed_to_implement_this_trait()
     where
         Self: Sized;

     /// Overwrites `self` with zeroes.
     ///
     /// Sets every byte in `self` to 0. While this is similar to doing `*self =
     /// Self::new_zeroed()`, it differs in that `zero` does not semantically
     /// drop the current value and replace it with a new one - it simply
     /// modifies the bytes of the existing value.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use zerocopy::FromZeroes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     /// #
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let mut header = PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: 100u16.to_be_bytes(),
     ///     dst_port: 200u16.to_be_bytes(),
     ///     length: 300u16.to_be_bytes(),
     ///     checksum: 400u16.to_be_bytes(),
     /// };
     ///
     /// header.zero();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 0]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [0, 0]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [0, 0]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     fn zero(&mut self) {
         let slf: *mut Self = self;
         let len = mem::size_of_val(self);
         // SAFETY:
         // - `self` is guaranteed by the type system to be valid for writes of
         //   size `size_of_val(self)`.
         // - `u8`'s alignment is 1, and thus `self` is guaranteed to be aligned
         //   as required by `u8`.
         // - Since `Self: FromZeroes`, the all-zeroes instance is a valid
         //   instance of `Self.`
         //
         // TODO(#429): Add references to docs and quotes.
         unsafe { ptr::write_bytes(slf.cast::<u8>(), 0, len) };
     }

     /// Creates an instance of `Self` from zeroed bytes.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use zerocopy::FromZeroes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     /// #
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let header: PacketHeader = FromZeroes::new_zeroed();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 0]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [0, 0]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [0, 0]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     fn new_zeroed() -> Self
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         // SAFETY: `FromZeroes` says that the all-zeroes bit pattern is legal.
         unsafe { mem::zeroed() }
     }

     /// Creates a `Box<Self>` from zeroed bytes.
     ///
     /// This function is useful for allocating large values on the heap and
     /// zero-initializing them, without ever creating a temporary instance of
     /// `Self` on the stack. For example, `<[u8; 1048576]>::new_box_zeroed()`
     /// will allocate `[u8; 1048576]` directly on the heap; it does not require
     /// storing `[u8; 1048576]` in a temporary variable on the stack.
     ///
     /// On systems that use a heap implementation that supports allocating from
     /// pre-zeroed memory, using `new_box_zeroed` (or related functions) may
     /// have performance benefits.
     ///
     /// Note that `Box<Self>` can be converted to `Arc<Self>` and other
     /// container types without reallocation.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if allocation of `size_of::<Self>()` bytes fails.
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))]
     #[inline]
     fn new_box_zeroed() -> Box<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         // If `T` is a ZST, then return a proper boxed instance of it. There is
         // no allocation, but `Box` does require a correct dangling pointer.
         let layout = Layout::new::<Self>();
         if layout.size() == 0 {
             return Box::new(Self::new_zeroed());
         }

         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         let ptr = unsafe { alloc::alloc::alloc_zeroed(layout).cast::<Self>() };
         if ptr.is_null() {
             alloc::alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout);
         }
         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         unsafe {
             Box::from_raw(ptr)
         }
     }

     /// Creates a `Box<[Self]>` (a boxed slice) from zeroed bytes.
     ///
     /// This function is useful for allocating large values of `[Self]` on the
     /// heap and zero-initializing them, without ever creating a temporary
     /// instance of `[Self; _]` on the stack. For example,
     /// `u8::new_box_slice_zeroed(1048576)` will allocate the slice directly on
     /// the heap; it does not require storing the slice on the stack.
     ///
     /// On systems that use a heap implementation that supports allocating from
     /// pre-zeroed memory, using `new_box_slice_zeroed` may have performance
     /// benefits.
     ///
     /// If `Self` is a zero-sized type, then this function will return a
     /// `Box<[Self]>` that has the correct `len`. Such a box cannot contain any
     /// actual information, but its `len()` property will report the correct
     /// value.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// * Panics if `size_of::<Self>() * len` overflows.
     /// * Panics if allocation of `size_of::<Self>() * len` bytes fails.
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))]
     #[inline]
     fn new_box_slice_zeroed(len: usize) -> Box<[Self]>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         let size = mem::size_of::<Self>()
             .checked_mul(len)
             .expect("mem::size_of::<Self>() * len overflows `usize`");
         let align = mem::align_of::<Self>();
         // On stable Rust versions <= 1.64.0, `Layout::from_size_align` has a
         // bug in which sufficiently-large allocations (those which, when
         // rounded up to the alignment, overflow `isize`) are not rejected,
         // which can cause undefined behavior. See #64 for details.
         //
         // TODO(#67): Once our MSRV is > 1.64.0, remove this assertion.
         #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)]
         let max_alloc = (isize::MAX as usize).saturating_sub(align);
         assert!(size <= max_alloc);
         // TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/55724): Use
         // `Layout::repeat` once it's stabilized.
         let layout =
             Layout::from_size_align(size, align).expect("total allocation size overflows `isize`");

         let ptr = if layout.size() != 0 {
             // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
             #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
             let ptr = unsafe { alloc::alloc::alloc_zeroed(layout).cast::<Self>() };
             if ptr.is_null() {
                 alloc::alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout);
             }
             ptr
         } else {
             // `Box<[T]>` does not allocate when `T` is zero-sized or when `len`
             // is zero, but it does require a non-null dangling pointer for its
             // allocation.
             NonNull::<Self>::dangling().as_ptr()
         };

         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         unsafe {
             Box::from_raw(slice::from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, len))
         }
     }

     /// Creates a `Vec<Self>` from zeroed bytes.
     ///
     /// This function is useful for allocating large values of `Vec`s and
     /// zero-initializing them, without ever creating a temporary instance of
     /// `[Self; _]` (or many temporary instances of `Self`) on the stack. For
     /// example, `u8::new_vec_zeroed(1048576)` will allocate directly on the
     /// heap; it does not require storing intermediate values on the stack.
     ///
     /// On systems that use a heap implementation that supports allocating from
     /// pre-zeroed memory, using `new_vec_zeroed` may have performance benefits.
     ///
     /// If `Self` is a zero-sized type, then this function will return a
     /// `Vec<Self>` that has the correct `len`. Such a `Vec` cannot contain any
     /// actual information, but its `len()` property will report the correct
     /// value.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// * Panics if `size_of::<Self>() * len` overflows.
     /// * Panics if allocation of `size_of::<Self>() * len` bytes fails.
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "new_vec_zeroed")))]
     #[inline(always)]
     fn new_vec_zeroed(len: usize) -> Vec<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Self::new_box_slice_zeroed(len).into()
     }
 }

 /// Analyzes whether a type is [`FromBytes`].
 ///
 /// This derive analyzes, at compile time, whether the annotated type satisfies
 /// the [safety conditions] of `FromBytes` and implements `FromBytes` if it is
 /// sound to do so. This derive can be applied to structs, enums, and unions;
 /// e.g.:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy_derive::{FromBytes, FromZeroes};
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
 /// #[repr(u8)]
 /// enum MyEnum {
 /// #   V00, V01, V02, V03, V04, V05, V06, V07, V08, V09, V0A, V0B, V0C, V0D, V0E,
 /// #   V0F, V10, V11, V12, V13, V14, V15, V16, V17, V18, V19, V1A, V1B, V1C, V1D,
 /// #   V1E, V1F, V20, V21, V22, V23, V24, V25, V26, V27, V28, V29, V2A, V2B, V2C,
 /// #   V2D, V2E, V2F, V30, V31, V32, V33, V34, V35, V36, V37, V38, V39, V3A, V3B,
 /// #   V3C, V3D, V3E, V3F, V40, V41, V42, V43, V44, V45, V46, V47, V48, V49, V4A,
 /// #   V4B, V4C, V4D, V4E, V4F, V50, V51, V52, V53, V54, V55, V56, V57, V58, V59,
 /// #   V5A, V5B, V5C, V5D, V5E, V5F, V60, V61, V62, V63, V64, V65, V66, V67, V68,
 /// #   V69, V6A, V6B, V6C, V6D, V6E, V6F, V70, V71, V72, V73, V74, V75, V76, V77,
 /// #   V78, V79, V7A, V7B, V7C, V7D, V7E, V7F, V80, V81, V82, V83, V84, V85, V86,
 /// #   V87, V88, V89, V8A, V8B, V8C, V8D, V8E, V8F, V90, V91, V92, V93, V94, V95,
 /// #   V96, V97, V98, V99, V9A, V9B, V9C, V9D, V9E, V9F, VA0, VA1, VA2, VA3, VA4,
 /// #   VA5, VA6, VA7, VA8, VA9, VAA, VAB, VAC, VAD, VAE, VAF, VB0, VB1, VB2, VB3,
 /// #   VB4, VB5, VB6, VB7, VB8, VB9, VBA, VBB, VBC, VBD, VBE, VBF, VC0, VC1, VC2,
 /// #   VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6, VC7, VC8, VC9, VCA, VCB, VCC, VCD, VCE, VCF, VD0, VD1,
 /// #   VD2, VD3, VD4, VD5, VD6, VD7, VD8, VD9, VDA, VDB, VDC, VDD, VDE, VDF, VE0,
 /// #   VE1, VE2, VE3, VE4, VE5, VE6, VE7, VE8, VE9, VEA, VEB, VEC, VED, VEE, VEF,
 /// #   VF0, VF1, VF2, VF3, VF4, VF5, VF6, VF7, VF8, VF9, VFA, VFB, VFC, VFD, VFE,
 /// #   VFF,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
 /// union MyUnion {
 /// #   variant: u8,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [safety conditions]: trait@FromBytes#safety
 ///
 /// # Analysis
 ///
 /// *This section describes, roughly, the analysis performed by this derive to
 /// determine whether it is sound to implement `FromBytes` for a given type.
 /// Unless you are modifying the implementation of this derive, or attempting to
 /// manually implement `FromBytes` for a type yourself, you don't need to read
 /// this section.*
 ///
 /// If a type has the following properties, then this derive can implement
 /// `FromBytes` for that type:
 ///
 /// - If the type is a struct, all of its fields must be `FromBytes`.
 /// - If the type is an enum:
 ///   - It must be a C-like enum (meaning that all variants have no fields).
 ///   - It must have a defined representation (`repr`s `C`, `u8`, `u16`, `u32`,
 ///     `u64`, `usize`, `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, or `isize`).
 ///   - The maximum number of discriminants must be used (so that every possible
 ///     bit pattern is a valid one). Be very careful when using the `C`,
 ///     `usize`, or `isize` representations, as their size is
 ///     platform-dependent.
 /// - The type must not contain any [`UnsafeCell`]s (this is required in order
 ///   for it to be sound to construct a `&[u8]` and a `&T` to the same region of
 ///   memory). The type may contain references or pointers to `UnsafeCell`s so
 ///   long as those values can themselves be initialized from zeroes
 ///   (`FromBytes` is not currently implemented for, e.g., `Option<*const
 ///   UnsafeCell<_>>`, but it could be one day).
 ///
 /// [`UnsafeCell`]: core::cell::UnsafeCell
 ///
 /// This analysis is subject to change. Unsafe code may *only* rely on the
 /// documented [safety conditions] of `FromBytes`, and must *not* rely on the
 /// implementation details of this derive.
 ///
 /// ## Why isn't an explicit representation required for structs?
 ///
 /// Neither this derive, nor the [safety conditions] of `FromBytes`, requires
 /// that structs are marked with `#[repr(C)]`.
 ///
 /// Per the [Rust reference](reference),
 ///
 /// > The representation of a type can change the padding between fields, but
 /// > does not change the layout of the fields themselves.
 ///
 /// [reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#representations
 ///
 /// Since the layout of structs only consists of padding bytes and field bytes,
 /// a struct is soundly `FromBytes` if:
 /// 1. its padding is soundly `FromBytes`, and
 /// 2. its fields are soundly `FromBytes`.
 ///
 /// The answer to the first question is always yes: padding bytes do not have
 /// any validity constraints. A [discussion] of this question in the Unsafe Code
 /// Guidelines Working Group concluded that it would be virtually unimaginable
 /// for future versions of rustc to add validity constraints to padding bytes.
 ///
 /// [discussion]: https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/174
 ///
 /// Whether a struct is soundly `FromBytes` therefore solely depends on whether
 /// its fields are `FromBytes`.
 // TODO(#146): Document why we don't require an enum to have an explicit `repr`
 // attribute.
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", test))]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "derive")))]
 pub use zerocopy_derive::FromBytes;

 /// Types for which any bit pattern is valid.
 ///
 /// Any memory region of the appropriate length which contains initialized bytes
 /// can be viewed as any `FromBytes` type with no runtime overhead. This is
 /// useful for efficiently parsing bytes as structured data.
 ///
 /// # Implementation
 ///
 /// **Do not implement this trait yourself!** Instead, use
 /// [`#[derive(FromBytes)]`][derive] (requires the `derive` Cargo feature);
 /// e.g.:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy_derive::{FromBytes, FromZeroes};
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
 /// #[repr(u8)]
 /// enum MyEnum {
 /// #   V00, V01, V02, V03, V04, V05, V06, V07, V08, V09, V0A, V0B, V0C, V0D, V0E,
 /// #   V0F, V10, V11, V12, V13, V14, V15, V16, V17, V18, V19, V1A, V1B, V1C, V1D,
 /// #   V1E, V1F, V20, V21, V22, V23, V24, V25, V26, V27, V28, V29, V2A, V2B, V2C,
 /// #   V2D, V2E, V2F, V30, V31, V32, V33, V34, V35, V36, V37, V38, V39, V3A, V3B,
 /// #   V3C, V3D, V3E, V3F, V40, V41, V42, V43, V44, V45, V46, V47, V48, V49, V4A,
 /// #   V4B, V4C, V4D, V4E, V4F, V50, V51, V52, V53, V54, V55, V56, V57, V58, V59,
 /// #   V5A, V5B, V5C, V5D, V5E, V5F, V60, V61, V62, V63, V64, V65, V66, V67, V68,
 /// #   V69, V6A, V6B, V6C, V6D, V6E, V6F, V70, V71, V72, V73, V74, V75, V76, V77,
 /// #   V78, V79, V7A, V7B, V7C, V7D, V7E, V7F, V80, V81, V82, V83, V84, V85, V86,
 /// #   V87, V88, V89, V8A, V8B, V8C, V8D, V8E, V8F, V90, V91, V92, V93, V94, V95,
 /// #   V96, V97, V98, V99, V9A, V9B, V9C, V9D, V9E, V9F, VA0, VA1, VA2, VA3, VA4,
 /// #   VA5, VA6, VA7, VA8, VA9, VAA, VAB, VAC, VAD, VAE, VAF, VB0, VB1, VB2, VB3,
 /// #   VB4, VB5, VB6, VB7, VB8, VB9, VBA, VBB, VBC, VBD, VBE, VBF, VC0, VC1, VC2,
 /// #   VC3, VC4, VC5, VC6, VC7, VC8, VC9, VCA, VCB, VCC, VCD, VCE, VCF, VD0, VD1,
 /// #   VD2, VD3, VD4, VD5, VD6, VD7, VD8, VD9, VDA, VDB, VDC, VDD, VDE, VDF, VE0,
 /// #   VE1, VE2, VE3, VE4, VE5, VE6, VE7, VE8, VE9, VEA, VEB, VEC, VED, VEE, VEF,
 /// #   VF0, VF1, VF2, VF3, VF4, VF5, VF6, VF7, VF8, VF9, VFA, VFB, VFC, VFD, VFE,
 /// #   VFF,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
 /// union MyUnion {
 /// #   variant: u8,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
 /// This derive performs a sophisticated, compile-time safety analysis to
 /// determine whether a type is `FromBytes`.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// *This section describes what is required in order for `T: FromBytes`, and
 /// what unsafe code may assume of such types. If you don't plan on implementing
 /// `FromBytes` manually, and you don't plan on writing unsafe code that
 /// operates on `FromBytes` types, then you don't need to read this section.*
 ///
 /// If `T: FromBytes`, then unsafe code may assume that:
 /// - It is sound to treat any initialized sequence of bytes of length
 ///   `size_of::<T>()` as a `T`.
 /// - Given `b: &[u8]` where `b.len() == size_of::<T>()`, `b` is aligned to
 ///   `align_of::<T>()` it is sound to construct a `t: &T` at the same address
 ///   as `b`, and it is sound for both `b` and `t` to be live at the same time.
 ///
 /// If a type is marked as `FromBytes` which violates this contract, it may
 /// cause undefined behavior.
 ///
 /// `#[derive(FromBytes)]` only permits [types which satisfy these
 /// requirements][derive-analysis].
 ///
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "derive",
     doc = "[derive]: zerocopy_derive::FromBytes",
     doc = "[derive-analysis]: zerocopy_derive::FromBytes#analysis"
 )]
 #[cfg_attr(
     not(feature = "derive"),
     doc = concat!("[derive]: https://docs.rs/zerocopy/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/zerocopy/derive.FromBytes.html"),
     doc = concat!("[derive-analysis]: https://docs.rs/zerocopy/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/zerocopy/derive.FromBytes.html#analysis"),
 )]
 pub unsafe trait FromBytes: FromZeroes {
     // The `Self: Sized` bound makes it so that `FromBytes` is still object
     // safe.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn only_derive_is_allowed_to_implement_this_trait()
     where
         Self: Sized;

     /// Interprets the given `bytes` as a `&Self` without copying.
     ///
     /// If `bytes.len() != size_of::<Self>()` or `bytes` is not aligned to
     /// `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These bytes encode a `PacketHeader`.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader::ref_from(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 1]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [2, 3]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [4, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [6, 7]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn ref_from(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<&Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<&[u8], Self>::new(bytes).map(Ref::into_ref)
     }

     /// Interprets the prefix of the given `bytes` as a `&Self` without copying.
     ///
     /// `ref_from_prefix` returns a reference to the first `size_of::<Self>()`
     /// bytes of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of::<Self>()` or `bytes` is not
     /// aligned to `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// To also access the prefix bytes, use [`Ref::new_from_prefix`]. Then, use
     /// [`Ref::into_ref`] to get a `&Self` with the same lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode a `PacketHeader`.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader::ref_from_prefix(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 1]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [2, 3]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [4, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [6, 7]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn ref_from_prefix(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<&Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<&[u8], Self>::new_from_prefix(bytes).map(|(r, _)| r.into_ref())
     }

     /// Interprets the suffix of the given `bytes` as a `&Self` without copying.
     ///
     /// `ref_from_suffix` returns a reference to the last `size_of::<Self>()`
     /// bytes of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of::<Self>()` or the suffix of
     /// `bytes` is not aligned to `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// To also access the suffix bytes, use [`Ref::new_from_suffix`]. Then, use
     /// [`Ref::into_ref`] to get a `&Self` with the same lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketTrailer {
     ///     frame_check_sequence: [u8; 4],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode a `PacketTrailer`.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let trailer = PacketTrailer::ref_from_suffix(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(trailer.frame_check_sequence, [6, 7, 8, 9]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn ref_from_suffix(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<&Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<&[u8], Self>::new_from_suffix(bytes).map(|(_, r)| r.into_ref())
     }

     /// Interprets the given `bytes` as a `&mut Self` without copying.
     ///
     /// If `bytes.len() != size_of::<Self>()` or `bytes` is not aligned to
     /// `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These bytes encode a `PacketHeader`.
     /// let bytes = &mut [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7][..];
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader::mut_from(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 1]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [2, 3]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [4, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [6, 7]);
     ///
     /// header.checksum = [0, 0];
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn mut_from(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<&mut Self>
     where
         Self: Sized + AsBytes,
     {
         Ref::<&mut [u8], Self>::new(bytes).map(Ref::into_mut)
     }

     /// Interprets the prefix of the given `bytes` as a `&mut Self` without
     /// copying.
     ///
     /// `mut_from_prefix` returns a reference to the first `size_of::<Self>()`
     /// bytes of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of::<Self>()` or `bytes` is not
     /// aligned to `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// To also access the prefix bytes, use [`Ref::new_from_prefix`]. Then, use
     /// [`Ref::into_mut`] to get a `&mut Self` with the same lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode a `PacketHeader`.
     /// let bytes = &mut [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9][..];
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader::mut_from_prefix(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 1]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [2, 3]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [4, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [6, 7]);
     ///
     /// header.checksum = [0, 0];
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0, 8, 9]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn mut_from_prefix(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<&mut Self>
     where
         Self: Sized + AsBytes,
     {
         Ref::<&mut [u8], Self>::new_from_prefix(bytes).map(|(r, _)| r.into_mut())
     }

     /// Interprets the suffix of the given `bytes` as a `&mut Self` without copying.
     ///
     /// `mut_from_suffix` returns a reference to the last `size_of::<Self>()`
     /// bytes of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of::<Self>()` or the suffix of
     /// `bytes` is not aligned to `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// To also access the suffix bytes, use [`Ref::new_from_suffix`]. Then,
     /// use [`Ref::into_mut`] to get a `&mut Self` with the same lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketTrailer {
     ///     frame_check_sequence: [u8; 4],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode a `PacketTrailer`.
     /// let bytes = &mut [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9][..];
     ///
     /// let trailer = PacketTrailer::mut_from_suffix(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(trailer.frame_check_sequence, [6, 7, 8, 9]);
     ///
     /// trailer.frame_check_sequence = [0, 0, 0, 0];
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn mut_from_suffix(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<&mut Self>
     where
         Self: Sized + AsBytes,
     {
         Ref::<&mut [u8], Self>::new_from_suffix(bytes).map(|(_, r)| r.into_mut())
     }

     /// Interprets the given `bytes` as a `&[Self]` without copying.
     ///
     /// If `bytes.len() % size_of::<Self>() != 0` or `bytes` is not aligned to
     /// `align_of::<Self>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If you need to convert a specific number of slice elements, see
     /// [`slice_from_prefix`](FromBytes::slice_from_prefix) or
     /// [`slice_from_suffix`](FromBytes::slice_from_suffix).
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `Self` is a zero-sized type.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct Pixel {
     ///     r: u8,
     ///     g: u8,
     ///     b: u8,
     ///     a: u8,
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These bytes encode two `Pixel`s.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let pixels = Pixel::slice_from(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(pixels, &[
     ///     Pixel { r: 0, g: 1, b: 2, a: 3 },
     ///     Pixel { r: 4, g: 5, b: 6, a: 7 },
     /// ]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn slice_from(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<&[Self]>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<_, [Self]>::new_slice(bytes).map(|r| r.into_slice())
     }

     /// Interprets the prefix of the given `bytes` as a `&[Self]` with length
     /// equal to `count` without copying.
     ///
     /// This method verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() * count`
     /// and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// first `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a
     /// `&[Self]`, and returns the remaining bytes to the caller. It also
     /// ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`.
     /// If any of the length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `T` is a zero-sized type.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct Pixel {
     ///     r: u8,
     ///     g: u8,
     ///     b: u8,
     ///     a: u8,
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode two `Pixel`s.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let (pixels, rest) = Pixel::slice_from_prefix(bytes, 2).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(pixels, &[
     ///     Pixel { r: 0, g: 1, b: 2, a: 3 },
     ///     Pixel { r: 4, g: 5, b: 6, a: 7 },
     /// ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(rest, &[8, 9]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn slice_from_prefix(bytes: &[u8], count: usize) -> Option<(&[Self], &[u8])>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<_, [Self]>::new_slice_from_prefix(bytes, count).map(|(r, b)| (r.into_slice(), b))
     }

     /// Interprets the suffix of the given `bytes` as a `&[Self]` with length
     /// equal to `count` without copying.
     ///
     /// This method verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() * count`
     /// and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// last `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a
     /// `&[Self]`, and returns the preceding bytes to the caller. It also
     /// ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`.
     /// If any of the length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `T` is a zero-sized type.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct Pixel {
     ///     r: u8,
     ///     g: u8,
     ///     b: u8,
     ///     a: u8,
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode two `Pixel`s.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let (rest, pixels) = Pixel::slice_from_suffix(bytes, 2).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(rest, &[0, 1]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(pixels, &[
     ///     Pixel { r: 2, g: 3, b: 4, a: 5 },
     ///     Pixel { r: 6, g: 7, b: 8, a: 9 },
     /// ]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn slice_from_suffix(bytes: &[u8], count: usize) -> Option<(&[u8], &[Self])>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<_, [Self]>::new_slice_from_suffix(bytes, count).map(|(b, r)| (b, r.into_slice()))
     }

     /// Interprets the given `bytes` as a `&mut [Self]` without copying.
     ///
     /// If `bytes.len() % size_of::<T>() != 0` or `bytes` is not aligned to
     /// `align_of::<T>()`, this returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If you need to convert a specific number of slice elements, see
     /// [`mut_slice_from_prefix`](FromBytes::mut_slice_from_prefix) or
     /// [`mut_slice_from_suffix`](FromBytes::mut_slice_from_suffix).
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `T` is a zero-sized type.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct Pixel {
     ///     r: u8,
     ///     g: u8,
     ///     b: u8,
     ///     a: u8,
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These bytes encode two `Pixel`s.
     /// let bytes = &mut [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7][..];
     ///
     /// let pixels = Pixel::mut_slice_from(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(pixels, &[
     ///     Pixel { r: 0, g: 1, b: 2, a: 3 },
     ///     Pixel { r: 4, g: 5, b: 6, a: 7 },
     /// ]);
     ///
     /// pixels[1] = Pixel { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 };
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn mut_slice_from(bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<&mut [Self]>
     where
         Self: Sized + AsBytes,
     {
         Ref::<_, [Self]>::new_slice(bytes).map(|r| r.into_mut_slice())
     }

     /// Interprets the prefix of the given `bytes` as a `&mut [Self]` with length
     /// equal to `count` without copying.
     ///
     /// This method verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() * count`
     /// and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// first `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a
     /// `&[Self]`, and returns the remaining bytes to the caller. It also
     /// ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`.
     /// If any of the length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `T` is a zero-sized type.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct Pixel {
     ///     r: u8,
     ///     g: u8,
     ///     b: u8,
     ///     a: u8,
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode two `Pixel`s.
     /// let bytes = &mut [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9][..];
     ///
     /// let (pixels, rest) = Pixel::mut_slice_from_prefix(bytes, 2).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(pixels, &[
     ///     Pixel { r: 0, g: 1, b: 2, a: 3 },
     ///     Pixel { r: 4, g: 5, b: 6, a: 7 },
     /// ]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(rest, &[8, 9]);
     ///
     /// pixels[1] = Pixel { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 };
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 8, 9]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn mut_slice_from_prefix(bytes: &mut [u8], count: usize) -> Option<(&mut [Self], &mut [u8])>
     where
         Self: Sized + AsBytes,
     {
         Ref::<_, [Self]>::new_slice_from_prefix(bytes, count).map(|(r, b)| (r.into_mut_slice(), b))
     }

     /// Interprets the suffix of the given `bytes` as a `&mut [Self]` with length
     /// equal to `count` without copying.
     ///
     /// This method verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() * count`
     /// and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// last `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a
     /// `&[Self]`, and returns the preceding bytes to the caller. It also
     /// ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`.
     /// If any of the length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// If `T` is a zero-sized type.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct Pixel {
     ///     r: u8,
     ///     g: u8,
     ///     b: u8,
     ///     a: u8,
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode two `Pixel`s.
     /// let bytes = &mut [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9][..];
     ///
     /// let (rest, pixels) = Pixel::mut_slice_from_suffix(bytes, 2).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(rest, &[0, 1]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(pixels, &[
     ///     Pixel { r: 2, g: 3, b: 4, a: 5 },
     ///     Pixel { r: 6, g: 7, b: 8, a: 9 },
     /// ]);
     ///
     /// pixels[1] = Pixel { r: 0, g: 0, b: 0, a: 0 };
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn mut_slice_from_suffix(bytes: &mut [u8], count: usize) -> Option<(&mut [u8], &mut [Self])>
     where
         Self: Sized + AsBytes,
     {
         Ref::<_, [Self]>::new_slice_from_suffix(bytes, count).map(|(b, r)| (b, r.into_mut_slice()))
     }

     /// Reads a copy of `Self` from `bytes`.
     ///
     /// If `bytes.len() != size_of::<Self>()`, `read_from` returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These bytes encode a `PacketHeader`.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader::read_from(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 1]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [2, 3]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [4, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [6, 7]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn read_from(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<_, Unalign<Self>>::new_unaligned(bytes).map(|r| r.read().into_inner())
     }

     /// Reads a copy of `Self` from the prefix of `bytes`.
     ///
     /// `read_from_prefix` reads a `Self` from the first `size_of::<Self>()`
     /// bytes of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of::<Self>()`, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode a `PacketHeader`.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader::read_from_prefix(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header.src_port, [0, 1]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.dst_port, [2, 3]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.length, [4, 5]);
     /// assert_eq!(header.checksum, [6, 7]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn read_from_prefix(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<_, Unalign<Self>>::new_unaligned_from_prefix(bytes)
             .map(|(r, _)| r.read().into_inner())
     }

     /// Reads a copy of `Self` from the suffix of `bytes`.
     ///
     /// `read_from_suffix` reads a `Self` from the last `size_of::<Self>()`
     /// bytes of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of::<Self>()`, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::FromBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketTrailer {
     ///     frame_check_sequence: [u8; 4],
     /// }
     ///
     /// // These are more bytes than are needed to encode a `PacketTrailer`.
     /// let bytes = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9].as_slice();
     ///
     /// let trailer = PacketTrailer::read_from_suffix(bytes).unwrap();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(trailer.frame_check_sequence, [6, 7, 8, 9]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn read_from_suffix(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Self>
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
         Ref::<_, Unalign<Self>>::new_unaligned_from_suffix(bytes)
             .map(|(_, r)| r.read().into_inner())
     }
 }

 /// Analyzes whether a type is [`AsBytes`].
 ///
 /// This derive analyzes, at compile time, whether the annotated type satisfies
 /// the [safety conditions] of `AsBytes` and implements `AsBytes` if it is
 /// sound to do so. This derive can be applied to structs, enums, and unions;
 /// e.g.:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy_derive::{AsBytes};
 /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
 /// #[repr(C)]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
 /// #[repr(u8)]
 /// enum MyEnum {
 /// #   Variant,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
 /// #[repr(C)]
 /// union MyUnion {
 /// #   variant: u8,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
 /// [safety conditions]: trait@AsBytes#safety
 ///
 /// # Error Messages
 ///
 /// Due to the way that the custom derive for `AsBytes` is implemented, you may
 /// get an error like this:
 ///
 /// ```text
 /// error[E0277]: the trait bound `HasPadding<Foo, true>: ShouldBe<false>` is not satisfied
 ///   --> lib.rs:23:10
 ///    |
 ///  1 | #[derive(AsBytes)]
 ///    |          ^^^^^^^ the trait `ShouldBe<false>` is not implemented for `HasPadding<Foo, true>`
 ///    |
 ///    = help: the trait `ShouldBe<VALUE>` is implemented for `HasPadding<T, VALUE>`
 /// ```
 ///
 /// This error indicates that the type being annotated has padding bytes, which
 /// is illegal for `AsBytes` types. Consider reducing the alignment of some
 /// fields by using types in the [`byteorder`] module, adding explicit struct
 /// fields where those padding bytes would be, or using `#[repr(packed)]`. See
 /// the Rust Reference's page on [type layout] for more information
 /// about type layout and padding.
 ///
 /// [type layout]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html
 ///
 /// # Analysis
 ///
 /// *This section describes, roughly, the analysis performed by this derive to
 /// determine whether it is sound to implement `AsBytes` for a given type.
 /// Unless you are modifying the implementation of this derive, or attempting to
 /// manually implement `AsBytes` for a type yourself, you don't need to read
 /// this section.*
 ///
 /// If a type has the following properties, then this derive can implement
 /// `AsBytes` for that type:
 ///
 /// - If the type is a struct:
 ///   - It must have a defined representation (`repr(C)`, `repr(transparent)`,
 ///     or `repr(packed)`).
 ///   - All of its fields must be `AsBytes`.
 ///   - Its layout must have no padding. This is always true for
 ///     `repr(transparent)` and `repr(packed)`. For `repr(C)`, see the layout
 ///     algorithm described in the [Rust Reference].
 /// - If the type is an enum:
 ///   - It must be a C-like enum (meaning that all variants have no fields).
 ///   - It must have a defined representation (`repr`s `C`, `u8`, `u16`, `u32`,
 ///     `u64`, `usize`, `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, or `isize`).
 /// - The type must not contain any [`UnsafeCell`]s (this is required in order
 ///   for it to be sound to construct a `&[u8]` and a `&T` to the same region of
 ///   memory). The type may contain references or pointers to `UnsafeCell`s so
 ///   long as those values can themselves be initialized from zeroes (`AsBytes`
 ///   is not currently implemented for, e.g., `Option<&UnsafeCell<_>>`, but it
 ///   could be one day).
 ///
 /// [`UnsafeCell`]: core::cell::UnsafeCell
 ///
 /// This analysis is subject to change. Unsafe code may *only* rely on the
 /// documented [safety conditions] of `FromBytes`, and must *not* rely on the
 /// implementation details of this derive.
 ///
 /// [Rust Reference]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html
 #[cfg(any(feature = "derive", test))]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "derive")))]
 pub use zerocopy_derive::AsBytes;

 /// Types that can be viewed as an immutable slice of initialized bytes.
 ///
 /// Any `AsBytes` type can be viewed as a slice of initialized bytes of the same
 /// size. This is useful for efficiently serializing structured data as raw
 /// bytes.
 ///
 /// # Implementation
 ///
 /// **Do not implement this trait yourself!** Instead, use
 /// [`#[derive(AsBytes)]`][derive] (requires the `derive` Cargo feature); e.g.:
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy_derive::AsBytes;
 /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
 /// #[repr(C)]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
 /// #[repr(u8)]
 /// enum MyEnum {
 /// #   Variant0,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
 /// #[repr(C)]
 /// union MyUnion {
 /// #   variant: u8,
 /// # /*
 ///     ...
 /// # */
 /// }
 /// ```
 ///
 /// This derive performs a sophisticated, compile-time safety analysis to
 /// determine whether a type is `AsBytes`. See the [derive
 /// documentation][derive] for guidance on how to interpret error messages
 /// produced by the derive's analysis.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// *This section describes what is required in order for `T: AsBytes`, and
 /// what unsafe code may assume of such types. If you don't plan on implementing
 /// `AsBytes` manually, and you don't plan on writing unsafe code that
 /// operates on `AsBytes` types, then you don't need to read this section.*
 ///
 /// If `T: AsBytes`, then unsafe code may assume that:
 /// - It is sound to treat any `t: T` as an immutable `[u8]` of length
 ///   `size_of_val(t)`.
 /// - Given `t: &T`, it is sound to construct a `b: &[u8]` where `b.len() ==
 ///   size_of_val(t)` at the same address as `t`, and it is sound for both `b`
 ///   and `t` to be live at the same time.
 ///
 /// If a type is marked as `AsBytes` which violates this contract, it may cause
 /// undefined behavior.
 ///
 /// `#[derive(AsBytes)]` only permits [types which satisfy these
 /// requirements][derive-analysis].
 ///
 #[cfg_attr(
     feature = "derive",
     doc = "[derive]: zerocopy_derive::AsBytes",
     doc = "[derive-analysis]: zerocopy_derive::AsBytes#analysis"
 )]
 #[cfg_attr(
     not(feature = "derive"),
     doc = concat!("[derive]: https://docs.rs/zerocopy/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/zerocopy/derive.AsBytes.html"),
     doc = concat!("[derive-analysis]: https://docs.rs/zerocopy/", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), "/zerocopy/derive.AsBytes.html#analysis"),
 )]
 pub unsafe trait AsBytes {
     // The `Self: Sized` bound makes it so that this function doesn't prevent
     // `AsBytes` from being object safe. Note that other `AsBytes` methods
     // prevent object safety, but those provide a benefit in exchange for object
     // safety. If at some point we remove those methods, change their type
     // signatures, or move them out of this trait so that `AsBytes` is object
     // safe again, it's important that this function not prevent object safety.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn only_derive_is_allowed_to_implement_this_trait()
     where
         Self: Sized;

     /// Gets the bytes of this value.
     ///
     /// `as_bytes` provides access to the bytes of this value as an immutable
     /// byte slice.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [0, 1],
     ///     dst_port: [2, 3],
     ///     length: [4, 5],
     ///     checksum: [6, 7],
     /// };
     ///
     /// let bytes = header.as_bytes();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
         // Note that this method does not have a `Self: Sized` bound;
         // `size_of_val` works for unsized values too.
         let len = mem::size_of_val(self);
         let slf: *const Self = self;

         // SAFETY:
         // - `slf.cast::<u8>()` is valid for reads for `len *
         //   mem::size_of::<u8>()` many bytes because...
         //   - `slf` is the same pointer as `self`, and `self` is a reference
         //     which points to an object whose size is `len`. Thus...
         //     - The entire region of `len` bytes starting at `slf` is contained
         //       within a single allocation.
         //     - `slf` is non-null.
         //   - `slf` is trivially aligned to `align_of::<u8>() == 1`.
         // - `Self: AsBytes` ensures that all of the bytes of `slf` are
         //   initialized.
         // - Since `slf` is derived from `self`, and `self` is an immutable
         //   reference, the only other references to this memory region that
         //   could exist are other immutable references, and those don't allow
         //   mutation. `AsBytes` prohibits types which contain `UnsafeCell`s,
         //   which are the only types for which this rule wouldn't be sufficient.
         // - The total size of the resulting slice is no larger than
         //   `isize::MAX` because no allocation produced by safe code can be
         //   larger than `isize::MAX`.
         //
         // TODO(#429): Add references to docs and quotes.
         unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(slf.cast::<u8>(), len) }
     }

     /// Gets the bytes of this value mutably.
     ///
     /// `as_bytes_mut` provides access to the bytes of this value as a mutable
     /// byte slice.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// # #[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Debug)]
     /// #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let mut header = PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [0, 1],
     ///     dst_port: [2, 3],
     ///     length: [4, 5],
     ///     checksum: [6, 7],
     /// };
     ///
     /// let bytes = header.as_bytes_mut();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
     ///
     /// bytes.reverse();
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(header, PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [7, 6],
     ///     dst_port: [5, 4],
     ///     length: [3, 2],
     ///     checksum: [1, 0],
     /// });
     /// ```
     #[inline(always)]
     fn as_bytes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8]
     where
         Self: FromBytes,
     {
         // Note that this method does not have a `Self: Sized` bound;
         // `size_of_val` works for unsized values too.
         let len = mem::size_of_val(self);
         let slf: *mut Self = self;

         // SAFETY:
         // - `slf.cast::<u8>()` is valid for reads and writes for `len *
         //   mem::size_of::<u8>()` many bytes because...
         //   - `slf` is the same pointer as `self`, and `self` is a reference
         //     which points to an object whose size is `len`. Thus...
         //     - The entire region of `len` bytes starting at `slf` is contained
         //       within a single allocation.
         //     - `slf` is non-null.
         //   - `slf` is trivially aligned to `align_of::<u8>() == 1`.
         // - `Self: AsBytes` ensures that all of the bytes of `slf` are
         //   initialized.
         // - `Self: FromBytes` ensures that no write to this memory region
         //   could result in it containing an invalid `Self`.
         // - Since `slf` is derived from `self`, and `self` is a mutable
         //   reference, no other references to this memory region can exist.
         // - The total size of the resulting slice is no larger than
         //   `isize::MAX` because no allocation produced by safe code can be
         //   larger than `isize::MAX`.
         //
         // TODO(#429): Add references to docs and quotes.
         unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(slf.cast::<u8>(), len) }
     }

     /// Writes a copy of `self` to `bytes`.
     ///
     /// If `bytes.len() != size_of_val(self)`, `write_to` returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [0, 1],
     ///     dst_port: [2, 3],
     ///     length: [4, 5],
     ///     checksum: [6, 7],
     /// };
     ///
     /// let mut bytes = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
     ///
     /// header.write_to(&mut bytes[..]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// If too many or too few target bytes are provided, `write_to` returns
     /// `None` and leaves the target bytes unmodified:
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # let header = u128::MAX;
     /// let mut excessive_bytes = &mut [0u8; 128][..];
     ///
     /// let write_result = header.write_to(excessive_bytes);
     ///
     /// assert!(write_result.is_none());
     /// assert_eq!(excessive_bytes, [0u8; 128]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn write_to(&self, bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<()> {
         if bytes.len() != mem::size_of_val(self) {
             return None;
         }

         bytes.copy_from_slice(self.as_bytes());
         Some(())
     }

     /// Writes a copy of `self` to the prefix of `bytes`.
     ///
     /// `write_to_prefix` writes `self` to the first `size_of_val(self)` bytes
     /// of `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of_val(self)`, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [0, 1],
     ///     dst_port: [2, 3],
     ///     length: [4, 5],
     ///     checksum: [6, 7],
     /// };
     ///
     /// let mut bytes = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
     ///
     /// header.write_to_prefix(&mut bytes[..]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 0]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// If insufficient target bytes are provided, `write_to_prefix` returns
     /// `None` and leaves the target bytes unmodified:
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # let header = u128::MAX;
     /// let mut insufficent_bytes = &mut [0, 0][..];
     ///
     /// let write_result = header.write_to_suffix(insufficent_bytes);
     ///
     /// assert!(write_result.is_none());
     /// assert_eq!(insufficent_bytes, [0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn write_to_prefix(&self, bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<()> {
         let size = mem::size_of_val(self);
         bytes.get_mut(..size)?.copy_from_slice(self.as_bytes());
         Some(())
     }

     /// Writes a copy of `self` to the suffix of `bytes`.
     ///
     /// `write_to_suffix` writes `self` to the last `size_of_val(self)` bytes of
     /// `bytes`. If `bytes.len() < size_of_val(self)`, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # use zerocopy_derive::*;
     ///
     /// #[derive(AsBytes)]
     /// #[repr(C)]
     /// struct PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
     ///     length: [u8; 2],
     ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
     /// }
     ///
     /// let header = PacketHeader {
     ///     src_port: [0, 1],
     ///     dst_port: [2, 3],
     ///     length: [4, 5],
     ///     checksum: [6, 7],
     /// };
     ///
     /// let mut bytes = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
     ///
     /// header.write_to_suffix(&mut bytes[..]);
     ///
     /// assert_eq!(bytes, [0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
     ///
     /// let mut insufficent_bytes = &mut [0, 0][..];
     ///
     /// let write_result = header.write_to_suffix(insufficent_bytes);
     ///
     /// assert!(write_result.is_none());
     /// assert_eq!(insufficent_bytes, [0, 0]);
     /// ```
     ///
     /// If insufficient target bytes are provided, `write_to_suffix` returns
     /// `None` and leaves the target bytes unmodified:
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use zerocopy::AsBytes;
     /// # let header = u128::MAX;
     /// let mut insufficent_bytes = &mut [0, 0][..];
     ///
     /// let write_result = header.write_to_suffix(insufficent_bytes);
     ///
     /// assert!(write_result.is_none());
     /// assert_eq!(insufficent_bytes, [0, 0]);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     fn write_to_suffix(&self, bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Option<()> {
         let start = bytes.len().checked_sub(mem::size_of_val(self))?;
         bytes
             .get_mut(start..)
             .expect("`start` should be in-bounds of `bytes`")
             .copy_from_slice(self.as_bytes());
         Some(())
     }
 }

 /// Types with no alignment requirement.
 ///
 /// WARNING: Do not implement this trait yourself! Instead, use
 /// `#[derive(Unaligned)]` (requires the `derive` Cargo feature).
 ///
 /// If `T: Unaligned`, then `align_of::<T>() == 1`.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
 /// *This section describes what is required in order for `T: Unaligned`, and
 /// what unsafe code may assume of such types. `#[derive(Unaligned)]` only
 /// permits types which satisfy these requirements. If you don't plan on
 /// implementing `Unaligned` manually, and you don't plan on writing unsafe code
 /// that operates on `Unaligned` types, then you don't need to read this
 /// section.*
 ///
 /// If `T: Unaligned`, then unsafe code may assume that it is sound to produce a
 /// reference to `T` at any memory location regardless of alignment. If a type
 /// is marked as `Unaligned` which violates this contract, it may cause
 /// undefined behavior.
 pub unsafe trait Unaligned {
     // The `Self: Sized` bound makes it so that `Unaligned` is still object
     // safe.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     fn only_derive_is_allowed_to_implement_this_trait()
     where
         Self: Sized;
 }

 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// Per the reference [1], "the unit tuple (`()`) ... is guaranteed as a
     /// zero-sized type to have a size of 0 and an alignment of 1."
     /// - `TryFromBytes` (with no validator), `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`: There
     ///   is only one possible sequence of 0 bytes, and `()` is inhabited.
     /// - `AsBytes`: Since `()` has size 0, it contains no padding bytes.
     /// - `Unaligned`: `()` has alignment 1.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#tuple-layout
     unsafe_impl!((): TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     assert_unaligned!(());
 }

 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `TryFromBytes` (with no validator), `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`: all bit
     ///   patterns are valid for numeric types [1]
     /// - `AsBytes`: numeric types have no padding bytes [1]
     /// - `Unaligned` (`u8` and `i8` only): The reference [2] specifies the size
     ///   of `u8` and `i8` as 1 byte. We also know that:
     ///   - Alignment is >= 1 [3]
     ///   - Size is an integer multiple of alignment [4]
     ///   - The only value >= 1 for which 1 is an integer multiple is 1
     ///   Therefore, the only possible alignment for `u8` and `i8` is 1.
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/reference/types/numeric.html#bit-validity:
     ///
     ///     For every numeric type, `T`, the bit validity of `T` is equivalent to
     ///     the bit validity of `[u8; size_of::<T>()]`. An uninitialized byte is
     ///     not a valid `u8`.
     ///
     /// TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/reference/pull/1392): Once this text
     /// is available on the Stable docs, cite those instead.
     ///
     /// [2] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#primitive-data-layout
     ///
     /// [3] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#size-and-alignment:
     ///
     ///     Alignment is measured in bytes, and must be at least 1.
     ///
     /// [4] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#size-and-alignment:
     ///
     ///     The size of a value is always a multiple of its alignment.
     ///
     /// TODO(#278): Once we've updated the trait docs to refer to `u8`s rather
     /// than bits or bytes, update this comment, especially the reference to
     /// [1].
     unsafe_impl!(u8: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     unsafe_impl!(i8: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     assert_unaligned!(u8, i8);
     unsafe_impl!(u16: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(i16: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(u32: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(i32: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(u64: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(i64: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(u128: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(i128: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(usize: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(isize: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(f32: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(f64: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
 }

 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `FromZeroes`: Valid since "[t]he value false has the bit pattern
     ///   0x00" [1].
     /// - `AsBytes`: Since "the boolean type has a size and alignment of 1 each"
     ///   and "The value false has the bit pattern 0x00 and the value true has
     ///   the bit pattern 0x01" [1]. Thus, the only byte of the bool is always
     ///   initialized.
     /// - `Unaligned`: Per the reference [1], "[a]n object with the boolean type
     ///   has a size and alignment of 1 each."
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/boolean.html
     unsafe_impl!(bool: FromZeroes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     assert_unaligned!(bool);
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - The safety requirements for `unsafe_impl!` with an `is_bit_valid`
     ///   closure:
     ///   - Given `t: *mut bool` and `let r = *mut u8`, `r` refers to an object
     ///     of the same size as that referred to by `t`. This is true because
     ///     `bool` and `u8` have the same size (1 byte) [1].
     ///   - Since the closure takes a `&u8` argument, given a `Ptr<'a, bool>`
     ///     which satisfies the preconditions of
     ///     `TryFromBytes::<bool>::is_bit_valid`, it must be guaranteed that the
     ///     memory referenced by that `Ptr` always contains a valid `u8`. Since
     ///     `bool`'s single byte is always initialized, `is_bit_valid`'s
     ///     precondition requires that the same is true of its argument. Since
     ///     `u8`'s only bit validity invariant is that its single byte must be
     ///     initialized, this memory is guaranteed to contain a valid `u8`.
     ///   - The alignment of `bool` is equal to the alignment of `u8`. [1] [2]
     ///   - The impl must only return `true` for its argument if the original
     ///     `Ptr<bool>` refers to a valid `bool`. We only return true if the
     ///     `u8` value is 0 or 1, and both of these are valid values for `bool`.
     ///     [3]
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#primitive-data-layout:
     ///
     ///   The size of most primitives is given in this table.
     ///
     ///   | Type      | `size_of::<Type>() ` |
     ///   |-----------|----------------------|
     ///   | `bool`    | 1                    |
     ///   | `u8`/`i8` | 1                    |
     ///
     /// [2] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#size-and-alignment:
     ///
     ///   The size of a value is always a multiple of its alignment.
     ///
     /// [3] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/boolean.html:
     ///
     ///   The value false has the bit pattern 0x00 and the value true has the
     ///   bit pattern 0x01.
     unsafe_impl!(bool: TryFromBytes; |byte: &u8| *byte < 2);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `FromZeroes`: Per reference [1], "[a] value of type char is a Unicode
     ///   scalar value (i.e. a code point that is not a surrogate), represented
     ///   as a 32-bit unsigned word in the 0x0000 to 0xD7FF or 0xE000 to
     ///   0x10FFFF range" which contains 0x0000.
     /// - `AsBytes`: `char` is per reference [1] "represented as a 32-bit
     ///   unsigned word" (`u32`) which is `AsBytes`. Note that unlike `u32`, not
     ///   all bit patterns are valid for `char`.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/textual.html
     unsafe_impl!(char: FromZeroes, AsBytes);
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - The safety requirements for `unsafe_impl!` with an `is_bit_valid`
     ///   closure:
     ///   - Given `t: *mut char` and `let r = *mut u32`, `r` refers to an object
     ///     of the same size as that referred to by `t`. This is true because
     ///     `char` and `u32` have the same size [1].
     ///   - Since the closure takes a `&u32` argument, given a `Ptr<'a, char>`
     ///     which satisfies the preconditions of
     ///     `TryFromBytes::<char>::is_bit_valid`, it must be guaranteed that the
     ///     memory referenced by that `Ptr` always contains a valid `u32`. Since
     ///     `char`'s bytes are always initialized [2], `is_bit_valid`'s
     ///     precondition requires that the same is true of its argument. Since
     ///     `u32`'s only bit validity invariant is that its bytes must be
     ///     initialized, this memory is guaranteed to contain a valid `u32`.
     ///   - The alignment of `char` is equal to the alignment of `u32`. [1]
     ///   - The impl must only return `true` for its argument if the original
     ///     `Ptr<char>` refers to a valid `char`. `char::from_u32` guarantees
     ///     that it returns `None` if its input is not a valid `char`. [3]
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/reference/types/textual.html#layout-and-bit-validity:
     ///
     ///   `char` is guaranteed to have the same size and alignment as `u32` on
     ///   all platforms.
     ///
     /// [2] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/primitive.char.html#method.from_u32:
     ///
     ///   Every byte of a `char` is guaranteed to be initialized.
     ///
     /// [3] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/primitive.char.html#method.from_u32:
     ///
     ///   `from_u32()` will return `None` if the input is not a valid value for
     ///   a `char`.
     unsafe_impl!(char: TryFromBytes; |candidate: &u32| char::from_u32(*candidate).is_some());
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `FromZeroes`, `AsBytes`, `Unaligned`: Per the reference [1], `str`
     ///   has the same layout as `[u8]`, and `[u8]` is `FromZeroes`, `AsBytes`,
     ///   and `Unaligned`.
     ///
     /// Note that we don't `assert_unaligned!(str)` because `assert_unaligned!`
     /// uses `align_of`, which only works for `Sized` types.
     ///
     /// TODO(#429): Add quotes from documentation.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#str-layout
     unsafe_impl!(str: FromZeroes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - The safety requirements for `unsafe_impl!` with an `is_bit_valid`
     ///   closure:
     ///   - Given `t: *mut str` and `let r = *mut [u8]`, `r` refers to an object
     ///     of the same size as that referred to by `t`. This is true because
     ///     `str` and `[u8]` have the same representation. [1]
     ///   - Since the closure takes a `&[u8]` argument, given a `Ptr<'a, str>`
     ///     which satisfies the preconditions of
     ///     `TryFromBytes::<str>::is_bit_valid`, it must be guaranteed that the
     ///     memory referenced by that `Ptr` always contains a valid `[u8]`.
     ///     Since `str`'s bytes are always initialized [1], `is_bit_valid`'s
     ///     precondition requires that the same is true of its argument. Since
     ///     `[u8]`'s only bit validity invariant is that its bytes must be
     ///     initialized, this memory is guaranteed to contain a valid `[u8]`.
     ///   - The alignment of `str` is equal to the alignment of `[u8]`. [1]
     ///   - The impl must only return `true` for its argument if the original
     ///     `Ptr<str>` refers to a valid `str`. `str::from_utf8` guarantees that
     ///     it returns `Err` if its input is not a valid `str`. [2]
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/textual.html:
     ///
     ///   A value of type `str` is represented the same was as `[u8]`.
     ///
     /// [2] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/str/fn.from_utf8.html#errors:
     ///
     ///   Returns `Err` if the slice is not UTF-8.
     unsafe_impl!(str: TryFromBytes; |candidate: &[u8]| core::str::from_utf8(candidate).is_ok());
 }

 safety_comment! {
     // `NonZeroXxx` is `AsBytes`, but not `FromZeroes` or `FromBytes`.
     //
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `AsBytes`: `NonZeroXxx` has the same layout as its associated
     ///    primitive. Since it is the same size, this guarantees it has no
     ///    padding - integers have no padding, and there's no room for padding
     ///    if it can represent all of the same values except 0.
     /// - `Unaligned`: `NonZeroU8` and `NonZeroI8` document that
     ///   `Option<NonZeroU8>` and `Option<NonZeroI8>` both have size 1. [1] [2]
     ///   This is worded in a way that makes it unclear whether it's meant as a
     ///   guarantee, but given the purpose of those types, it's virtually
     ///   unthinkable that that would ever change. `Option` cannot be smaller
     ///   than its contained type, which implies that, and `NonZeroX8` are of
     ///   size 1 or 0. `NonZeroX8` can represent multiple states, so they cannot
     ///   be 0 bytes, which means that they must be 1 byte. The only valid
     ///   alignment for a 1-byte type is 1.
     ///
     /// TODO(#429): Add quotes from documentation.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroU8.html
     /// [2] https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroI8.html
     /// TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/104082): Cite documentation
     /// that layout is the same as primitive layout.
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU8: AsBytes, Unaligned);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI8: AsBytes, Unaligned);
     assert_unaligned!(NonZeroU8, NonZeroI8);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU16: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI16: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU32: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI32: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU64: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI64: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU128: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI128: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroUsize: AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroIsize: AsBytes);
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - The safety requirements for `unsafe_impl!` with an `is_bit_valid`
     ///   closure:
     ///   - Given `t: *mut NonZeroXxx` and `let r = *mut xxx`, `r` refers to an
     ///     object of the same size as that referred to by `t`. This is true
     ///     because `NonZeroXxx` and `xxx` have the same size. [1]
     ///   - Since the closure takes a `&xxx` argument, given a `Ptr<'a,
     ///     NonZeroXxx>` which satisfies the preconditions of
     ///     `TryFromBytes::<NonZeroXxx>::is_bit_valid`, it must be guaranteed
     ///     that the memory referenced by that `Ptr` always contains a valid
     ///     `xxx`. Since `NonZeroXxx`'s bytes are always initialized [1],
     ///     `is_bit_valid`'s precondition requires that the same is true of its
     ///     argument. Since `xxx`'s only bit validity invariant is that its
     ///     bytes must be initialized, this memory is guaranteed to contain a
     ///     valid `xxx`.
     ///   - The alignment of `NonZeroXxx` is equal to the alignment of `xxx`.
     ///     [1]
     ///   - The impl must only return `true` for its argument if the original
     ///     `Ptr<NonZeroXxx>` refers to a valid `NonZeroXxx`. The only `xxx`
     ///     which is not also a valid `NonZeroXxx` is 0. [1]
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/num/struct.NonZeroU16.html:
     ///
     ///   `NonZeroU16` is guaranteed to have the same layout and bit validity as
     ///   `u16` with the exception that `0` is not a valid instance.
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU8: TryFromBytes; |n: &u8| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI8: TryFromBytes; |n: &i8| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU16: TryFromBytes; |n: &u16| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI16: TryFromBytes; |n: &i16| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU32: TryFromBytes; |n: &u32| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI32: TryFromBytes; |n: &i32| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU64: TryFromBytes; |n: &u64| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI64: TryFromBytes; |n: &i64| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroU128: TryFromBytes; |n: &u128| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroI128: TryFromBytes; |n: &i128| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroUsize: TryFromBytes; |n: &usize| *n != 0);
     unsafe_impl!(NonZeroIsize: TryFromBytes; |n: &isize| *n != 0);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `TryFromBytes` (with no validator), `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`,
     ///   `AsBytes`: The Rust compiler reuses `0` value to represent `None`, so
     ///   `size_of::<Option<NonZeroXxx>>() == size_of::<xxx>()`; see
     ///   `NonZeroXxx` documentation.
     /// - `Unaligned`: `NonZeroU8` and `NonZeroI8` document that
     ///   `Option<NonZeroU8>` and `Option<NonZeroI8>` both have size 1. [1] [2]
     ///   This is worded in a way that makes it unclear whether it's meant as a
     ///   guarantee, but given the purpose of those types, it's virtually
     ///   unthinkable that that would ever change. The only valid alignment for
     ///   a 1-byte type is 1.
     ///
     /// TODO(#429): Add quotes from documentation.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroU8.html
     /// [2] https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/num/struct.NonZeroI8.html
     ///
     /// TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/104082): Cite documentation
     /// for layout guarantees.
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroU8>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroI8>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     assert_unaligned!(Option<NonZeroU8>, Option<NonZeroI8>);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroU16>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroI16>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroU32>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroI32>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroU64>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroI64>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroU128>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroI128>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroUsize>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
     unsafe_impl!(Option<NonZeroIsize>: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
 }

 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// The following types can be transmuted from `[0u8; size_of::<T>()]`. [1]
     /// None of them contain `UnsafeCell`s, and so they all soundly implement
     /// `FromZeroes`.
     ///
     /// [1] Per
     /// https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/index.html#representation:
     ///
     ///   Rust guarantees to optimize the following types `T` such that
     ///   [`Option<T>`] has the same size and alignment as `T`. In some of these
     ///   cases, Rust further guarantees that `transmute::<_, Option<T>>([0u8;
     ///   size_of::<T>()])` is sound and produces `Option::<T>::None`. These
     ///   cases are identified by the second column:
     ///
     ///   | `T`                   | `transmute::<_, Option<T>>([0u8; size_of::<T>()])` sound? |
     ///   |-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
     ///   | [`Box<U>`]            | when `U: Sized`                                           |
     ///   | `&U`                  | when `U: Sized`                                           |
     ///   | `&mut U`              | when `U: Sized`                                           |
     ///   | [`ptr::NonNull<U>`]   | when `U: Sized`                                           |
     ///   | `fn`, `extern "C" fn` | always                                                    |
     ///
     /// TODO(#429), TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/115333): Cite
     /// the Stable docs once they're available.
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     unsafe_impl!(
         #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))]
         T => FromZeroes for Option<Box<T>>
     );
     unsafe_impl!(T => FromZeroes for Option<&'_ T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T => FromZeroes for Option<&'_ mut T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T => FromZeroes for Option<NonNull<T>>);
     unsafe_impl_for_power_set!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L -> M => FromZeroes for opt_fn!(...));
     unsafe_impl_for_power_set!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L -> M => FromZeroes for opt_extern_c_fn!(...));
 }

 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// Per reference [1]:
     /// "For all T, the following are guaranteed:
     /// size_of::<PhantomData<T>>() == 0
     /// align_of::<PhantomData<T>>() == 1".
     /// This gives:
     /// - `TryFromBytes` (with no validator), `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`: There
     ///   is only one possible sequence of 0 bytes, and `PhantomData` is
     ///   inhabited.
     /// - `AsBytes`: Since `PhantomData` has size 0, it contains no padding
     ///   bytes.
     /// - `Unaligned`: Per the preceding reference, `PhantomData` has alignment
     ///   1.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/struct.PhantomData.html#layout-1
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized => TryFromBytes for PhantomData<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized => FromZeroes for PhantomData<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized => FromBytes for PhantomData<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized => AsBytes for PhantomData<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized => Unaligned for PhantomData<T>);
     assert_unaligned!(PhantomData<()>, PhantomData<u8>, PhantomData<u64>);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// `Wrapping<T>` is guaranteed by its docs [1] to have the same layout and
     /// bit validity as `T`. Also, `Wrapping<T>` is `#[repr(transparent)]`, and
     /// has a single field, which is `pub`. Per the reference [2], this means
     /// that the `#[repr(transparent)]` attribute is "considered part of the
     /// public ABI".
     ///
     /// - `TryFromBytes`: The safety requirements for `unsafe_impl!` with an
     ///   `is_bit_valid` closure:
     ///   - Given `t: *mut Wrapping<T>` and `let r = *mut T`, `r` refers to an
     ///     object of the same size as that referred to by `t`. This is true
     ///     because `Wrapping<T>` and `T` have the same layout
     ///   - The alignment of `Wrapping<T>` is equal to the alignment of `T`.
     ///   - The impl must only return `true` for its argument if the original
     ///     `Ptr<Wrapping<T>>` refers to a valid `Wrapping<T>`. Since
     ///     `Wrapping<T>` has the same bit validity as `T`, and since our impl
     ///     just calls `T::is_bit_valid`, our impl returns `true` exactly when
     ///     its argument contains a valid `Wrapping<T>`.
     /// - `FromBytes`: Since `Wrapping<T>` has the same bit validity as `T`, if
     ///   `T: FromBytes`, then all initialized byte sequences are valid
     ///   instances of `Wrapping<T>`. Similarly, if `T: FromBytes`, then
     ///   `Wrapping<T>` doesn't contain any `UnsafeCell`s. Thus, `impl FromBytes
     ///   for Wrapping<T> where T: FromBytes` is a sound impl.
     /// - `AsBytes`: Since `Wrapping<T>` has the same bit validity as `T`, if
     ///   `T: AsBytes`, then all valid instances of `Wrapping<T>` have all of
     ///   their bytes initialized. Similarly, if `T: AsBytes`, then
     ///   `Wrapping<T>` doesn't contain any `UnsafeCell`s. Thus, `impl AsBytes
     ///   for Wrapping<T> where T: AsBytes` is a valid impl.
     /// - `Unaligned`: Since `Wrapping<T>` has the same layout as `T`,
     ///   `Wrapping<T>` has alignment 1 exactly when `T` does.
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/num/struct.NonZeroU16.html:
     ///
     ///   `NonZeroU16` is guaranteed to have the same layout and bit validity as
     ///   `u16` with the exception that `0` is not a valid instance.
     ///
     /// TODO(#429): Add quotes from documentation.
     ///
     /// [1] TODO(https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/num/struct.Wrapping.html#layout-1):
     /// Reference this documentation once it's available on stable.
     ///
     /// [2] https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/other-reprs.html#reprtransparent
     unsafe_impl!(T: TryFromBytes => TryFromBytes for Wrapping<T>; |candidate: Ptr<T>| {
         // SAFETY:
         // - Since `T` and `Wrapping<T>` have the same layout and bit validity
         //   and contain the same fields, `T` contains `UnsafeCell`s exactly
         //   where `Wrapping<T>` does. Thus, all memory and `UnsafeCell`
         //   preconditions of `T::is_bit_valid` hold exactly when the same
         //   preconditions for `Wrapping<T>::is_bit_valid` hold.
         // - By the same token, since `candidate` is guaranteed to have its
         //   bytes initialized where there are always initialized bytes in
         //   `Wrapping<T>`, the same is true for `T`.
         unsafe { T::is_bit_valid(candidate) }
     });
     unsafe_impl!(T: FromZeroes => FromZeroes for Wrapping<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: FromBytes => FromBytes for Wrapping<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: AsBytes => AsBytes for Wrapping<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: Unaligned => Unaligned for Wrapping<T>);
     assert_unaligned!(Wrapping<()>, Wrapping<u8>);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     // `MaybeUninit<T>` is `FromZeroes` and `FromBytes`, but never `AsBytes`
     // since it may contain uninitialized bytes.
     //
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `TryFromBytes` (with no validator), `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`:
     ///   `MaybeUninit<T>` has no restrictions on its contents. Unfortunately,
     ///   in addition to bit validity, `TryFromBytes`, `FromZeroes` and
     ///   `FromBytes` also require that implementers contain no `UnsafeCell`s.
     ///   Thus, we require `T: Trait` in order to ensure that `T` - and thus
     ///   `MaybeUninit<T>` - contains to `UnsafeCell`s. Thus, requiring that `T`
     ///   implement each of these traits is sufficient.
     /// - `Unaligned`: "MaybeUninit<T> is guaranteed to have the same size,
     ///    alignment, and ABI as T" [1]
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/mem/union.MaybeUninit.html#layout-1
     ///
     /// TODO(https://github.com/google/zerocopy/issues/251): If we split
     /// `FromBytes` and `RefFromBytes`, or if we introduce a separate
     /// `NoCell`/`Freeze` trait, we can relax the trait bounds for `FromZeroes`
     /// and `FromBytes`.
     unsafe_impl!(T: TryFromBytes => TryFromBytes for MaybeUninit<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: FromZeroes => FromZeroes for MaybeUninit<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: FromBytes => FromBytes for MaybeUninit<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: Unaligned => Unaligned for MaybeUninit<T>);
     assert_unaligned!(MaybeUninit<()>, MaybeUninit<u8>);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// `ManuallyDrop` has the same layout and bit validity as `T` [1], and
     /// accessing the inner value is safe (meaning that it's unsound to leave
     /// the inner value uninitialized while exposing the `ManuallyDrop` to safe
     /// code).
     /// - `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`: Since it has the same layout as `T`, any
     ///   valid `T` is a valid `ManuallyDrop<T>`. If `T: FromZeroes`, a sequence
     ///   of zero bytes is a valid `T`, and thus a valid `ManuallyDrop<T>`. If
     ///   `T: FromBytes`, any sequence of bytes is a valid `T`, and thus a valid
     ///   `ManuallyDrop<T>`.
     /// - `AsBytes`: Since it has the same layout as `T`, and since it's unsound
     ///   to let safe code access a `ManuallyDrop` whose inner value is
     ///   uninitialized, safe code can only ever access a `ManuallyDrop` whose
     ///   contents are a valid `T`. Since `T: AsBytes`, this means that safe
     ///   code can only ever access a `ManuallyDrop` with all initialized bytes.
     /// - `Unaligned`: `ManuallyDrop` has the same layout (and thus alignment)
     ///   as `T`, and `T: Unaligned` guarantees that that alignment is 1.
     ///
     ///   `ManuallyDrop<T>` is guaranteed to have the same layout and bit
     ///   validity as `T`
     ///
     /// [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/mem/struct.ManuallyDrop.html:
     ///
     /// TODO(#429):
     /// - Add quotes from docs.
     /// - Once [1] (added in
     /// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/115522) is available on stable,
     /// quote the stable docs instead of the nightly docs.
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized + FromZeroes => FromZeroes for ManuallyDrop<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized + FromBytes => FromBytes for ManuallyDrop<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized + AsBytes => AsBytes for ManuallyDrop<T>);
     unsafe_impl!(T: ?Sized + Unaligned => Unaligned for ManuallyDrop<T>);
     assert_unaligned!(ManuallyDrop<()>, ManuallyDrop<u8>);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// Per the reference [1]:
     ///
     ///   An array of `[T; N]` has a size of `size_of::<T>() * N` and the same
     ///   alignment of `T`. Arrays are laid out so that the zero-based `nth`
     ///   element of the array is offset from the start of the array by `n *
     ///   size_of::<T>()` bytes.
     ///
     ///   ...
     ///
     ///   Slices have the same layout as the section of the array they slice.
     ///
     /// In other words, the layout of a `[T]` or `[T; N]` is a sequence of `T`s
     /// laid out back-to-back with no bytes in between. Therefore, `[T]` or `[T;
     /// N]` are `TryFromBytes`, `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, and `AsBytes` if `T`
     /// is (respectively). Furthermore, since an array/slice has "the same
     /// alignment of `T`", `[T]` and `[T; N]` are `Unaligned` if `T` is.
     ///
     /// Note that we don't `assert_unaligned!` for slice types because
     /// `assert_unaligned!` uses `align_of`, which only works for `Sized` types.
     ///
     /// [1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#array-layout
     unsafe_impl!(const N: usize, T: FromZeroes => FromZeroes for [T; N]);
     unsafe_impl!(const N: usize, T: FromBytes => FromBytes for [T; N]);
     unsafe_impl!(const N: usize, T: AsBytes => AsBytes for [T; N]);
     unsafe_impl!(const N: usize, T: Unaligned => Unaligned for [T; N]);
     assert_unaligned!([(); 0], [(); 1], [u8; 0], [u8; 1]);
     unsafe_impl!(T: TryFromBytes => TryFromBytes for [T]; |c: Ptr<[T]>| {
         // SAFETY: Assuming the preconditions of `is_bit_valid` are satisfied,
         // so too will the postcondition: that, if `is_bit_valid(candidate)`
         // returns true, `*candidate` contains a valid `Self`. Per the reference
         // [1]:
         //
         //   An array of `[T; N]` has a size of `size_of::<T>() * N` and the
         //   same alignment of `T`. Arrays are laid out so that the zero-based
         //   `nth` element of the array is offset from the start of the array by
         //   `n * size_of::<T>()` bytes.
         //
         //   ...
         //
         //   Slices have the same layout as the section of the array they slice.
         //
         // In other words, the layout of a `[T] is a sequence of `T`s laid out
         // back-to-back with no bytes in between. If all elements in `candidate`
         // are `is_bit_valid`, so too is `candidate`.
         //
         // Note that any of the below calls may panic, but it would still be
         // sound even if it did. `is_bit_valid` does not promise that it will
         // not panic (in fact, it explicitly warns that it's a possibility), and
         // we have not violated any safety invariants that we must fix before
         // returning.
         c.iter().all(|elem|
             // SAFETY: We uphold the safety contract of `is_bit_valid(elem)`, by
             // precondition on the surrounding call to `is_bit_valid`. The
             // memory referenced by `elem` is contained entirely within `c`, and
             // satisfies the preconditions satisfied by `c`. By axiom, we assume
             // that `Iterator:all` does not invalidate these preconditions
             // (e.g., by writing to `elem`.) Since `elem` is derived from `c`,
             // it is only possible for uninitialized bytes to occur in `elem` at
             // the same bytes they occur within `c`.
             unsafe { <T as TryFromBytes>::is_bit_valid(elem) }
         )
     });
     unsafe_impl!(T: FromZeroes => FromZeroes for [T]);
     unsafe_impl!(T: FromBytes => FromBytes for [T]);
     unsafe_impl!(T: AsBytes => AsBytes for [T]);
     unsafe_impl!(T: Unaligned => Unaligned for [T]);
 }
 safety_comment! {
     /// SAFETY:
     /// - `FromZeroes`: For thin pointers (note that `T: Sized`), the zero
     ///   pointer is considered "null". [1] No operations which require
     ///   provenance are legal on null pointers, so this is not a footgun.
     ///
     /// NOTE(#170): Implementing `FromBytes` and `AsBytes` for raw pointers
     /// would be sound, but carries provenance footguns. We want to support
     /// `FromBytes` and `AsBytes` for raw pointers eventually, but we are
     /// holding off until we can figure out how to address those footguns.
     ///
     /// [1] TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/116988): Cite the
     /// documentation once this PR lands.
     unsafe_impl!(T => FromZeroes for *const T);
     unsafe_impl!(T => FromZeroes for *mut T);
 }

 // SIMD support
 //
 // Per the Unsafe Code Guidelines Reference [1]:
 //
 //   Packed SIMD vector types are `repr(simd)` homogeneous tuple-structs
 //   containing `N` elements of type `T` where `N` is a power-of-two and the
 //   size and alignment requirements of `T` are equal:
 //
 //   ```rust
 //   #[repr(simd)]
 //   struct Vector<T, N>(T_0, ..., T_(N - 1));
 //   ```
 //
 //   ...
 //
 //   The size of `Vector` is `N * size_of::<T>()` and its alignment is an
 //   implementation-defined function of `T` and `N` greater than or equal to
 //   `align_of::<T>()`.
 //
 //   ...
 //
 //   Vector elements are laid out in source field order, enabling random access
 //   to vector elements by reinterpreting the vector as an array:
 //
 //   ```rust
 //   union U {
 //      vec: Vector<T, N>,
 //      arr: [T; N]
 //   }
 //
 //   assert_eq!(size_of::<Vector<T, N>>(), size_of::<[T; N]>());
 //   assert!(align_of::<Vector<T, N>>() >= align_of::<[T; N]>());
 //
 //   unsafe {
 //     let u = U { vec: Vector<T, N>(t_0, ..., t_(N - 1)) };
 //
 //     assert_eq!(u.vec.0, u.arr[0]);
 //     // ...
 //     assert_eq!(u.vec.(N - 1), u.arr[N - 1]);
 //   }
 //   ```
 //
 // Given this background, we can observe that:
 // - The size and bit pattern requirements of a SIMD type are equivalent to the
 //   equivalent array type. Thus, for any SIMD type whose primitive `T` is
 //   `TryFromBytes`, `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, or `AsBytes`, that SIMD type is
 //   also `TryFromBytes`, `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, or `AsBytes` respectively.
 // - Since no upper bound is placed on the alignment, no SIMD type can be
 //   guaranteed to be `Unaligned`.
 //
 // Also per [1]:
 //
 //   This chapter represents the consensus from issue #38. The statements in
 //   here are not (yet) "guaranteed" not to change until an RFC ratifies them.
 //
 // See issue #38 [2]. While this behavior is not technically guaranteed, the
 // likelihood that the behavior will change such that SIMD types are no longer
 // `TryFromBytes`, `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, or `AsBytes` is next to zero, as
 // that would defeat the entire purpose of SIMD types. Nonetheless, we put this
 // behavior behind the `simd` Cargo feature, which requires consumers to opt
 // into this stability hazard.
 //
 // [1] https://rust-lang.github.io/unsafe-code-guidelines/layout/packed-simd-vectors.html
 // [2] https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/38
 #[cfg(feature = "simd")]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "simd")))]
 mod simd {
     /// Defines a module which implements `TryFromBytes`, `FromZeroes`,
     /// `FromBytes`, and `AsBytes` for a set of types from a module in
     /// `core::arch`.
     ///
     /// `$arch` is both the name of the defined module and the name of the
     /// module in `core::arch`, and `$typ` is the list of items from that module
     /// to implement `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, and `AsBytes` for.
     #[allow(unused_macros)] // `allow(unused_macros)` is needed because some
                             // target/feature combinations don't emit any impls
                             // and thus don't use this macro.
     macro_rules! simd_arch_mod {
         (#[cfg $cfg:tt] $arch:ident, $mod:ident, $($typ:ident),*) => {
             #[cfg $cfg]
             #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg $cfg))]
             mod $mod {
                 use core::arch::$arch::{$($typ),*};

                 use crate::*;
                 impl_known_layout!($($typ),*);
                 safety_comment! {
                     /// SAFETY:
                     /// See comment on module definition for justification.
                     $( unsafe_impl!($typ: TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes); )*
                 }
             }
         };
     }

     #[rustfmt::skip]
     const _: () = {
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86")]
             x86, x86, __m128, __m128d, __m128i, __m256, __m256d, __m256i
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "x86"))]
             x86, x86_nightly, __m512bh, __m512, __m512d, __m512i
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
             x86_64, x86_64, __m128, __m128d, __m128i, __m256, __m256d, __m256i
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
             x86_64, x86_64_nightly, __m512bh, __m512, __m512d, __m512i
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
             wasm32, wasm32, v128
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "powerpc"))]
             powerpc, powerpc, vector_bool_long, vector_double, vector_signed_long, vector_unsigned_long
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "powerpc64"))]
             powerpc64, powerpc64, vector_bool_long, vector_double, vector_signed_long, vector_unsigned_long
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
             aarch64, aarch64, float32x2_t, float32x4_t, float64x1_t, float64x2_t, int8x8_t, int8x8x2_t,
             int8x8x3_t, int8x8x4_t, int8x16_t, int8x16x2_t, int8x16x3_t, int8x16x4_t, int16x4_t,
             int16x8_t, int32x2_t, int32x4_t, int64x1_t, int64x2_t, poly8x8_t, poly8x8x2_t, poly8x8x3_t,
             poly8x8x4_t, poly8x16_t, poly8x16x2_t, poly8x16x3_t, poly8x16x4_t, poly16x4_t, poly16x8_t,
             poly64x1_t, poly64x2_t, uint8x8_t, uint8x8x2_t, uint8x8x3_t, uint8x8x4_t, uint8x16_t,
             uint8x16x2_t, uint8x16x3_t, uint8x16x4_t, uint16x4_t, uint16x8_t, uint32x2_t, uint32x4_t,
             uint64x1_t, uint64x2_t
         );
         simd_arch_mod!(
             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "arm"))]
             arm, arm, int8x4_t, uint8x4_t
         );
     };
 }

 /// Safely transmutes a value of one type to a value of another type of the same
 /// size.
 ///
 /// The expression `$e` must have a concrete type, `T`, which implements
 /// `AsBytes`. The `transmute!` expression must also have a concrete type, `U`
 /// (`U` is inferred from the calling context), and `U` must implement
 /// `FromBytes`.
 ///
 /// Note that the `T` produced by the expression `$e` will *not* be dropped.
 /// Semantically, its bits will be copied into a new value of type `U`, the
 /// original `T` will be forgotten, and the value of type `U` will be returned.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy::transmute;
 /// let one_dimensional: [u8; 8] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
 ///
 /// let two_dimensional: [[u8; 4]; 2] = transmute!(one_dimensional);
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(two_dimensional, [[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]);
 /// ```
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! transmute {
     ($e:expr) => {{
         // NOTE: This must be a macro (rather than a function with trait bounds)
         // because there's no way, in a generic context, to enforce that two
         // types have the same size. `core::mem::transmute` uses compiler magic
         // to enforce this so long as the types are concrete.

         let e = $e;
         if false {
             // This branch, though never taken, ensures that the type of `e` is
             // `AsBytes` and that the type of this macro invocation expression
             // is `FromBytes`.

             struct AssertIsAsBytes<T: $crate::AsBytes>(T);
             let _ = AssertIsAsBytes(e);

             struct AssertIsFromBytes<U: $crate::FromBytes>(U);
             #[allow(unused, unreachable_code)]
             let u = AssertIsFromBytes(loop {});
             u.0
         } else {
             // SAFETY: `core::mem::transmute` ensures that the type of `e` and
             // the type of this macro invocation expression have the same size.
             // We know this transmute is safe thanks to the `AsBytes` and
             // `FromBytes` bounds enforced by the `false` branch.
             //
             // We use this reexport of `core::mem::transmute` because we know it
             // will always be available for crates which are using the 2015
             // edition of Rust. By contrast, if we were to use
             // `std::mem::transmute`, this macro would not work for such crates
             // in `no_std` contexts, and if we were to use
             // `core::mem::transmute`, this macro would not work in `std`
             // contexts in which `core` was not manually imported. This is not a
             // problem for 2018 edition crates.
             unsafe {
                 // Clippy: It's okay to transmute a type to itself.
                 #[allow(clippy::useless_transmute, clippy::missing_transmute_annotations)]
                 $crate::macro_util::core_reexport::mem::transmute(e)
             }
         }
     }}
 }

 /// Safely transmutes a mutable or immutable reference of one type to an
 /// immutable reference of another type of the same size.
 ///
 /// The expression `$e` must have a concrete type, `&T` or `&mut T`, where `T:
 /// Sized + AsBytes`. The `transmute_ref!` expression must also have a concrete
 /// type, `&U` (`U` is inferred from the calling context), where `U: Sized +
 /// FromBytes`. It must be the case that `align_of::<T>() >= align_of::<U>()`.
 ///
 /// The lifetime of the input type, `&T` or `&mut T`, must be the same as or
 /// outlive the lifetime of the output type, `&U`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy::transmute_ref;
 /// let one_dimensional: [u8; 8] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
 ///
 /// let two_dimensional: &[[u8; 4]; 2] = transmute_ref!(&one_dimensional);
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(two_dimensional, &[[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]);
 /// ```
 ///
 /// # Alignment increase error message
 ///
 /// Because of limitations on macros, the error message generated when
 /// `transmute_ref!` is used to transmute from a type of lower alignment to a
 /// type of higher alignment is somewhat confusing. For example, the following
 /// code:
 ///
 /// ```compile_fail
 /// const INCREASE_ALIGNMENT: &u16 = zerocopy::transmute_ref!(&[0u8; 2]);
 /// ```
 ///
 /// ...generates the following error:
 ///
 /// ```text
 /// error[E0512]: cannot transmute between types of different sizes, or dependently-sized types
 ///  --> src/lib.rs:1524:34
 ///   |
 /// 5 | const INCREASE_ALIGNMENT: &u16 = zerocopy::transmute_ref!(&[0u8; 2]);
 ///   |                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 ///   |
 ///   = note: source type: `AlignOf<[u8; 2]>` (8 bits)
 ///   = note: target type: `MaxAlignsOf<[u8; 2], u16>` (16 bits)
 ///   = note: this error originates in the macro `$crate::assert_align_gt_eq` which comes from the expansion of the macro `transmute_ref` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 /// ```
 ///
 /// This is saying that `max(align_of::<T>(), align_of::<U>()) !=
 /// align_of::<T>()`, which is equivalent to `align_of::<T>() <
 /// align_of::<U>()`.
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! transmute_ref {
     ($e:expr) => {{
         // NOTE: This must be a macro (rather than a function with trait bounds)
         // because there's no way, in a generic context, to enforce that two
         // types have the same size or alignment.

         // Ensure that the source type is a reference or a mutable reference
         // (note that mutable references are implicitly reborrowed here).
         let e: &_ = $e;

         #[allow(unused, clippy::diverging_sub_expression)]
         if false {
             // This branch, though never taken, ensures that the type of `e` is
             // `&T` where `T: 't + Sized + AsBytes`, that the type of this macro
             // expression is `&U` where `U: 'u + Sized + FromBytes`, and that
             // `'t` outlives `'u`.

             struct AssertIsAsBytes<'a, T: ::core::marker::Sized + $crate::AsBytes>(&'a T);
             let _ = AssertIsAsBytes(e);

             struct AssertIsFromBytes<'a, U: ::core::marker::Sized + $crate::FromBytes>(&'a U);
             #[allow(unused, unreachable_code)]
             let u = AssertIsFromBytes(loop {});
             u.0
         } else if false {
             // This branch, though never taken, ensures that `size_of::<T>() ==
             // size_of::<U>()` and that that `align_of::<T>() >=
             // align_of::<U>()`.

             // `t` is inferred to have type `T` because it's assigned to `e` (of
             // type `&T`) as `&t`.
             let mut t = unreachable!();
             e = &t;

             // `u` is inferred to have type `U` because it's used as `&u` as the
             // value returned from this branch.
             let u;

             $crate::assert_size_eq!(t, u);
             $crate::assert_align_gt_eq!(t, u);

             &u
         } else {
             // SAFETY: For source type `Src` and destination type `Dst`:
             // - We know that `Src: AsBytes` and `Dst: FromBytes` thanks to the
             //   uses of `AssertIsAsBytes` and `AssertIsFromBytes` above.
             // - We know that `size_of::<Src>() == size_of::<Dst>()` thanks to
             //   the use of `assert_size_eq!` above.
             // - We know that `align_of::<Src>() >= align_of::<Dst>()` thanks to
             //   the use of `assert_align_gt_eq!` above.
             unsafe { $crate::macro_util::transmute_ref(e) }
         }
     }}
 }

 /// Safely transmutes a mutable reference of one type to an mutable reference of
 /// another type of the same size.
 ///
 /// The expression `$e` must have a concrete type, `&mut T`, where `T: Sized +
 /// AsBytes`. The `transmute_mut!` expression must also have a concrete type,
 /// `&mut U` (`U` is inferred from the calling context), where `U: Sized +
 /// FromBytes`. It must be the case that `align_of::<T>() >= align_of::<U>()`.
 ///
 /// The lifetime of the input type, `&mut T`, must be the same as or outlive the
 /// lifetime of the output type, `&mut U`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use zerocopy::transmute_mut;
 /// let mut one_dimensional: [u8; 8] = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
 ///
 /// let two_dimensional: &mut [[u8; 4]; 2] = transmute_mut!(&mut one_dimensional);
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(two_dimensional, &[[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]]);
 ///
 /// two_dimensional.reverse();
 ///
 /// assert_eq!(one_dimensional, [4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 1, 2, 3]);
 /// ```
 ///
 /// # Alignment increase error message
 ///
 /// Because of limitations on macros, the error message generated when
 /// `transmute_mut!` is used to transmute from a type of lower alignment to a
 /// type of higher alignment is somewhat confusing. For example, the following
 /// code:
 ///
 /// ```compile_fail
 /// const INCREASE_ALIGNMENT: &mut u16 = zerocopy::transmute_mut!(&mut [0u8; 2]);
 /// ```
 ///
 /// ...generates the following error:
 ///
 /// ```text
 /// error[E0512]: cannot transmute between types of different sizes, or dependently-sized types
 ///  --> src/lib.rs:1524:34
 ///   |
 /// 5 | const INCREASE_ALIGNMENT: &mut u16 = zerocopy::transmute_mut!(&mut [0u8; 2]);
 ///   |                                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 ///   |
 ///   = note: source type: `AlignOf<[u8; 2]>` (8 bits)
 ///   = note: target type: `MaxAlignsOf<[u8; 2], u16>` (16 bits)
 ///   = note: this error originates in the macro `$crate::assert_align_gt_eq` which comes from the expansion of the macro `transmute_mut` (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
 /// ```
 ///
 /// This is saying that `max(align_of::<T>(), align_of::<U>()) !=
 /// align_of::<T>()`, which is equivalent to `align_of::<T>() <
 /// align_of::<U>()`.
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! transmute_mut {
     ($e:expr) => {{
         // NOTE: This must be a macro (rather than a function with trait bounds)
         // because there's no way, in a generic context, to enforce that two
         // types have the same size or alignment.

         // Ensure that the source type is a mutable reference.
         let e: &mut _ = $e;

         #[allow(unused, clippy::diverging_sub_expression)]
         if false {
             // This branch, though never taken, ensures that the type of `e` is
             // `&mut T` where `T: 't + Sized + FromBytes + AsBytes`, that the
             // type of this macro expression is `&mut U` where `U: 'u + Sized +
             // FromBytes + AsBytes`.

             // We use immutable references here rather than mutable so that, if
             // this macro is used in a const context (in which, as of this
             // writing, mutable references are banned), the error message
             // appears to originate in the user's code rather than in the
             // internals of this macro.
             struct AssertSrcIsFromBytes<'a, T: ::core::marker::Sized + $crate::FromBytes>(&'a T);
             struct AssertSrcIsAsBytes<'a, T: ::core::marker::Sized + $crate::AsBytes>(&'a T);
             struct AssertDstIsFromBytes<'a, T: ::core::marker::Sized + $crate::FromBytes>(&'a T);
             struct AssertDstIsAsBytes<'a, T: ::core::marker::Sized + $crate::AsBytes>(&'a T);

             if true {
                 let _ = AssertSrcIsFromBytes(&*e);
             } else {
                 let _ = AssertSrcIsAsBytes(&*e);
             }

             if true {
                 #[allow(unused, unreachable_code)]
                 let u = AssertDstIsFromBytes(loop {});
                 &mut *u.0
             } else {
                 #[allow(unused, unreachable_code)]
                 let u = AssertDstIsAsBytes(loop {});
                 &mut *u.0
             }
         } else if false {
             // This branch, though never taken, ensures that `size_of::<T>() ==
             // size_of::<U>()` and that that `align_of::<T>() >=
             // align_of::<U>()`.

             // `t` is inferred to have type `T` because it's assigned to `e` (of
             // type `&mut T`) as `&mut t`.
             let mut t = unreachable!();
             e = &mut t;

             // `u` is inferred to have type `U` because it's used as `&mut u` as
             // the value returned from this branch.
             let u;

             $crate::assert_size_eq!(t, u);
             $crate::assert_align_gt_eq!(t, u);

             &mut u
         } else {
             // SAFETY: For source type `Src` and destination type `Dst`:
             // - We know that `Src: FromBytes + AsBytes` and `Dst: FromBytes +
             //   AsBytes` thanks to the uses of `AssertSrcIsFromBytes`,
             //   `AssertSrcIsAsBytes`, `AssertDstIsFromBytes`, and
             //   `AssertDstIsAsBytes` above.
             // - We know that `size_of::<Src>() == size_of::<Dst>()` thanks to
             //   the use of `assert_size_eq!` above.
             // - We know that `align_of::<Src>() >= align_of::<Dst>()` thanks to
             //   the use of `assert_align_gt_eq!` above.
             unsafe { $crate::macro_util::transmute_mut(e) }
         }
     }}
 }

 /// Includes a file and safely transmutes it to a value of an arbitrary type.
 ///
 /// The file will be included as a byte array, `[u8; N]`, which will be
 /// transmuted to another type, `T`. `T` is inferred from the calling context,
 /// and must implement [`FromBytes`].
 ///
 /// The file is located relative to the current file (similarly to how modules
 /// are found). The provided path is interpreted in a platform-specific way at
 /// compile time. So, for instance, an invocation with a Windows path containing
 /// backslashes `\` would not compile correctly on Unix.
 ///
 /// `include_value!` is ignorant of byte order. For byte order-aware types, see
 /// the [`byteorder`] module.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// Assume there are two files in the same directory with the following
 /// contents:
 ///
 /// File `data` (no trailing newline):
 ///
 /// ```text
 /// abcd
 /// ```
 ///
 /// File `main.rs`:
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// use zerocopy::include_value;
 /// # macro_rules! include_value {
 /// # ($file:expr) => { zerocopy::include_value!(concat!("../testdata/include_value/", $file)) };
 /// # }
 ///
 /// fn main() {
 ///     let as_u32: u32 = include_value!("data");
 ///     assert_eq!(as_u32, u32::from_ne_bytes([b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd']));
 ///     let as_i32: i32 = include_value!("data");
 ///     assert_eq!(as_i32, i32::from_ne_bytes([b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd']));
 /// }
 /// ```
 #[doc(alias("include_bytes", "include_data", "include_type"))]
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! include_value {
     ($file:expr $(,)?) => {
         $crate::transmute!(*::core::include_bytes!($file))
     };
 }

 /// A typed reference derived from a byte slice.
 ///
 /// A `Ref<B, T>` is a reference to a `T` which is stored in a byte slice, `B`.
 /// Unlike a native reference (`&T` or `&mut T`), `Ref<B, T>` has the same
 /// mutability as the byte slice it was constructed from (`B`).
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// `Ref` can be used to treat a sequence of bytes as a structured type, and to
 /// read and write the fields of that type as if the byte slice reference were
 /// simply a reference to that type.
 ///
 /// ```rust
 /// # #[cfg(feature = "derive")] { // This example uses derives, and won't compile without them
 /// use zerocopy::{AsBytes, ByteSlice, ByteSliceMut, FromBytes, FromZeroes, Ref, Unaligned};
 ///
 /// #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned)]
 /// #[repr(C)]
 /// struct UdpHeader {
 ///     src_port: [u8; 2],
 ///     dst_port: [u8; 2],
 ///     length: [u8; 2],
 ///     checksum: [u8; 2],
 /// }
 ///
 /// struct UdpPacket<B> {
 ///     header: Ref<B, UdpHeader>,
 ///     body: B,
 /// }
 ///
 /// impl<B: ByteSlice> UdpPacket<B> {
 ///     pub fn parse(bytes: B) -> Option<UdpPacket<B>> {
 ///         let (header, body) = Ref::new_unaligned_from_prefix(bytes)?;
 ///         Some(UdpPacket { header, body })
 ///     }
 ///
 ///     pub fn get_src_port(&self) -> [u8; 2] {
 ///         self.header.src_port
 ///     }
 /// }
 ///
 /// impl<B: ByteSliceMut> UdpPacket<B> {
 ///     pub fn set_src_port(&mut self, src_port: [u8; 2]) {
 ///         self.header.src_port = src_port;
 ///     }
 /// }
 /// # }
 /// ```
 pub struct Ref<B, T: ?Sized>(B, PhantomData<T>);

 /// Deprecated: prefer [`Ref`] instead.
 #[deprecated(since = "0.7.0", note = "LayoutVerified has been renamed to Ref")]
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub type LayoutVerified<B, T> = Ref<B, T>;

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref`.
     ///
     /// `new` verifies that `bytes.len() == size_of::<T>()` and that `bytes` is
     /// aligned to `align_of::<T>()`, and constructs a new `Ref`. If either of
     /// these checks fail, it returns `None`.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, T>> {
         if bytes.len() != mem::size_of::<T>() || !util::aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) {
             return None;
         }
         Some(Ref(bytes, PhantomData))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the prefix of a byte slice.
     ///
     /// `new_from_prefix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>()` and that
     /// `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the first
     /// `size_of::<T>()` bytes from `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns
     /// the remaining bytes to the caller. If either the length or alignment
     /// checks fail, it returns `None`.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new_from_prefix(bytes: B) -> Option<(Ref<B, T>, B)> {
         if bytes.len() < mem::size_of::<T>() || !util::aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) {
             return None;
         }
         let (bytes, suffix) = bytes.split_at(mem::size_of::<T>());
         Some((Ref(bytes, PhantomData), suffix))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the suffix of a byte slice.
     ///
     /// `new_from_suffix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>()` and that
     /// the last `size_of::<T>()` bytes of `bytes` are aligned to
     /// `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the last `size_of::<T>()` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the preceding bytes to the
     /// caller. If either the length or alignment checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new_from_suffix(bytes: B) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, T>)> {
         let bytes_len = bytes.len();
         let split_at = bytes_len.checked_sub(mem::size_of::<T>())?;
         let (prefix, bytes) = bytes.split_at(split_at);
         if !util::aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) {
             return None;
         }
         Some((prefix, Ref(bytes, PhantomData)))
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type.
     ///
     /// `new_slice` verifies that `bytes.len()` is a multiple of
     /// `size_of::<T>()` and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`, and
     /// constructs a new `Ref`. If either of these checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new_slice(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, [T]>> {
         let remainder = bytes
             .len()
             .checked_rem(mem::size_of::<T>())
             .expect("Ref::new_slice called on a zero-sized type");
         if remainder != 0 || !util::aligned_to::<_, T>(bytes.deref()) {
             return None;
         }
         Some(Ref(bytes, PhantomData))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type from the prefix of a byte slice.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_prefix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count` and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// first `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a `Ref`,
     /// and returns the remaining bytes to the caller. It also ensures that
     /// `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`. If any of the
     /// length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_prefix` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new_slice_from_prefix(bytes: B, count: usize) -> Option<(Ref<B, [T]>, B)> {
         let expected_len = match mem::size_of::<T>().checked_mul(count) {
             Some(len) => len,
             None => return None,
         };
         if bytes.len() < expected_len {
             return None;
         }
         let (prefix, bytes) = bytes.split_at(expected_len);
         Self::new_slice(prefix).map(move |l| (l, bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type from the suffix of a byte slice.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_suffix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count` and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// last `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a `Ref`,
     /// and returns the preceding bytes to the caller. It also ensures that
     /// `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`. If any of the
     /// length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_suffix` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline]
     pub fn new_slice_from_suffix(bytes: B, count: usize) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, [T]>)> {
         let expected_len = match mem::size_of::<T>().checked_mul(count) {
             Some(len) => len,
             None => return None,
         };
         let split_at = bytes.len().checked_sub(expected_len)?;
         let (bytes, suffix) = bytes.split_at(split_at);
         Self::new_slice(suffix).map(move |l| (bytes, l))
     }
 }

 fn map_zeroed<B: ByteSliceMut, T: ?Sized>(opt: Option<Ref<B, T>>) -> Option<Ref<B, T>> {
     match opt {
         Some(mut r) => {
             r.0.fill(0);
             Some(r)
         }
         None => None,
     }
 }

 fn map_prefix_tuple_zeroed<B: ByteSliceMut, T: ?Sized>(
     opt: Option<(Ref<B, T>, B)>,
 ) -> Option<(Ref<B, T>, B)> {
     match opt {
         Some((mut r, rest)) => {
             r.0.fill(0);
             Some((r, rest))
         }
         None => None,
     }
 }

 fn map_suffix_tuple_zeroed<B: ByteSliceMut, T: ?Sized>(
     opt: Option<(B, Ref<B, T>)>,
 ) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, T>)> {
     map_prefix_tuple_zeroed(opt.map(|(a, b)| (b, a))).map(|(a, b)| (b, a))
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` after zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len() == size_of::<T>()` and that
     /// `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`, and constructs a new `Ref`. If
     /// either of these checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then `bytes` will be initialized to zero. This
     /// can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive data
     /// previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, T>> {
         map_zeroed(Self::new(bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the prefix of a byte slice, zeroing the
     /// prefix.
     ///
     /// `new_from_prefix_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>()`
     /// and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the first
     /// `size_of::<T>()` bytes from `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns
     /// the remaining bytes to the caller. If either the length or alignment
     /// checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then the prefix which is consumed will be
     /// initialized to zero. This can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure
     /// that sensitive data previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_from_prefix_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<(Ref<B, T>, B)> {
         map_prefix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_from_prefix(bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the suffix of a byte slice, zeroing the
     /// suffix.
     ///
     /// `new_from_suffix_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>()`
     /// and that the last `size_of::<T>()` bytes of `bytes` are aligned to
     /// `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the last `size_of::<T>()` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the preceding bytes to the
     /// caller. If either the length or alignment checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then the suffix which is consumed will be
     /// initialized to zero. This can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure
     /// that sensitive data previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_from_suffix_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, T>)> {
         map_suffix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_from_suffix(bytes))
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type after zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len()` is a multiple of
     /// `size_of::<T>()` and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`, and
     /// constructs a new `Ref`. If either of these checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then `bytes` will be initialized to zero. This
     /// can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive data
     /// previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, [T]>> {
         map_zeroed(Self::new_slice(bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type from the prefix of a byte slice,
     /// after zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_prefix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count` and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// first `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a `Ref`,
     /// and returns the remaining bytes to the caller. It also ensures that
     /// `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`. If any of the
     /// length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then the suffix which is consumed will be
     /// initialized to zero. This can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure
     /// that sensitive data previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed(bytes: B, count: usize) -> Option<(Ref<B, [T]>, B)> {
         map_prefix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_slice_from_prefix(bytes, count))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type from the prefix of a byte slice,
     /// after zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_suffix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count` and that `bytes` is aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. It consumes the
     /// last `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes` to construct a `Ref`,
     /// and returns the preceding bytes to the caller. It also ensures that
     /// `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`. If any of the
     /// length, alignment, or overflow checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then the consumed suffix will be initialized to
     /// zero. This can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive
     /// data previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed(bytes: B, count: usize) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, [T]>)> {
         map_suffix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_slice_from_suffix(bytes, count))
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: Unaligned,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` for a type with no alignment requirement.
     ///
     /// `new_unaligned` verifies that `bytes.len() == size_of::<T>()` and
     /// constructs a new `Ref`. If the check fails, it returns `None`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_unaligned(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, T>> {
         Ref::new(bytes)
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the prefix of a byte slice for a type with
     /// no alignment requirement.
     ///
     /// `new_unaligned_from_prefix` verifies that `bytes.len() >=
     /// size_of::<T>()`. It consumes the first `size_of::<T>()` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the remaining bytes to the
     /// caller. If the length check fails, it returns `None`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_unaligned_from_prefix(bytes: B) -> Option<(Ref<B, T>, B)> {
         Ref::new_from_prefix(bytes)
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the suffix of a byte slice for a type with
     /// no alignment requirement.
     ///
     /// `new_unaligned_from_suffix` verifies that `bytes.len() >=
     /// size_of::<T>()`. It consumes the last `size_of::<T>()` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the preceding bytes to the
     /// caller. If the length check fails, it returns `None`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_unaligned_from_suffix(bytes: B) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, T>)> {
         Ref::new_from_suffix(bytes)
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: Unaligned,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type with no alignment requirement.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_unaligned` verifies that `bytes.len()` is a multiple of
     /// `size_of::<T>()` and constructs a new `Ref`. If the check fails, it
     /// returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_unaligned(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, [T]>> {
         Ref::new_slice(bytes)
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type with no alignment requirement
     /// from the prefix of a byte slice.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_prefix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count`. It consumes the first `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the remaining bytes to the
     /// caller. It also ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a
     /// `usize`. If either the length, or overflow checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix(bytes: B, count: usize) -> Option<(Ref<B, [T]>, B)> {
         Ref::new_slice_from_prefix(bytes, count)
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type with no alignment requirement
     /// from the suffix of a byte slice.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_suffix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count`. It consumes the last `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes`
     /// to construct a `Ref`, and returns the remaining bytes to the caller. It
     /// also ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`.
     /// If either the length, or overflow checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix(bytes: B, count: usize) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, [T]>)> {
         Ref::new_slice_from_suffix(bytes, count)
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: Unaligned,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` for a type with no alignment requirement, zeroing
     /// the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_unaligned_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len() == size_of::<T>()` and
     /// constructs a new `Ref`. If the check fails, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the check succeeds, then `bytes` will be initialized to zero. This
     /// can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive data
     /// previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_unaligned_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, T>> {
         map_zeroed(Self::new_unaligned(bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the prefix of a byte slice for a type with
     /// no alignment requirement, zeroing the prefix.
     ///
     /// `new_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len() >=
     /// size_of::<T>()`. It consumes the first `size_of::<T>()` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the remaining bytes to the
     /// caller. If the length check fails, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the check succeeds, then the prefix which is consumed will be
     /// initialized to zero. This can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure
     /// that sensitive data previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<(Ref<B, T>, B)> {
         map_prefix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_unaligned_from_prefix(bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` from the suffix of a byte slice for a type with
     /// no alignment requirement, zeroing the suffix.
     ///
     /// `new_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len() >=
     /// size_of::<T>()`. It consumes the last `size_of::<T>()` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the preceding bytes to the
     /// caller. If the length check fails, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the check succeeds, then the suffix which is consumed will be
     /// initialized to zero. This can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure
     /// that sensitive data previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, T>)> {
         map_suffix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_unaligned_from_suffix(bytes))
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: Unaligned,
 {
     /// Constructs a new `Ref` for a slice type with no alignment requirement,
     /// zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_unaligned_zeroed` verifies that `bytes.len()` is a multiple
     /// of `size_of::<T>()` and constructs a new `Ref`. If the check fails, it
     /// returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the check succeeds, then `bytes` will be initialized to zero. This
     /// can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive data
     /// previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice` panics if `T` is a zero-sized type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_unaligned_zeroed(bytes: B) -> Option<Ref<B, [T]>> {
         map_zeroed(Self::new_slice_unaligned(bytes))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type with no alignment requirement
     /// from the prefix of a byte slice, after zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_prefix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count`. It consumes the first `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from
     /// `bytes` to construct a `Ref`, and returns the remaining bytes to the
     /// caller. It also ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a
     /// `usize`. If either the length, or overflow checks fail, it returns
     /// `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then the prefix will be initialized to zero. This
     /// can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive data
     /// previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed` panics if `T` is a zero-sized
     /// type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(
         bytes: B,
         count: usize,
     ) -> Option<(Ref<B, [T]>, B)> {
         map_prefix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix(bytes, count))
     }

     /// Constructs a new `Ref` of a slice type with no alignment requirement
     /// from the suffix of a byte slice, after zeroing the bytes.
     ///
     /// `new_slice_from_suffix` verifies that `bytes.len() >= size_of::<T>() *
     /// count`. It consumes the last `size_of::<T>() * count` bytes from `bytes`
     /// to construct a `Ref`, and returns the remaining bytes to the caller. It
     /// also ensures that `sizeof::<T>() * count` does not overflow a `usize`.
     /// If either the length, or overflow checks fail, it returns `None`.
     ///
     /// If the checks succeed, then the suffix will be initialized to zero. This
     /// can be useful when re-using buffers to ensure that sensitive data
     /// previously stored in the buffer is not leaked.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed` panics if `T` is a zero-sized
     /// type.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(
         bytes: B,
         count: usize,
     ) -> Option<(B, Ref<B, [T]>)> {
         map_suffix_tuple_zeroed(Self::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix(bytes, count))
     }
 }

 impl<'a, B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: 'a + ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     /// Converts this `Ref` into a reference.
     ///
     /// `into_ref` consumes the `Ref`, and returns a reference to `T`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn into_ref(self) -> &'a T {
         assert!(B::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND);

         // SAFETY: According to the safety preconditions on
         // `ByteSlice::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND`, the preceding assert
         // ensures that, given `B: 'a`, it is sound to drop `self` and still
         // access the underlying memory using reads for `'a`.
         unsafe { self.deref_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<'a, B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: 'a + ByteSliceMut,
     T: FromBytes + AsBytes,
 {
     /// Converts this `Ref` into a mutable reference.
     ///
     /// `into_mut` consumes the `Ref`, and returns a mutable reference to `T`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn into_mut(mut self) -> &'a mut T {
         assert!(B::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND);

         // SAFETY: According to the safety preconditions on
         // `ByteSlice::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND`, the preceding assert
         // ensures that, given `B: 'a + ByteSliceMut`, it is sound to drop
         // `self` and still access the underlying memory using both reads and
         // writes for `'a`.
         unsafe { self.deref_mut_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<'a, B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: 'a + ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     /// Converts this `Ref` into a slice reference.
     ///
     /// `into_slice` consumes the `Ref`, and returns a reference to `[T]`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn into_slice(self) -> &'a [T] {
         assert!(B::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND);

         // SAFETY: According to the safety preconditions on
         // `ByteSlice::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND`, the preceding assert
         // ensures that, given `B: 'a`, it is sound to drop `self` and still
         // access the underlying memory using reads for `'a`.
         unsafe { self.deref_slice_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<'a, B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: 'a + ByteSliceMut,
     T: FromBytes + AsBytes,
 {
     /// Converts this `Ref` into a mutable slice reference.
     ///
     /// `into_mut_slice` consumes the `Ref`, and returns a mutable reference to
     /// `[T]`.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn into_mut_slice(mut self) -> &'a mut [T] {
         assert!(B::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND);

         // SAFETY: According to the safety preconditions on
         // `ByteSlice::INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND`, the preceding assert
         // ensures that, given `B: 'a + ByteSliceMut`, it is sound to drop
         // `self` and still access the underlying memory using both reads and
         // writes for `'a`.
         unsafe { self.deref_mut_slice_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     /// Creates an immutable reference to `T` with a specific lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// The type bounds on this method guarantee that it is safe to create an
     /// immutable reference to `T` from `self`. However, since the lifetime `'a`
     /// is not required to be shorter than the lifetime of the reference to
     /// `self`, the caller must guarantee that the lifetime `'a` is valid for
     /// this reference. In particular, the referent must exist for all of `'a`,
     /// and no mutable references to the same memory may be constructed during
     /// `'a`.
     unsafe fn deref_helper<'a>(&self) -> &'a T {
         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         unsafe {
             &*self.0.as_ptr().cast::<T>()
         }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: FromBytes + AsBytes,
 {
     /// Creates a mutable reference to `T` with a specific lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// The type bounds on this method guarantee that it is safe to create a
     /// mutable reference to `T` from `self`. However, since the lifetime `'a`
     /// is not required to be shorter than the lifetime of the reference to
     /// `self`, the caller must guarantee that the lifetime `'a` is valid for
     /// this reference. In particular, the referent must exist for all of `'a`,
     /// and no other references - mutable or immutable - to the same memory may
     /// be constructed during `'a`.
     unsafe fn deref_mut_helper<'a>(&mut self) -> &'a mut T {
         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         unsafe {
             &mut *self.0.as_mut_ptr().cast::<T>()
         }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     /// Creates an immutable reference to `[T]` with a specific lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// `deref_slice_helper` has the same safety requirements as `deref_helper`.
     unsafe fn deref_slice_helper<'a>(&self) -> &'a [T] {
         let len = self.0.len();
         let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
         debug_assert_ne!(elem_size, 0);
         // `Ref<_, [T]>` maintains the invariant that `size_of::<T>() > 0`.
         // Thus, neither the mod nor division operations here can panic.
         #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
         let elems = {
             debug_assert_eq!(len % elem_size, 0);
             len / elem_size
         };
         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         unsafe {
             slice::from_raw_parts(self.0.as_ptr().cast::<T>(), elems)
         }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: FromBytes + AsBytes,
 {
     /// Creates a mutable reference to `[T]` with a specific lifetime.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// `deref_mut_slice_helper` has the same safety requirements as
     /// `deref_mut_helper`.
     unsafe fn deref_mut_slice_helper<'a>(&mut self) -> &'a mut [T] {
         let len = self.0.len();
         let elem_size = mem::size_of::<T>();
         debug_assert_ne!(elem_size, 0);
         // `Ref<_, [T]>` maintains the invariant that `size_of::<T>() > 0`.
         // Thus, neither the mod nor division operations here can panic.
         #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
         let elems = {
             debug_assert_eq!(len % elem_size, 0);
             len / elem_size
         };
         // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
         #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
         unsafe {
             slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.0.as_mut_ptr().cast::<T>(), elems)
         }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: ?Sized,
 {
     /// Gets the underlying bytes.
     #[inline]
     pub fn bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
         &self.0
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: ?Sized,
 {
     /// Gets the underlying bytes mutably.
     #[inline]
     pub fn bytes_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
         &mut self.0
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     /// Reads a copy of `T`.
     #[inline]
     pub fn read(&self) -> T {
         // SAFETY: Because of the invariants on `Ref`, we know that `self.0` is
         // at least `size_of::<T>()` bytes long, and that it is at least as
         // aligned as `align_of::<T>()`. Because `T: FromBytes`, it is sound to
         // interpret these bytes as a `T`.
         unsafe { ptr::read(self.0.as_ptr().cast::<T>()) }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: AsBytes,
 {
     /// Writes the bytes of `t` and then forgets `t`.
     #[inline]
     pub fn write(&mut self, t: T) {
         // SAFETY: Because of the invariants on `Ref`, we know that `self.0` is
         // at least `size_of::<T>()` bytes long, and that it is at least as
         // aligned as `align_of::<T>()`. Writing `t` to the buffer will allow
         // all of the bytes of `t` to be accessed as a `[u8]`, but because `T:
         // AsBytes`, we know this is sound.
         unsafe { ptr::write(self.0.as_mut_ptr().cast::<T>(), t) }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Deref for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     type Target = T;
     #[inline]
     fn deref(&self) -> &T {
         // SAFETY: This is sound because the lifetime of `self` is the same as
         // the lifetime of the return value, meaning that a) the returned
         // reference cannot outlive `self` and, b) no mutable methods on `self`
         // can be called during the lifetime of the returned reference. See the
         // documentation on `deref_helper` for what invariants we are required
         // to uphold.
         unsafe { self.deref_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> DerefMut for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: FromBytes + AsBytes,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
         // SAFETY: This is sound because the lifetime of `self` is the same as
         // the lifetime of the return value, meaning that a) the returned
         // reference cannot outlive `self` and, b) no other methods on `self`
         // can be called during the lifetime of the returned reference. See the
         // documentation on `deref_mut_helper` for what invariants we are
         // required to uphold.
         unsafe { self.deref_mut_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> Deref for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
 {
     type Target = [T];
     #[inline]
     fn deref(&self) -> &[T] {
         // SAFETY: This is sound because the lifetime of `self` is the same as
         // the lifetime of the return value, meaning that a) the returned
         // reference cannot outlive `self` and, b) no mutable methods on `self`
         // can be called during the lifetime of the returned reference. See the
         // documentation on `deref_slice_helper` for what invariants we are
         // required to uphold.
         unsafe { self.deref_slice_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<B, T> DerefMut for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSliceMut,
     T: FromBytes + AsBytes,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [T] {
         // SAFETY: This is sound because the lifetime of `self` is the same as
         // the lifetime of the return value, meaning that a) the returned
         // reference cannot outlive `self` and, b) no other methods on `self`
         // can be called during the lifetime of the returned reference. See the
         // documentation on `deref_mut_slice_helper` for what invariants we are
         // required to uphold.
         unsafe { self.deref_mut_slice_helper() }
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Display for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Display,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let inner: &T = self;
         inner.fmt(fmt)
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Display for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes,
     [T]: Display,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let inner: &[T] = self;
         inner.fmt(fmt)
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Debug for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Debug,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let inner: &T = self;
         fmt.debug_tuple("Ref").field(&inner).finish()
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Debug for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Debug,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let inner: &[T] = self;
         fmt.debug_tuple("Ref").field(&inner).finish()
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Eq for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Eq,
 {
 }

 impl<T, B> Eq for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Eq,
 {
 }

 impl<T, B> PartialEq for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + PartialEq,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.deref().eq(other.deref())
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> PartialEq for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + PartialEq,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
         self.deref().eq(other.deref())
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Ord for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Ord,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
         let inner: &T = self;
         let other_inner: &T = other;
         inner.cmp(other_inner)
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> Ord for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + Ord,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
         let inner: &[T] = self;
         let other_inner: &[T] = other;
         inner.cmp(other_inner)
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> PartialOrd for Ref<B, T>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + PartialOrd,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
         let inner: &T = self;
         let other_inner: &T = other;
         inner.partial_cmp(other_inner)
     }
 }

 impl<T, B> PartialOrd for Ref<B, [T]>
 where
     B: ByteSlice,
     T: FromBytes + PartialOrd,
 {
     #[inline]
     fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
         let inner: &[T] = self;
         let other_inner: &[T] = other;
         inner.partial_cmp(other_inner)
     }
 }

 mod sealed {
     pub trait ByteSliceSealed {}
 }

 // ByteSlice and ByteSliceMut abstract over [u8] references (&[u8], &mut [u8],
 // Ref<[u8]>, RefMut<[u8]>, etc). We rely on various behaviors of these
 // references such as that a given reference will never changes its length
 // between calls to deref() or deref_mut(), and that split_at() works as
 // expected. If ByteSlice or ByteSliceMut were not sealed, consumers could
 // implement them in a way that violated these behaviors, and would break our
 // unsafe code. Thus, we seal them and implement it only for known-good
 // reference types. For the same reason, they're unsafe traits.

 #[allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)] // TODO(fxbug.dev/99068)
 /// A mutable or immutable reference to a byte slice.
 ///
 /// `ByteSlice` abstracts over the mutability of a byte slice reference, and is
 /// implemented for various special reference types such as `Ref<[u8]>` and
 /// `RefMut<[u8]>`.
 ///
 /// Note that, while it would be technically possible, `ByteSlice` is not
 /// implemented for [`Vec<u8>`], as the only way to implement the [`split_at`]
 /// method would involve reallocation, and `split_at` must be a very cheap
 /// operation in order for the utilities in this crate to perform as designed.
 ///
 /// [`split_at`]: crate::ByteSlice::split_at
 // It may seem overkill to go to this length to ensure that this doc link never
 // breaks. We do this because it simplifies CI - it means that generating docs
 // always succeeds, so we don't need special logic to only generate docs under
 // certain features.
 #[cfg_attr(feature = "alloc", doc = "[`Vec<u8>`]: alloc::vec::Vec")]
 #[cfg_attr(
     not(feature = "alloc"),
     doc = "[`Vec<u8>`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html"
 )]
 pub unsafe trait ByteSlice: Deref<Target = [u8]> + Sized + sealed::ByteSliceSealed {
     /// Are the [`Ref::into_ref`] and [`Ref::into_mut`] methods sound when used
     /// with `Self`? If not, evaluating this constant must panic at compile
     /// time.
     ///
     /// This exists to work around #716 on versions of zerocopy prior to 0.8.
     ///
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// This may only be set to true if the following holds: Given the
     /// following:
     /// - `Self: 'a`
     /// - `bytes: Self`
     /// - `let ptr = bytes.as_ptr()`
     ///
     /// ...then:
     /// - Using `ptr` to read the memory previously addressed by `bytes` is
     ///   sound for `'a` even after `bytes` has been dropped.
     /// - If `Self: ByteSliceMut`, using `ptr` to write the memory previously
     ///   addressed by `bytes` is sound for `'a` even after `bytes` has been
     ///   dropped.
     #[doc(hidden)]
     const INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND: bool;

     /// Gets a raw pointer to the first byte in the slice.
     #[inline]
     fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const u8 {
         <[u8]>::as_ptr(self)
     }

     /// Splits the slice at the midpoint.
     ///
     /// `x.split_at(mid)` returns `x[..mid]` and `x[mid..]`.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// `x.split_at(mid)` panics if `mid > x.len()`.
     fn split_at(self, mid: usize) -> (Self, Self);
 }

 #[allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)] // TODO(fxbug.dev/99068)
 /// A mutable reference to a byte slice.
 ///
 /// `ByteSliceMut` abstracts over various ways of storing a mutable reference to
 /// a byte slice, and is implemented for various special reference types such as
 /// `RefMut<[u8]>`.
 pub unsafe trait ByteSliceMut: ByteSlice + DerefMut {
     /// Gets a mutable raw pointer to the first byte in the slice.
     #[inline]
     fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut u8 {
         <[u8]>::as_mut_ptr(self)
     }
 }

 impl<'a> sealed::ByteSliceSealed for &'a [u8] {}
 // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
 #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 unsafe impl<'a> ByteSlice for &'a [u8] {
     // SAFETY: If `&'b [u8]: 'a`, then the underlying memory is treated as
     // borrowed immutably for `'a` even if the slice itself is dropped.
     const INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND: bool = true;

     #[inline]
     fn split_at(self, mid: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
         <[u8]>::split_at(self, mid)
     }
 }

 impl<'a> sealed::ByteSliceSealed for &'a mut [u8] {}
 // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
 #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 unsafe impl<'a> ByteSlice for &'a mut [u8] {
     // SAFETY: If `&'b mut [u8]: 'a`, then the underlying memory is treated as
     // borrowed mutably for `'a` even if the slice itself is dropped.
     const INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND: bool = true;

     #[inline]
     fn split_at(self, mid: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
         <[u8]>::split_at_mut(self, mid)
     }
 }

 impl<'a> sealed::ByteSliceSealed for cell::Ref<'a, [u8]> {}
 // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
 #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 unsafe impl<'a> ByteSlice for cell::Ref<'a, [u8]> {
     const INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND: bool = if !cfg!(doc) {
         panic!("Ref::into_ref and Ref::into_mut are unsound when used with core::cell::Ref; see https://github.com/google/zerocopy/issues/716")
     } else {
         // When compiling documentation, allow the evaluation of this constant
         // to succeed. This doesn't represent a soundness hole - it just delays
         // any error to runtime. The reason we need this is that, otherwise,
         // `rustdoc` will fail when trying to document this item.
         false
     };

     #[inline]
     fn split_at(self, mid: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
         cell::Ref::map_split(self, |slice| <[u8]>::split_at(slice, mid))
     }
 }

 impl<'a> sealed::ByteSliceSealed for RefMut<'a, [u8]> {}
 // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
 #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 unsafe impl<'a> ByteSlice for RefMut<'a, [u8]> {
     const INTO_REF_INTO_MUT_ARE_SOUND: bool = if !cfg!(doc) {
         panic!("Ref::into_ref and Ref::into_mut are unsound when used with core::cell::RefMut; see https://github.com/google/zerocopy/issues/716")
     } else {
         // When compiling documentation, allow the evaluation of this constant
         // to succeed. This doesn't represent a soundness hole - it just delays
         // any error to runtime. The reason we need this is that, otherwise,
         // `rustdoc` will fail when trying to document this item.
         false
     };

     #[inline]
     fn split_at(self, mid: usize) -> (Self, Self) {
         RefMut::map_split(self, |slice| <[u8]>::split_at_mut(slice, mid))
     }
 }

 // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
 #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 unsafe impl<'a> ByteSliceMut for &'a mut [u8] {}

 // TODO(#429): Add a "SAFETY" comment and remove this `allow`.
 #[allow(clippy::undocumented_unsafe_blocks)]
 unsafe impl<'a> ByteSliceMut for RefMut<'a, [u8]> {}

 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[cfg_attr(doc_cfg, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))]
 mod alloc_support {
     use alloc::vec::Vec;

     use super::*;

     /// Extends a `Vec<T>` by pushing `additional` new items onto the end of the
     /// vector. The new items are initialized with zeroes.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// Panics if `Vec::reserve(additional)` fails to reserve enough memory.
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn extend_vec_zeroed<T: FromZeroes>(v: &mut Vec<T>, additional: usize) {
         insert_vec_zeroed(v, v.len(), additional);
     }

     /// Inserts `additional` new items into `Vec<T>` at `position`.
     /// The new items are initialized with zeroes.
     ///
     /// # Panics
     ///
     /// * Panics if `position > v.len()`.
     /// * Panics if `Vec::reserve(additional)` fails to reserve enough memory.
     #[inline]
     pub fn insert_vec_zeroed<T: FromZeroes>(v: &mut Vec<T>, position: usize, additional: usize) {
         assert!(position <= v.len());
         v.reserve(additional);
         // SAFETY: The `reserve` call guarantees that these cannot overflow:
         // * `ptr.add(position)`
         // * `position + additional`
         // * `v.len() + additional`
         //
         // `v.len() - position` cannot overflow because we asserted that
         // `position <= v.len()`.
         unsafe {
             // This is a potentially overlapping copy.
             let ptr = v.as_mut_ptr();
             #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
             ptr.add(position).copy_to(ptr.add(position + additional), v.len() - position);
             ptr.add(position).write_bytes(0, additional);
             #[allow(clippy::arithmetic_side_effects)]
             v.set_len(v.len() + additional);
         }
     }

     #[cfg(test)]
     mod tests {
         use core::convert::TryFrom as _;

         use super::*;

         #[test]
         fn test_extend_vec_zeroed() {
             // Test extending when there is an existing allocation.
             let mut v = vec![100u64, 200, 300];
             extend_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 3);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 6);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[100, 200, 300, 0, 0, 0]);
             drop(v);

             // Test extending when there is no existing allocation.
             let mut v: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
             extend_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 3);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 3);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[0, 0, 0]);
             drop(v);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_extend_vec_zeroed_zst() {
             // Test extending when there is an existing (fake) allocation.
             let mut v = vec![(), (), ()];
             extend_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 3);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 6);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[(), (), (), (), (), ()]);
             drop(v);

             // Test extending when there is no existing (fake) allocation.
             let mut v: Vec<()> = Vec::new();
             extend_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 3);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[(), (), ()]);
             drop(v);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_insert_vec_zeroed() {
             // Insert at start (no existing allocation).
             let mut v: Vec<u64> = Vec::new();
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 0, 2);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 2);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[0, 0]);
             drop(v);

             // Insert at start.
             let mut v = vec![100u64, 200, 300];
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 0, 2);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 5);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[0, 0, 100, 200, 300]);
             drop(v);

             // Insert at middle.
             let mut v = vec![100u64, 200, 300];
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 1, 1);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[100, 0, 200, 300]);
             drop(v);

             // Insert at end.
             let mut v = vec![100u64, 200, 300];
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 3, 1);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[100, 200, 300, 0]);
             drop(v);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_insert_vec_zeroed_zst() {
             // Insert at start (no existing fake allocation).
             let mut v: Vec<()> = Vec::new();
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 0, 2);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 2);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[(), ()]);
             drop(v);

             // Insert at start.
             let mut v = vec![(), (), ()];
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 0, 2);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 5);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[(), (), (), (), ()]);
             drop(v);

             // Insert at middle.
             let mut v = vec![(), (), ()];
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 1, 1);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[(), (), (), ()]);
             drop(v);

             // Insert at end.
             let mut v = vec![(), (), ()];
             insert_vec_zeroed(&mut v, 3, 1);
             assert_eq!(v.len(), 4);
             assert_eq!(&*v, &[(), (), (), ()]);
             drop(v);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_zeroed() {
             assert_eq!(*u64::new_box_zeroed(), 0);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_zeroed_array() {
             drop(<[u32; 0x1000]>::new_box_zeroed());
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_zeroed_zst() {
             // This test exists in order to exercise unsafe code, especially
             // when running under Miri.
             #[allow(clippy::unit_cmp)]
             {
                 assert_eq!(*<()>::new_box_zeroed(), ());
             }
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_slice_zeroed() {
             let mut s: Box<[u64]> = u64::new_box_slice_zeroed(3);
             assert_eq!(s.len(), 3);
             assert_eq!(&*s, &[0, 0, 0]);
             s[1] = 3;
             assert_eq!(&*s, &[0, 3, 0]);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_slice_zeroed_empty() {
             let s: Box<[u64]> = u64::new_box_slice_zeroed(0);
             assert_eq!(s.len(), 0);
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_slice_zeroed_zst() {
             let mut s: Box<[()]> = <()>::new_box_slice_zeroed(3);
             assert_eq!(s.len(), 3);
             assert!(s.get(10).is_none());
             // This test exists in order to exercise unsafe code, especially
             // when running under Miri.
             #[allow(clippy::unit_cmp)]
             {
                 assert_eq!(s[1], ());
             }
             s[2] = ();
         }

         #[test]
         fn test_new_box_slice_zeroed_zst_empty() {
             let s: Box<[()]> = <()>::new_box_slice_zeroed(0);
             assert_eq!(s.len(), 0);
         }

         #[test]
         #[should_panic(expected = "mem::size_of::<Self>() * len overflows `usize`")]
         fn test_new_box_slice_zeroed_panics_mul_overflow() {
             let _ = u16::new_box_slice_zeroed(usize::MAX);
         }

         #[test]
         #[should_panic(expected = "assertion failed: size <= max_alloc")]
         fn test_new_box_slice_zeroed_panics_isize_overflow() {
             let max = usize::try_from(isize::MAX).unwrap();
             let _ = u16::new_box_slice_zeroed((max / mem::size_of::<u16>()) + 1);
         }
     }
 }

 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use alloc_support::*;

 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     #![allow(clippy::unreadable_literal)]

     use core::{cell::UnsafeCell, convert::TryInto as _, ops::Deref};

     use static_assertions::assert_impl_all;

     use super::*;
     use crate::util::testutil::*;

     // An unsized type.
     //
     // This is used to test the custom derives of our traits. The `[u8]` type
     // gets a hand-rolled impl, so it doesn't exercise our custom derives.
     #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned)]
     #[repr(transparent)]
     struct Unsized([u8]);

     impl Unsized {
         fn from_mut_slice(slc: &mut [u8]) -> &mut Unsized {
             // SAFETY: This *probably* sound - since the layouts of `[u8]` and
             // `Unsized` are the same, so are the layouts of `&mut [u8]` and
             // `&mut Unsized`. [1] Even if it turns out that this isn't actually
             // guaranteed by the language spec, we can just change this since
             // it's in test code.
             //
             // [1] https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/375
             unsafe { mem::transmute(slc) }
         }
     }

     /// Tests of when a sized `DstLayout` is extended with a sized field.
     #[allow(clippy::decimal_literal_representation)]
     #[test]
     fn test_dst_layout_extend_sized_with_sized() {
         // This macro constructs a layout corresponding to a `u8` and extends it
         // with a zero-sized trailing field of given alignment `n`. The macro
         // tests that the resulting layout has both size and alignment `min(n,
         // P)` for all valid values of `repr(packed(P))`.
         macro_rules! test_align_is_size {
             ($n:expr) => {
                 let base = DstLayout::for_type::<u8>();
                 let trailing_field = DstLayout::for_type::<elain::Align<$n>>();

                 let packs =
                     core::iter::once(None).chain((0..29).map(|p| NonZeroUsize::new(2usize.pow(p))));

                 for pack in packs {
                     let composite = base.extend(trailing_field, pack);
                     let max_align = pack.unwrap_or(DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN);
                     let align = $n.min(max_align.get());
                     assert_eq!(
                         composite,
                         DstLayout {
                             align: NonZeroUsize::new(align).unwrap(),
                             size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: align }
                         }
                     )
                 }
             };
         }

         test_align_is_size!(1);
         test_align_is_size!(2);
         test_align_is_size!(4);
         test_align_is_size!(8);
         test_align_is_size!(16);
         test_align_is_size!(32);
         test_align_is_size!(64);
         test_align_is_size!(128);
         test_align_is_size!(256);
         test_align_is_size!(512);
         test_align_is_size!(1024);
         test_align_is_size!(2048);
         test_align_is_size!(4096);
         test_align_is_size!(8192);
         test_align_is_size!(16384);
         test_align_is_size!(32768);
         test_align_is_size!(65536);
         test_align_is_size!(131072);
         test_align_is_size!(262144);
         test_align_is_size!(524288);
         test_align_is_size!(1048576);
         test_align_is_size!(2097152);
         test_align_is_size!(4194304);
         test_align_is_size!(8388608);
         test_align_is_size!(16777216);
         test_align_is_size!(33554432);
         test_align_is_size!(67108864);
         test_align_is_size!(33554432);
         test_align_is_size!(134217728);
         test_align_is_size!(268435456);
     }

     /// Tests of when a sized `DstLayout` is extended with a DST field.
     #[test]
     fn test_dst_layout_extend_sized_with_dst() {
         // Test that for all combinations of real-world alignments and
         // `repr_packed` values, that the extension of a sized `DstLayout`` with
         // a DST field correctly computes the trailing offset in the composite
         // layout.

         let aligns = (0..29).map(|p| NonZeroUsize::new(2usize.pow(p)).unwrap());
         let packs = core::iter::once(None).chain(aligns.clone().map(Some));

         for align in aligns {
             for pack in packs.clone() {
                 let base = DstLayout::for_type::<u8>();
                 let elem_size = 42;
                 let trailing_field_offset = 11;

                 let trailing_field = DstLayout {
                     align,
                     size_info: SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                         _elem_size: elem_size,
                         _offset: 11,
                     }),
                 };

                 let composite = base.extend(trailing_field, pack);

                 let max_align = pack.unwrap_or(DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN).get();

                 let align = align.get().min(max_align);

                 assert_eq!(
                     composite,
                     DstLayout {
                         align: NonZeroUsize::new(align).unwrap(),
                         size_info: SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                             _elem_size: elem_size,
                             _offset: align + trailing_field_offset,
                         }),
                     }
                 )
             }
         }
     }

     /// Tests that calling `pad_to_align` on a sized `DstLayout` adds the
     /// expected amount of trailing padding.
     #[test]
     fn test_dst_layout_pad_to_align_with_sized() {
         // For all valid alignments `align`, construct a one-byte layout aligned
         // to `align`, call `pad_to_align`, and assert that the size of the
         // resulting layout is equal to `align`.
         for align in (0..29).map(|p| NonZeroUsize::new(2usize.pow(p)).unwrap()) {
             let layout = DstLayout { align, size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: 1 } };

             assert_eq!(
                 layout.pad_to_align(),
                 DstLayout { align, size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: align.get() } }
             );
         }

         // Test explicitly-provided combinations of unpadded and padded
         // counterparts.

         macro_rules! test {
             (unpadded { size: $unpadded_size:expr, align: $unpadded_align:expr }
                 => padded { size: $padded_size:expr, align: $padded_align:expr }) => {
                 let unpadded = DstLayout {
                     align: NonZeroUsize::new($unpadded_align).unwrap(),
                     size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: $unpadded_size },
                 };
                 let padded = unpadded.pad_to_align();

                 assert_eq!(
                     padded,
                     DstLayout {
                         align: NonZeroUsize::new($padded_align).unwrap(),
                         size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: $padded_size },
                     }
                 );
             };
         }

         test!(unpadded { size: 0, align: 4 } => padded { size: 0, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 1, align: 4 } => padded { size: 4, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 2, align: 4 } => padded { size: 4, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 3, align: 4 } => padded { size: 4, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 4, align: 4 } => padded { size: 4, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 5, align: 4 } => padded { size: 8, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 6, align: 4 } => padded { size: 8, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 7, align: 4 } => padded { size: 8, align: 4 });
         test!(unpadded { size: 8, align: 4 } => padded { size: 8, align: 4 });

         let current_max_align = DstLayout::CURRENT_MAX_ALIGN.get();

         test!(unpadded { size: 1, align: current_max_align }
             => padded { size: current_max_align, align: current_max_align });

         test!(unpadded { size: current_max_align + 1, align: current_max_align }
             => padded { size: current_max_align * 2, align: current_max_align });
     }

     /// Tests that calling `pad_to_align` on a DST `DstLayout` is a no-op.
     #[test]
     fn test_dst_layout_pad_to_align_with_dst() {
         for align in (0..29).map(|p| NonZeroUsize::new(2usize.pow(p)).unwrap()) {
             for offset in 0..10 {
                 for elem_size in 0..10 {
                     let layout = DstLayout {
                         align,
                         size_info: SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                             _offset: offset,
                             _elem_size: elem_size,
                         }),
                     };
                     assert_eq!(layout.pad_to_align(), layout);
                 }
             }
         }
     }

     // This test takes a long time when running under Miri, so we skip it in
     // that case. This is acceptable because this is a logic test that doesn't
     // attempt to expose UB.
     #[test]
     #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)]
     fn testvalidate_cast_and_convert_metadata() {
         impl From<usize> for SizeInfo {
             fn from(_size: usize) -> SizeInfo {
                 SizeInfo::Sized { _size }
             }
         }

         impl From<(usize, usize)> for SizeInfo {
             fn from((_offset, _elem_size): (usize, usize)) -> SizeInfo {
                 SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset, _elem_size })
             }
         }

         fn layout<S: Into<SizeInfo>>(s: S, align: usize) -> DstLayout {
             DstLayout { size_info: s.into(), align: NonZeroUsize::new(align).unwrap() }
         }

         /// This macro accepts arguments in the form of:
         ///
         ///           layout(_, _, _).validate(_, _, _), Ok(Some((_, _)))
         ///                  |  |  |           |  |  |            |  |
         ///    base_size ----+  |  |           |  |  |            |  |
         ///    align -----------+  |           |  |  |            |  |
         ///    trailing_size ------+           |  |  |            |  |
         ///    addr ---------------------------+  |  |            |  |
         ///    bytes_len -------------------------+  |            |  |
         ///    cast_type ----------------------------+            |  |
         ///    elems ---------------------------------------------+  |
         ///    split_at ---------------------------------------------+
         ///
         /// `.validate` is shorthand for `.validate_cast_and_convert_metadata`
         /// for brevity.
         ///
         /// Each argument can either be an iterator or a wildcard. Each
         /// wildcarded variable is implicitly replaced by an iterator over a
         /// representative sample of values for that variable. Each `test!`
         /// invocation iterates over every combination of values provided by
         /// each variable's iterator (ie, the cartesian product) and validates
         /// that the results are expected.
         ///
         /// The final argument uses the same syntax, but it has a different
         /// meaning:
         /// - If it is `Ok(pat)`, then the pattern `pat` is supplied to
         ///   `assert_matches!` to validate the computed result for each
         ///   combination of input values.
         /// - If it is `Err(msg)`, then `test!` validates that the call to
         ///   `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` panics with the given panic
         ///   message.
         ///
         /// Note that the meta-variables that match these variables have the
         /// `tt` type, and some valid expressions are not valid `tt`s (such as
         /// `a..b`). In this case, wrap the expression in parentheses, and it
         /// will become valid `tt`.
         macro_rules! test {
             ($(:$sizes:expr =>)?
                 layout($size:tt, $align:tt)
                 .validate($addr:tt, $bytes_len:tt, $cast_type:tt), $expect:pat $(,)?
             ) => {
                 itertools::iproduct!(
                     test!(@generate_size $size),
                     test!(@generate_align $align),
                     test!(@generate_usize $addr),
                     test!(@generate_usize $bytes_len),
                     test!(@generate_cast_type $cast_type)
                 ).for_each(|(size_info, align, addr, bytes_len, cast_type)| {
                     // Temporarily disable the panic hook installed by the test
                     // harness. If we don't do this, all panic messages will be
                     // kept in an internal log. On its own, this isn't a
                     // problem, but if a non-caught panic ever happens (ie, in
                     // code later in this test not in this macro), all of the
                     // previously-buffered messages will be dumped, hiding the
                     // real culprit.
                     let previous_hook = std::panic::take_hook();
                     // I don't understand why, but this seems to be required in
                     // addition to the previous line.
                     std::panic::set_hook(Box::new(|_| {}));
                     let actual = std::panic::catch_unwind(|| {
                         layout(size_info, align).validate_cast_and_convert_metadata(addr, bytes_len, cast_type)
                     }).map_err(|d| {
                         *d.downcast::<&'static str>().expect("expected string panic message").as_ref()
                     });
                     std::panic::set_hook(previous_hook);

                     assert_matches::assert_matches!(
                         actual, $expect,
                         "layout({size_info:?}, {align}).validate_cast_and_convert_metadata({addr}, {bytes_len}, {cast_type:?})",
                     );
                 });
             };
             (@generate_usize _) => { 0..8 };
             // Generate sizes for both Sized and !Sized types.
             (@generate_size _) => {
                 test!(@generate_size (_)).chain(test!(@generate_size (_, _)))
             };
             // Generate sizes for both Sized and !Sized types by chaining
             // specified iterators for each.
             (@generate_size ($sized_sizes:tt | $unsized_sizes:tt)) => {
                 test!(@generate_size ($sized_sizes)).chain(test!(@generate_size $unsized_sizes))
             };
             // Generate sizes for Sized types.
             (@generate_size (_)) => { test!(@generate_size (0..8)) };
             (@generate_size ($sizes:expr)) => { $sizes.into_iter().map(Into::<SizeInfo>::into) };
             // Generate sizes for !Sized types.
             (@generate_size ($min_sizes:tt, $elem_sizes:tt)) => {
                 itertools::iproduct!(
                     test!(@generate_min_size $min_sizes),
                     test!(@generate_elem_size $elem_sizes)
                 ).map(Into::<SizeInfo>::into)
             };
             (@generate_fixed_size _) => { (0..8).into_iter().map(Into::<SizeInfo>::into) };
             (@generate_min_size _) => { 0..8 };
             (@generate_elem_size _) => { 1..8 };
             (@generate_align _) => { [1, 2, 4, 8, 16] };
             (@generate_opt_usize _) => { [None].into_iter().chain((0..8).map(Some).into_iter()) };
             (@generate_cast_type _) => { [_CastType::_Prefix, _CastType::_Suffix] };
             (@generate_cast_type $variant:ident) => { [_CastType::$variant] };
             // Some expressions need to be wrapped in parentheses in order to be
             // valid `tt`s (required by the top match pattern). See the comment
             // below for more details. This arm removes these parentheses to
             // avoid generating an `unused_parens` warning.
             (@$_:ident ($vals:expr)) => { $vals };
             (@$_:ident $vals:expr) => { $vals };
         }

         const EVENS: [usize; 8] = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14];
         const ODDS: [usize; 8] = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15];

         // base_size is too big for the memory region.
         test!(layout(((1..8) | ((1..8), (1..8))), _).validate(_, [0], _), Ok(None));
         test!(layout(((2..8) | ((2..8), (2..8))), _).validate(_, [1], _), Ok(None));

         // addr is unaligned for prefix cast
         test!(layout(_, [2]).validate(ODDS, _, _Prefix), Ok(None));
         test!(layout(_, [2]).validate(ODDS, _, _Prefix), Ok(None));

         // addr is aligned, but end of buffer is unaligned for suffix cast
         test!(layout(_, [2]).validate(EVENS, ODDS, _Suffix), Ok(None));
         test!(layout(_, [2]).validate(EVENS, ODDS, _Suffix), Ok(None));

         // Unfortunately, these constants cannot easily be used in the
         // implementation of `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata`, since
         // `panic!` consumes a string literal, not an expression.
         //
         // It's important that these messages be in a separate module. If they
         // were at the function's top level, we'd pass them to `test!` as, e.g.,
         // `Err(TRAILING)`, which would run into a subtle Rust footgun - the
         // `TRAILING` identifier would be treated as a pattern to match rather
         // than a value to check for equality.
         mod msgs {
             pub(super) const TRAILING: &str =
                 "attempted to cast to slice type with zero-sized element";
             pub(super) const OVERFLOW: &str = "`addr` + `bytes_len` > usize::MAX";
         }

         // casts with ZST trailing element types are unsupported
         test!(layout((_, [0]), _).validate(_, _, _), Err(msgs::TRAILING),);

         // addr + bytes_len must not overflow usize
         test!(layout(_, _).validate([usize::MAX], (1..100), _), Err(msgs::OVERFLOW));
         test!(layout(_, _).validate((1..100), [usize::MAX], _), Err(msgs::OVERFLOW));
         test!(
             layout(_, _).validate(
                 [usize::MAX / 2 + 1, usize::MAX],
                 [usize::MAX / 2 + 1, usize::MAX],
                 _
             ),
             Err(msgs::OVERFLOW)
         );

         // Validates that `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` satisfies its own
         // documented safety postconditions, and also a few other properties
         // that aren't documented but we want to guarantee anyway.
         fn validate_behavior(
             (layout, addr, bytes_len, cast_type): (DstLayout, usize, usize, _CastType),
         ) {
             if let Some((elems, split_at)) =
                 layout.validate_cast_and_convert_metadata(addr, bytes_len, cast_type)
             {
                 let (size_info, align) = (layout.size_info, layout.align);
                 let debug_str = format!(
                     "layout({size_info:?}, {align}).validate_cast_and_convert_metadata({addr}, {bytes_len}, {cast_type:?}) => ({elems}, {split_at})",
                 );

                 // If this is a sized type (no trailing slice), then `elems` is
                 // meaningless, but in practice we set it to 0. Callers are not
                 // allowed to rely on this, but a lot of math is nicer if
                 // they're able to, and some callers might accidentally do that.
                 let sized = matches!(layout.size_info, SizeInfo::Sized { .. });
                 assert!(!(sized && elems != 0), "{}", debug_str);

                 let resulting_size = match layout.size_info {
                     SizeInfo::Sized { _size } => _size,
                     SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                         _offset: offset,
                         _elem_size: elem_size,
                     }) => {
                         let padded_size = |elems| {
                             let without_padding = offset + elems * elem_size;
                             without_padding
                                 + util::core_layout::padding_needed_for(without_padding, align)
                         };

                         let resulting_size = padded_size(elems);
                         // Test that `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata`
                         // computed the largest possible value that fits in the
                         // given range.
                         assert!(padded_size(elems + 1) > bytes_len, "{}", debug_str);
                         resulting_size
                     }
                 };

                 // Test safety postconditions guaranteed by
                 // `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata`.
                 assert!(resulting_size <= bytes_len, "{}", debug_str);
                 match cast_type {
                     _CastType::_Prefix => {
                         assert_eq!(addr % align, 0, "{}", debug_str);
                         assert_eq!(resulting_size, split_at, "{}", debug_str);
                     }
                     _CastType::_Suffix => {
                         assert_eq!(split_at, bytes_len - resulting_size, "{}", debug_str);
                         assert_eq!((addr + split_at) % align, 0, "{}", debug_str);
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 let min_size = match layout.size_info {
                     SizeInfo::Sized { _size } => _size,
                     SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset, .. }) => {
                         _offset + util::core_layout::padding_needed_for(_offset, layout.align)
                     }
                 };

                 // If a cast is invalid, it is either because...
                 // 1. there are insufficent bytes at the given region for type:
                 let insufficient_bytes = bytes_len < min_size;
                 // 2. performing the cast would misalign type:
                 let base = match cast_type {
                     _CastType::_Prefix => 0,
                     _CastType::_Suffix => bytes_len,
                 };
                 let misaligned = (base + addr) % layout.align != 0;

                 assert!(insufficient_bytes || misaligned);
             }
         }

         let sizes = 0..8;
         let elem_sizes = 1..8;
         let size_infos = sizes
             .clone()
             .map(Into::<SizeInfo>::into)
             .chain(itertools::iproduct!(sizes, elem_sizes).map(Into::<SizeInfo>::into));
         let layouts = itertools::iproduct!(size_infos, [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32])
             .filter(|(size_info, align)| !matches!(size_info, SizeInfo::Sized { _size } if _size % align != 0))
             .map(|(size_info, align)| layout(size_info, align));
         itertools::iproduct!(layouts, 0..8, 0..8, [_CastType::_Prefix, _CastType::_Suffix])
             .for_each(validate_behavior);
     }

     #[test]
     #[cfg(__INTERNAL_USE_ONLY_NIGHLTY_FEATURES_IN_TESTS)]
     fn test_validate_rust_layout() {
         use core::ptr::NonNull;

         // This test synthesizes pointers with various metadata and uses Rust's
         // built-in APIs to confirm that Rust makes decisions about type layout
         // which are consistent with what we believe is guaranteed by the
         // language. If this test fails, it doesn't just mean our code is wrong
         // - it means we're misunderstanding the language's guarantees.

         #[derive(Debug)]
         struct MacroArgs {
             offset: usize,
             align: NonZeroUsize,
             elem_size: Option<usize>,
         }

         /// # Safety
         ///
         /// `test` promises to only call `addr_of_slice_field` on a `NonNull<T>`
         /// which points to a valid `T`.
         ///
         /// `with_elems` must produce a pointer which points to a valid `T`.
         fn test<T: ?Sized, W: Fn(usize) -> NonNull<T>>(
             args: MacroArgs,
             with_elems: W,
             addr_of_slice_field: Option<fn(NonNull<T>) -> NonNull<u8>>,
         ) {
             let dst = args.elem_size.is_some();
             let layout = {
                 let size_info = match args.elem_size {
                     Some(elem_size) => SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                         _offset: args.offset,
                         _elem_size: elem_size,
                     }),
                     None => SizeInfo::Sized {
                         // Rust only supports types whose sizes are a multiple
                         // of their alignment. If the macro created a type like
                         // this:
                         //
                         //   #[repr(C, align(2))]
                         //   struct Foo([u8; 1]);
                         //
                         // ...then Rust will automatically round the type's size
                         // up to 2.
                         _size: args.offset
                             + util::core_layout::padding_needed_for(args.offset, args.align),
                     },
                 };
                 DstLayout { size_info, align: args.align }
             };

             for elems in 0..128 {
                 let ptr = with_elems(elems);

                 if let Some(addr_of_slice_field) = addr_of_slice_field {
                     let slc_field_ptr = addr_of_slice_field(ptr).as_ptr();
                     // SAFETY: Both `slc_field_ptr` and `ptr` are pointers to
                     // the same valid Rust object.
                     let offset: usize =
                         unsafe { slc_field_ptr.byte_offset_from(ptr.as_ptr()).try_into().unwrap() };
                     assert_eq!(offset, args.offset);
                 }

                 // SAFETY: `ptr` points to a valid `T`.
                 let (size, align) = unsafe {
                     (mem::size_of_val_raw(ptr.as_ptr()), mem::align_of_val_raw(ptr.as_ptr()))
                 };

                 // Avoid expensive allocation when running under Miri.
                 let assert_msg = if !cfg!(miri) {
                     format!("\n{args:?}\nsize:{size}, align:{align}")
                 } else {
                     String::new()
                 };

                 let without_padding =
                     args.offset + args.elem_size.map(|elem_size| elems * elem_size).unwrap_or(0);
                 assert!(size >= without_padding, "{}", assert_msg);
                 assert_eq!(align, args.align.get(), "{}", assert_msg);

                 // This encodes the most important part of the test: our
                 // understanding of how Rust determines the layout of repr(C)
                 // types. Sized repr(C) types are trivial, but DST types have
                 // some subtlety. Note that:
                 // - For sized types, `without_padding` is just the size of the
                 //   type that we constructed for `Foo`. Since we may have
                 //   requested a larger alignment, `Foo` may actually be larger
                 //   than this, hence `padding_needed_for`.
                 // - For unsized types, `without_padding` is dynamically
                 //   computed from the offset, the element size, and element
                 //   count. We expect that the size of the object should be
                 //   `offset + elem_size * elems` rounded up to the next
                 //   alignment.
                 let expected_size = without_padding
                     + util::core_layout::padding_needed_for(without_padding, args.align);
                 assert_eq!(expected_size, size, "{}", assert_msg);

                 // For zero-sized element types,
                 // `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata` just panics, so we skip
                 // testing those types.
                 if args.elem_size.map(|elem_size| elem_size > 0).unwrap_or(true) {
                     let addr = ptr.addr().get();
                     let (got_elems, got_split_at) = layout
                         .validate_cast_and_convert_metadata(addr, size, _CastType::_Prefix)
                         .unwrap();
                     // Avoid expensive allocation when running under Miri.
                     let assert_msg = if !cfg!(miri) {
                         format!(
                             "{}\nvalidate_cast_and_convert_metadata({addr}, {size})",
                             assert_msg
                         )
                     } else {
                         String::new()
                     };
                     assert_eq!(got_split_at, size, "{}", assert_msg);
                     if dst {
                         assert!(got_elems >= elems, "{}", assert_msg);
                         if got_elems != elems {
                             // If `validate_cast_and_convert_metadata`
                             // returned more elements than `elems`, that
                             // means that `elems` is not the maximum number
                             // of elements that can fit in `size` - in other
                             // words, there is enough padding at the end of
                             // the value to fit at least one more element.
                             // If we use this metadata to synthesize a
                             // pointer, despite having a different element
                             // count, we still expect it to have the same
                             // size.
                             let got_ptr = with_elems(got_elems);
                             // SAFETY: `got_ptr` is a pointer to a valid `T`.
                             let size_of_got_ptr = unsafe { mem::size_of_val_raw(got_ptr.as_ptr()) };
                             assert_eq!(size_of_got_ptr, size, "{}", assert_msg);
                         }
                     } else {
                         // For sized casts, the returned element value is
                         // technically meaningless, and we don't guarantee any
                         // particular value. In practice, it's always zero.
                         assert_eq!(got_elems, 0, "{}", assert_msg)
                     }
                 }
             }
         }

         macro_rules! validate_against_rust {
             ($offset:literal, $align:literal $(, $elem_size:literal)?) => {{
                 #[repr(C, align($align))]
                 struct Foo([u8; $offset]$(, [[u8; $elem_size]])?);

                 let args = MacroArgs {
                     offset: $offset,
                     align: $align.try_into().unwrap(),
                     elem_size: {
                         #[allow(unused)]
                         let ret = None::<usize>;
                         $(let ret = Some($elem_size);)?
                         ret
                     }
                 };

                 #[repr(C, align($align))]
                 struct FooAlign;
                 // Create an aligned buffer to use in order to synthesize
                 // pointers to `Foo`. We don't ever load values from these
                 // pointers - we just do arithmetic on them - so having a "real"
                 // block of memory as opposed to a validly-aligned-but-dangling
                 // pointer is only necessary to make Miri happy since we run it
                 // with "strict provenance" checking enabled.
                 let aligned_buf = Align::<_, FooAlign>::new([0u8; 1024]);
                 let with_elems = |elems| {
                     let slc = NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(NonNull::from(&aligned_buf.t), elems);
                     #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)]
                     NonNull::new(slc.as_ptr() as *mut Foo).unwrap()
                 };
                 let addr_of_slice_field = {
                     #[allow(unused)]
                     let f = None::<fn(NonNull<Foo>) -> NonNull<u8>>;
                     $(
                         // SAFETY: `test` promises to only call `f` with a `ptr`
                         // to a valid `Foo`.
                         let f: Option<fn(NonNull<Foo>) -> NonNull<u8>> = Some(|ptr: NonNull<Foo>| unsafe {
                             NonNull::new(ptr::addr_of_mut!((*ptr.as_ptr()).1)).unwrap().cast::<u8>()
                         });
                         let _ = $elem_size;
                     )?
                     f
                 };

                 test::<Foo, _>(args, with_elems, addr_of_slice_field);
             }};
         }

         // Every permutation of:
         // - offset in [0, 4]
         // - align in [1, 16]
         // - elem_size in [0, 4] (plus no elem_size)
         validate_against_rust!(0, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 1, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 1, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 1, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 1, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 1, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 2, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 2, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 2, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 2, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 2, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 4, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 4, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 4, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 4, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 4, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 8);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 8, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 8, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 8, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 8, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 8, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 16);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 16, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 16, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 16, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 16, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(0, 16, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 1, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 1, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 1, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 1, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 1, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 2, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 2, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 2, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 2, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 2, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 4, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 4, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 4, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 4, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 4, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 8);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 8, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 8, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 8, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 8, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 8, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 16);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 16, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 16, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 16, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 16, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(1, 16, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 1, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 1, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 1, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 1, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 1, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 2, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 2, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 2, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 2, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 2, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 4, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 4, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 4, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 4, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 4, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 8);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 8, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 8, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 8, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 8, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 8, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 16);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 16, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 16, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 16, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 16, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(2, 16, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 1, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 1, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 1, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 1, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 1, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 2, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 2, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 2, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 2, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 2, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 4, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 4, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 4, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 4, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 4, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 8);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 8, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 8, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 8, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 8, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 8, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 16);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 16, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 16, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 16, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 16, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(3, 16, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 1, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 1, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 1, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 1, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 1, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 2, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 2, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 2, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 2, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 2, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 4, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 4, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 4, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 4, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 4, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 8);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 8, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 8, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 8, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 8, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 8, 4);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 16);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 16, 0);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 16, 1);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 16, 2);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 16, 3);
         validate_against_rust!(4, 16, 4);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_known_layout() {
         // Test that `$ty` and `ManuallyDrop<$ty>` have the expected layout.
         // Test that `PhantomData<$ty>` has the same layout as `()` regardless
         // of `$ty`.
         macro_rules! test {
             ($ty:ty, $expect:expr) => {
                 let expect = $expect;
                 assert_eq!(<$ty as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expect);
                 assert_eq!(<ManuallyDrop<$ty> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expect);
                 assert_eq!(<PhantomData<$ty> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, <() as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT);
             };
         }

         let layout = |offset, align, _trailing_slice_elem_size| DstLayout {
             align: NonZeroUsize::new(align).unwrap(),
             size_info: match _trailing_slice_elem_size {
                 None => SizeInfo::Sized { _size: offset },
                 Some(elem_size) => SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                     _offset: offset,
                     _elem_size: elem_size,
                 }),
             },
         };

         test!((), layout(0, 1, None));
         test!(u8, layout(1, 1, None));
         // Use `align_of` because `u64` alignment may be smaller than 8 on some
         // platforms.
         test!(u64, layout(8, mem::align_of::<u64>(), None));
         test!(AU64, layout(8, 8, None));

         test!(Option<&'static ()>, usize::LAYOUT);

         test!([()], layout(0, 1, Some(0)));
         test!([u8], layout(0, 1, Some(1)));
         test!(str, layout(0, 1, Some(1)));
     }

     #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
     #[test]
     fn test_known_layout_derive() {
         // In this and other files (`late_compile_pass.rs`,
         // `mid_compile_pass.rs`, and `struct.rs`), we test success and failure
         // modes of `derive(KnownLayout)` for the following combination of
         // properties:
         //
         // +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------+
         // |            |      trailing field properties       |           |
         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |------------+----------+----------------+----------+-----------|
         // |          N |        N |              N |        N |      KL00 |
         // |          N |        N |              N |        Y |      KL01 |
         // |          N |        N |              Y |        N |      KL02 |
         // |          N |        N |              Y |        Y |      KL03 |
         // |          N |        Y |              N |        N |      KL04 |
         // |          N |        Y |              N |        Y |      KL05 |
         // |          N |        Y |              Y |        N |      KL06 |
         // |          N |        Y |              Y |        Y |      KL07 |
         // |          Y |        N |              N |        N |      KL08 |
         // |          Y |        N |              N |        Y |      KL09 |
         // |          Y |        N |              Y |        N |      KL10 |
         // |          Y |        N |              Y |        Y |      KL11 |
         // |          Y |        Y |              N |        N |      KL12 |
         // |          Y |        Y |              N |        Y |      KL13 |
         // |          Y |        Y |              Y |        N |      KL14 |
         // |          Y |        Y |              Y |        Y |      KL15 |
         // +------------+----------+----------------+----------+-----------+

         struct NotKnownLayout<T = ()> {
             _t: T,
         }

         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct AlignSize<const ALIGN: usize, const SIZE: usize>
         where
             elain::Align<ALIGN>: elain::Alignment,
         {
             _align: elain::Align<ALIGN>,
             _size: [u8; SIZE],
         }

         type AU16 = AlignSize<2, 2>;
         type AU32 = AlignSize<4, 4>;

         fn _assert_kl<T: ?Sized + KnownLayout>(_: &T) {}

         let sized_layout = |align, size| DstLayout {
             align: NonZeroUsize::new(align).unwrap(),
             size_info: SizeInfo::Sized { _size: size },
         };

         let unsized_layout = |align, elem_size, offset| DstLayout {
             align: NonZeroUsize::new(align).unwrap(),
             size_info: SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                 _offset: offset,
                 _elem_size: elem_size,
             }),
         };

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          N |        N |              N |        Y |      KL01 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL01(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, NotKnownLayout<AU16>);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL01>();

         assert_eq!(<KL01 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL01 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(4, 8));

         // ...with `align(N)`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(align(64))]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL01Align(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, NotKnownLayout<AU16>);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL01Align>();

         assert_eq!(<KL01Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL01Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(64, 64));

         // ...with `packed`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(packed)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL01Packed(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, NotKnownLayout<AU16>);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL01Packed>();

         assert_eq!(<KL01Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL01Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 6));

         // ...with `packed(N)`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(packed(2))]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL01PackedN(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, NotKnownLayout<AU16>);

         assert_impl_all!(KL01PackedN: KnownLayout);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL01PackedN>();

         assert_eq!(<KL01PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL01PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 6));

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          N |        N |              Y |        Y |      KL03 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL03(NotKnownLayout, u8);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL03>();

         assert_eq!(<KL03 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL03 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 1));

         // ... with `align(N)`
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(align(64))]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL03Align(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, u8);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL03Align>();

         assert_eq!(<KL03Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL03Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(64, 64));

         // ... with `packed`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(packed)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL03Packed(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, u8);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL03Packed>();

         assert_eq!(<KL03Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL03Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 5));

         // ... with `packed(N)`
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(packed(2))]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL03PackedN(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, u8);

         assert_impl_all!(KL03PackedN: KnownLayout);

         let expected = DstLayout::for_type::<KL03PackedN>();

         assert_eq!(<KL03PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL03PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 6));

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          N |        Y |              N |        Y |      KL05 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL05<T>(u8, T);

         fn _test_kl05<T>(t: T) -> impl KnownLayout {
             KL05(0u8, t)
         }

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          N |        Y |              Y |        Y |      KL07 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // fields are never read
         struct KL07<T: KnownLayout>(u8, T);

         fn _test_kl07<T: KnownLayout>(t: T) -> impl KnownLayout {
             let _ = KL07(0u8, t);
         }

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          Y |        N |              Y |        N |      KL10 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KL10(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, [u8]);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(None)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU32>>(), None)
             .extend(<[u8] as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, None)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL10 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL10 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(4, 1, 4));

         // ...with `align(N)`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C, align(64))]
         struct KL10Align(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, [u8]);

         let repr_align = NonZeroUsize::new(64);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(repr_align)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU32>>(), None)
             .extend(<[u8] as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, None)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL10Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL10Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(64, 1, 4));

         // ...with `packed`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C, packed)]
         struct KL10Packed(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, [u8]);

         let repr_packed = NonZeroUsize::new(1);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(None)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU32>>(), repr_packed)
             .extend(<[u8] as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, repr_packed)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL10Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL10Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 1, 4));

         // ...with `packed(N)`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C, packed(2))]
         struct KL10PackedN(NotKnownLayout<AU32>, [u8]);

         let repr_packed = NonZeroUsize::new(2);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(None)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU32>>(), repr_packed)
             .extend(<[u8] as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, repr_packed)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL10PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL10PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 1, 4));

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          Y |        N |              Y |        Y |      KL11 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KL11(NotKnownLayout<AU64>, u8);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(None)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU64>>(), None)
             .extend(<u8 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, None)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL11 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL11 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(8, 16));

         // ...with `align(N)`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C, align(64))]
         struct KL11Align(NotKnownLayout<AU64>, u8);

         let repr_align = NonZeroUsize::new(64);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(repr_align)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU64>>(), None)
             .extend(<u8 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, None)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL11Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL11Align as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(64, 64));

         // ...with `packed`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C, packed)]
         struct KL11Packed(NotKnownLayout<AU64>, u8);

         let repr_packed = NonZeroUsize::new(1);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(None)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU64>>(), repr_packed)
             .extend(<u8 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, repr_packed)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL11Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL11Packed as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 9));

         // ...with `packed(N)`:
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C, packed(2))]
         struct KL11PackedN(NotKnownLayout<AU64>, u8);

         let repr_packed = NonZeroUsize::new(2);

         let expected = DstLayout::new_zst(None)
             .extend(DstLayout::for_type::<NotKnownLayout<AU64>>(), repr_packed)
             .extend(<u8 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, repr_packed)
             .pad_to_align();

         assert_eq!(<KL11PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, expected);
         assert_eq!(<KL11PackedN as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 10));

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          Y |        Y |              Y |        N |      KL14 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KL14<T: ?Sized + KnownLayout>(u8, T);

         fn _test_kl14<T: ?Sized + KnownLayout>(kl: &KL14<T>) {
             _assert_kl(kl)
         }

         // | `repr(C)`? | generic? | `KnownLayout`? | `Sized`? | Type Name |
         // |          Y |        Y |              Y |        Y |      KL15 |
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KL15<T: KnownLayout>(u8, T);

         fn _test_kl15<T: KnownLayout>(t: T) -> impl KnownLayout {
             let _ = KL15(0u8, t);
         }

         // Test a variety of combinations of field types:
         //  - ()
         //  - u8
         //  - AU16
         //  - [()]
         //  - [u8]
         //  - [AU16]

         #[allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KLTU<T, U: ?Sized>(T, U);

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<(), ()> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 0));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<(), u8> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 1));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<(), AU16> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 2));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<(), [()]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 0, 0));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<(), [u8]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 1, 0));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<(), [AU16]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 2, 0));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<u8, ()> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 1));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<u8, u8> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 2));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<u8, AU16> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 4));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<u8, [()]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 0, 1));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<u8, [u8]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 1, 1));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<u8, [AU16]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 2, 2));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<AU16, ()> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 2));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<AU16, u8> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 4));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<AU16, AU16> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(2, 4));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<AU16, [()]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 0, 2));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<AU16, [u8]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 1, 2));

         assert_eq!(<KLTU<AU16, [AU16]> as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 2, 2));

         // Test a variety of field counts.

         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KLF0;

         assert_eq!(<KLF0 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, sized_layout(1, 0));

         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KLF1([u8]);

         assert_eq!(<KLF1 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 1, 0));

         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KLF2(NotKnownLayout<u8>, [u8]);

         assert_eq!(<KLF2 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(1, 1, 1));

         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KLF3(NotKnownLayout<u8>, NotKnownLayout<AU16>, [u8]);

         assert_eq!(<KLF3 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(2, 1, 4));

         #[derive(KnownLayout)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct KLF4(NotKnownLayout<u8>, NotKnownLayout<AU16>, NotKnownLayout<AU32>, [u8]);

         assert_eq!(<KLF4 as KnownLayout>::LAYOUT, unsized_layout(4, 1, 8));
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_object_safety() {
         fn _takes_from_zeroes(_: &dyn FromZeroes) {}
         fn _takes_from_bytes(_: &dyn FromBytes) {}
         fn _takes_unaligned(_: &dyn Unaligned) {}
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_from_zeroes_only() {
         // Test types that implement `FromZeroes` but not `FromBytes`.

         assert!(!bool::new_zeroed());
         assert_eq!(char::new_zeroed(), '\0');

         #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
         {
             assert_eq!(bool::new_box_zeroed(), Box::new(false));
             assert_eq!(char::new_box_zeroed(), Box::new('\0'));

             assert_eq!(bool::new_box_slice_zeroed(3).as_ref(), [false, false, false]);
             assert_eq!(char::new_box_slice_zeroed(3).as_ref(), ['\0', '\0', '\0']);

             assert_eq!(bool::new_vec_zeroed(3).as_ref(), [false, false, false]);
             assert_eq!(char::new_vec_zeroed(3).as_ref(), ['\0', '\0', '\0']);
         }

         let mut string = "hello".to_string();
         let s: &mut str = string.as_mut();
         assert_eq!(s, "hello");
         s.zero();
         assert_eq!(s, "\0\0\0\0\0");
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_read_write() {
         const VAL: u64 = 0x12345678;
         #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
         const VAL_BYTES: [u8; 8] = VAL.to_be_bytes();
         #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
         const VAL_BYTES: [u8; 8] = VAL.to_le_bytes();

         // Test `FromBytes::{read_from, read_from_prefix, read_from_suffix}`.

         assert_eq!(u64::read_from(&VAL_BYTES[..]), Some(VAL));
         // The first 8 bytes are from `VAL_BYTES` and the second 8 bytes are all
         // zeroes.
         let bytes_with_prefix: [u8; 16] = transmute!([VAL_BYTES, [0; 8]]);
         assert_eq!(u64::read_from_prefix(&bytes_with_prefix[..]), Some(VAL));
         assert_eq!(u64::read_from_suffix(&bytes_with_prefix[..]), Some(0));
         // The first 8 bytes are all zeroes and the second 8 bytes are from
         // `VAL_BYTES`
         let bytes_with_suffix: [u8; 16] = transmute!([[0; 8], VAL_BYTES]);
         assert_eq!(u64::read_from_prefix(&bytes_with_suffix[..]), Some(0));
         assert_eq!(u64::read_from_suffix(&bytes_with_suffix[..]), Some(VAL));

         // Test `AsBytes::{write_to, write_to_prefix, write_to_suffix}`.

         let mut bytes = [0u8; 8];
         assert_eq!(VAL.write_to(&mut bytes[..]), Some(()));
         assert_eq!(bytes, VAL_BYTES);
         let mut bytes = [0u8; 16];
         assert_eq!(VAL.write_to_prefix(&mut bytes[..]), Some(()));
         let want: [u8; 16] = transmute!([VAL_BYTES, [0; 8]]);
         assert_eq!(bytes, want);
         let mut bytes = [0u8; 16];
         assert_eq!(VAL.write_to_suffix(&mut bytes[..]), Some(()));
         let want: [u8; 16] = transmute!([[0; 8], VAL_BYTES]);
         assert_eq!(bytes, want);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_transmute() {
         // Test that memory is transmuted as expected.
         let array_of_u8s = [0u8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
         let array_of_arrays = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]];
         let x: [[u8; 2]; 4] = transmute!(array_of_u8s);
         assert_eq!(x, array_of_arrays);
         let x: [u8; 8] = transmute!(array_of_arrays);
         assert_eq!(x, array_of_u8s);

         // Test that the source expression's value is forgotten rather than
         // dropped.
         #[derive(AsBytes)]
         #[repr(transparent)]
         struct PanicOnDrop(());
         impl Drop for PanicOnDrop {
             fn drop(&mut self) {
                 panic!("PanicOnDrop::drop");
             }
         }
         #[allow(clippy::let_unit_value)]
         let _: () = transmute!(PanicOnDrop(()));

         // Test that `transmute!` is legal in a const context.
         const ARRAY_OF_U8S: [u8; 8] = [0u8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
         const ARRAY_OF_ARRAYS: [[u8; 2]; 4] = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]];
         const X: [[u8; 2]; 4] = transmute!(ARRAY_OF_U8S);
         assert_eq!(X, ARRAY_OF_ARRAYS);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_transmute_ref() {
         // Test that memory is transmuted as expected.
         let array_of_u8s = [0u8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
         let array_of_arrays = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]];
         let x: &[[u8; 2]; 4] = transmute_ref!(&array_of_u8s);
         assert_eq!(*x, array_of_arrays);
         let x: &[u8; 8] = transmute_ref!(&array_of_arrays);
         assert_eq!(*x, array_of_u8s);

         // Test that `transmute_ref!` is legal in a const context.
         const ARRAY_OF_U8S: [u8; 8] = [0u8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
         const ARRAY_OF_ARRAYS: [[u8; 2]; 4] = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]];
         #[allow(clippy::redundant_static_lifetimes)]
         const X: &'static [[u8; 2]; 4] = transmute_ref!(&ARRAY_OF_U8S);
         assert_eq!(*X, ARRAY_OF_ARRAYS);

         // Test that it's legal to transmute a reference while shrinking the
         // lifetime (note that `X` has the lifetime `'static`).
         let x: &[u8; 8] = transmute_ref!(X);
         assert_eq!(*x, ARRAY_OF_U8S);

         // Test that `transmute_ref!` supports decreasing alignment.
         let u = AU64(0);
         let array = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
         let x: &[u8; 8] = transmute_ref!(&u);
         assert_eq!(*x, array);

         // Test that a mutable reference can be turned into an immutable one.
         let mut x = 0u8;
         #[allow(clippy::useless_transmute)]
         let y: &u8 = transmute_ref!(&mut x);
         assert_eq!(*y, 0);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_transmute_mut() {
         // Test that memory is transmuted as expected.
         let mut array_of_u8s = [0u8, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7];
         let mut array_of_arrays = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]];
         let x: &mut [[u8; 2]; 4] = transmute_mut!(&mut array_of_u8s);
         assert_eq!(*x, array_of_arrays);
         let x: &mut [u8; 8] = transmute_mut!(&mut array_of_arrays);
         assert_eq!(*x, array_of_u8s);

         {
             // Test that it's legal to transmute a reference while shrinking the
             // lifetime.
             let x: &mut [u8; 8] = transmute_mut!(&mut array_of_arrays);
             assert_eq!(*x, array_of_u8s);
         }
         // Test that `transmute_mut!` supports decreasing alignment.
         let mut u = AU64(0);
         let array = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
         let x: &[u8; 8] = transmute_mut!(&mut u);
         assert_eq!(*x, array);

         // Test that a mutable reference can be turned into an immutable one.
         let mut x = 0u8;
         #[allow(clippy::useless_transmute)]
         let y: &u8 = transmute_mut!(&mut x);
         assert_eq!(*y, 0);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_macros_evaluate_args_once() {
         let mut ctr = 0;
         let _: usize = transmute!({
             ctr += 1;
             0usize
         });
         assert_eq!(ctr, 1);

         let mut ctr = 0;
         let _: &usize = transmute_ref!({
             ctr += 1;
             &0usize
         });
         assert_eq!(ctr, 1);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_include_value() {
         const AS_U32: u32 = include_value!("../testdata/include_value/data");
         assert_eq!(AS_U32, u32::from_ne_bytes([b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd']));
         const AS_I32: i32 = include_value!("../testdata/include_value/data");
         assert_eq!(AS_I32, i32::from_ne_bytes([b'a', b'b', b'c', b'd']));
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_address() {
         // Test that the `Deref` and `DerefMut` implementations return a
         // reference which points to the right region of memory.

         let buf = [0];
         let r = Ref::<_, u8>::new(&buf[..]).unwrap();
         let buf_ptr = buf.as_ptr();
         let deref_ptr: *const u8 = r.deref();
         assert_eq!(buf_ptr, deref_ptr);

         let buf = [0];
         let r = Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice(&buf[..]).unwrap();
         let buf_ptr = buf.as_ptr();
         let deref_ptr = r.deref().as_ptr();
         assert_eq!(buf_ptr, deref_ptr);
     }

     // Verify that values written to a `Ref` are properly shared between the
     // typed and untyped representations, that reads via `deref` and `read`
     // behave the same, and that writes via `deref_mut` and `write` behave the
     // same.
     fn test_new_helper(mut r: Ref<&mut [u8], AU64>) {
         // assert that the value starts at 0
         assert_eq!(*r, AU64(0));
         assert_eq!(r.read(), AU64(0));

         // Assert that values written to the typed value are reflected in the
         // byte slice.
         const VAL1: AU64 = AU64(0xFF00FF00FF00FF00);
         *r = VAL1;
         assert_eq!(r.bytes(), &VAL1.to_bytes());
         *r = AU64(0);
         r.write(VAL1);
         assert_eq!(r.bytes(), &VAL1.to_bytes());

         // Assert that values written to the byte slice are reflected in the
         // typed value.
         const VAL2: AU64 = AU64(!VAL1.0); // different from `VAL1`
         r.bytes_mut().copy_from_slice(&VAL2.to_bytes()[..]);
         assert_eq!(*r, VAL2);
         assert_eq!(r.read(), VAL2);
     }

     // Verify that values written to a `Ref` are properly shared between the
     // typed and untyped representations; pass a value with `typed_len` `AU64`s
     // backed by an array of `typed_len * 8` bytes.
     fn test_new_helper_slice(mut r: Ref<&mut [u8], [AU64]>, typed_len: usize) {
         // Assert that the value starts out zeroed.
         assert_eq!(&*r, vec![AU64(0); typed_len].as_slice());

         // Check the backing storage is the exact same slice.
         let untyped_len = typed_len * 8;
         assert_eq!(r.bytes().len(), untyped_len);
         assert_eq!(r.bytes().as_ptr(), r.as_ptr().cast::<u8>());

         // Assert that values written to the typed value are reflected in the
         // byte slice.
         const VAL1: AU64 = AU64(0xFF00FF00FF00FF00);
         for typed in &mut *r {
             *typed = VAL1;
         }
         assert_eq!(r.bytes(), VAL1.0.to_ne_bytes().repeat(typed_len).as_slice());

         // Assert that values written to the byte slice are reflected in the
         // typed value.
         const VAL2: AU64 = AU64(!VAL1.0); // different from VAL1
         r.bytes_mut().copy_from_slice(&VAL2.0.to_ne_bytes().repeat(typed_len));
         assert!(r.iter().copied().all(|x| x == VAL2));
     }

     // Verify that values written to a `Ref` are properly shared between the
     // typed and untyped representations, that reads via `deref` and `read`
     // behave the same, and that writes via `deref_mut` and `write` behave the
     // same.
     fn test_new_helper_unaligned(mut r: Ref<&mut [u8], [u8; 8]>) {
         // assert that the value starts at 0
         assert_eq!(*r, [0; 8]);
         assert_eq!(r.read(), [0; 8]);

         // Assert that values written to the typed value are reflected in the
         // byte slice.
         const VAL1: [u8; 8] = [0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00];
         *r = VAL1;
         assert_eq!(r.bytes(), &VAL1);
         *r = [0; 8];
         r.write(VAL1);
         assert_eq!(r.bytes(), &VAL1);

         // Assert that values written to the byte slice are reflected in the
         // typed value.
         const VAL2: [u8; 8] = [0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF]; // different from VAL1
         r.bytes_mut().copy_from_slice(&VAL2[..]);
         assert_eq!(*r, VAL2);
         assert_eq!(r.read(), VAL2);
     }

     // Verify that values written to a `Ref` are properly shared between the
     // typed and untyped representations; pass a value with `len` `u8`s backed
     // by an array of `len` bytes.
     fn test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(mut r: Ref<&mut [u8], [u8]>, len: usize) {
         // Assert that the value starts out zeroed.
         assert_eq!(&*r, vec![0u8; len].as_slice());

         // Check the backing storage is the exact same slice.
         assert_eq!(r.bytes().len(), len);
         assert_eq!(r.bytes().as_ptr(), r.as_ptr());

         // Assert that values written to the typed value are reflected in the
         // byte slice.
         let mut expected_bytes = [0xFF, 0x00].iter().copied().cycle().take(len).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         r.copy_from_slice(&expected_bytes);
         assert_eq!(r.bytes(), expected_bytes.as_slice());

         // Assert that values written to the byte slice are reflected in the
         // typed value.
         for byte in &mut expected_bytes {
             *byte = !*byte; // different from `expected_len`
         }
         r.bytes_mut().copy_from_slice(&expected_bytes);
         assert_eq!(&*r, expected_bytes.as_slice());
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_new_aligned_sized() {
         // Test that a properly-aligned, properly-sized buffer works for new,
         // new_from_prefix, and new_from_suffix, and that new_from_prefix and
         // new_from_suffix return empty slices. Test that a properly-aligned
         // buffer whose length is a multiple of the element size works for
         // new_slice. Test that xxx_zeroed behaves the same, and zeroes the
         // memory.

         // A buffer with an alignment of 8.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 8], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed.
         test_new_helper(Ref::<_, AU64>::new(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap());
         let ascending: [u8; 8] = (0..8).collect::<Vec<_>>().try_into().unwrap();
         buf.t = ascending;
         test_new_helper(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap());
         {
             // In a block so that `r` and `suffix` don't live too long.
             buf.set_default();
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(suffix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
         {
             buf.t = ascending;
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(suffix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
         {
             buf.set_default();
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(prefix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
         {
             buf.t = ascending;
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(prefix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper(r);
         }

         // A buffer with alignment 8 and length 24. We choose this length very
         // intentionally: if we instead used length 16, then the prefix and
         // suffix lengths would be identical. In the past, we used length 16,
         // which resulted in this test failing to discover the bug uncovered in
         // #506.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 24], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8 and have a length which is a multiple
         // of `size_of::<AU64>()`, so this should always succeed.
         test_new_helper_slice(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap(), 3);
         let ascending: [u8; 24] = (0..24).collect::<Vec<_>>().try_into().unwrap();
         // 16 ascending bytes followed by 8 zeros.
         let mut ascending_prefix = ascending;
         ascending_prefix[16..].copy_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
         // 8 zeros followed by 16 ascending bytes.
         let mut ascending_suffix = ascending;
         ascending_suffix[..8].copy_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
         test_new_helper_slice(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap(), 3);

         {
             buf.t = ascending_suffix;
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..], 1).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(suffix, &ascending[8..]);
             test_new_helper_slice(r, 1);
         }
         {
             buf.t = ascending_suffix;
             let (r, suffix) =
                 Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], 1).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(suffix, &ascending[8..]);
             test_new_helper_slice(r, 1);
         }
         {
             buf.t = ascending_prefix;
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..], 1).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(prefix, &ascending[..16]);
             test_new_helper_slice(r, 1);
         }
         {
             buf.t = ascending_prefix;
             let (prefix, r) =
                 Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], 1).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(prefix, &ascending[..16]);
             test_new_helper_slice(r, 1);
         }
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_new_unaligned_sized() {
         // Test that an unaligned, properly-sized buffer works for
         // `new_unaligned`, `new_unaligned_from_prefix`, and
         // `new_unaligned_from_suffix`, and that `new_unaligned_from_prefix`
         // `new_unaligned_from_suffix` return empty slices. Test that an
         // unaligned buffer whose length is a multiple of the element size works
         // for `new_slice`. Test that `xxx_zeroed` behaves the same, and zeroes
         // the memory.

         let mut buf = [0u8; 8];
         test_new_helper_unaligned(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned(&mut buf[..]).unwrap());
         buf = [0xFFu8; 8];
         test_new_helper_unaligned(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_zeroed(&mut buf[..]).unwrap());
         {
             // In a block so that `r` and `suffix` don't live too long.
             buf = [0u8; 8];
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_prefix(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(suffix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
         {
             buf = [0xFFu8; 8];
             let (r, suffix) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(suffix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
         {
             buf = [0u8; 8];
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_suffix(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(prefix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
         {
             buf = [0xFFu8; 8];
             let (prefix, r) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             assert!(prefix.is_empty());
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }

         let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
         // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8 and have a length which is a multiple
         // of `size_of::AU64>()`, so this should always succeed.
         test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(
             Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice_unaligned(&mut buf[..]).unwrap(),
             16,
         );
         buf = [0xFFu8; 16];
         test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(
             Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice_unaligned_zeroed(&mut buf[..]).unwrap(),
             16,
         );

         {
             buf = [0u8; 16];
             let (r, suffix) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix(&mut buf[..], 8).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(suffix, [0; 8]);
             test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(r, 8);
         }
         {
             buf = [0xFFu8; 16];
             let (r, suffix) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf[..], 8).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(suffix, [0xFF; 8]);
             test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(r, 8);
         }
         {
             buf = [0u8; 16];
             let (prefix, r) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix(&mut buf[..], 8).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(prefix, [0; 8]);
             test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(r, 8);
         }
         {
             buf = [0xFFu8; 16];
             let (prefix, r) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf[..], 8).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(prefix, [0xFF; 8]);
             test_new_helper_slice_unaligned(r, 8);
         }
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_new_oversized() {
         // Test that a properly-aligned, overly-sized buffer works for
         // `new_from_prefix` and `new_from_suffix`, and that they return the
         // remainder and prefix of the slice respectively. Test that
         // `xxx_zeroed` behaves the same, and zeroes the memory.

         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::default();
         {
             // In a block so that `r` and `suffix` don't live too long. `buf.t`
             // should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed.
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(suffix.len(), 8);
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
         {
             buf.t = [0xFFu8; 16];
             // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed.
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             // Assert that the suffix wasn't zeroed.
             assert_eq!(suffix, &[0xFFu8; 8]);
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
         {
             buf.set_default();
             // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed.
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(prefix.len(), 8);
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
         {
             buf.t = [0xFFu8; 16];
             // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so this should always succeed.
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap();
             // Assert that the prefix wasn't zeroed.
             assert_eq!(prefix, &[0xFFu8; 8]);
             test_new_helper(r);
         }
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_new_unaligned_oversized() {
         // Test than an unaligned, overly-sized buffer works for
         // `new_unaligned_from_prefix` and `new_unaligned_from_suffix`, and that
         // they return the remainder and prefix of the slice respectively. Test
         // that `xxx_zeroed` behaves the same, and zeroes the memory.

         let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
         {
             // In a block so that `r` and `suffix` don't live too long.
             let (r, suffix) = Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_prefix(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(suffix.len(), 8);
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
         {
             buf = [0xFFu8; 16];
             let (r, suffix) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             // Assert that the suffix wasn't zeroed.
             assert_eq!(suffix, &[0xFF; 8]);
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
         {
             buf = [0u8; 16];
             let (prefix, r) = Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_suffix(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(prefix.len(), 8);
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
         {
             buf = [0xFFu8; 16];
             let (prefix, r) =
                 Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf[..]).unwrap();
             // Assert that the prefix wasn't zeroed.
             assert_eq!(prefix, &[0xFF; 8]);
             test_new_helper_unaligned(r);
         }
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_ref_from_mut_from() {
         // Test `FromBytes::{ref_from, mut_from}{,_prefix,_suffix}` success cases
         // Exhaustive coverage for these methods is covered by the `Ref` tests above,
         // which these helper methods defer to.

         let mut buf =
             Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::new([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]);

         assert_eq!(
             AU64::ref_from(&buf.t[8..]).unwrap().0.to_ne_bytes(),
             [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
         );
         let suffix = AU64::mut_from(&mut buf.t[8..]).unwrap();
         suffix.0 = 0x0101010101010101;
         // The `[u8:9]` is a non-half size of the full buffer, which would catch
         // `from_prefix` having the same implementation as `from_suffix` (issues #506, #511).
         assert_eq!(<[u8; 9]>::ref_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).unwrap(), &[7u8, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
         let suffix = AU64::mut_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[1..]).unwrap();
         suffix.0 = 0x0202020202020202;
         <[u8; 10]>::mut_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap()[0] = 42;
         assert_eq!(<[u8; 9]>::ref_from_prefix(&buf.t[..]).unwrap(), &[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 42, 7, 2]);
         <[u8; 2]>::mut_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).unwrap()[1] = 30;
         assert_eq!(buf.t, [0, 30, 2, 3, 4, 5, 42, 7, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2]);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_ref_from_mut_from_error() {
         // Test `FromBytes::{ref_from, mut_from}{,_prefix,_suffix}` error cases.

         // Fail because the buffer is too large.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so only the length check should fail.
         assert!(AU64::ref_from(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::ref_from(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::mut_from(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());

         // Fail because the buffer is too small.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 4], AU64>::default();
         assert!(AU64::ref_from(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::ref_from(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::mut_from(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::ref_from_prefix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::ref_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::ref_from_prefix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::mut_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::ref_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(<[u8; 8]>::mut_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());

         // Fail because the alignment is insufficient.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 13], AU64>::default();
         assert!(AU64::ref_from(&buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from(&mut buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::ref_from(&buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from(&mut buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::ref_from_prefix(&buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from_prefix(&mut buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::ref_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(AU64::mut_from_suffix(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
     }

     #[test]
     #[allow(clippy::cognitive_complexity)]
     fn test_new_error() {
         // Fail because the buffer is too large.

         // A buffer with an alignment of 8.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so only the length check should fail.
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());

         // Fail because the buffer is too small.

         // A buffer with an alignment of 8.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 4], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` should be aligned to 8, so only the length check should fail.
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_prefix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [u8; 8]>::new_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());

         // Fail because the length is not a multiple of the element size.

         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 12], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` has length 12, but element size is 8.
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());

         // Fail because the buffer is too short.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 12], AU64>::default();
         // `buf.t` has length 12, but the element size is 8 (and we're expecting
         // two of them).
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix(&buf.t[..], 2).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], 2).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix(&buf.t[..], 2).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], 2).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix(&buf.t[..], 2).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], 2)
             .is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix(&buf.t[..], 2).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], 2)
             .is_none());

         // Fail because the alignment is insufficient.

         // A buffer with an alignment of 8. An odd buffer size is chosen so that
         // the last byte of the buffer has odd alignment.
         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 13], AU64>::default();
         // Slicing from 1, we get a buffer with size 12 (so the length check
         // should succeed) but an alignment of only 1, which is insufficient.
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new(&buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_zeroed(&mut buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix(&buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice(&buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_zeroed(&mut buf.t[1..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix(&buf.t[1..], 1).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[1..], 1).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix(&buf.t[1..], 1).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[1..], 1).is_none());
         // Slicing is unnecessary here because `new_from_suffix[_zeroed]` use
         // the suffix of the slice, which has odd alignment.
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix(&buf.t[..]).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, AU64>::new_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..]).is_none());

         // Fail due to arithmetic overflow.

         let mut buf = Align::<[u8; 16], AU64>::default();
         let unreasonable_len = usize::MAX / mem::size_of::<AU64>() + 1;
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix(&buf.t[..], unreasonable_len).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], unreasonable_len)
             .is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix(&buf.t[..], unreasonable_len).is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [AU64]>::new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed(&mut buf.t[..], unreasonable_len)
             .is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix(&buf.t[..], unreasonable_len)
             .is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(
             &mut buf.t[..],
             unreasonable_len
         )
         .is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix(&buf.t[..], unreasonable_len)
             .is_none());
         assert!(Ref::<_, [[u8; 8]]>::new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(
             &mut buf.t[..],
             unreasonable_len
         )
         .is_none());
     }

     // Tests for ensuring that, if a ZST is passed into a slice-like function,
     // we always panic. Since these tests need to be separate per-function, and
     // they tend to take up a lot of space, we generate them using a macro in a
     // submodule instead. The submodule ensures that we can just re-use the name
     // of the function under test for the name of the test itself.
     mod test_zst_panics {
         macro_rules! zst_test {
             ($name:ident($($tt:tt)*), $constructor_in_panic_msg:tt) => {
                 #[test]
                 #[should_panic = concat!("Ref::", $constructor_in_panic_msg, " called on a zero-sized type")]
                 fn $name() {
                     let mut buffer = [0u8];
                     let r = $crate::Ref::<_, [()]>::$name(&mut buffer[..], $($tt)*);
                     unreachable!("should have panicked, got {:?}", r);
                 }
             }
         }
         zst_test!(new_slice(), "new_slice");
         zst_test!(new_slice_zeroed(), "new_slice");
         zst_test!(new_slice_from_prefix(1), "new_slice");
         zst_test!(new_slice_from_prefix_zeroed(1), "new_slice");
         zst_test!(new_slice_from_suffix(1), "new_slice");
         zst_test!(new_slice_from_suffix_zeroed(1), "new_slice");
         zst_test!(new_slice_unaligned(), "new_slice_unaligned");
         zst_test!(new_slice_unaligned_zeroed(), "new_slice_unaligned");
         zst_test!(new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix(1), "new_slice_unaligned");
         zst_test!(new_slice_unaligned_from_prefix_zeroed(1), "new_slice_unaligned");
         zst_test!(new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix(1), "new_slice_unaligned");
         zst_test!(new_slice_unaligned_from_suffix_zeroed(1), "new_slice_unaligned");
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_as_bytes_methods() {
         /// Run a series of tests by calling `AsBytes` methods on `t`.
         ///
         /// `bytes` is the expected byte sequence returned from `t.as_bytes()`
         /// before `t` has been modified. `post_mutation` is the expected
         /// sequence returned from `t.as_bytes()` after `t.as_bytes_mut()[0]`
         /// has had its bits flipped (by applying `^= 0xFF`).
         ///
         /// `N` is the size of `t` in bytes.
         fn test<T: FromBytes + AsBytes + Debug + Eq + ?Sized, const N: usize>(
             t: &mut T,
             bytes: &[u8],
             post_mutation: &T,
         ) {
             // Test that we can access the underlying bytes, and that we get the
             // right bytes and the right number of bytes.
             assert_eq!(t.as_bytes(), bytes);

             // Test that changes to the underlying byte slices are reflected in
             // the original object.
             t.as_bytes_mut()[0] ^= 0xFF;
             assert_eq!(t, post_mutation);
             t.as_bytes_mut()[0] ^= 0xFF;

             // `write_to` rejects slices that are too small or too large.
             assert_eq!(t.write_to(&mut vec![0; N - 1][..]), None);
             assert_eq!(t.write_to(&mut vec![0; N + 1][..]), None);

             // `write_to` works as expected.
             let mut bytes = [0; N];
             assert_eq!(t.write_to(&mut bytes[..]), Some(()));
             assert_eq!(bytes, t.as_bytes());

             // `write_to_prefix` rejects slices that are too small.
             assert_eq!(t.write_to_prefix(&mut vec![0; N - 1][..]), None);

             // `write_to_prefix` works with exact-sized slices.
             let mut bytes = [0; N];
             assert_eq!(t.write_to_prefix(&mut bytes[..]), Some(()));
             assert_eq!(bytes, t.as_bytes());

             // `write_to_prefix` works with too-large slices, and any bytes past
             // the prefix aren't modified.
             let mut too_many_bytes = vec![0; N + 1];
             too_many_bytes[N] = 123;
             assert_eq!(t.write_to_prefix(&mut too_many_bytes[..]), Some(()));
             assert_eq!(&too_many_bytes[..N], t.as_bytes());
             assert_eq!(too_many_bytes[N], 123);

             // `write_to_suffix` rejects slices that are too small.
             assert_eq!(t.write_to_suffix(&mut vec![0; N - 1][..]), None);

             // `write_to_suffix` works with exact-sized slices.
             let mut bytes = [0; N];
             assert_eq!(t.write_to_suffix(&mut bytes[..]), Some(()));
             assert_eq!(bytes, t.as_bytes());

             // `write_to_suffix` works with too-large slices, and any bytes
             // before the suffix aren't modified.
             let mut too_many_bytes = vec![0; N + 1];
             too_many_bytes[0] = 123;
             assert_eq!(t.write_to_suffix(&mut too_many_bytes[..]), Some(()));
             assert_eq!(&too_many_bytes[1..], t.as_bytes());
             assert_eq!(too_many_bytes[0], 123);
         }

         #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct Foo {
             a: u32,
             b: Wrapping<u32>,
             c: Option<NonZeroU32>,
         }

         let expected_bytes: Vec<u8> = if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
             vec![1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
         } else {
             vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0]
         };
         let post_mutation_expected_a =
             if cfg!(target_endian = "little") { 0x00_00_00_FE } else { 0xFF_00_00_01 };
         test::<_, 12>(
             &mut Foo { a: 1, b: Wrapping(2), c: None },
             expected_bytes.as_bytes(),
             &Foo { a: post_mutation_expected_a, b: Wrapping(2), c: None },
         );
         test::<_, 3>(
             Unsized::from_mut_slice(&mut [1, 2, 3]),
             &[1, 2, 3],
             Unsized::from_mut_slice(&mut [0xFE, 2, 3]),
         );
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_array() {
         #[derive(FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes)]
         #[repr(C)]
         struct Foo {
             a: [u16; 33],
         }

         let foo = Foo { a: [0xFFFF; 33] };
         let expected = [0xFFu8; 66];
         assert_eq!(foo.as_bytes(), &expected[..]);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_display_debug() {
         let buf = Align::<[u8; 8], u64>::default();
         let r = Ref::<_, u64>::new(&buf.t[..]).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(format!("{}", r), "0");
         assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", r), "Ref(0)");

         let buf = Align::<[u8; 8], u64>::default();
         let r = Ref::<_, [u64]>::new_slice(&buf.t[..]).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(format!("{:?}", r), "Ref([0])");
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_eq() {
         let buf1 = 0_u64;
         let r1 = Ref::<_, u64>::new(buf1.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         let buf2 = 0_u64;
         let r2 = Ref::<_, u64>::new(buf2.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         assert_eq!(r1, r2);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_ne() {
         let buf1 = 0_u64;
         let r1 = Ref::<_, u64>::new(buf1.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         let buf2 = 1_u64;
         let r2 = Ref::<_, u64>::new(buf2.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         assert_ne!(r1, r2);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_ord() {
         let buf1 = 0_u64;
         let r1 = Ref::<_, u64>::new(buf1.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         let buf2 = 1_u64;
         let r2 = Ref::<_, u64>::new(buf2.as_bytes()).unwrap();
         assert!(r1 < r2);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_new_zeroed() {
         assert!(!bool::new_zeroed());
         assert_eq!(u64::new_zeroed(), 0);
         // This test exists in order to exercise unsafe code, especially when
         // running under Miri.
         #[allow(clippy::unit_cmp)]
         {
             assert_eq!(<()>::new_zeroed(), ());
         }
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_transparent_packed_generic_struct() {
         #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, Unaligned)]
         #[repr(transparent)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // for the unused fields
         struct Foo<T> {
             _t: T,
             _phantom: PhantomData<()>,
         }

         assert_impl_all!(Foo<u32>: FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes);
         assert_impl_all!(Foo<u8>: Unaligned);

         #[derive(AsBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, Unaligned)]
         #[repr(packed)]
         #[allow(dead_code)] // for the unused fields
         struct Bar<T, U> {
             _t: T,
             _u: U,
         }

         assert_impl_all!(Bar<u8, AU64>: FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
     }

     #[test]
     fn test_impls() {
         use core::borrow::Borrow;

         // A type that can supply test cases for testing
         // `TryFromBytes::is_bit_valid`. All types passed to `assert_impls!`
         // must implement this trait; that macro uses it to generate runtime
         // tests for `TryFromBytes` impls.
         //
         // All `T: FromBytes` types are provided with a blanket impl. Other
         // types must implement `TryFromBytesTestable` directly (ie using
         // `impl_try_from_bytes_testable!`).
         trait TryFromBytesTestable {
             fn with_passing_test_cases<F: Fn(&Self)>(f: F);
             fn with_failing_test_cases<F: Fn(&[u8])>(f: F);
         }

         impl<T: FromBytes> TryFromBytesTestable for T {
             fn with_passing_test_cases<F: Fn(&Self)>(f: F) {
                 // Test with a zeroed value.
                 f(&Self::new_zeroed());

                 let ffs = {
                     let mut t = Self::new_zeroed();
                     let ptr: *mut T = &mut t;
                     // SAFETY: `T: FromBytes`
                     unsafe { ptr::write_bytes(ptr.cast::<u8>(), 0xFF, mem::size_of::<T>()) };
                     t
                 };

                 // Test with a value initialized with 0xFF.
                 f(&ffs);
             }

             fn with_failing_test_cases<F: Fn(&[u8])>(_f: F) {}
         }

         // Implements `TryFromBytesTestable`.
         macro_rules! impl_try_from_bytes_testable {
             // Base case for recursion (when the list of types has run out).
             (=> @success $($success_case:expr),* $(, @failure $($failure_case:expr),*)?) => {};
             // Implements for type(s) with no type parameters.
             ($ty:ty $(,$tys:ty)* => @success $($success_case:expr),* $(, @failure $($failure_case:expr),*)?) => {
                 impl TryFromBytesTestable for $ty {
                     impl_try_from_bytes_testable!(
                         @methods     @success $($success_case),*
                                  $(, @failure $($failure_case),*)?
                     );
                 }
                 impl_try_from_bytes_testable!($($tys),* => @success $($success_case),* $(, @failure $($failure_case),*)?);
             };
             // Implements for multiple types with no type parameters.
             ($($($ty:ty),* => @success $($success_case:expr), * $(, @failure $($failure_case:expr),*)?;)*) => {
                 $(
                     impl_try_from_bytes_testable!($($ty),* => @success $($success_case),* $(, @failure $($failure_case),*)*);
                 )*
             };
             // Implements only the methods; caller must invoke this from inside
             // an impl block.
             (@methods @success $($success_case:expr),* $(, @failure $($failure_case:expr),*)?) => {
                 fn with_passing_test_cases<F: Fn(&Self)>(_f: F) {
                     $(
                         _f($success_case.borrow());
                     )*
                 }

                 fn with_failing_test_cases<F: Fn(&[u8])>(_f: F) {
                     $($(
                         let case = $failure_case.as_bytes();
                         _f(case.as_bytes());
                     )*)?
                 }
             };
         }

         // Note that these impls are only for types which are not `FromBytes`.
         // `FromBytes` types are covered by a preceding blanket impl.
         impl_try_from_bytes_testable!(
             bool => @success true, false,
                     @failure 2u8, 3u8, 0xFFu8;
             char => @success '\u{0}', '\u{D7FF}', '\u{E000}', '\u{10FFFF}',
                     @failure 0xD800u32, 0xDFFFu32, 0x110000u32;
             str  => @success "", "hello", "❤️🧡💛💚💙💜",
                     @failure [0, 159, 146, 150];
             [u8] => @success [], [0, 1, 2];
             NonZeroU8, NonZeroI8, NonZeroU16, NonZeroI16, NonZeroU32,
             NonZeroI32, NonZeroU64, NonZeroI64, NonZeroU128, NonZeroI128,
             NonZeroUsize, NonZeroIsize
                  => @success Self::new(1).unwrap(),
                     // Doing this instead of `0` ensures that we always satisfy
                     // the size and alignment requirements of `Self` (whereas
                     // `0` may be any integer type with a different size or
                     // alignment than some `NonZeroXxx` types).
                     @failure Option::<Self>::None;
             [bool]
                 => @success [true, false], [false, true],
                     @failure [2u8], [3u8], [0xFFu8], [0u8, 1u8, 2u8];
         );

         // Asserts that `$ty` implements any `$trait` and doesn't implement any
         // `!$trait`. Note that all `$trait`s must come before any `!$trait`s.
         //
         // For `T: TryFromBytes`, uses `TryFromBytesTestable` to test success
         // and failure cases for `TryFromBytes::is_bit_valid`.
         macro_rules! assert_impls {
             ($ty:ty: TryFromBytes) => {
                 <$ty as TryFromBytesTestable>::with_passing_test_cases(|val| {
                     let c = Ptr::from(val);
                     // SAFETY:
                     // - Since `val` is a normal reference, `c` is guranteed to
                     //   be aligned, to point to a single allocation, and to
                     //   have a size which doesn't overflow `isize`.
                     // - Since `val` is a valid `$ty`, `c`'s referent satisfies
                     //   the bit validity constraints of `is_bit_valid`, which
                     //   are a superset of the bit validity constraints of
                     //   `$ty`.
                     let res = unsafe { <$ty as TryFromBytes>::is_bit_valid(c) };
                     assert!(res, "{}::is_bit_valid({:?}): got false, expected true", stringify!($ty), val);

                     // TODO(#5): In addition to testing `is_bit_valid`, test the
                     // methods built on top of it. This would both allow us to
                     // test their implementations and actually convert the bytes
                     // to `$ty`, giving Miri a chance to catch if this is
                     // unsound (ie, if our `is_bit_valid` impl is buggy).
                     //
                     // The following code was tried, but it doesn't work because
                     // a) some types are not `AsBytes` and, b) some types are
                     // not `Sized`.
                     //
                     //   let r = <$ty as TryFromBytes>::try_from_ref(val.as_bytes()).unwrap();
                     //   assert_eq!(r, &val);
                     //   let r = <$ty as TryFromBytes>::try_from_mut(val.as_bytes_mut()).unwrap();
                     //   assert_eq!(r, &mut val);
                     //   let v = <$ty as TryFromBytes>::try_read_from(val.as_bytes()).unwrap();
                     //   assert_eq!(v, val);
                 });
                 #[allow(clippy::as_conversions)]
                 <$ty as TryFromBytesTestable>::with_failing_test_cases(|c| {
                     let res = <$ty as TryFromBytes>::try_from_ref(c);
                     assert!(res.is_none(), "{}::is_bit_valid({:?}): got true, expected false", stringify!($ty), c);
                 });

                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 const _: () = { static_assertions::assert_impl_all!($ty: TryFromBytes); };
             };
             ($ty:ty: $trait:ident) => {
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 const _: () = { static_assertions::assert_impl_all!($ty: $trait); };
             };
             ($ty:ty: !$trait:ident) => {
                 #[allow(dead_code)]
                 const _: () = { static_assertions::assert_not_impl_any!($ty: $trait); };
             };
             ($ty:ty: $($trait:ident),* $(,)? $(!$negative_trait:ident),*) => {
                 $(
                     assert_impls!($ty: $trait);
                 )*

                 $(
                     assert_impls!($ty: !$negative_trait);
                 )*
             };
         }

         // NOTE: The negative impl assertions here are not necessarily
         // prescriptive. They merely serve as change detectors to make sure
         // we're aware of what trait impls are getting added with a given
         // change. Of course, some impls would be invalid (e.g., `bool:
         // FromBytes`), and so this change detection is very important.

         assert_impls!((): KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(u8: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(i8: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(u16: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(i16: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(u32: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(i32: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(u64: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(i64: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(u128: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(i128: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(usize: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(isize: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(f32: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(f64: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(bool: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !FromBytes);
         assert_impls!(char: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(str: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !FromBytes);

         assert_impls!(NonZeroU8: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroI8: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroU16: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroI16: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroU32: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroI32: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroU64: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroI64: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroU128: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroI128: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroUsize: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(NonZeroIsize: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, AsBytes, !FromBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroU8>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroI8>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroU16>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroI16>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroU32>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroI32>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroU64>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroI64>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroU128>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroI128>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroUsize>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonZeroIsize>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         // Implements none of the ZC traits.
         struct NotZerocopy;

         #[rustfmt::skip]
         type FnManyArgs = fn(
             NotZerocopy, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8,
         ) -> (NotZerocopy, NotZerocopy);

         // Allowed, because we're not actually using this type for FFI.
         #[allow(improper_ctypes_definitions)]
         #[rustfmt::skip]
         type ECFnManyArgs = extern "C" fn(
             NotZerocopy, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8, u8,
         ) -> (NotZerocopy, NotZerocopy);

         #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
         assert_impls!(Option<Box<UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>>>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<Box<[UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>]>>: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<&'static UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<&'static [UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>]>: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<&'static mut UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<&'static mut [UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>]>: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonNull<UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>>>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<NonNull<[UnsafeCell<NotZerocopy>]>>: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<fn()>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<FnManyArgs>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<extern "C" fn()>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Option<ECFnManyArgs>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(PhantomData<NotZerocopy>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(PhantomData<[u8]>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(ManuallyDrop<u8>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !TryFromBytes);
         assert_impls!(ManuallyDrop<[u8]>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !TryFromBytes);
         assert_impls!(ManuallyDrop<NotZerocopy>: !TryFromBytes, !KnownLayout, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(ManuallyDrop<[NotZerocopy]>: !TryFromBytes, !KnownLayout, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(MaybeUninit<u8>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, Unaligned, !AsBytes);
         assert_impls!(MaybeUninit<NotZerocopy>: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(Wrapping<u8>: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(Wrapping<NotZerocopy>: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(Unalign<u8>: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !TryFromBytes);
         assert_impls!(Unalign<NotZerocopy>: Unaligned, !KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes);

         assert_impls!([u8]: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned);
         assert_impls!([bool]: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !FromBytes);
         assert_impls!([NotZerocopy]: !KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!([u8; 0]: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !TryFromBytes);
         assert_impls!([NotZerocopy; 0]: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!([u8; 1]: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned, !TryFromBytes);
         assert_impls!([NotZerocopy; 1]: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         assert_impls!(*const NotZerocopy: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(*mut NotZerocopy: KnownLayout, FromZeroes, !TryFromBytes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(*const [NotZerocopy]: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(*mut [NotZerocopy]: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(*const dyn Debug: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);
         assert_impls!(*mut dyn Debug: KnownLayout, !TryFromBytes, !FromZeroes, !FromBytes, !AsBytes, !Unaligned);

         #[cfg(feature = "simd")]
         {
             #[allow(unused_macros)]
             macro_rules! test_simd_arch_mod {
                 ($arch:ident, $($typ:ident),*) => {
                     {
                         use core::arch::$arch::{$($typ),*};
                         use crate::*;
                         $( assert_impls!($typ: KnownLayout, TryFromBytes, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, !Unaligned); )*
                     }
                 };
             }
             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86")]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(x86, __m128, __m128d, __m128i, __m256, __m256d, __m256i);

             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "x86"))]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(x86, __m512bh, __m512, __m512d, __m512i);

             #[cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(x86_64, __m128, __m128d, __m128i, __m256, __m256d, __m256i);

             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "x86_64"))]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(x86_64, __m512bh, __m512, __m512d, __m512i);

             #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(wasm32, v128);

             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "powerpc"))]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(
                 powerpc,
                 vector_bool_long,
                 vector_double,
                 vector_signed_long,
                 vector_unsigned_long
             );

             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "powerpc64"))]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(
                 powerpc64,
                 vector_bool_long,
                 vector_double,
                 vector_signed_long,
                 vector_unsigned_long
             );
             #[cfg(target_arch = "aarch64")]
             #[rustfmt::skip]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(
                 aarch64, float32x2_t, float32x4_t, float64x1_t, float64x2_t, int8x8_t, int8x8x2_t,
                 int8x8x3_t, int8x8x4_t, int8x16_t, int8x16x2_t, int8x16x3_t, int8x16x4_t, int16x4_t,
                 int16x8_t, int32x2_t, int32x4_t, int64x1_t, int64x2_t, poly8x8_t, poly8x8x2_t, poly8x8x3_t,
                 poly8x8x4_t, poly8x16_t, poly8x16x2_t, poly8x16x3_t, poly8x16x4_t, poly16x4_t, poly16x8_t,
                 poly64x1_t, poly64x2_t, uint8x8_t, uint8x8x2_t, uint8x8x3_t, uint8x8x4_t, uint8x16_t,
                 uint8x16x2_t, uint8x16x3_t, uint8x16x4_t, uint16x4_t, uint16x8_t, uint32x2_t, uint32x4_t,
                 uint64x1_t, uint64x2_t
             );
             #[cfg(all(feature = "simd-nightly", target_arch = "arm"))]
             #[rustfmt::skip]
             test_simd_arch_mod!(arm, int8x4_t, uint8x4_t);
         }
     }
 }

 #[cfg(kani)]
 mod proofs {
     use super::*;

     impl kani::Arbitrary for DstLayout {
         fn any() -> Self {
             let align: NonZeroUsize = kani::any();
             let size_info: SizeInfo = kani::any();

             kani::assume(align.is_power_of_two());
             kani::assume(align < DstLayout::THEORETICAL_MAX_ALIGN);

             // For testing purposes, we most care about instantiations of
             // `DstLayout` that can correspond to actual Rust types. We use
             // `Layout` to verify that our `DstLayout` satisfies the validity
             // conditions of Rust layouts.
             kani::assume(
                 match size_info {
                     SizeInfo::Sized { _size } => Layout::from_size_align(_size, align.get()),
                     SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout { _offset, _elem_size }) => {
                         // `SliceDst`` cannot encode an exact size, but we know
                         // it is at least `_offset` bytes.
                         Layout::from_size_align(_offset, align.get())
                     }
                 }
                 .is_ok(),
             );

             Self { align: align, size_info: size_info }
         }
     }

     impl kani::Arbitrary for SizeInfo {
         fn any() -> Self {
             let is_sized: bool = kani::any();

             match is_sized {
                 true => {
                     let size: usize = kani::any();

                     kani::assume(size <= isize::MAX as _);

                     SizeInfo::Sized { _size: size }
                 }
                 false => SizeInfo::SliceDst(kani::any()),
             }
         }
     }

     impl kani::Arbitrary for TrailingSliceLayout {
         fn any() -> Self {
             let elem_size: usize = kani::any();
             let offset: usize = kani::any();

             kani::assume(elem_size < isize::MAX as _);
             kani::assume(offset < isize::MAX as _);

             TrailingSliceLayout { _elem_size: elem_size, _offset: offset }
         }
     }

     #[kani::proof]
     fn prove_dst_layout_extend() {
         use crate::util::{core_layout::padding_needed_for, max, min};

         let base: DstLayout = kani::any();
         let field: DstLayout = kani::any();
         let packed: Option<NonZeroUsize> = kani::any();

         if let Some(max_align) = packed {
             kani::assume(max_align.is_power_of_two());
             kani::assume(base.align <= max_align);
         }

         // The base can only be extended if it's sized.
         kani::assume(matches!(base.size_info, SizeInfo::Sized { .. }));
         let base_size = if let SizeInfo::Sized { _size: size } = base.size_info {
             size
         } else {
             unreachable!();
         };

         // Under the above conditions, `DstLayout::extend` will not panic.
         let composite = base.extend(field, packed);

         // The field's alignment is clamped by `max_align` (i.e., the
         // `packed` attribute, if any) [1].
         //
         // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-alignment-modifiers:
         //
         //   The alignments of each field, for the purpose of positioning
         //   fields, is the smaller of the specified alignment and the
         //   alignment of the field's type.
         let field_align = min(field.align, packed.unwrap_or(DstLayout::THEORETICAL_MAX_ALIGN));

         // The struct's alignment is the maximum of its previous alignment and
         // `field_align`.
         assert_eq!(composite.align, max(base.align, field_align));

         // Compute the minimum amount of inter-field padding needed to
         // satisfy the field's alignment, and offset of the trailing field.
         // [1]
         //
         // [1] Per https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-alignment-modifiers:
         //
         //   Inter-field padding is guaranteed to be the minimum required in
         //   order to satisfy each field's (possibly altered) alignment.
         let padding = padding_needed_for(base_size, field_align);
         let offset = base_size + padding;

         // For testing purposes, we'll also construct `alloc::Layout`
         // stand-ins for `DstLayout`, and show that `extend` behaves
         // comparably on both types.
         let base_analog = Layout::from_size_align(base_size, base.align.get()).unwrap();

         match field.size_info {
             SizeInfo::Sized { _size: field_size } => {
                 if let SizeInfo::Sized { _size: composite_size } = composite.size_info {
                     // If the trailing field is sized, the resulting layout
                     // will be sized. Its size will be the sum of the
                     // preceeding layout, the size of the new field, and the
                     // size of inter-field padding between the two.
                     assert_eq!(composite_size, offset + field_size);

                     let field_analog =
                         Layout::from_size_align(field_size, field_align.get()).unwrap();

                     if let Ok((actual_composite, actual_offset)) = base_analog.extend(field_analog)
                     {
                         assert_eq!(actual_offset, offset);
                         assert_eq!(actual_composite.size(), composite_size);
                         assert_eq!(actual_composite.align(), composite.align.get());
                     } else {
                         // An error here reflects that composite of `base`
                         // and `field` cannot correspond to a real Rust type
                         // fragment, because such a fragment would violate
                         // the basic invariants of a valid Rust layout. At
                         // the time of writing, `DstLayout` is a little more
                         // permissive than `Layout`, so we don't assert
                         // anything in this branch (e.g., unreachability).
                     }
                 } else {
                     panic!("The composite of two sized layouts must be sized.")
                 }
             }
             SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                 _offset: field_offset,
                 _elem_size: field_elem_size,
             }) => {
                 if let SizeInfo::SliceDst(TrailingSliceLayout {
                     _offset: composite_offset,
                     _elem_size: composite_elem_size,
                 }) = composite.size_info
                 {
                     // The offset of the trailing slice component is the sum
                     // of the offset of the trailing field and the trailing
                     // slice offset within that field.
                     assert_eq!(composite_offset, offset + field_offset);
                     // The elem size is unchanged.
                     assert_eq!(composite_elem_size, field_elem_size);

                     let field_analog =
                         Layout::from_size_align(field_offset, field_align.get()).unwrap();

                     if let Ok((actual_composite, actual_offset)) = base_analog.extend(field_analog)
                     {
                         assert_eq!(actual_offset, offset);
                         assert_eq!(actual_composite.size(), composite_offset);
                         assert_eq!(actual_composite.align(), composite.align.get());
                     } else {
                         // An error here reflects that composite of `base`
                         // and `field` cannot correspond to a real Rust type
                         // fragment, because such a fragment would violate
                         // the basic invariants of a valid Rust layout. At
                         // the time of writing, `DstLayout` is a little more
                         // permissive than `Layout`, so we don't assert
                         // anything in this branch (e.g., unreachability).
                     }
                 } else {
                     panic!("The extension of a layout with a DST must result in a DST.")
                 }
             }
         }
     }

     #[kani::proof]
     #[kani::should_panic]
     fn prove_dst_layout_extend_dst_panics() {
         let base: DstLayout = kani::any();
         let field: DstLayout = kani::any();
         let packed: Option<NonZeroUsize> = kani::any();

         if let Some(max_align) = packed {
             kani::assume(max_align.is_power_of_two());
             kani::assume(base.align <= max_align);
         }

         kani::assume(matches!(base.size_info, SizeInfo::SliceDst(..)));

         let _ = base.extend(field, packed);
     }

     #[kani::proof]
     fn prove_dst_layout_pad_to_align() {
         use crate::util::core_layout::padding_needed_for;

         let layout: DstLayout = kani::any();

         let padded: DstLayout = layout.pad_to_align();

         // Calling `pad_to_align` does not alter the `DstLayout`'s alignment.
         assert_eq!(padded.align, layout.align);

         if let SizeInfo::Sized { _size: unpadded_size } = layout.size_info {
             if let SizeInfo::Sized { _size: padded_size } = padded.size_info {
                 // If the layout is sized, it will remain sized after padding is
                 // added. Its sum will be its unpadded size and the size of the
                 // trailing padding needed to satisfy its alignment
                 // requirements.
                 let padding = padding_needed_for(unpadded_size, layout.align);
                 assert_eq!(padded_size, unpadded_size + padding);

                 // Prove that calling `DstLayout::pad_to_align` behaves
                 // identically to `Layout::pad_to_align`.
                 let layout_analog =
                     Layout::from_size_align(unpadded_size, layout.align.get()).unwrap();
                 let padded_analog = layout_analog.pad_to_align();
                 assert_eq!(padded_analog.align(), layout.align.get());
                 assert_eq!(padded_analog.size(), padded_size);
             } else {
                 panic!("The padding of a sized layout must result in a sized layout.")
             }
         } else {
             // If the layout is a DST, padding cannot be statically added.
             assert_eq!(padded.size_info, layout.size_info);
         }
     }
 }