agent/src/os/bsd/ps_core.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 *
 */

#include <jni.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include "libproc_impl.h"

#ifdef __APPLE__
#include "sun_jvm_hotspot_debugger_amd64_AMD64ThreadContext.h"
#endif

// This file has the libproc implementation to read core files.
// For live processes, refer to ps_proc.c. Portions of this is adapted
// /modelled after Solaris libproc.so (in particular Pcore.c)

//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// ps_prochandle cleanup helper functions

// close all file descriptors
static void close_files(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  lib_info* lib = NULL;

  // close core file descriptor
  if (ph->core->core_fd >= 0)
    close(ph->core->core_fd);

  // close exec file descriptor
  if (ph->core->exec_fd >= 0)
    close(ph->core->exec_fd);

  // close interp file descriptor
  if (ph->core->interp_fd >= 0)
    close(ph->core->interp_fd);

  // close class share archive file
  if (ph->core->classes_jsa_fd >= 0)
    close(ph->core->classes_jsa_fd);

  // close all library file descriptors
  lib = ph->libs;
  while (lib) {
    int fd = lib->fd;
    if (fd >= 0 && fd != ph->core->exec_fd) {
      close(fd);
    }
    lib = lib->next;
  }
}

// clean all map_info stuff
static void destroy_map_info(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  map_info* map = ph->core->maps;
  while (map) {
    map_info* next = map->next;
    free(map);
    map = next;
  }

  if (ph->core->map_array) {
    free(ph->core->map_array);
  }

  // Part of the class sharing workaround
  map = ph->core->class_share_maps;
  while (map) {
    map_info* next = map->next;
    free(map);
    map = next;
  }
}

// ps_prochandle operations
static void core_release(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  if (ph->core) {
    close_files(ph);
    destroy_map_info(ph);
    free(ph->core);
  }
}

static map_info* allocate_init_map(int fd, off_t offset, uintptr_t vaddr, size_t memsz) {
  map_info* map;
  if ( (map = (map_info*) calloc(1, sizeof(map_info))) == NULL) {
    print_debug("can't allocate memory for map_info\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  // initialize map
  map->fd     = fd;
  map->offset = offset;
  map->vaddr  = vaddr;
  map->memsz  = memsz;
  return map;
}

// add map info with given fd, offset, vaddr and memsz
static map_info* add_map_info(struct ps_prochandle* ph, int fd, off_t offset,
                             uintptr_t vaddr, size_t memsz) {
  map_info* map;
  if ((map = allocate_init_map(fd, offset, vaddr, memsz)) == NULL) {
    return NULL;
  }

  // add this to map list
  map->next  = ph->core->maps;
  ph->core->maps   = map;
  ph->core->num_maps++;

  return map;
}

// Part of the class sharing workaround
static map_info* add_class_share_map_info(struct ps_prochandle* ph, off_t offset,
                             uintptr_t vaddr, size_t memsz) {
  map_info* map;
  if ((map = allocate_init_map(ph->core->classes_jsa_fd,
                               offset, vaddr, memsz)) == NULL) {
    return NULL;
  }

  map->next = ph->core->class_share_maps;
  ph->core->class_share_maps = map;
  return map;
}

// Return the map_info for the given virtual address.  We keep a sorted
// array of pointers in ph->map_array, so we can binary search.
static map_info* core_lookup(struct ps_prochandle *ph, uintptr_t addr) {
  int mid, lo = 0, hi = ph->core->num_maps - 1;
  map_info *mp;

  while (hi - lo > 1) {
    mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
    if (addr >= ph->core->map_array[mid]->vaddr) {
      lo = mid;
    } else {
      hi = mid;
    }
  }

  if (addr < ph->core->map_array[hi]->vaddr) {
    mp = ph->core->map_array[lo];
  } else {
    mp = ph->core->map_array[hi];
  }

  if (addr >= mp->vaddr && addr < mp->vaddr + mp->memsz) {
    return (mp);
  }


  // Part of the class sharing workaround
  // Unfortunately, we have no way of detecting -Xshare state.
  // Check out the share maps atlast, if we don't find anywhere.
  // This is done this way so to avoid reading share pages
  // ahead of other normal maps. For eg. with -Xshare:off we don't
  // want to prefer class sharing data to data from core.
  mp = ph->core->class_share_maps;
  if (mp) {
    print_debug("can't locate map_info at 0x%lx, trying class share maps\n", addr);
  }
  while (mp) {
    if (addr >= mp->vaddr && addr < mp->vaddr + mp->memsz) {
      print_debug("located map_info at 0x%lx from class share maps\n", addr);
      return (mp);
    }
    mp = mp->next;
  }

  print_debug("can't locate map_info at 0x%lx\n", addr);
  return (NULL);
}

//---------------------------------------------------------------
// Part of the class sharing workaround:
//
// With class sharing, pages are mapped from classes.jsa file.
// The read-only class sharing pages are mapped as MAP_SHARED,
// PROT_READ pages. These pages are not dumped into core dump.
// With this workaround, these pages are read from classes.jsa.

// FIXME: !HACK ALERT!
// The format of sharing achive file header is needed to read shared heap
// file mappings. For now, I am hard coding portion of FileMapHeader here.
// Refer to filemap.hpp.

// FileMapHeader describes the shared space data in the file to be
// mapped.  This structure gets written to a file.  It is not a class,
// so that the compilers don't add any compiler-private data to it.

#define NUM_SHARED_MAPS 4

// Refer to FileMapInfo::_current_version in filemap.hpp
#define CURRENT_ARCHIVE_VERSION 1

struct FileMapHeader {
  int   _magic;              // identify file type.
  int   _version;            // (from enum, above.)
  size_t _alignment;         // how shared archive should be aligned

  struct space_info {
    int    _file_offset;     // sizeof(this) rounded to vm page size
    char*  _base;            // copy-on-write base address
    size_t _capacity;        // for validity checking
    size_t _used;            // for setting space top on read

    // 4991491 NOTICE These are C++ bool's in filemap.hpp and must match up with
    // the C type matching the C++ bool type on any given platform.
    // We assume the corresponding C type is char but licensees
    // may need to adjust the type of these fields.
    char   _read_only;       // read only space?
    char   _allow_exec;      // executable code in space?

  } _space[NUM_SHARED_MAPS];

  // Ignore the rest of the FileMapHeader. We don't need those fields here.
};

static bool read_jboolean(struct ps_prochandle* ph, uintptr_t addr, jboolean* pvalue) {
  jboolean i;
  if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) addr, &i, sizeof(i)) == PS_OK) {
    *pvalue = i;
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

static bool read_pointer(struct ps_prochandle* ph, uintptr_t addr, uintptr_t* pvalue) {
  uintptr_t uip;
  if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) addr, (char *)&uip, sizeof(uip)) == PS_OK) {
    *pvalue = uip;
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

// used to read strings from debuggee
static bool read_string(struct ps_prochandle* ph, uintptr_t addr, char* buf, size_t size) {
  size_t i = 0;
  char  c = ' ';

  while (c != '\0') {
    if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) addr, &c, sizeof(char)) != PS_OK) {
      return false;
    }
    if (i < size - 1) {
      buf[i] = c;
    } else {
      // smaller buffer
      return false;
    }
    i++; addr++;
  }
  buf[i] = '\0';
  return true;
}

#ifdef __APPLE__
#define USE_SHARED_SPACES_SYM "_UseSharedSpaces"
// mangled name of Arguments::SharedArchivePath
#define SHARED_ARCHIVE_PATH_SYM "_ZN9Arguments17SharedArchivePathE"
#define LIBJVM_NAME "/libjvm.dylib"
#else
#define USE_SHARED_SPACES_SYM "UseSharedSpaces"
// mangled name of Arguments::SharedArchivePath
#define SHARED_ARCHIVE_PATH_SYM "__ZN9Arguments17SharedArchivePathE"
#define LIBJVM_NAME "/libjvm.so"
#endif // __APPLE_

static bool init_classsharing_workaround(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  int m;
  size_t n;
  lib_info* lib = ph->libs;
  while (lib != NULL) {
    // we are iterating over shared objects from the core dump. look for
    // libjvm.so.
    const char *jvm_name = 0;
    if ((jvm_name = strstr(lib->name, LIBJVM_NAME)) != 0) {
      char classes_jsa[PATH_MAX];
      struct FileMapHeader header;
      int fd = -1;
      uintptr_t base = 0, useSharedSpacesAddr = 0;
      uintptr_t sharedArchivePathAddrAddr = 0, sharedArchivePathAddr = 0;
      jboolean useSharedSpaces = 0;

      memset(classes_jsa, 0, sizeof(classes_jsa));
      jvm_name = lib->name;
      useSharedSpacesAddr = lookup_symbol(ph, jvm_name, USE_SHARED_SPACES_SYM);
      if (useSharedSpacesAddr == 0) {
        print_debug("can't lookup 'UseSharedSpaces' flag\n");
        return false;
      }

      // Hotspot vm types are not exported to build this library. So
      // using equivalent type jboolean to read the value of
      // UseSharedSpaces which is same as hotspot type "bool".
      if (read_jboolean(ph, useSharedSpacesAddr, &useSharedSpaces) != true) {
        print_debug("can't read the value of 'UseSharedSpaces' flag\n");
        return false;
      }

      if ((int)useSharedSpaces == 0) {
        print_debug("UseSharedSpaces is false, assuming -Xshare:off!\n");
        return true;
      }

      sharedArchivePathAddrAddr = lookup_symbol(ph, jvm_name, SHARED_ARCHIVE_PATH_SYM);
      if (sharedArchivePathAddrAddr == 0) {
        print_debug("can't lookup shared archive path symbol\n");
        return false;
      }

      if (read_pointer(ph, sharedArchivePathAddrAddr, &sharedArchivePathAddr) != true) {
        print_debug("can't read shared archive path pointer\n");
        return false;
      }

      if (read_string(ph, sharedArchivePathAddr, classes_jsa, sizeof(classes_jsa)) != true) {
        print_debug("can't read shared archive path value\n");
        return false;
      }

      print_debug("looking for %s\n", classes_jsa);
      // open the class sharing archive file
      fd = pathmap_open(classes_jsa);
      if (fd < 0) {
        print_debug("can't open %s!\n", classes_jsa);
        ph->core->classes_jsa_fd = -1;
        return false;
      } else {
        print_debug("opened %s\n", classes_jsa);
      }

      // read FileMapHeader from the file
      memset(&header, 0, sizeof(struct FileMapHeader));
      if ((n = read(fd, &header, sizeof(struct FileMapHeader)))
           != sizeof(struct FileMapHeader)) {
        print_debug("can't read shared archive file map header from %s\n", classes_jsa);
        close(fd);
        return false;
      }

      // check file magic
      if (header._magic != 0xf00baba2) {
        print_debug("%s has bad shared archive file magic number 0x%x, expecing 0xf00baba2\n",
                     classes_jsa, header._magic);
        close(fd);
        return false;
      }

      // check version
      if (header._version != CURRENT_ARCHIVE_VERSION) {
        print_debug("%s has wrong shared archive file version %d, expecting %d\n",
                     classes_jsa, header._version, CURRENT_ARCHIVE_VERSION);
        close(fd);
        return false;
      }

      ph->core->classes_jsa_fd = fd;
      // add read-only maps from classes.jsa to the list of maps
      for (m = 0; m < NUM_SHARED_MAPS; m++) {
        if (header._space[m]._read_only) {
          base = (uintptr_t) header._space[m]._base;
          // no need to worry about the fractional pages at-the-end.
          // possible fractional pages are handled by core_read_data.
          add_class_share_map_info(ph, (off_t) header._space[m]._file_offset,
                                   base, (size_t) header._space[m]._used);
          print_debug("added a share archive map at 0x%lx\n", base);
        }
      }
      return true;
   }
   lib = lib->next;
  }
  return true;
}

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// functions to handle map_info

// Order mappings based on virtual address.  We use this function as the
// callback for sorting the array of map_info pointers.
static int core_cmp_mapping(const void *lhsp, const void *rhsp)
{
  const map_info *lhs = *((const map_info **)lhsp);
  const map_info *rhs = *((const map_info **)rhsp);

  if (lhs->vaddr == rhs->vaddr) {
    return (0);
  }

  return (lhs->vaddr < rhs->vaddr ? -1 : 1);
}

// we sort map_info by starting virtual address so that we can do
// binary search to read from an address.
static bool sort_map_array(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  size_t num_maps = ph->core->num_maps;
  map_info* map = ph->core->maps;
  int i = 0;

  // allocate map_array
  map_info** array;
  if ( (array = (map_info**) malloc(sizeof(map_info*) * num_maps)) == NULL) {
    print_debug("can't allocate memory for map array\n");
    return false;
  }

  // add maps to array
  while (map) {
    array[i] = map;
    i++;
    map = map->next;
  }

  // sort is called twice. If this is second time, clear map array
  if (ph->core->map_array) {
    free(ph->core->map_array);
  }
  ph->core->map_array = array;
  // sort the map_info array by base virtual address.
  qsort(ph->core->map_array, ph->core->num_maps, sizeof (map_info*),
        core_cmp_mapping);

  // print map
  if (is_debug()) {
    int j = 0;
    print_debug("---- sorted virtual address map ----\n");
    for (j = 0; j < ph->core->num_maps; j++) {
      print_debug("base = 0x%lx\tsize = %d\n", ph->core->map_array[j]->vaddr,
                  ph->core->map_array[j]->memsz);
    }
  }

  return true;
}

#ifndef MIN
#define MIN(x, y) (((x) < (y))? (x): (y))
#endif

static bool core_read_data(struct ps_prochandle* ph, uintptr_t addr, char *buf, size_t size) {
   ssize_t resid = size;
   int page_size=sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
   while (resid != 0) {
      map_info *mp = core_lookup(ph, addr);
      uintptr_t mapoff;
      ssize_t len, rem;
      off_t off;
      int fd;

      if (mp == NULL) {
         break;  /* No mapping for this address */
      }

      fd = mp->fd;
      mapoff = addr - mp->vaddr;
      len = MIN(resid, mp->memsz - mapoff);
      off = mp->offset + mapoff;

      if ((len = pread(fd, buf, len, off)) <= 0) {
         break;
      }

      resid -= len;
      addr += len;
      buf = (char *)buf + len;

      // mappings always start at page boundary. But, may end in fractional
      // page. fill zeros for possible fractional page at the end of a mapping.
      rem = mp->memsz % page_size;
      if (rem > 0) {
         rem = page_size - rem;
         len = MIN(resid, rem);
         resid -= len;
         addr += len;
         // we are not assuming 'buf' to be zero initialized.
         memset(buf, 0, len);
         buf += len;
      }
   }

   if (resid) {
      print_debug("core read failed for %d byte(s) @ 0x%lx (%d more bytes)\n",
              size, addr, resid);
      return false;
   } else {
      return true;
   }
}

// null implementation for write
static bool core_write_data(struct ps_prochandle* ph,
                             uintptr_t addr, const char *buf , size_t size) {
   return false;
}

static bool core_get_lwp_regs(struct ps_prochandle* ph, lwpid_t lwp_id,
                          struct reg* regs) {
   // for core we have cached the lwp regs after segment parsed
   sa_thread_info* thr = ph->threads;
   while (thr) {
     if (thr->lwp_id == lwp_id) {
       memcpy(regs, &thr->regs, sizeof(struct reg));
       return true;
     }
     thr = thr->next;
   }
   return false;
}

static bool core_get_lwp_info(struct ps_prochandle *ph, lwpid_t id, void *info) {
   print_debug("core_get_lwp_info not implemented\n");
   return false;
}

static ps_prochandle_ops core_ops = {
   .release=  core_release,
   .p_pread=  core_read_data,
   .p_pwrite= core_write_data,
   .get_lwp_regs= core_get_lwp_regs,
   .get_lwp_info= core_get_lwp_info
};

// from this point, mainly two blocks divided by def __APPLE__
// one for Macosx, the other for regular Bsd

#ifdef __APPLE__

void print_thread(sa_thread_info *threadinfo) {
  print_debug("thread added: %d\n", threadinfo->lwp_id);
  print_debug("registers:\n");
  print_debug("  r_r15: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r15);
  print_debug("  r_r14: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r14);
  print_debug("  r_r13: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r13);
  print_debug("  r_r12: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r12);
  print_debug("  r_r11: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r11);
  print_debug("  r_r10: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r10);
  print_debug("  r_r9:  0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r9);
  print_debug("  r_r8:  0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_r8);
  print_debug("  r_rdi: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rdi);
  print_debug("  r_rsi: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rsi);
  print_debug("  r_rbp: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rbp);
  print_debug("  r_rbx: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rbx);
  print_debug("  r_rdx: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rdx);
  print_debug("  r_rcx: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rcx);
  print_debug("  r_rax: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rax);
  print_debug("  r_fs:  0x%" PRIx32 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_fs);
  print_debug("  r_gs:  0x%" PRIx32 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_gs);
  print_debug("  r_rip  0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rip);
  print_debug("  r_cs:  0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_cs);
  print_debug("  r_rsp: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rsp);
  print_debug("  r_rflags: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", threadinfo->regs.r_rflags);
}

// read all segments64 commands from core file
// read all thread commands from core file
static bool read_core_segments(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  int i = 0;
  int num_threads = 0;
  int fd = ph->core->core_fd;
  off_t offset = 0;
  mach_header_64      fhead;
  load_command        lcmd;
  segment_command_64  segcmd;
  // thread_command      thrcmd;

  lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET);
  if(read(fd, (void *)&fhead, sizeof(mach_header_64)) != sizeof(mach_header_64)) {
     goto err;
  }
  print_debug("total commands: %d\n", fhead.ncmds);
  offset += sizeof(mach_header_64);
  for (i = 0; i < fhead.ncmds; i++) {
    lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET);
    if (read(fd, (void *)&lcmd, sizeof(load_command)) != sizeof(load_command)) {
      goto err;
    }
    offset += lcmd.cmdsize;    // next command position
    if (lcmd.cmd == LC_SEGMENT_64) {
      lseek(fd, -sizeof(load_command), SEEK_CUR);
      if (read(fd, (void *)&segcmd, sizeof(segment_command_64)) != sizeof(segment_command_64)) {
        print_debug("failed to read LC_SEGMENT_64 i = %d!\n", i);
        goto err;
      }
      if (add_map_info(ph, fd, segcmd.fileoff, segcmd.vmaddr, segcmd.vmsize) == NULL) {
        print_debug("Failed to add map_info at i = %d\n", i);
        goto err;
      }
      print_debug("segment added: %" PRIu64 " 0x%" PRIx64 " %d\n",
                   segcmd.fileoff, segcmd.vmaddr, segcmd.vmsize);
    } else if (lcmd.cmd == LC_THREAD || lcmd.cmd == LC_UNIXTHREAD) {
      typedef struct thread_fc {
        uint32_t  flavor;
        uint32_t  count;
      } thread_fc;
      thread_fc fc;
      uint32_t size = sizeof(load_command);
      while (size < lcmd.cmdsize) {
        if (read(fd, (void *)&fc, sizeof(thread_fc)) != sizeof(thread_fc)) {
          printf("Reading flavor, count failed.\n");
          goto err;
        }
        size += sizeof(thread_fc);
        if (fc.flavor == x86_THREAD_STATE) {
          x86_thread_state_t thrstate;
          if (read(fd, (void *)&thrstate, sizeof(x86_thread_state_t)) != sizeof(x86_thread_state_t)) {
            printf("Reading flavor, count failed.\n");
            goto err;
          }
          size += sizeof(x86_thread_state_t);
          // create thread info list, update lwp_id later
          sa_thread_info* newthr = add_thread_info(ph, (pthread_t) -1, (lwpid_t) num_threads++);
          if (newthr == NULL) {
            printf("create thread_info failed\n");
            goto err;
          }

          // note __DARWIN_UNIX03 depengs on other definitions
#if __DARWIN_UNIX03
#define get_register_v(regst, regname) \
  regst.uts.ts64.__##regname
#else
#define get_register_v(regst, regname) \
  regst.uts.ts64.##regname
#endif // __DARWIN_UNIX03
          newthr->regs.r_rax = get_register_v(thrstate, rax);
          newthr->regs.r_rbx = get_register_v(thrstate, rbx);
          newthr->regs.r_rcx = get_register_v(thrstate, rcx);
          newthr->regs.r_rdx = get_register_v(thrstate, rdx);
          newthr->regs.r_rdi = get_register_v(thrstate, rdi);
          newthr->regs.r_rsi = get_register_v(thrstate, rsi);
          newthr->regs.r_rbp = get_register_v(thrstate, rbp);
          newthr->regs.r_rsp = get_register_v(thrstate, rsp);
          newthr->regs.r_r8  = get_register_v(thrstate, r8);
          newthr->regs.r_r9  = get_register_v(thrstate, r9);
          newthr->regs.r_r10 = get_register_v(thrstate, r10);
          newthr->regs.r_r11 = get_register_v(thrstate, r11);
          newthr->regs.r_r12 = get_register_v(thrstate, r12);
          newthr->regs.r_r13 = get_register_v(thrstate, r13);
          newthr->regs.r_r14 = get_register_v(thrstate, r14);
          newthr->regs.r_r15 = get_register_v(thrstate, r15);
          newthr->regs.r_rip = get_register_v(thrstate, rip);
          newthr->regs.r_rflags = get_register_v(thrstate, rflags);
          newthr->regs.r_cs  = get_register_v(thrstate, cs);
          newthr->regs.r_fs  = get_register_v(thrstate, fs);
          newthr->regs.r_gs  = get_register_v(thrstate, gs);
          print_thread(newthr);
        } else if (fc.flavor == x86_FLOAT_STATE) {
          x86_float_state_t flstate;
          if (read(fd, (void *)&flstate, sizeof(x86_float_state_t)) != sizeof(x86_float_state_t)) {
            print_debug("Reading flavor, count failed.\n");
            goto err;
          }
          size += sizeof(x86_float_state_t);
        } else if (fc.flavor == x86_EXCEPTION_STATE) {
          x86_exception_state_t excpstate;
          if (read(fd, (void *)&excpstate, sizeof(x86_exception_state_t)) != sizeof(x86_exception_state_t)) {
            printf("Reading flavor, count failed.\n");
            goto err;
          }
          size += sizeof(x86_exception_state_t);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
err:
  return false;
}

/**local function **/
bool exists(const char *fname)
{
  int fd;
  if ((fd = open(fname, O_RDONLY)) > 0) {
    close(fd);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

// we check: 1. lib
//           2. lib/server
//           3. jre/lib
//           4. jre/lib/server
// from: 1. exe path
//       2. JAVA_HOME
//       3. DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
static bool get_real_path(struct ps_prochandle* ph, char *rpath) {
  /** check if they exist in JAVA ***/
  char* execname = ph->core->exec_path;
  char  filepath[4096];
  char* filename = strrchr(rpath, '/');               // like /libjvm.dylib
  if (filename == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  char* posbin = strstr(execname, "/bin/java");
  if (posbin != NULL) {
    memcpy(filepath, execname, posbin - execname);    // not include trailing '/'
    filepath[posbin - execname] = '\0';
  } else {
    char* java_home = getenv("JAVA_HOME");
    if (java_home != NULL) {
      strcpy(filepath, java_home);
    } else {
      char* dyldpath = getenv("DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH");
      char* dypath = strtok(dyldpath, ":");
      while (dypath != NULL) {
        strcpy(filepath, dypath);
        strcat(filepath, filename);
        if (exists(filepath)) {
           strcpy(rpath, filepath);
           return true;
        }
        dypath = strtok(dyldpath, ":");
      }
      // not found
      return false;
    }
  }
  // for exec and java_home, jdkpath now is filepath
  size_t filepath_base_size = strlen(filepath);

  // first try /lib/ and /lib/server
  strcat(filepath, "/lib");
  strcat(filepath, filename);
  if (exists(filepath)) {
    strcpy(rpath, filepath);
    return true;
  }
  char* pos = strstr(filepath, filename);    // like /libjvm.dylib
  *pos = '\0';
  strcat(filepath, "/server");
  strcat(filepath, filename);
  if (exists(filepath)) {
    strcpy(rpath, filepath);
    return true;
  }

  // then try /jre/lib/ and /jre/lib/server
  filepath[filepath_base_size] = '\0';
  strcat(filepath, "/jre/lib");
  strcat(filepath, filename);
  if (exists(filepath)) {
    strcpy(rpath, filepath);
    return true;
  }
  pos = strstr(filepath, filename);
  *pos = '\0';
  strcat(filepath, "/server");
  strcat(filepath, filename);
  if (exists(filepath)) {
    strcpy(rpath, filepath);
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

static bool read_shared_lib_info(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  static int pagesize = 0;
  int fd = ph->core->core_fd;
  int i = 0, j;
  uint32_t  v;
  mach_header_64 header;        // used to check if a file header in segment
  load_command lcmd;
  dylib_command dylibcmd;

  char name[BUF_SIZE];  // use to store name

  if (pagesize == 0) {
    pagesize = getpagesize();
    print_debug("page size is %d\n", pagesize);
  }
  for (j = 0; j < ph->core->num_maps; j++) {
    map_info *iter = ph->core->map_array[j];   // head
    off_t fpos = iter->offset;
    if (iter->fd != fd) {
      // only search core file!
      continue;
    }
    print_debug("map_info %d: vmaddr = 0x%016" PRIx64 "  fileoff = %" PRIu64 "  vmsize = %" PRIu64 "\n",
                           j, iter->vaddr, iter->offset, iter->memsz);
    lseek(fd, fpos, SEEK_SET);
    // we assume .dylib loaded at segment address --- which is true for JVM libraries
    // multiple files may be loaded in one segment.
    // if first word is not a magic word, means this segment does not contain lib file.
    if (read(fd, (void *)&v, sizeof(uint32_t)) == sizeof(uint32_t)) {
      if (v != MH_MAGIC_64) {
        continue;
      }
    } else {
      // may be encountered last map, which is not readable
      continue;
    }
    while (ltell(fd) - iter->offset < iter->memsz) {
      lseek(fd, fpos, SEEK_SET);
      if (read(fd, (void *)&v, sizeof(uint32_t)) != sizeof(uint32_t)) {
        break;
      }
      if (v != MH_MAGIC_64) {
        fpos = (ltell(fd) + pagesize -1)/pagesize * pagesize;
        continue;
      }
      lseek(fd, -sizeof(uint32_t), SEEK_CUR);
      // this is the file begining to core file.
      if (read(fd, (void *)&header, sizeof(mach_header_64)) != sizeof(mach_header_64)) {
        goto err;
      }
      fpos = ltell(fd);

      // found a mach-o file in this segment
      for (i = 0; i < header.ncmds; i++) {
        // read commands in this "file"
        // LC_ID_DYLIB is the file itself for a .dylib
        lseek(fd, fpos, SEEK_SET);
        if (read(fd, (void *)&lcmd, sizeof(load_command)) != sizeof(load_command)) {
          return false;   // error
        }
        fpos += lcmd.cmdsize;  // next command position
        // make sure still within seg size.
        if (fpos  - lcmd.cmdsize - iter->offset > iter->memsz) {
          print_debug("Warning: out of segement limit: %ld \n", fpos  - lcmd.cmdsize - iter->offset);
          break;  // no need to iterate all commands
        }
        if (lcmd.cmd == LC_ID_DYLIB) {
          lseek(fd, -sizeof(load_command), SEEK_CUR);
          if (read(fd, (void *)&dylibcmd, sizeof(dylib_command)) != sizeof(dylib_command)) {
            return false;
          }
          /**** name stored at dylib_command.dylib.name.offset, is a C string  */
          lseek(fd, dylibcmd.dylib.name.offset - sizeof(dylib_command), SEEK_CUR);
          int j = 0;
          while (j < BUF_SIZE) {
            read(fd, (void *)(name + j), sizeof(char));
            if (name[j] == '\0') break;
            j++;
          }
          print_debug("%s\n", name);
          // changed name from @rpath/xxxx.dylib to real path
          if (strrchr(name, '@')) {
            get_real_path(ph, name);
            print_debug("get_real_path returned: %s\n", name);
          }
          add_lib_info(ph, name, iter->vaddr);
          break;
        }
      }
      // done with the file, advanced to next page to search more files
      fpos = (ltell(fd) + pagesize - 1) / pagesize * pagesize;
    }
  }
  return true;
err:
  return false;
}

bool read_macho64_header(int fd, mach_header_64* core_header) {
  bool is_macho = false;
  if (fd < 0) return false;
  off_t pos = ltell(fd);
  lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
  if (read(fd, (void *)core_header, sizeof(mach_header_64)) != sizeof(mach_header_64)) {
    is_macho = false;
  } else {
    is_macho = (core_header->magic ==  MH_MAGIC_64 || core_header->magic ==  MH_CIGAM_64);
  }
  lseek(fd, pos, SEEK_SET);
  return is_macho;
}

// the one and only one exposed stuff from this file
struct ps_prochandle* Pgrab_core(const char* exec_file, const char* core_file) {
  mach_header_64 core_header;
  mach_header_64 exec_header;

  struct ps_prochandle* ph = (struct ps_prochandle*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ps_prochandle));
  if (ph == NULL) {
    print_debug("cant allocate ps_prochandle\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  if ((ph->core = (struct core_data*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct core_data))) == NULL) {
    free(ph);
    print_debug("can't allocate ps_prochandle\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  // initialize ph
  ph->ops = &core_ops;
  ph->core->core_fd   = -1;
  ph->core->exec_fd   = -1;
  ph->core->interp_fd = -1;

  print_debug("exec: %s   core: %s", exec_file, core_file);

  strncpy(ph->core->exec_path, exec_file, sizeof(ph->core->exec_path));

  // open the core file
  if ((ph->core->core_fd = open(core_file, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
    print_error("can't open core file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  // read core file header
  if (read_macho64_header(ph->core->core_fd, &core_header) != true || core_header.filetype != MH_CORE) {
    print_debug("core file is not a valid Mach-O file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  if ((ph->core->exec_fd = open(exec_file, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
    print_error("can't open executable file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  if (read_macho64_header(ph->core->exec_fd, &exec_header) != true ||
                          exec_header.filetype != MH_EXECUTE) {
    print_error("executable file is not a valid Mach-O file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  // process core file segments
  if (read_core_segments(ph) != true) {
    print_error("failed to read core segments\n");
    goto err;
  }

  // allocate and sort maps into map_array, we need to do this
  // here because read_shared_lib_info needs to read from debuggee
  // address space
  if (sort_map_array(ph) != true) {
    print_error("failed to sort segment map array\n");
    goto err;
  }

  if (read_shared_lib_info(ph) != true) {
    print_error("failed to read libraries\n");
    goto err;
  }

  // sort again because we have added more mappings from shared objects
  if (sort_map_array(ph) != true) {
    print_error("failed to sort segment map array\n");
    goto err;
  }

  if (init_classsharing_workaround(ph) != true) {
    print_error("failed to workaround classshareing\n");
    goto err;
  }

  print_debug("Leave Pgrab_core\n");
  return ph;

err:
  Prelease(ph);
  return NULL;
}

#else // __APPLE__ (none macosx)

// read regs and create thread from core file
static bool core_handle_prstatus(struct ps_prochandle* ph, const char* buf, size_t nbytes) {
   // we have to read prstatus_t from buf
   // assert(nbytes == sizeof(prstaus_t), "size mismatch on prstatus_t");
   prstatus_t* prstat = (prstatus_t*) buf;
   sa_thread_info* newthr;
   print_debug("got integer regset for lwp %d\n", prstat->pr_pid);
   // we set pthread_t to -1 for core dump
   if((newthr = add_thread_info(ph, (pthread_t) -1,  prstat->pr_pid)) == NULL)
      return false;

   // copy regs
   memcpy(&newthr->regs, &prstat->pr_reg, sizeof(struct reg));

   if (is_debug()) {
      print_debug("integer regset\n");
#ifdef i386
      // print the regset
      print_debug("\teax = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_eax);
      print_debug("\tebx = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_ebx);
      print_debug("\tecx = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_ecx);
      print_debug("\tedx = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_edx);
      print_debug("\tesp = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_esp);
      print_debug("\tebp = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_ebp);
      print_debug("\tesi = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_esi);
      print_debug("\tedi = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_edi);
      print_debug("\teip = 0x%x\n", newthr->regs.r_eip);
#endif

#if defined(amd64) || defined(x86_64)
      // print the regset
      print_debug("\tr15 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r15);
      print_debug("\tr14 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r14);
      print_debug("\tr13 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r13);
      print_debug("\tr12 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r12);
      print_debug("\trbp = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rbp);
      print_debug("\trbx = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rbx);
      print_debug("\tr11 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r11);
      print_debug("\tr10 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r10);
      print_debug("\tr9 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r9);
      print_debug("\tr8 = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_r8);
      print_debug("\trax = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rax);
      print_debug("\trcx = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rcx);
      print_debug("\trdx = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rdx);
      print_debug("\trsi = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rsi);
      print_debug("\trdi = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rdi);
      //print_debug("\torig_rax = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.orig_rax);
      print_debug("\trip = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rip);
      print_debug("\tcs = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_cs);
      //print_debug("\teflags = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.eflags);
      print_debug("\trsp = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_rsp);
      print_debug("\tss = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.r_ss);
      //print_debug("\tfs_base = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.fs_base);
      //print_debug("\tgs_base = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.gs_base);
      //print_debug("\tds = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.ds);
      //print_debug("\tes = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.es);
      //print_debug("\tfs = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.fs);
      //print_debug("\tgs = 0x%lx\n", newthr->regs.gs);
#endif
   }

   return true;
}

#define ROUNDUP(x, y)  ((((x)+((y)-1))/(y))*(y))

// read NT_PRSTATUS entries from core NOTE segment
static bool core_handle_note(struct ps_prochandle* ph, ELF_PHDR* note_phdr) {
   char* buf = NULL;
   char* p = NULL;
   size_t size = note_phdr->p_filesz;

   // we are interested in just prstatus entries. we will ignore the rest.
   // Advance the seek pointer to the start of the PT_NOTE data
   if (lseek(ph->core->core_fd, note_phdr->p_offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1) {
      print_debug("failed to lseek to PT_NOTE data\n");
      return false;
   }

   // Now process the PT_NOTE structures.  Each one is preceded by
   // an Elf{32/64}_Nhdr structure describing its type and size.
   if ( (buf = (char*) malloc(size)) == NULL) {
      print_debug("can't allocate memory for reading core notes\n");
      goto err;
   }

   // read notes into buffer
   if (read(ph->core->core_fd, buf, size) != size) {
      print_debug("failed to read notes, core file must have been truncated\n");
      goto err;
   }

   p = buf;
   while (p < buf + size) {
      ELF_NHDR* notep = (ELF_NHDR*) p;
      char* descdata  = p + sizeof(ELF_NHDR) + ROUNDUP(notep->n_namesz, 4);
      print_debug("Note header with n_type = %d and n_descsz = %u\n",
                                   notep->n_type, notep->n_descsz);

      if (notep->n_type == NT_PRSTATUS) {
        if (core_handle_prstatus(ph, descdata, notep->n_descsz) != true) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      p = descdata + ROUNDUP(notep->n_descsz, 4);
   }

   free(buf);
   return true;

err:
   if (buf) free(buf);
   return false;
}

// read all segments from core file
static bool read_core_segments(struct ps_prochandle* ph, ELF_EHDR* core_ehdr) {
   int i = 0;
   ELF_PHDR* phbuf = NULL;
   ELF_PHDR* core_php = NULL;

   if ((phbuf =  read_program_header_table(ph->core->core_fd, core_ehdr)) == NULL)
      return false;

   /*
    * Now iterate through the program headers in the core file.
    * We're interested in two types of Phdrs: PT_NOTE (which
    * contains a set of saved /proc structures), and PT_LOAD (which
    * represents a memory mapping from the process's address space).
    *
    * Difference b/w Solaris PT_NOTE and Linux/BSD PT_NOTE:
    *
    *     In Solaris there are two PT_NOTE segments the first PT_NOTE (if present)
    *     contains /proc structs in the pre-2.6 unstructured /proc format. the last
    *     PT_NOTE has data in new /proc format.
    *
    *     In Solaris, there is only one pstatus (process status). pstatus contains
    *     integer register set among other stuff. For each LWP, we have one lwpstatus
    *     entry that has integer regset for that LWP.
    *
    *     Linux threads are actually 'clone'd processes. To support core analysis
    *     of "multithreaded" process, Linux creates more than one pstatus (called
    *     "prstatus") entry in PT_NOTE. Each prstatus entry has integer regset for one
    *     "thread". Please refer to Linux kernel src file 'fs/binfmt_elf.c', in particular
    *     function "elf_core_dump".
    */

    for (core_php = phbuf, i = 0; i < core_ehdr->e_phnum; i++) {
      switch (core_php->p_type) {
         case PT_NOTE:
            if (core_handle_note(ph, core_php) != true) {
              goto err;
            }
            break;

         case PT_LOAD: {
            if (core_php->p_filesz != 0) {
               if (add_map_info(ph, ph->core->core_fd, core_php->p_offset,
                  core_php->p_vaddr, core_php->p_filesz) == NULL) goto err;
            }
            break;
         }
      }

      core_php++;
   }

   free(phbuf);
   return true;
err:
   free(phbuf);
   return false;
}

// read segments of a shared object
static bool read_lib_segments(struct ps_prochandle* ph, int lib_fd, ELF_EHDR* lib_ehdr, uintptr_t lib_base) {
  int i = 0;
  ELF_PHDR* phbuf;
  ELF_PHDR* lib_php = NULL;

  int page_size=sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);

  if ((phbuf = read_program_header_table(lib_fd, lib_ehdr)) == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  // we want to process only PT_LOAD segments that are not writable.
  // i.e., text segments. The read/write/exec (data) segments would
  // have been already added from core file segments.
  for (lib_php = phbuf, i = 0; i < lib_ehdr->e_phnum; i++) {
    if ((lib_php->p_type == PT_LOAD) && !(lib_php->p_flags & PF_W) && (lib_php->p_filesz != 0)) {

      uintptr_t target_vaddr = lib_php->p_vaddr + lib_base;
      map_info *existing_map = core_lookup(ph, target_vaddr);

      if (existing_map == NULL){
        if (add_map_info(ph, lib_fd, lib_php->p_offset,
                          target_vaddr, lib_php->p_filesz) == NULL) {
          goto err;
        }
      } else {
        if ((existing_map->memsz != page_size) &&
            (existing_map->fd != lib_fd) &&
            (existing_map->memsz != lib_php->p_filesz)){

          print_debug("address conflict @ 0x%lx (size = %ld, flags = %d\n)",
                        target_vaddr, lib_php->p_filesz, lib_php->p_flags);
          goto err;
        }

        /* replace PT_LOAD segment with library segment */
        print_debug("overwrote with new address mapping (memsz %ld -> %ld)\n",
                     existing_map->memsz, lib_php->p_filesz);

        existing_map->fd = lib_fd;
        existing_map->offset = lib_php->p_offset;
        existing_map->memsz = lib_php->p_filesz;
      }
    }

    lib_php++;
  }

  free(phbuf);
  return true;
err:
  free(phbuf);
  return false;
}

// process segments from interpreter (ld.so or ld-linux.so or ld-elf.so)
static bool read_interp_segments(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
   ELF_EHDR interp_ehdr;

   if (read_elf_header(ph->core->interp_fd, &interp_ehdr) != true) {
       print_debug("interpreter is not a valid ELF file\n");
       return false;
   }

   if (read_lib_segments(ph, ph->core->interp_fd, &interp_ehdr, ph->core->ld_base_addr) != true) {
       print_debug("can't read segments of interpreter\n");
       return false;
   }

   return true;
}

// process segments of a a.out
static bool read_exec_segments(struct ps_prochandle* ph, ELF_EHDR* exec_ehdr) {
   int i = 0;
   ELF_PHDR* phbuf = NULL;
   ELF_PHDR* exec_php = NULL;

   if ((phbuf = read_program_header_table(ph->core->exec_fd, exec_ehdr)) == NULL)
      return false;

   for (exec_php = phbuf, i = 0; i < exec_ehdr->e_phnum; i++) {
      switch (exec_php->p_type) {

         // add mappings for PT_LOAD segments
         case PT_LOAD: {
            // add only non-writable segments of non-zero filesz
            if (!(exec_php->p_flags & PF_W) && exec_php->p_filesz != 0) {
               if (add_map_info(ph, ph->core->exec_fd, exec_php->p_offset, exec_php->p_vaddr, exec_php->p_filesz) == NULL) goto err;
            }
            break;
         }

         // read the interpreter and it's segments
         case PT_INTERP: {
            char interp_name[BUF_SIZE];

            pread(ph->core->exec_fd, interp_name, MIN(exec_php->p_filesz, BUF_SIZE), exec_php->p_offset);
            print_debug("ELF interpreter %s\n", interp_name);
            // read interpreter segments as well
            if ((ph->core->interp_fd = pathmap_open(interp_name)) < 0) {
               print_debug("can't open runtime loader\n");
               goto err;
            }
            break;
         }

         // from PT_DYNAMIC we want to read address of first link_map addr
         case PT_DYNAMIC: {
            ph->core->dynamic_addr = exec_php->p_vaddr;
            print_debug("address of _DYNAMIC is 0x%lx\n", ph->core->dynamic_addr);
            break;
         }

      } // switch
      exec_php++;
   } // for

   free(phbuf);
   return true;
err:
   free(phbuf);
   return false;
}

#define FIRST_LINK_MAP_OFFSET offsetof(struct r_debug,  r_map)
#define LD_BASE_OFFSET        offsetof(struct r_debug,  r_ldbase)
#define LINK_MAP_ADDR_OFFSET  offsetof(struct link_map, l_addr)
#define LINK_MAP_NAME_OFFSET  offsetof(struct link_map, l_name)
#define LINK_MAP_NEXT_OFFSET  offsetof(struct link_map, l_next)

// read shared library info from runtime linker's data structures.
// This work is done by librtlb_db in Solaris
static bool read_shared_lib_info(struct ps_prochandle* ph) {
  uintptr_t addr = ph->core->dynamic_addr;
  uintptr_t debug_base;
  uintptr_t first_link_map_addr;
  uintptr_t ld_base_addr;
  uintptr_t link_map_addr;
  uintptr_t lib_base_diff;
  uintptr_t lib_base;
  uintptr_t lib_name_addr;
  char lib_name[BUF_SIZE];
  ELF_DYN dyn;
  ELF_EHDR elf_ehdr;
  int lib_fd;

  // _DYNAMIC has information of the form
  //         [tag] [data] [tag] [data] .....
  // Both tag and data are pointer sized.
  // We look for dynamic info with DT_DEBUG. This has shared object info.
  // refer to struct r_debug in link.h

  dyn.d_tag = DT_NULL;
  while (dyn.d_tag != DT_DEBUG) {
    if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) addr, &dyn, sizeof(ELF_DYN)) != PS_OK) {
      print_debug("can't read debug info from _DYNAMIC\n");
      return false;
    }
    addr += sizeof(ELF_DYN);
  }

  // we have got Dyn entry with DT_DEBUG
  debug_base = dyn.d_un.d_ptr;
  // at debug_base we have struct r_debug. This has first link map in r_map field
  if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) debug_base + FIRST_LINK_MAP_OFFSET,
                 &first_link_map_addr, sizeof(uintptr_t)) != PS_OK) {
    print_debug("can't read first link map address\n");
    return false;
  }

  // read ld_base address from struct r_debug
#if 0  // There is no r_ldbase member on BSD
  if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) debug_base + LD_BASE_OFFSET, &ld_base_addr,
                  sizeof(uintptr_t)) != PS_OK) {
    print_debug("can't read ld base address\n");
    return false;
  }
  ph->core->ld_base_addr = ld_base_addr;
#else
  ph->core->ld_base_addr = 0;
#endif

  print_debug("interpreter base address is 0x%lx\n", ld_base_addr);

  // now read segments from interp (i.e ld.so or ld-linux.so or ld-elf.so)
  if (read_interp_segments(ph) != true) {
    return false;
  }

  // after adding interpreter (ld.so) mappings sort again
  if (sort_map_array(ph) != true) {
    return false;
  }

  print_debug("first link map is at 0x%lx\n", first_link_map_addr);

  link_map_addr = first_link_map_addr;
  while (link_map_addr != 0) {
    // read library base address of the .so. Note that even though <sys/link.h> calls
    // link_map->l_addr as "base address",  this is * not * really base virtual
    // address of the shared object. This is actually the difference b/w the virtual
    // address mentioned in shared object and the actual virtual base where runtime
    // linker loaded it. We use "base diff" in read_lib_segments call below.

    if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) link_map_addr + LINK_MAP_ADDR_OFFSET,
                 &lib_base_diff, sizeof(uintptr_t)) != PS_OK) {
      print_debug("can't read shared object base address diff\n");
      return false;
    }

    // read address of the name
    if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) link_map_addr + LINK_MAP_NAME_OFFSET,
                  &lib_name_addr, sizeof(uintptr_t)) != PS_OK) {
      print_debug("can't read address of shared object name\n");
      return false;
    }

    // read name of the shared object
    if (read_string(ph, (uintptr_t) lib_name_addr, lib_name, sizeof(lib_name)) != true) {
      print_debug("can't read shared object name\n");
      return false;
    }

    if (lib_name[0] != '\0') {
      // ignore empty lib names
      lib_fd = pathmap_open(lib_name);

      if (lib_fd < 0) {
        print_debug("can't open shared object %s\n", lib_name);
        // continue with other libraries...
      } else {
        if (read_elf_header(lib_fd, &elf_ehdr)) {
          lib_base = lib_base_diff + find_base_address(lib_fd, &elf_ehdr);
          print_debug("reading library %s @ 0x%lx [ 0x%lx ]\n",
                       lib_name, lib_base, lib_base_diff);
          // while adding library mappings we need to use "base difference".
          if (! read_lib_segments(ph, lib_fd, &elf_ehdr, lib_base_diff)) {
            print_debug("can't read shared object's segments\n");
            close(lib_fd);
            return false;
          }
          add_lib_info_fd(ph, lib_name, lib_fd, lib_base);
          // Map info is added for the library (lib_name) so
          // we need to re-sort it before calling the p_pdread.
          if (sort_map_array(ph) != true) {
            return false;
          }
        } else {
          print_debug("can't read ELF header for shared object %s\n", lib_name);
          close(lib_fd);
          // continue with other libraries...
        }
      }
    }

    // read next link_map address
    if (ps_pread(ph, (psaddr_t) link_map_addr + LINK_MAP_NEXT_OFFSET,
                  &link_map_addr, sizeof(uintptr_t)) != PS_OK) {
      print_debug("can't read next link in link_map\n");
      return false;
    }
  }

  return true;
}

// the one and only one exposed stuff from this file
struct ps_prochandle* Pgrab_core(const char* exec_file, const char* core_file) {
  ELF_EHDR core_ehdr;
  ELF_EHDR exec_ehdr;

  struct ps_prochandle* ph = (struct ps_prochandle*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct ps_prochandle));
  if (ph == NULL) {
    print_debug("can't allocate ps_prochandle\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  if ((ph->core = (struct core_data*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct core_data))) == NULL) {
    free(ph);
    print_debug("can't allocate ps_prochandle\n");
    return NULL;
  }

  // initialize ph
  ph->ops = &core_ops;
  ph->core->core_fd   = -1;
  ph->core->exec_fd   = -1;
  ph->core->interp_fd = -1;

  print_debug("exec: %s   core: %s", exec_file, core_file);

  // open the core file
  if ((ph->core->core_fd = open(core_file, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
    print_debug("can't open core file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  // read core file ELF header
  if (read_elf_header(ph->core->core_fd, &core_ehdr) != true || core_ehdr.e_type != ET_CORE) {
    print_debug("core file is not a valid ELF ET_CORE file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  if ((ph->core->exec_fd = open(exec_file, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
    print_debug("can't open executable file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  if (read_elf_header(ph->core->exec_fd, &exec_ehdr) != true || exec_ehdr.e_type != ET_EXEC) {
    print_debug("executable file is not a valid ELF ET_EXEC file\n");
    goto err;
  }

  // process core file segments
  if (read_core_segments(ph, &core_ehdr) != true) {
    goto err;
  }

  // process exec file segments
  if (read_exec_segments(ph, &exec_ehdr) != true) {
    goto err;
  }

  // exec file is also treated like a shared object for symbol search
  if (add_lib_info_fd(ph, exec_file, ph->core->exec_fd,
                      (uintptr_t)0 + find_base_address(ph->core->exec_fd, &exec_ehdr)) == NULL) {
    goto err;
  }

  // allocate and sort maps into map_array, we need to do this
  // here because read_shared_lib_info needs to read from debuggee
  // address space
  if (sort_map_array(ph) != true) {
    goto err;
  }

  if (read_shared_lib_info(ph) != true) {
    goto err;
  }

  // sort again because we have added more mappings from shared objects
  if (sort_map_array(ph) != true) {
    goto err;
  }

  if (init_classsharing_workaround(ph) != true) {
    goto err;
  }

  print_debug("Leave Pgrab_core\n");
  return ph;

err:
  Prelease(ph);
  return NULL;
}

#endif // __APPLE__