GNU Free Documentation License | |
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 | |
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
<http://fsf.org/> | |
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies | |
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. | |
0. PREAMBLE | |
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other | |
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to | |
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, | |
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. | |
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way | |
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible | |
for modifications made by others. | |
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative | |
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It | |
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft | |
license designed for free software. | |
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free | |
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free | |
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the | |
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; | |
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or | |
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License | |
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. | |
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS | |
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that | |
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be | |
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a | |
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that | |
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, | |
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a | |
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you | |
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission | |
under copyright law. | |
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the | |
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with | |
modifications and/or translated into another language. | |
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of | |
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the | |
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall | |
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall | |
directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in | |
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain | |
any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical | |
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, | |
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding | |
them. | |
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles | |
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice | |
that says that the Document is released under this License. If a | |
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not | |
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero | |
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant | |
Sections then there are none. | |
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, | |
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that | |
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may | |
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. | |
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, | |
represented in a format whose specification is available to the | |
general public, that is suitable for revising the document | |
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of | |
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available | |
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or | |
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input | |
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file | |
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart | |
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. | |
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount | |
of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". | |
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain | |
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML | |
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple | |
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of | |
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats | |
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by | |
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or | |
processing tools are not generally available, and the | |
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word | |
processors for output purposes only. | |
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, | |
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material | |
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in | |
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means | |
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, | |
preceding the beginning of the body of the text. | |
The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of | |
the Document to the public. | |
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose | |
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following | |
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a | |
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", | |
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" | |
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a | |
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. | |
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which | |
states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty | |
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this | |
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other | |
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has | |
no effect on the meaning of this License. | |
2. VERBATIM COPYING | |
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either | |
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the | |
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies | |
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no | |
other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use | |
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further | |
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept | |
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough | |
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. | |
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and | |
you may publicly display copies. | |
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY | |
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have | |
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the | |
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the | |
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover | |
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on | |
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify | |
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present | |
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and | |
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. | |
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve | |
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated | |
as verbatim copying in other respects. | |
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit | |
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit | |
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent | |
pages. | |
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering | |
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent | |
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy | |
a computer-network location from which the general network-using | |
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols | |
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. | |
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, | |
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure | |
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated | |
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an | |
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that | |
edition to the public. | |
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the | |
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to | |
give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the | |
Document. | |
4. MODIFICATIONS | |
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under | |
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release | |
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified | |
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution | |
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy | |
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: | |
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct | |
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions | |
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section | |
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version | |
if the original publisher of that version gives permission. | |
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities | |
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified | |
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the | |
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), | |
unless they release you from this requirement. | |
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the | |
Modified Version, as the publisher. | |
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. | |
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications | |
adjacent to the other copyright notices. | |
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice | |
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the | |
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. | |
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections | |
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. | |
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. | |
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add | |
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and | |
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If | |
there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one | |
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as | |
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified | |
Version as stated in the previous sentence. | |
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for | |
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise | |
the network locations given in the Document for previous versions | |
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. | |
You may omit a network location for a work that was published at | |
least four years before the Document itself, or if the original | |
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. | |
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", | |
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all | |
the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements | |
and/or dedications given therein. | |
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, | |
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers | |
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. | |
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section | |
may not be included in the Modified Version. | |
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" | |
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. | |
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. | |
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or | |
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material | |
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all | |
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the | |
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. | |
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. | |
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains | |
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various | |
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has | |
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a | |
standard. | |
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a | |
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list | |
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of | |
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or | |
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already | |
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or | |
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, | |
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit | |
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. | |
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License | |
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or | |
imply endorsement of any Modified Version. | |
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS | |
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this | |
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified | |
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the | |
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and | |
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its | |
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. | |
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and | |
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single | |
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but | |
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by | |
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original | |
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. | |
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of | |
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. | |
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" | |
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled | |
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", | |
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections | |
Entitled "Endorsements". | |
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS | |
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other | |
documents released under this License, and replace the individual | |
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy | |
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules | |
of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all | |
other respects. | |
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and | |
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a | |
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this | |
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that | |
document. | |
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS | |
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate | |
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or | |
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright | |
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights | |
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. | |
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not | |
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves | |
derivative works of the Document. | |
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these | |
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of | |
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on | |
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the | |
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. | |
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole | |
aggregate. | |
8. TRANSLATION | |
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may | |
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. | |
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special | |
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include | |
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the | |
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a | |
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the | |
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include | |
the original English version of this License and the original versions | |
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between | |
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice | |
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. | |
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", | |
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve | |
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual | |
title. | |
9. TERMINATION | |
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document | |
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt | |
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and | |
will automatically terminate your rights under this License. | |
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license | |
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, | |
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally | |
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder | |
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to | |
60 days after the cessation. | |
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is | |
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the | |
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have | |
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that | |
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after | |
your receipt of the notice. | |
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the | |
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under | |
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently | |
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does | |
not give you any rights to use it. | |
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE | |
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the | |
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions | |
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in | |
detail to address new problems or concerns. See | |
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. | |
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. | |
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this | |
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of | |
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or | |
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the | |
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version | |
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not | |
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document | |
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this | |
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a | |
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the | |
Document. | |
11. RELICENSING | |
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any | |
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also | |
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A | |
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A | |
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site | |
means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. | |
"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 | |
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit | |
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, | |
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license | |
published by that same organization. | |
"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in | |
part, as part of another Document. | |
An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this | |
License, and if all works that were first published under this License | |
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or | |
in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and | |
(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. | |
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site | |
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, | |
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. | |
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents | |
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of | |
the License in the document and put the following copyright and | |
license notices just after the title page: | |
Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. | |
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 | |
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; | |
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. | |
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU | |
Free Documentation License". | |
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, | |
replace the "with...Texts." line with this: | |
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the | |
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. | |
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other | |
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the | |
situation. | |
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we | |
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of | |
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, | |
to permit their use in free software. |