Snap for 5933730 from 7502de07f20e3162e7e3cf3fa33a69a8fb937cc1 to simpleperf-release

Change-Id: I61c853ad6d048c8c926d7aaef544c56cf3d9510f
diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df55d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.clang-format
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Run manually to reformat a file:
+# clang-format -i --style=file <file>
+Language: Cpp
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+IndentPPDirectives: AfterHash
+IndentCaseLabels: false
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: false
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
diff --git a/.github/pull_request_template.md b/.github/pull_request_template.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..548e30f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<!-- Please read the contribution guidelines before submitting a pull request. -->
+<!-- By submitting this pull request, you agree that your contributions are licensed under the {fmt} license,
+     and agree to future changes to the licensing. -->
+<!-- If you're a first-time contributor, please acknowledge it by leaving the statement below. -->
+
+I agree that my contributions are licensed under the {fmt} license, and agree to future changes to the licensing.
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index da50ae6..27a83c1 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 git:
   depth: 1
 
-
 env:
   global:
     - secure: |-
@@ -39,6 +38,26 @@
             - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
           packages:
             - g++-6
+     # g++ 8 on Linux with C++17
+    - env: COMPILER=g++-8 BUILD=Debug STANDARD=17
+      compiler: gcc
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          update: true
+          sources:
+            - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+          packages:
+            - g++-8
+    - env: COMPILER=g++-8 BUILD=Release STANDARD=17
+      compiler: gcc
+      addons:
+        apt:
+          update: true
+          sources:
+            - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+          packages:
+            - g++-8
+
       # Apple clang on OS X with C++14
     - env: BUILD=Debug STANDARD=14
       compiler: clang
@@ -46,8 +65,8 @@
     - env: BUILD=Release STANDARD=14
       compiler: clang
       os: osx
-      # clang 6.0 on Linux with C++14
-    - env: COMPILER=clang++-6.0 BUILD=Debug STANDARD=14
+      # clang 6.0 on Linux with C++14 (builds the fuzzers as well)
+    - env: COMPILER=clang++-6.0 BUILD=Debug STANDARD=14 ENABLE_FUZZING=1
       compiler: clang
       addons:
         apt:
@@ -73,41 +92,33 @@
       # g++ 4.8 on Linux with C++11
     - env: COMPILER=g++-4.8 BUILD=Debug STANDARD=11
       compiler: gcc
-      # g++ 4.4 on Linux with C++11
-    - env: COMPILER=g++-4.4 BUILD=Debug STANDARD=11
-      compiler: gcc
-      addons:
-        apt:
-          update: true
-          packages:
-            - g++-4.4
-          sources:
-            - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
-      # Android
-    - language: android
+    - name: Android NDK (Gradle)
+      language: android
       addons:
         apt:
           update: true
           sources:
             - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
           packages:
-            - wget
-            - unzip
+            - ninja-build
+            - curl
             - tree
       android:
         components:
           - tools
           - platform-tools
-          - android-21
-      env:
-        - ANDROID=true
+          - android-25 # 7.0
+          - android-27 # 8.1
+          - android-28 # 9.0
+          - build-tools-28.0.3
       before_install:
-        # Download/Install Gradle 
-        - wget https://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-4.10.2-bin.zip
-        - mkdir -p gradle
-        - unzip -q -d ./gradle gradle-4.10.2-bin.zip
-        - export GRADLE=gradle/gradle-4.10.2/bin/gradle
-        - bash $GRADLE --version
+        # Install Gradle from https://sdkman.io/
+        - curl -s "https://get.sdkman.io" | bash > /dev/null
+        - source "$HOME/.sdkman/bin/sdkman-init.sh"
+        - sdk version
+        - sdk install gradle
+        - sdk use gradle
+        - gradle --version
       install:
         # Accept SDK Licenses + Install NDK
         - yes | sdkmanager --update > /dev/null 2>&1
@@ -115,7 +126,8 @@
       before_script:
         - pushd ./support
       script:
-        - bash ../$GRADLE clean assemble
+        - gradle clean
+        - gradle assemble
       after_success:
         - popd;
         - tree ./libs
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index ce9dbf9..6e08aa5 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -27,21 +27,23 @@
 # Set the default CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Release.
 # This should be done before the project command since the latter can set
 # CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE itself (it does so for nmake).
-if (NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
+if (MASTER_PROJECT AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
   join(doc "Choose the type of build, options are: None(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS or "
            "CMAKE_C_FLAGS used) Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel.")
   set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release CACHE STRING ${doc})
 endif ()
 
 option(FMT_PEDANTIC "Enable extra warnings and expensive tests." OFF)
-option(FMT_WERROR "Halt the compilation with an error on compiler warnings." OFF)
+option(FMT_WERROR "Halt the compilation with an error on compiler warnings."
+       OFF)
 
 # Options that control generation of various targets.
 option(FMT_DOC "Generate the doc target." ${MASTER_PROJECT})
 option(FMT_INSTALL "Generate the install target." ${MASTER_PROJECT})
 option(FMT_TEST "Generate the test target." ${MASTER_PROJECT})
+option(FMT_FUZZ "Generate the fuzz target." OFF)
 
-project(FMT)
+project(FMT CXX)
 
 # Get version from core.h
 file(READ include/fmt/core.h core_h)
@@ -66,6 +68,8 @@
 include(cxx14)
 include(CheckCXXCompilerFlag)
 
+set(FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES cxx_auto_type cxx_variadic_templates)
+
 if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "GNU")
   set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -pedantic-errors -Wall -Wextra -pedantic
       -Wold-style-cast -Wundef
@@ -93,7 +97,8 @@
 endif ()
 
 if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
-  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wconversion -Wno-sign-conversion)
+  set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -Wconversion
+      -Wno-sign-conversion)
   check_cxx_compiler_flag(-Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
   if (HAS_NULLPTR_WARNING)
     set(PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS}
@@ -123,11 +128,18 @@
     ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM} -p:FrameworkPathOverride=\"${netfxpath}\" %*")
 endif ()
 
+set(strtod_l_headers stdlib.h)
+if (APPLE)
+  set(strtod_l_headers ${strtod_l_headers} xlocale.h)
+endif ()
+
 include(CheckSymbolExists)
 if (WIN32)
   check_symbol_exists(open io.h HAVE_OPEN)
+  check_symbol_exists(_strtod_l "${strtod_l_headers}" HAVE_STRTOD_L)
 else ()
   check_symbol_exists(open fcntl.h HAVE_OPEN)
+  check_symbol_exists(strtod_l "${strtod_l_headers}" HAVE_STRTOD_L)
 endif ()
 
 function(add_headers VAR)
@@ -139,8 +151,9 @@
 endfunction()
 
 # Define the fmt library, its includes and the needed defines.
-add_headers(FMT_HEADERS chrono.h color.h core.h format.h format-inl.h locale.h
-                        ostream.h printf.h time.h ranges.h)
+add_headers(FMT_HEADERS chrono.h color.h compile.h core.h format.h format-inl.h
+                        locale.h ostream.h printf.h ranges.h
+                        safe-duration-cast.h)
 set(FMT_SOURCES src/format.cc)
 if (HAVE_OPEN)
   add_headers(FMT_HEADERS posix.h)
@@ -150,6 +163,10 @@
 add_library(fmt ${FMT_SOURCES} ${FMT_HEADERS} README.rst ChangeLog.rst)
 add_library(fmt::fmt ALIAS fmt)
 
+if (HAVE_STRTOD_L)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_LOCALE)
+endif ()
+
 if (FMT_WERROR)
   target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${WERROR_FLAG})
 endif ()
@@ -157,6 +174,8 @@
   target_compile_options(fmt PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
 endif ()
 
+target_compile_features(fmt INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+
 target_include_directories(fmt PUBLIC
   $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
   $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include>)
@@ -173,12 +192,17 @@
   endif ()
   target_compile_definitions(fmt PRIVATE FMT_EXPORT INTERFACE FMT_SHARED)
 endif ()
+if (FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+  target_compile_definitions(fmt PUBLIC FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST)
+endif()
 
 add_library(fmt-header-only INTERFACE)
 add_library(fmt::fmt-header-only ALIAS fmt-header-only)
 
 target_compile_definitions(fmt-header-only INTERFACE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
 
+target_compile_features(fmt-header-only INTERFACE ${FMT_REQUIRED_FEATURES})
+
 target_include_directories(fmt-header-only INTERFACE
   $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
   $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include>)
@@ -188,7 +212,7 @@
   include(GNUInstallDirs)
   include(CMakePackageConfigHelpers)
   set(FMT_CMAKE_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/cmake/fmt CACHE STRING
-    "Installation directory for cmake files, relative to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}.")
+      "Installation directory for cmake files, relative to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}.")
   set(version_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config-version.cmake)
   set(project_config ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt-config.cmake)
   set(pkgconfig ${PROJECT_BINARY_DIR}/fmt.pc)
@@ -205,8 +229,8 @@
   set(FMT_INC_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/fmt CACHE STRING
       "Installation directory for include files, relative to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}.")
 
-  set(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR "${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}/share/pkgconfig" CACHE PATH
-    "Installation directory for pkgconfig (.pc) files, relative to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}.")
+  set(FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig CACHE PATH
+      "Installation directory for pkgconfig (.pc) files, relative to ${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}.")
 
   # Generate the version, config and target files into the build directory.
   write_basic_package_version_file(
@@ -237,7 +261,8 @@
   install(TARGETS ${INSTALL_TARGETS} EXPORT ${targets_export_name}
           DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR})
 
-  install(FILES $<TARGET_PDB_FILE:${INSTALL_TARGETS}> DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR} OPTIONAL)
+  install(FILES $<TARGET_PDB_FILE:${INSTALL_TARGETS}>
+          DESTINATION ${FMT_LIB_DIR} OPTIONAL)
   install(FILES ${FMT_HEADERS} DESTINATION ${FMT_INC_DIR})
   install(FILES "${pkgconfig}" DESTINATION "${FMT_PKGCONFIG_DIR}")
 endif ()
@@ -251,6 +276,11 @@
   add_subdirectory(test)
 endif ()
 
+# Control fuzzing independent of the unit tests.
+if (FMT_FUZZ)
+  add_subdirectory(test/fuzzing)
+endif ()
+
 set(gitignore ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/.gitignore)
 if (MASTER_PROJECT AND EXISTS ${gitignore})
   # Get the list of ignored files from .gitignore.
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3532bd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Contributing to {fmt}
+=====================
+
+By submitting a pull request or a patch, you represent that you have the right
+to license your contribution to the {fmt} project owners and the community,
+agree that your contributions are licensed under the {fmt} license, and agree
+to future changes to the licensing.
+
+All C++ code must adhere to [Google C++ Style Guide](
+https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html) with the following
+exceptions:
+
+* Exceptions are permitted
+* snake_case should be used instead of UpperCamelCase for function and type
+  names
+
+Thanks for contributing!
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.rst b/CONTRIBUTING.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 899b646..0000000
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-Contributing to fmt
-===================
-
-All C++ code must adhere to `Google C++ Style Guide
-<https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html>`_ with the following
-exceptions:
-
-* Exceptions are permitted
-* snake_case should be used instead of UpperCamelCase for function and type
-  names
-
-Thanks for contributing!
diff --git a/ChangeLog.rst b/ChangeLog.rst
index 72f09d7..33a4003 100644
--- a/ChangeLog.rst
+++ b/ChangeLog.rst
@@ -1,3 +1,399 @@
+6.0.0 - 2019-08-26
+------------------
+
+* Switched to the `MIT license
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/5a4b24613ba16cc689977c3b5bd8274a3ba1dd1f/LICENSE.rst>`_
+  with an optional exception that allows distributing binary code without
+  attribution.
+
+* Floating-point formatting is now locale-independent by default:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <locale>
+     #include <fmt/core.h>
+
+     int main() {
+       std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+       fmt::print("value = {}", 4.2);
+     }
+
+  prints "value = 4.2" regardless of the locale.
+
+  For locale-specific formatting use the ``n`` specifier:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     std::locale::global(std::locale("ru_RU.UTF-8"));
+     fmt::print("value = {:n}", 4.2);
+
+  prints "value = 4,2".
+
+* Added an experimental Grisu floating-point formatting algorithm
+  implementation (disabled by default). To enable it compile with the
+  ``FMT_USE_GRISU`` macro defined to 1:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #define FMT_USE_GRISU 1
+     #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{}", 4.2); // formats 4.2 using Grisu
+
+  With Grisu enabled, {fmt} is 13x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` (libc++)
+  and 10x faster than ``sprintf`` on `dtoa-benchmark
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_ (`full results
+  <https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang10.0.html>`_):
+
+  .. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/
+             54883977-9fe8c000-4e28-11e9-8bde-272d122e7c52.jpg
+
+* Separated formatting and parsing contexts for consistency with
+  `C++20 std::format <http://eel.is/c++draft/format>`_, removing the
+  undocumented ``basic_format_context::parse_context()`` function.
+
+* Added `oss-fuzz <https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz>`_ support
+  (`#1199 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1199>`_).
+  Thanks `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
+
+* ``formatter`` specializations now always take precedence over ``operator<<``
+  (`#952 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/952>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <iostream>
+     #include <fmt/ostream.h>
+
+     struct S {};
+
+     std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, S) {
+       return os << 1;
+     }
+
+     template <>
+     struct fmt::formatter<S> : fmt::formatter<int> {
+       auto format(S, format_context& ctx) {
+         return formatter<int>::format(2, ctx);
+       }
+     };
+
+     int main() {
+       std::cout << S() << "\n"; // prints 1 using operator<<
+       fmt::print("{}\n", S());  // prints 2 using formatter
+     }
+
+* Introduced the experimental ``fmt::compile`` function that does format string
+  compilation (`#618 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/618>`_,
+  `#1169 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1169>`_,
+  `#1171 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1171>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/compile.h>
+
+     auto f = fmt::compile<int>("{}");
+     std::string s = fmt::format(f, 42); // can be called multiple times to format
+                                         // different values
+     // s == "42"
+
+  It moves the cost of parsing a format string outside of the format function
+  which can be beneficial when identically formatting many objects of the same
+  types. Thanks `@stryku (Mateusz Janek) <https://github.com/stryku>`_.
+
+* Added the ``%`` format specifier that formats floating-point values as
+  percentages (`#1060 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1060>`_,
+  `#1069 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1069>`_,
+  `#1071 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1071>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{:.1%}", 0.42); // s == "42.0%"
+
+  Thanks `@gawain-bolton (Gawain Bolton) <https://github.com/gawain-bolton>`_.
+
+* Implemented precision for floating-point durations
+  (`#1004 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1004>`_,
+  `#1012 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1012>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{:.1}", std::chrono::duration<double>(1.234));
+     // s == 1.2s
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Implemented ``chrono`` format specifiers ``%Q`` and ``%q`` that give the value
+  and the unit respectively (`#1019 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1019>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto value = fmt::format("{:%Q}", 42s); // value == "42"
+     auto unit  = fmt::format("{:%q}", 42s); // unit == "s"
+
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of dynamic width in chrono formatter:
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     auto s = fmt::format("{0:{1}%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345), 12);
+     //                        ^ width argument index                     ^ width
+     // s == "03:25:45    "
+
+  Thanks Howard Hinnant.
+
+* Removed deprecated ``fmt/time.h``. Use ``fmt/chrono.h`` instead.
+
+* Added ``fmt::format`` and ``fmt::vformat`` overloads that take ``text_style``
+  (`#993 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/993>`_,
+  `#994 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/994>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     #include <fmt/color.h>
+
+     std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                       "The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  Thanks `@Naios (Denis Blank) <https://github.com/Naios>`_.
+
+* Removed the deprecated color API (``print_colored``). Use the new API, namely
+  ``print`` overloads that take ``text_style`` instead.
+
+* Made ``std::unique_ptr`` and ``std::shared_ptr`` formattable as pointers via
+  ``fmt::ptr`` (`#1121 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1121>`_):
+
+  .. code:: c++
+
+     std::unique_ptr<int> p = ...;
+     fmt::print("{}", fmt::ptr(p)); // prints p as a pointer
+
+  Thanks `@sighingnow (Tao He) <https://github.com/sighingnow>`_.
+
+* Made ``print`` and ``vprint`` report I/O errors
+  (`#1098 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1098>`_,
+  `#1099 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1099>`_).
+  Thanks `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_.
+
+* Marked deprecated APIs with the ``[[deprecated]]`` attribute and removed
+  internal uses of deprecated APIs
+  (`#1022 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1022>`_).
+  Thanks `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_.
+
+* Modernized the codebase using more C++11 features and removing workarounds.
+  Most importantly, ``buffer_context`` is now an alias template, so
+  use ``buffer_context<T>`` instead of ``buffer_context<T>::type``.
+
+* ``formatter`` specializations now always take precedence over implicit
+  conversions to ``int`` and the undocumented ``convert_to_int`` trait
+  is now deprecated.
+
+* Moved the undocumented ``basic_writer``, ``writer``, and ``wwriter`` types
+  to the ``internal`` namespace.
+
+* Removed deprecated ``basic_format_context::begin()``. Use ``out()`` instead.
+
+* Disallowed passing the result of ``join`` as an lvalue to prevent misuse.
+
+* Refactored the undocumented structs that represent parsed format specifiers
+  to simplify the API and allow multibyte fill.
+
+* Moved SFINAE to template parameters to reduce symbol sizes.
+
+* Switched to ``fputws`` for writing wide strings so that it's no longer
+  required to call ``_setmode`` on Windows
+  (`#1229 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1229>`_,
+  `#1243 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1243>`_).
+  Thanks `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
+
+* Improved literal-based API
+  (`#1254 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1254>`_).
+  Thanks `@sylveon (Charles Milette) <https://github.com/sylveon>`_.
+
+* Added support for exotic platforms without ``uintptr_t`` such as IBM i
+  (AS/400) which has 128-bit pointers and only 64-bit integers
+  (`#1059 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1059>`_).
+
+* Added `Sublime Text syntax highlighting config
+  <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/support/C%2B%2B.sublime-syntax>`_
+  (`#1037 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1037>`_).
+  Thanks `@Kronuz (Germán Méndez Bravo) <https://github.com/Kronuz>`_.
+
+* Added the ``FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING`` macro to enforce the use of
+  compile-time format strings
+  (`#1231 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1231>`_).
+  Thanks `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_.
+
+* Stopped setting ``CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE`` if {fmt} is a subproject
+  (`#1081 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1081>`_).
+
+* Various build improvements
+  (`#1039 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1039>`_,
+  `#1078 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1078>`_,
+  `#1091 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1091>`_,
+  `#1103 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1103>`_,
+  `#1177 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1177>`_).
+  Thanks `@luncliff (Park DongHa) <https://github.com/luncliff>`_,
+  `@jasonszang (Jason Shuo Zang) <https://github.com/jasonszang>`_,
+  `@olafhering (Olaf Hering) <https://github.com/olafhering>`_,
+  `@Lecetem <https://github.com/Lectem>`_,
+  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
+
+* Improved documentation
+  (`#1049 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1049>`_,
+  `#1051 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1051>`_,
+  `#1083 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1083>`_,
+  `#1113 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1113>`_,
+  `#1114 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1114>`_,
+  `#1146 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1146>`_,
+  `#1180 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1180>`_,
+  `#1250 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1250>`_,
+  `#1252 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1252>`_,
+  `#1265 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1265>`_).
+  Thanks `@mikelui (Michael Lui) <https://github.com/mikelui>`_,
+  `@foonathan (Jonathan Müller) <https://github.com/foonathan>`_,
+  `@BillyDonahue (Billy Donahue) <https://github.com/BillyDonahue>`_,
+  `@jwakely (Jonathan Wakely) <https://github.com/jwakely>`_,
+  `@kaisbe (Kais Ben Salah) <https://github.com/kaisbe>`_,
+  `@sdebionne (Samuel Debionne) <https://github.com/sdebionne>`_.
+
+* Fixed ambiguous formatter specialization in ``fmt/ranges.h``
+  (`#1123 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123>`_).
+
+* Fixed formatting of a non-empty ``std::filesystem::path`` which is an
+  infinitely deep range of its components
+  (`#1268 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1268>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of general output iterators when formatting characters
+  (`#1056 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1056>`_,
+  `#1058 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1058>`_).
+  Thanks `@abolz (Alexander Bolz) <https://github.com/abolz>`_.
+
+* Fixed handling of output iterators in ``formatter`` specialization for
+  ranges (`#1064 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1064>`_).
+
+* Fixed handling of exotic character types
+  (`#1188 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1188>`_).
+
+* Made chrono formatting work with exceptions disabled
+  (`#1062 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1062>`_).
+
+* Fixed DLL visibility issues
+  (`#1134 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1134>`_,
+  `#1147 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1147>`_).
+  Thanks `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_.
+
+* Disabled the use of UDL template extension on GCC 9
+  (`#1148 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1148>`_).
+
+* Removed misplaced ``format`` compile-time checks from ``printf``
+  (`#1173 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1173>`_).
+
+* Fixed issues in the experimental floating-point formatter
+  (`#1072 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1072>`_,
+  `#1129 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1129>`_,
+  `#1153 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1153>`_,
+  `#1155 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1155>`_,
+  `#1210 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1210>`_,
+  `#1222 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1222>`_).
+  Thanks `@alabuzhev (Alex Alabuzhev) <https://github.com/alabuzhev>`_.
+
+* Fixed bugs discovered by fuzzing or during fuzzing integation
+  (`#1124 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1124>`_,
+  `#1127 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1127>`_,
+  `#1132 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1132>`_,
+  `#1135 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1135>`_,
+  `#1136 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1136>`_,
+  `#1141 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1141>`_,
+  `#1142 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1142>`_,
+  `#1178 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1178>`_,
+  `#1179 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1179>`_,
+  `#1194 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1194>`_).
+  Thanks `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_.
+
+* Fixed building tests on FreeBSD and Hurd
+  (`#1043 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1043>`_).
+  Thanks `@jackyf (Eugene V. Lyubimkin) <https://github.com/jackyf>`_.
+
+* Fixed various warnings and compilation issues
+  (`#998 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/998>`_,
+  `#1006 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1006>`_,
+  `#1008 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1008>`_,
+  `#1011 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1011>`_,
+  `#1025 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1025>`_,
+  `#1027 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1027>`_,
+  `#1028 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1028>`_,
+  `#1029 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1029>`_,
+  `#1030 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1030>`_,
+  `#1031 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1031>`_,
+  `#1054 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1054>`_,
+  `#1063 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1063>`_,
+  `#1068 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1068>`_,
+  `#1074 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1074>`_,
+  `#1075 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1075>`_,
+  `#1079 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1079>`_,
+  `#1086 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1086>`_,
+  `#1088 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1088>`_,
+  `#1089 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1089>`_,
+  `#1094 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1094>`_,
+  `#1101 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1101>`_,
+  `#1102 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1102>`_,
+  `#1105 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1105>`_,
+  `#1107 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1107>`_,
+  `#1115 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1115>`_,
+  `#1117 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1117>`_,
+  `#1118 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1118>`_,
+  `#1120 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1120>`_,
+  `#1123 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1123>`_,
+  `#1139 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1139>`_,
+  `#1140 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1140>`_,
+  `#1143 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1143>`_,
+  `#1144 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1144>`_,
+  `#1150 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1150>`_,
+  `#1151 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1151>`_,
+  `#1152 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1152>`_,
+  `#1154 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1154>`_,
+  `#1156 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1156>`_,
+  `#1159 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1159>`_,
+  `#1175 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1175>`_,
+  `#1181 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1181>`_,
+  `#1186 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1186>`_,
+  `#1187 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1187>`_,
+  `#1191 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1191>`_,
+  `#1197 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1197>`_,
+  `#1200 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1200>`_,
+  `#1203 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1203>`_,
+  `#1205 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1205>`_,
+  `#1206 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1206>`_,
+  `#1213 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1213>`_,
+  `#1214 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1214>`_,
+  `#1217 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1217>`_,
+  `#1228 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1228>`_,
+  `#1230 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1230>`_,
+  `#1232 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1232>`_,
+  `#1235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1235>`_,
+  `#1236 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/1236>`_,
+  `#1240 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/1240>`_).
+  Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_,
+  `@mwinterb <https://github.com/mwinterb>`_,
+  `@eliaskosunen (Elias Kosunen) <https://github.com/eliaskosunen>`_,
+  `@morinmorin <https://github.com/morinmorin>`_,
+  `@ricco19 (Brian Ricciardelli) <https://github.com/ricco19>`_,
+  `@waywardmonkeys (Bruce Mitchener) <https://github.com/waywardmonkeys>`_,
+  `@chronoxor (Ivan Shynkarenka) <https://github.com/chronoxor>`_,
+  `@remyabel <https://github.com/remyabel>`_,
+  `@pauldreik (Paul Dreik) <https://github.com/pauldreik>`_,
+  `@gsjaardema (Greg Sjaardema) <https://github.com/gsjaardema>`_,
+  `@rcane (Ronny Krüger) <https://github.com/rcane>`_,
+  `@mocabe <https://github.com/mocabe>`_,
+  `@denchat <https://github.com/denchat>`_,
+  `@cjdb (Christopher Di Bella) <https://github.com/cjdb>`_,
+  `@HazardyKnusperkeks (Björn Schäpers) <https://github.com/HazardyKnusperkeks>`_,
+  `@vedranmiletic (Vedran Miletić) <https://github.com/vedranmiletic>`_,
+  `@jackoalan (Jack Andersen) <https://github.com/jackoalan>`_,
+  `@DaanDeMeyer (Daan De Meyer) <https://github.com/DaanDeMeyer>`_,
+  `@starkmapper (Mark Stapper) <https://github.com/starkmapper>`_.
+
 5.3.0 - 2018-12-28
 ------------------
 
@@ -142,7 +538,7 @@
      // s == "1~234~567"
 
 * Constrained formatting functions on proper iterator types
-  (`#921 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/921>`_):
+  (`#921 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/921>`_).
   Thanks `@DanielaE (Daniela Engert) <https://github.com/DanielaE>`_.
 
 * Added ``make_printf_args`` and ``make_wprintf_args`` functions
@@ -386,7 +782,7 @@
   ``color`` enum) is now deprecated.
   (`#762 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/762>`_
   `#767 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/767>`_).
-  thanks `@remotion (remo) <https://github.com/remotion>`_.
+  thanks `@Remotion (Remo) <https://github.com/Remotion>`_.
 
 * Added quotes to strings in ranges and tuples
   (`#766 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/766>`_).
@@ -467,7 +863,7 @@
 
 * Implemented ``constexpr`` parsing of format strings and `compile-time format
   string checks
-  <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks>`_. For
+  <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#compile-time-format-string-checks>`_. For
   example
 
   .. code:: c++
@@ -528,7 +924,7 @@
             throw format_error("invalid specifier");
 
 * Added `iterator support
-  <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#output-iterator-support>`_:
+  <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#output-iterator-support>`_:
 
   .. code:: c++
 
@@ -539,7 +935,7 @@
      fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
 
 * Added the `format_to_n
-  <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt11format_to_nE8OutputItNSt6size_tE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
+  <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt11format_to_nE8OutputItNSt6size_tE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
   function that restricts the output to the specified number of characters
   (`#298 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/298>`_):
 
@@ -550,7 +946,7 @@
      // out == "1234" (without terminating '\0')
 
 * Added the `formatted_size
-  <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt14formatted_sizeE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
+  <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt14formatted_sizeE11string_viewDpRK4Args>`_
   function for computing the output size:
 
   .. code:: c++
@@ -560,7 +956,7 @@
      auto size = fmt::formatted_size("{}", 12345); // size == 5
 
 * Improved compile times by reducing dependencies on standard headers and
-  providing a lightweight `core API <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#core-api>`_:
+  providing a lightweight `core API <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#core-api>`_:
 
   .. code:: c++
 
@@ -572,7 +968,7 @@
   <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt#compile-time-and-code-bloat>`_.
 
 * Added the `make_format_args
-  <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt16make_format_argsEDpRK4Args>`_
+  <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#_CPPv2N3fmt16make_format_argsEDpRK4Args>`_
   function for capturing formatting arguments:
 
   .. code:: c++
@@ -654,7 +1050,7 @@
      fmt::format("{} {two}", 1, fmt::arg("two", 2));
 
 * Removed the write API in favor of the `format API
-  <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html#format-api>`_ with compile-time handling of
+  <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html#format-api>`_ with compile-time handling of
   format strings.
 
 * Disallowed formatting of multibyte strings into a wide character target
@@ -1057,7 +1453,7 @@
 
 3.0.1 - 2016-11-01
 ------------------
-* Fixed handling of thousands seperator
+* Fixed handling of thousands separator
   (`#353 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/353>`_).
 
 * Fixed handling of ``unsigned char`` strings
@@ -1115,10 +1511,10 @@
   Including ``format.h`` from the ``cppformat`` directory is deprecated
   but works via a proxy header which will be removed in the next major version.
   
-  The documentation is now available at http://fmtlib.net.
+  The documentation is now available at https://fmt.dev.
 
 * Added support for `strftime <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/strftime>`_-like
-  `date and time formatting <http://fmtlib.net/3.0.0/api.html#date-and-time-formatting>`_
+  `date and time formatting <https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#date-and-time-formatting>`_
   (`#283 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/283>`_):
 
   .. code:: c++
@@ -1150,7 +1546,7 @@
     // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
 
 * Added support for `custom argument formatters
-  <http://fmtlib.net/3.0.0/api.html#argument-formatters>`_
+  <https://fmt.dev/3.0.0/api.html#argument-formatters>`_
   (`#235 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/235>`_).
 
 * Added support for locale-specific integer formatting with the ``n`` specifier
@@ -1530,7 +1926,7 @@
 
 
 * Added `Building the documentation
-  <http://fmtlib.net/2.0.0/usage.html#building-the-documentation>`_
+  <https://fmt.dev/2.0.0/usage.html#building-the-documentation>`_
   section to the documentation.
 
 * Documentation build script is now compatible with Python 3 and newer pip versions.
diff --git a/LICENSE.rst b/LICENSE.rst
index eb6be65..f0ec3db 100644
--- a/LICENSE.rst
+++ b/LICENSE.rst
@@ -1,23 +1,27 @@
-Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
 
-All rights reserved.
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
 
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
-   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
-   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
-   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
-DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
-ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
-(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
-LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
-ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
-(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
-SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+--- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+without including the above copyright and permission notices.
diff --git a/METADATA b/METADATA
index 81de786..157fb95 100644
--- a/METADATA
+++ b/METADATA
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 name: "fmtlib"
-description:
-    "{fmt} is an open-source formatting library for C++. It can be used as a "
-    "safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and iostreams."
-
+description: "{fmt} is an open-source formatting library for C++. It can be used as a safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and iostreams."
 third_party {
   url {
     type: HOMEPAGE
@@ -12,6 +9,10 @@
     type: GIT
     value: "https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git"
   }
-  version: "5.3.0"
-  last_upgrade_date { year: 2019 month: 6 day: 11 }
+  version: "6.0.0"
+  last_upgrade_date {
+    year: 2019
+    month: 8
+    day: 26
+  }
 }
diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 3e43b30..f08b22f 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -6,37 +6,34 @@
 
 .. image:: https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/ehjkiefde6gucy1v
    :target: https://ci.appveyor.com/project/vitaut/fmt
-   
-.. image:: https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg
-   :alt: Join the chat at https://gitter.im/fmtlib/fmt
-   :target: https://gitter.im/fmtlib/fmt
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/stackoverflow-fmt-blue.svg
+   :alt: Ask questions at StackOverflow with the tag fmt
+   :target: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt
 
 **{fmt}** is an open-source formatting library for C++.
-It can be used as a safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and IOStreams.
+It can be used as a safe and fast alternative to (s)printf and iostreams.
 
-`Documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`__
+`Documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`__
 
-This is a development branch that implements the C++ standards proposal `P0645
-Text Formatting <http://fmtlib.net/Text%20Formatting.html>`__.
-Released versions are available from the `Releases page
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases>`__.
+Q&A: ask questions on `StackOverflow with the tag fmt <http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/fmt>`_.
 
 Features
 --------
 
-* Replacement-based `format API <http://fmtlib.net/dev/api.html>`_ with
+* Replacement-based `format API <https://fmt.dev/dev/api.html>`_ with
   positional arguments for localization.
-* `Format string syntax <http://fmtlib.net/dev/syntax.html>`_ similar to the one
+* `Format string syntax <https://fmt.dev/dev/syntax.html>`_ similar to the one
   of `str.format <https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#str.format>`_
   in Python.
 * Safe `printf implementation
-  <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including
+  <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#printf-formatting>`_ including
   the POSIX extension for positional arguments.
+* Implementation of `C++20 std::format <https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html>`__.
 * Support for user-defined types.
-* High speed: performance of the format API is close to that of glibc's `printf
-  <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/c/fprintf>`_ and better than the
-  performance of IOStreams. See `Speed tests`_ and
-  `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
+* High performance: faster than common standard library implementations of
+  `printf <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/c/fprintf>`_ and
+  iostreams. See `Speed tests`_ and `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
   <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.
 * Small code size both in terms of source code (the minimum configuration
   consists of just three header files, ``core.h``, ``format.h`` and
@@ -49,33 +46,33 @@
 * Ease of use: small self-contained code base, no external dependencies,
   permissive BSD `license
   <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_
-* `Portability <http://fmtlib.net/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
+* `Portability <https://fmt.dev/latest/index.html#portability>`_ with
   consistent output across platforms and support for older compilers.
 * Clean warning-free codebase even on high warning levels
   (``-Wall -Wextra -pedantic``).
 * Support for wide strings.
 * Optional header-only configuration enabled with the ``FMT_HEADER_ONLY`` macro.
 
-See the `documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`_ for more details.
+See the `documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`_ for more details.
 
 Examples
 --------
 
-This prints ``Hello, world!`` to stdout:
+Print ``Hello, world!`` to ``stdout``:
 
 .. code:: c++
 
-    fmt::print("Hello, {}!", "world");  // uses Python-like format string syntax
-    fmt::printf("Hello, %s!", "world"); // uses printf format string syntax
+    fmt::print("Hello, {}!", "world");  // Python-like format string syntax
+    fmt::printf("Hello, %s!", "world"); // printf format string syntax
 
-Arguments can be accessed by position and arguments' indices can be repeated:
+Format a string and use positional arguments:
 
 .. code:: c++
 
-    std::string s = fmt::format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad");
-    // s == "abracadabra"
+    std::string s = fmt::format("I'd rather be {1} than {0}.", "right", "happy");
+    // s == "I'd rather be happy than right."
 
-Format strings can be checked at compile time:
+Check a format string at compile time:
 
 .. code:: c++
 
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@
           context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
                    ^
 
-{fmt} can be used as a safe portable replacement for ``itoa``
+Use {fmt} as a safe portable replacement for ``itoa``
 (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/NXmpU4>`_):
 
 .. code:: c++
@@ -106,10 +103,10 @@
     fmt::memory_buffer buf;
     format_to(buf, "{}", 42);    // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 10)
     format_to(buf, "{:x}", 42);  // replaces itoa(42, buffer, 16)
-    // access the string using to_string(buf) or buf.data()
+    // access the string with to_string(buf) or buf.data()
 
-Formatting of user-defined types is supported via a simple
-`extension API <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_:
+Format objects of user-defined types via a simple `extension API
+<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types>`_:
 
 .. code:: c++
 
@@ -133,9 +130,9 @@
     std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date{2012, 12, 9});
     // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
 
-You can create your own functions similar to `format
-<http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#format>`_ and
-`print <http://fmtlib.net/latest/api.html#print>`_
+Create your own functions similar to `format
+<https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#format>`_ and
+`print <https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#print>`_
 which take arbitrary arguments (`godbolt <https://godbolt.org/g/MHjHVf>`_):
 
 .. code:: c++
@@ -153,9 +150,118 @@
     report_error("file not found: {}", path);
 
 Note that ``vreport_error`` is not parameterized on argument types which can
-improve compile times and reduce code size compared to fully parameterized
+improve compile times and reduce code size compared to a fully parameterized
 version.
 
+Benchmarks
+----------
+
+Speed tests
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+================= ============= ===========
+Library           Method        Run Time, s
+================= ============= ===========
+libc              printf          1.01
+libc++            std::ostream    3.04
+{fmt} 1632f72     fmt::print      0.86
+tinyformat 2.0.1  tfm::printf     3.23
+Boost Format 1.67 boost::format   7.98
+Folly Format      folly::format   2.23
+================= ============= ===========
+
+{fmt} is the fastest of the benchmarked methods, ~17% faster than ``printf``.
+
+The above results were generated by building ``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on macOS
+10.14.3 with ``clang++ -O3 -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the best of
+three runs. In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"``
+or equivalent is filled 2,000,000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
+further details refer to the `source
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.
+
+{fmt} is 10x faster than ``std::ostringstream`` and ``sprintf`` on floating-point
+formatting (`dtoa-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/dtoa-benchmark>`_)
+and as fast as `double-conversion <https://github.com/google/double-conversion>`_:
+
+.. image:: https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/576385/54883977-9fe8c000-4e28-11e9-8bde-272d122e7c52.jpg
+   :target: https://fmt.dev/unknown_mac64_clang10.0.html
+
+Compile time and code bloat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The script `bloat-test.py
+<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
+from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
+tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
+It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
+five times in each to simulate a medium sized project.  The resulting
+executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
+macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
+
+**Optimized build (-O3)**
+
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+printf                    2.6                   29                 26
+printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
+iostreams                31.1                   59                 55
+{fmt}                    19.0                   37                 34
+tinyformat               44.0                  103                 97
+Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
+Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+
+As you can see, {fmt} has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
+size compared to iostreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
+and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
+
+``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
+include to measure the overhead of the latter.
+
+**Non-optimized build**
+
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+printf                    2.2                   33                 30
+printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
+iostreams                28.3                   56                 52
+{fmt}                    18.2                   59                 50
+tinyformat               32.6                   88                 82
+Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
+Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
+============= =============== ==================== ==================
+
+``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared libraries to
+compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format and tinyformat are
+header-only libraries so they don't provide any linkage options.
+
+Running the tests
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
+the library and run the unit tests.
+
+__ https://fmt.dev/latest/usage.html#building-the-library
+
+Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
+`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
+so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
+generate Makefiles with CMake::
+
+    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
+    $ cd format-benchmark
+    $ cmake .
+
+Then you can run the speed test::
+
+    $ make speed-test
+
+or the bloat test::
+
+    $ make bloat-test
+
 Projects using this library
 ---------------------------
 
@@ -194,6 +300,8 @@
 
 * `FiveM <https://fivem.net/>`_: a modification framework for GTA V
 
+* `MongoDB <https://mongodb.com/>`_: Distributed document database
+
 * `MongoDB Smasher <https://github.com/duckie/mongo_smasher>`_: A small tool to
   generate randomized datasets
 
@@ -247,28 +355,28 @@
 So why yet another formatting library?
 
 There are plenty of methods for doing this task, from standard ones like
-the printf family of function and IOStreams to Boost Format library and
-FastFormat. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
+the printf family of function and iostreams to Boost Format and FastFormat
+libraries. The reason for creating a new library is that every existing
 solution that I found either had serious issues or didn't provide
 all the features I needed.
 
-Printf
+printf
 ~~~~~~
 
-The good thing about printf is that it is pretty fast and readily available
+The good thing about ``printf`` is that it is pretty fast and readily available
 being a part of the C standard library. The main drawback is that it
-doesn't support user-defined types. Printf also has safety issues although
-they are mostly solved with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
+doesn't support user-defined types. ``printf`` also has safety issues although
+they are somewhat mitigated with `__attribute__ ((format (printf, ...))
 <http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html>`_ in GCC.
 There is a POSIX extension that adds positional arguments required for
 `i18n <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization>`_
-to printf but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
+to ``printf`` but it is not a part of C99 and may not be available on some
 platforms.
 
-IOStreams
+iostreams
 ~~~~~~~~~
 
-The main issue with IOStreams is best illustrated with an example:
+The main issue with iostreams is best illustrated with an example:
 
 .. code:: c++
 
@@ -280,21 +388,20 @@
 
     printf("%.2f\n", 1.23456);
 
-Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, referred to this situation with
-IOStreams as "chevron hell". IOStreams doesn't support positional arguments
-by design.
+Matthew Wilson, the author of FastFormat, called this "chevron hell". iostreams
+don't support positional arguments by design.
 
-The good part is that IOStreams supports user-defined types and is safe
-although error reporting is awkward.
+The good part is that iostreams support user-defined types and are safe although
+error handling is awkward.
 
-Boost Format library
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Boost Format
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-This is a very powerful library which supports both printf-like format
-strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance.
-According to various benchmarks it is much slower than other methods
-considered here. Boost Format also has excessive build times and severe
-code bloat issues (see `Benchmarks`_).
+This is a very powerful library which supports both ``printf``-like format
+strings and positional arguments. Its main drawback is performance. According to
+various benchmarks it is much slower than other methods considered here. Boost
+Format also has excessive build times and severe code bloat issues (see
+`Benchmarks`_).
 
 FastFormat
 ~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -315,139 +422,27 @@
 Loki SafeFormat
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-SafeFormat is a formatting library which uses printf-like format strings
-and is type safe. It doesn't support user-defined types or positional
-arguments. It makes unconventional use of ``operator()`` for passing
-format arguments.
+SafeFormat is a formatting library which uses ``printf``-like format strings and
+is type safe. It doesn't support user-defined types or positional arguments and
+makes unconventional use of ``operator()`` for passing format arguments.
 
 Tinyformat
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
-This library supports printf-like format strings and is very small and
-fast. Unfortunately it doesn't support positional arguments and wrapping
-it in C++98 is somewhat difficult. Also its performance and code compactness
-are limited by IOStreams.
+This library supports ``printf``-like format strings and is very small .
+It doesn't support positional arguments and wrapping it in C++98 is somewhat
+difficult. Tinyformat relies on iostreams which limits its performance.
 
 Boost Spirit.Karma
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here
-for completeness. As IOStreams it suffers from the problem of mixing
-verbatim text with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower
-on integer formatting than ``fmt::Writer`` on Karma's own benchmark,
+This is not really a formatting library but I decided to include it here for
+completeness. As iostreams, it suffers from the problem of mixing verbatim text
+with arguments. The library is pretty fast, but slower on integer formatting
+than ``fmt::format_int`` on Karma's own benchmark,
 see `Fast integer to string conversion in C++
 <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_.
 
-Benchmarks
-----------
-
-Speed tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The following speed tests results were generated by building
-``tinyformat_test.cpp`` on Ubuntu GNU/Linux 14.04.1 with
-``g++-4.8.2 -O3 -DSPEED_TEST -DHAVE_FORMAT``, and taking the best of three
-runs.  In the test, the format string ``"%0.10f:%04d:%+g:%s:%p:%c:%%\n"`` or
-equivalent is filled 2000000 times with output sent to ``/dev/null``; for
-further details see the `source
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/tinyformat_test.cpp>`_.
-
-================= ============= ===========
-Library           Method        Run Time, s
-================= ============= ===========
-libc              printf          1.35
-libc++            std::ostream    3.42
-fmt 534bff7       fmt::print      1.56
-tinyformat 2.0.1  tfm::printf     3.73
-Boost Format 1.54 boost::format   8.44
-Folly Format      folly::format   2.54
-================= ============= ===========
-
-As you can see ``boost::format`` is much slower than the alternative methods; this
-is confirmed by `other tests <http://accu.org/index.php/journals/1539>`_.
-Tinyformat is quite good coming close to IOStreams.  Unfortunately tinyformat
-cannot be faster than the IOStreams because it uses them internally.
-Performance of fmt is close to that of printf, being `faster than printf on integer
-formatting <http://zverovich.net/2013/09/07/integer-to-string-conversion-in-cplusplus.html>`_,
-but slower on floating-point formatting which dominates this benchmark.
-
-Compile time and code bloat
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The script `bloat-test.py
-<https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark/blob/master/bloat-test.py>`_
-from `format-benchmark <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_
-tests compile time and code bloat for nontrivial projects.
-It generates 100 translation units and uses ``printf()`` or its alternative
-five times in each to simulate a medium sized project.  The resulting
-executable size and compile time (Apple LLVM version 8.1.0 (clang-802.0.42),
-macOS Sierra, best of three) is shown in the following tables.
-
-**Optimized build (-O3)**
-
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-printf                    2.6                   29                 26
-printf+string            16.4                   29                 26
-IOStreams                31.1                   59                 55
-fmt                      19.0                   37                 34
-tinyformat               44.0                  103                 97
-Boost Format             91.9                  226                203
-Folly Format            115.7                  101                 88
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-
-As you can see, fmt has 60% less overhead in terms of resulting binary code
-size compared to IOStreams and comes pretty close to ``printf``. Boost Format
-and Folly Format have the largest overheads.
-
-``printf+string`` is the same as ``printf`` but with extra ``<string>``
-include to measure the overhead of the latter.
-
-**Non-optimized build**
-
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-Method        Compile Time, s Executable size, KiB Stripped size, KiB
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-printf                    2.2                   33                 30
-printf+string            16.0                   33                 30
-IOStreams                28.3                   56                 52
-fmt                      18.2                   59                 50
-tinyformat               32.6                   88                 82
-Boost Format             54.1                  365                303
-Folly Format             79.9                  445                430
-============= =============== ==================== ==================
-
-``libc``, ``lib(std)c++`` and ``libfmt`` are all linked as shared
-libraries to compare formatting function overhead only. Boost Format
-and tinyformat are header-only libraries so they don't provide any
-linkage options.
-
-Running the tests
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Please refer to `Building the library`__ for the instructions on how to build
-the library and run the unit tests.
-
-__ http://fmtlib.net/latest/usage.html#building-the-library
-
-Benchmarks reside in a separate repository,
-`format-benchmarks <https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark>`_,
-so to run the benchmarks you first need to clone this repository and
-generate Makefiles with CMake::
-
-    $ git clone --recursive https://github.com/fmtlib/format-benchmark.git
-    $ cd format-benchmark
-    $ cmake .
-
-Then you can run the speed test::
-
-    $ make speed-test
-
-or the bloat test::
-
-    $ make bloat-test
-
 FAQ
 ---
 
@@ -474,11 +469,11 @@
 License
 -------
 
-fmt is distributed under the BSD `license
+{fmt} is distributed under the BSD `license
 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/blob/master/LICENSE.rst>`_.
 
 The `Format String Syntax
-<http://fmtlib.net/latest/syntax.html>`_
+<https://fmt.dev/latest/syntax.html>`_
 section in the documentation is based on the one from Python `string module
 documentation <https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html#module-string>`_
 adapted for the current library. For this reason the documentation is
@@ -490,7 +485,7 @@
 Acknowledgments
 ---------------
 
-The fmt library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
+The {fmt} library is maintained by Victor Zverovich (`vitaut
 <https://github.com/vitaut>`_) and Jonathan Müller (`foonathan
 <https://github.com/foonathan>`_) with contributions from many other people.
 See `Contributors <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/graphs/contributors>`_ and
diff --git a/doc/CMakeLists.txt b/doc/CMakeLists.txt
index c16427a..f3dae60 100644
--- a/doc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/doc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 add_custom_target(doc
   COMMAND ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/build.py ${FMT_VERSION}
-  SOURCES api.rst syntax.rst build.py conf.py _templates/layout.html)
+  SOURCES api.rst syntax.rst usage.rst build.py conf.py _templates/layout.html)
 
 install(DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/html/
         DESTINATION share/doc/fmt OPTIONAL)
diff --git a/doc/_templates/layout.html b/doc/_templates/layout.html
index 0ac2dec..ed19bcd 100644
--- a/doc/_templates/layout.html
+++ b/doc/_templates/layout.html
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
                 <span class="caret"></span></a>
               <ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
                 {% for v in versions.split(',') %}
-                <li><a href="http://fmtlib.net/{{v}}">{{v}}</a></li>
+                <li><a href="https://fmt.dev/{{v}}">{{v}}</a></li>
                 {% endfor %}
               </ul>
             </li>
diff --git a/doc/api.rst b/doc/api.rst
index 33a4f6d..b5adf4b 100644
--- a/doc/api.rst
+++ b/doc/api.rst
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
   facilities and a lightweight subset of formatting functions
 * :ref:`fmt/format.h <format-api>`: the full format API providing compile-time
   format string checks, output iterator and user-defined type support
-* :ref:`fmt/time.h <time-api>`: date and time formatting
+* :ref:`fmt/chrono.h <chrono-api>`: date and time formatting
 * :ref:`fmt/ostream.h <ostream-api>`: ``std::ostream`` support
 * :ref:`fmt/printf.h <printf-api>`: ``printf`` formatting
 
@@ -39,24 +39,26 @@
 
 .. _format:
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: format(const S&, const Args&...)
-.. doxygenfunction:: vformat(const S&, basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type>)
+.. doxygenfunction:: format(const S&, Args&&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: vformat(const S&, basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>>)
 
 .. _print:
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: print(const S&, const Args&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: print(const S&, Args&&...)
 .. doxygenfunction:: vprint(string_view, format_args)
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::FILE *, const S&, const Args&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::FILE *, const S&, Args&&...)
 .. doxygenfunction:: vprint(std::FILE *, string_view, format_args)
 .. doxygenfunction:: vprint(std::FILE *, wstring_view, wformat_args)
 
-Named arguments
+Named Arguments
 ---------------
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::arg(string_view, const T&)
+.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::arg(const S&, const T&)
 
-Argument lists
+Named arguments are not supported in compile-time checks at the moment.
+
+Argument Lists
 --------------
 
 .. doxygenfunction:: fmt::make_format_args(const Args&...)
@@ -89,12 +91,13 @@
 ``fmt/format.h`` defines the full format API providing compile-time format
 string checks, output iterator and user-defined type support.
 
-Compile-time format string checks
+Compile-time Format String Checks
 ---------------------------------
 
+.. doxygendefine:: FMT_STRING
 .. doxygendefine:: fmt
 
-Formatting user-defined types
+Formatting User-defined Types
 -----------------------------
 
 To make a user-defined type formattable, specialize the ``formatter<T>`` struct
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@
 
     template <typename FormatContext>
     auto format(const point &p, FormatContext &ctx) {
-      return format_to(ctx.begin(), "({:.1f}, {:.1f})", p.x, p.y);
+      return format_to(ctx.out(), "({:.1f}, {:.1f})", p.x, p.y);
     }
   };
   }
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@
 In the example above the ``formatter<point>::parse`` function ignores the
 contents of the format string referred to by ``ctx.begin()`` so the object will
 always be formatted in the same way. See ``formatter<tm>::parse`` in
-:file:`fmt/time.h` for an advanced example of how to parse the format string and
+:file:`fmt/chrono.h` for an advanced example of how to parse the format string and
 customize the formatted output.
 
 You can also reuse existing formatters, for example::
@@ -177,15 +180,11 @@
     fmt::print("{}", a); // prints "B"
   }
 
-This section shows how to define a custom format function for a user-defined
-type. The next section describes how to get ``fmt`` to use a conventional stream
-output ``operator<<`` when one is defined for a user-defined type.
-
-Output iterator support
+Output Iterator Support
 -----------------------
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::format_to(OutputIt, const S&, const Args&...)
-.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::format_to_n(OutputIt, std::size_t, string_view, const Args&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::format_to(OutputIt, const S&, Args&&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::format_to_n(OutputIt, std::size_t, string_view, Args&&...)
 .. doxygenstruct:: fmt::format_to_n_result
    :members:
 
@@ -201,6 +200,8 @@
 Utilities
 ---------
 
+.. doxygenstruct:: fmt::is_char
+
 .. doxygentypedef:: fmt::char_t
 
 .. doxygenfunction:: fmt::formatted_size(string_view, const Args&...)
@@ -209,13 +210,17 @@
 
 .. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_wstring(const T&)
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char>)
+.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::to_string_view(const Char *)
+
+.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::join(const Range&, string_view)
+
+.. doxygenfunction:: fmt::join(It, It, string_view)
 
 .. doxygenclass:: fmt::basic_memory_buffer
    :protected-members:
    :members:
 
-System errors
+System Errors
 -------------
 
 fmt does not use ``errno`` to communicate errors to the user, but it may call
@@ -232,7 +237,7 @@
 
 .. _formatstrings:
 
-Custom allocators
+Custom Allocators
 -----------------
 
 The {fmt} library supports custom dynamic memory allocators.
@@ -267,7 +272,7 @@
 the default allocator. Also floating-point formatting falls back on ``sprintf``
 which may do allocations.
 
-Custom formatting of built-in types
+Custom Formatting of Built-in Types
 -----------------------------------
 
 It is possible to change the way arguments are formatted by providing a
@@ -311,16 +316,16 @@
 .. doxygenclass:: fmt::arg_formatter
    :members:
 
-.. _time-api:
+.. _chrono-api:
 
-Date and time formatting
+Date and Time Formatting
 ========================
 
 The library supports `strftime
 <http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/chrono/c/strftime>`_-like date and time
 formatting::
 
-  #include <fmt/time.h>
+  #include <fmt/chrono.h>
 
   std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
   // Prints "The date is 2016-04-29." (with the current date)
@@ -331,7 +336,7 @@
 
 .. _ostream-api:
 
-``std::ostream`` support
+``std::ostream`` Support
 ========================
 
 ``fmt/ostream.h`` provides ``std::ostream`` support including formatting of
@@ -352,11 +357,11 @@
   std::string s = fmt::format("The date is {}", date(2012, 12, 9));
   // s == "The date is 2012-12-9"
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::basic_ostream<fmt::char_t<S>>&, const S&, const Args&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: print(std::basic_ostream<Char>&, const S&, Args&&...)
 
 .. _printf-api:
 
-``printf`` formatting
+``printf`` Formatting
 =====================
 
 The header ``fmt/printf.h`` provides ``printf``-like formatting functionality.
@@ -370,6 +375,6 @@
 
 .. doxygenfunction:: fprintf(std::FILE *, const S&, const Args&...)
 
-.. doxygenfunction:: fprintf(std::basic_ostream<fmt::char_t<S>>&, const S&, const Args&...)
+.. doxygenfunction:: fprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>&, const S&, const Args&...)
 
 .. doxygenfunction:: sprintf(const S&, const Args&...)
diff --git a/doc/build.py b/doc/build.py
index 924563f..fb4f546 100755
--- a/doc/build.py
+++ b/doc/build.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 from subprocess import check_call, check_output, CalledProcessError, Popen, PIPE
 from distutils.version import LooseVersion
 
-versions = ['1.0.0', '1.1.0', '2.0.0', '3.0.2', '4.0.0', '4.1.0', '5.0.0', '5.1.0', '5.2.0', '5.2.1', '5.3.0']
+versions = ['1.0.0', '1.1.0', '2.0.0', '3.0.2', '4.0.0', '4.1.0', '5.0.0', '5.1.0', '5.2.0', '5.2.1', '5.3.0', '6.0.0']
 
 def pip_install(package, commit=None, **kwargs):
   "Install package using pip."
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
                           "FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE=namespace fmt {{" \
                           "FMT_END_NAMESPACE=}}" \
                           "FMT_STRING_ALIAS=1" \
-                          "FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(B, T)=T"
+                          "FMT_ENABLE_IF(B)="
       EXCLUDE_SYMBOLS   = fmt::internal::* StringValue write_str
     '''.format(include_dir, doxyxml_dir).encode('UTF-8'))
   if p.returncode != 0:
diff --git a/doc/index.rst b/doc/index.rst
index a8dc05e..9480ff6 100644
--- a/doc/index.rst
+++ b/doc/index.rst
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@
   format(fmt("The answer is {:d}"), "forty-two");
 
 reports a compile-time error for the same reason on compilers that support
-relaxed ``constexpr``.
+relaxed ``constexpr``. See `here <api.html#c.fmt>`_ for how to enable
+compile-time checks.
 
 The following code
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@
 which is represented by ``L'\x42e'`` if we use Unicode) which is rarely what is
 needed.
 
-Compact binary code
+Compact Binary Code
 -------------------
 
 The library is designed to produce compact per-call compiled code. For example
@@ -174,8 +175,9 @@
 * decltype
 * trailing return types
 * deleted functions
+* alias templates
 
-These are available since GCC 4.4, Clang 2.9 and MSVC 18.0 (2013). For older
+These are available since GCC 4.8, Clang 3.0 and MSVC 19.0 (2015). For older
 compilers use fmt `version 4.x
 <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/tag/4.1.0>`_ which continues to be
 maintained and only requires C++98.
diff --git a/doc/syntax.rst b/doc/syntax.rst
index fc27c5e..a6bddf6 100644
--- a/doc/syntax.rst
+++ b/doc/syntax.rst
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 |         | notation using the letter 'e' to indicate the exponent.  |
 +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``'E'`` | Exponent notation. Same as ``'e'`` except it uses an     |
-|         | upper-case 'E' as the separator character.               |
+|         | upper-case ``'E'`` as the separator character.           |
 +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
 | ``'f'`` | Fixed point. Displays the number as a fixed-point        |
 |         | number.                                                  |
@@ -264,10 +264,15 @@
 |         | ``'E'`` if the number gets too large. The                |
 |         | representations of infinity and NaN are uppercased, too. |
 +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
-| none    | The same as ``'g'``.                                     |
+| ``'%'`` | Fixed point as a percentage. This is similar to ``'f'``, |
+|         | but the argument is multiplied by 100 and a percent sign |
+|         | ``%`` is appended.                                       |
 +---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
-
-Floating-point formatting is locale-dependent.
+| none    | Similar to ``'g'``, except that fixed-point notation,    |
+|         | when used, has at least one digit past the decimal       |
+|         | point. The default precision is as high as needed to     |
+|         | represent the particular value.                          |
++---------+----------------------------------------------------------+
 
 .. ifconfig:: False
 
@@ -303,7 +308,7 @@
 
 .. _formatexamples:
 
-Format examples
+Format Examples
 ===============
 
 This section contains examples of the format syntax and comparison with
@@ -357,6 +362,13 @@
    format("{:-f}; {:-f}", 3.14, -3.14);  // show only the minus -- same as '{:f}; {:f}'
    // Result: "3.140000; -3.140000"
 
+As a percentage::
+
+   format("{0:f} or {0:%}", .635);
+   // Result: "0.635000 or 63.500000%"
+   format("{:*^{}.{}%}", 1., 15, 2); // With fill, dynamic width and dynamic precision.
+   // Result: "****100.00%****"
+
 Replacing ``%x`` and ``%o`` and converting the value to different bases::
 
    format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}", 42);
@@ -412,4 +424,3 @@
           9     9    11  1001
          10     A    12  1010
          11     B    13  1011
-
diff --git a/doc/usage.rst b/doc/usage.rst
index 2b9777c..e71629c 100644
--- a/doc/usage.rst
+++ b/doc/usage.rst
@@ -2,21 +2,15 @@
 Usage
 *****
 
-To use the fmt library, add :file:`format.h` and :file:`format.cc` from
-a `release archive <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/latest>`_
-or the `Git repository <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt>`_ to your project.
+To use the {fmt} library, add :file:`fmt/core.h`, :file:`fmt/format.h`,
+:file:`fmt/format-inl.h`, :file:`src/format.cc` and optionally other headers
+from a `release archive <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/releases/latest>`_ or
+the `Git repository <https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt>`_ to your project.
 Alternatively, you can :ref:`build the library with CMake <building>`.
 
-If you are using Visual C++ with precompiled headers, you might need to add
-the line ::
-
-   #include "stdafx.h"
-
-before other includes in :file:`format.cc`.
-
 .. _building:
 
-Building the library
+Building the Library
 ====================
 
 The included `CMake build script`__ can be used to build the fmt
@@ -31,7 +25,7 @@
 
   mkdir build          # Create a directory to hold the build output.
   cd build
-  cmake <path/to/fmt>  # Generate native build scripts.
+  cmake ..  # Generate native build scripts.
 
 where :file:`{<path/to/fmt>}` is a path to the ``fmt`` repository.
 
@@ -58,8 +52,14 @@
 
 __ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_%28computing%29#Shared_libraries
 
-Header-only usage with CMake
-============================
+Installing the Library
+======================
+
+After building the library you can install it on a Unix-like system by running
+:command:`sudo make install`.
+
+Usage with CMake
+================
 
 You can add the ``fmt`` library directory into your project and include it in
 your ``CMakeLists.txt`` file::
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@
    find_package(fmt)
    target_link_libraries(<your-target> fmt::fmt)
 
-Setting up your target to use a header-only version of ``fmt`` is equaly easy::
+Setting up your target to use a header-only version of ``fmt`` is equally easy::
 
-   target_link_libraries(<your-target> PRIVATE fmt-header-only)
+   target_link_libraries(<your-target> PRIVATE fmt::fmt-header-only)
 
-Building the documentation
+Building the Documentation
 ==========================
 
 To build the documentation you need the following software installed on your
diff --git a/include/fmt/chrono.h b/include/fmt/chrono.h
index 209cdc2..57ce9ef 100644
--- a/include/fmt/chrono.h
+++ b/include/fmt/chrono.h
@@ -16,9 +16,181 @@
 #include <locale>
 #include <sstream>
 
+// enable safe chrono durations, unless explicitly disabled
+#ifndef FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+#  define FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST 1
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+#  include "safe-duration-cast.h"
+#endif
+
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
-namespace internal{
+// Prevents expansion of a preceding token as a function-style macro.
+// Usage: f FMT_NOMACRO()
+#define FMT_NOMACRO
+
+namespace internal {
+inline null<> localtime_r FMT_NOMACRO(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline null<> localtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline null<> gmtime_r(...) { return null<>(); }
+inline null<> gmtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// Thread-safe replacement for std::localtime
+inline std::tm localtime(std::time_t time) {
+  struct dispatcher {
+    std::time_t time_;
+    std::tm tm_;
+
+    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+
+    bool run() {
+      using namespace fmt::internal;
+      return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+    }
+
+    bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }
+
+    bool handle(internal::null<>) {
+      using namespace fmt::internal;
+      return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+    }
+
+    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VER
+    bool fallback(internal::null<>) {
+      using namespace fmt::internal;
+      std::tm* tm = std::localtime(&time_);
+      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
+      return tm != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+  dispatcher lt(time);
+  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+  if (!lt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
+  return lt.tm_;
+}
+
+// Thread-safe replacement for std::gmtime
+inline std::tm gmtime(std::time_t time) {
+  struct dispatcher {
+    std::time_t time_;
+    std::tm tm_;
+
+    dispatcher(std::time_t t) : time_(t) {}
+
+    bool run() {
+      using namespace fmt::internal;
+      return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+    }
+
+    bool handle(std::tm* tm) { return tm != nullptr; }
+
+    bool handle(internal::null<>) {
+      using namespace fmt::internal;
+      return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+    }
+
+    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VER
+    bool fallback(internal::null<>) {
+      std::tm* tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
+      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
+      return tm != nullptr;
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+  dispatcher gt(time);
+  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+  if (!gt.run()) FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
+  return gt.tm_;
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+inline std::size_t strftime(char* str, std::size_t count, const char* format,
+                            const std::tm* time) {
+  return std::strftime(str, count, format, time);
+}
+
+inline std::size_t strftime(wchar_t* str, std::size_t count,
+                            const wchar_t* format, const std::tm* time) {
+  return std::wcsftime(str, count, format, time);
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<std::tm, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    if (it != ctx.end() && *it == ':') ++it;
+    auto end = it;
+    while (end != ctx.end() && *end != '}') ++end;
+    tm_format.reserve(internal::to_unsigned(end - it + 1));
+    tm_format.append(it, end);
+    tm_format.push_back('\0');
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const std::tm& tm, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+    std::size_t start = buf.size();
+    for (;;) {
+      std::size_t size = buf.capacity() - start;
+      std::size_t count =
+          internal::strftime(&buf[start], size, &tm_format[0], &tm);
+      if (count != 0) {
+        buf.resize(start + count);
+        break;
+      }
+      if (size >= tm_format.size() * 256) {
+        // If the buffer is 256 times larger than the format string, assume
+        // that `strftime` gives an empty result. There doesn't seem to be a
+        // better way to distinguish the two cases:
+        // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/367
+        break;
+      }
+      const std::size_t MIN_GROWTH = 10;
+      buf.reserve(buf.capacity() + (size > MIN_GROWTH ? size : MIN_GROWTH));
+    }
+    return std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end(), ctx.out());
+  }
+
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> tm_format;
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+template <typename Period> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units() {
+  return nullptr;
+}
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::atto>() { return "as"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::femto>() { return "fs"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::pico>() { return "ps"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::nano>() { return "ns"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::micro>() { return "µs"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::milli>() { return "ms"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::centi>() { return "cs"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::deci>() { return "ds"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::ratio<1>>() { return "s"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::deca>() { return "das"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::hecto>() { return "hs"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::kilo>() { return "ks"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::mega>() { return "Ms"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::giga>() { return "Gs"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::tera>() { return "Ts"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::peta>() { return "Ps"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::exa>() { return "Es"; }
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::ratio<60>>() {
+  return "m";
+}
+template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* get_units<std::ratio<3600>>() {
+  return "h";
+}
 
 enum class numeric_system {
   standard,
@@ -28,8 +200,9 @@
 
 // Parses a put_time-like format string and invokes handler actions.
 template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *parse_chrono_format(
-    const Char *begin, const Char *end, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_chrono_format(const Char* begin,
+                                              const Char* end,
+                                              Handler&& handler) {
   auto ptr = begin;
   while (ptr != end) {
     auto c = *ptr;
@@ -38,11 +211,9 @@
       ++ptr;
       continue;
     }
-    if (begin != ptr)
-      handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
-    ++ptr; // consume '%'
-    if (ptr == end)
-      throw format_error("invalid format");
+    if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
+    ++ptr;  // consume '%'
+    if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
     c = *ptr++;
     switch (c) {
     case '%':
@@ -119,6 +290,12 @@
     case 'p':
       handler.on_am_pm();
       break;
+    case 'Q':
+      handler.on_duration_value();
+      break;
+    case 'q':
+      handler.on_duration_unit();
+      break;
     case 'z':
       handler.on_utc_offset();
       break;
@@ -127,8 +304,7 @@
       break;
     // Alternative representation:
     case 'E': {
-      if (ptr == end)
-        throw format_error("invalid format");
+      if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       c = *ptr++;
       switch (c) {
       case 'c':
@@ -141,13 +317,12 @@
         handler.on_loc_time(numeric_system::alternative);
         break;
       default:
-        throw format_error("invalid format");
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       }
       break;
     }
     case 'O':
-      if (ptr == end)
-        throw format_error("invalid format");
+      if (ptr == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       c = *ptr++;
       switch (c) {
       case 'w':
@@ -169,96 +344,259 @@
         handler.on_second(numeric_system::alternative);
         break;
       default:
-        throw format_error("invalid format");
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
       }
       break;
     default:
-      throw format_error("invalid format");
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format"));
     }
     begin = ptr;
   }
-  if (begin != ptr)
-    handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
+  if (begin != ptr) handler.on_text(begin, ptr);
   return ptr;
 }
 
 struct chrono_format_checker {
-  void report_no_date() { throw format_error("no date"); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void report_no_date() { FMT_THROW(format_error("no date")); }
 
-  template <typename Char>
-  void on_text(const Char *, const Char *) {}
-  void on_abbr_weekday() { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_full_weekday() { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_abbr_month() { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_full_month() { report_no_date(); }
+  template <typename Char> void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_abbr_weekday() { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_full_weekday() { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_dec0_weekday(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_dec1_weekday(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_abbr_month() { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_full_month() { report_no_date(); }
   void on_24_hour(numeric_system) {}
   void on_12_hour(numeric_system) {}
   void on_minute(numeric_system) {}
   void on_second(numeric_system) {}
-  void on_datetime(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_loc_date(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_loc_time(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_us_date() { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_iso_date() { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_datetime(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_loc_date(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_loc_time(numeric_system) { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_us_date() { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_iso_date() { report_no_date(); }
   void on_12_hour_time() {}
   void on_24_hour_time() {}
   void on_iso_time() {}
   void on_am_pm() {}
-  void on_utc_offset() { report_no_date(); }
-  void on_tz_name() { report_no_date(); }
+  void on_duration_value() {}
+  void on_duration_unit() {}
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_utc_offset() { report_no_date(); }
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_tz_name() { report_no_date(); }
 };
 
-template <typename Int>
-inline int to_int(Int value) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(value >= (std::numeric_limits<int>::min)() &&
-             value <= (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)(), "invalid value");
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline bool isnan(T) {
+  return false;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+inline bool isnan(T value) {
+  return std::isnan(value);
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline bool isfinite(T) {
+  return true;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+inline bool isfinite(T value) {
+  return std::isfinite(value);
+}
+
+// Convers value to int and checks that it's in the range [0, upper).
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline int to_nonnegative_int(T value, int upper) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0 && value <= upper, "invalid value");
+  (void)upper;
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline int to_nonnegative_int(T value, int upper) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(
+      std::isnan(value) || (value >= 0 && value <= static_cast<T>(upper)),
+      "invalid value");
+  (void)upper;
   return static_cast<int>(value);
 }
 
-template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt>
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+inline T mod(T x, int y) {
+  return x % y;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+inline T mod(T x, int y) {
+  return std::fmod(x, static_cast<T>(y));
+}
+
+// If T is an integral type, maps T to its unsigned counterpart, otherwise
+// leaves it unchanged (unlike std::make_unsigned).
+template <typename T, bool INTEGRAL = std::is_integral<T>::value>
+struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged {
+  using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_unchanged<T, true> {
+  using type = typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type;
+};
+
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+// throwing version of safe_duration_cast
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod>
+To fmt_safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from) {
+  int ec;
+  To to = safe_duration_cast::safe_duration_cast<To>(from, ec);
+  if (ec) FMT_THROW(format_error("cannot format duration"));
+  return to;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<Rep>::value)>
+inline std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> get_milliseconds(
+    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
+  // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
+  // target type.
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+  using CommonSecondsType =
+      typename std::common_type<decltype(d), std::chrono::seconds>::type;
+  const auto d_as_common = fmt_safe_duration_cast<CommonSecondsType>(d);
+  const auto d_as_whole_seconds =
+      fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d_as_common);
+  // this conversion should be nonproblematic
+  const auto diff = d_as_common - d_as_whole_seconds;
+  const auto ms =
+      fmt_safe_duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>>(diff);
+  return ms;
+#else
+  auto s = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - s);
+#endif
+}
+
+template <typename Rep, typename Period,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)>
+inline std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli> get_milliseconds(
+    std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d) {
+  using common_type = typename std::common_type<Rep, std::intmax_t>::type;
+  auto ms = mod(d.count() * static_cast<common_type>(Period::num) /
+                    static_cast<common_type>(Period::den) * 1000,
+                1000);
+  return std::chrono::duration<Rep, std::milli>(static_cast<Rep>(ms));
+}
+
+template <typename Rep, typename OutputIt>
+OutputIt format_chrono_duration_value(OutputIt out, Rep val, int precision) {
+  if (precision >= 0) return format_to(out, "{:.{}f}", val, precision);
+  return format_to(out, std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value ? "{:g}" : "{}",
+                   val);
+}
+
+template <typename Period, typename OutputIt>
+static OutputIt format_chrono_duration_unit(OutputIt out) {
+  if (const char* unit = get_units<Period>()) return format_to(out, "{}", unit);
+  if (Period::den == 1) return format_to(out, "[{}]s", Period::num);
+  return format_to(out, "[{}/{}]s", Period::num, Period::den);
+}
+
+template <typename FormatContext, typename OutputIt, typename Rep,
+          typename Period>
 struct chrono_formatter {
-  FormatContext &context;
+  FormatContext& context;
   OutputIt out;
-  std::chrono::seconds s;
-  std::chrono::milliseconds ms;
+  int precision;
+  // rep is unsigned to avoid overflow.
+  using rep =
+      conditional_t<std::is_integral<Rep>::value && sizeof(Rep) < sizeof(int),
+                    unsigned, typename make_unsigned_or_unchanged<Rep>::type>;
+  rep val;
+  using seconds = std::chrono::duration<rep>;
+  seconds s;
+  using milliseconds = std::chrono::duration<rep, std::milli>;
+  bool negative;
 
-  typedef typename FormatContext::char_type char_type;
+  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
 
-  explicit chrono_formatter(FormatContext &ctx, OutputIt o)
-    : context(ctx), out(o) {}
+  explicit chrono_formatter(FormatContext& ctx, OutputIt o,
+                            std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> d)
+      : context(ctx), out(o), val(d.count()), negative(false) {
+    if (d.count() < 0) {
+      val = 0 - val;
+      negative = true;
+    }
 
-  int hour() const { return to_int((s.count() / 3600) % 24); }
-
-  int hour12() const {
-    auto hour = to_int((s.count() / 3600) % 12);
-    return hour > 0 ? hour : 12;
+    // this may overflow and/or the result may not fit in the
+    // target type.
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+    // might need checked conversion (rep!=Rep)
+    auto tmpval = std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val);
+    s = fmt_safe_duration_cast<seconds>(tmpval);
+#else
+    s = std::chrono::duration_cast<seconds>(
+        std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>(val));
+#endif
   }
 
-  int minute() const { return to_int((s.count() / 60) % 60); }
-  int second() const { return to_int(s.count() % 60); }
+  // returns true if nan or inf, writes to out.
+  bool handle_nan_inf() {
+    if (isfinite(val)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (isnan(val)) {
+      write_nan();
+      return true;
+    }
+    // must be +-inf
+    if (val > 0) {
+      write_pinf();
+    } else {
+      write_ninf();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  Rep hour() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 24)); }
+
+  Rep hour12() const {
+    Rep hour = static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 3600), 12));
+    return hour <= 0 ? 12 : hour;
+  }
+
+  Rep minute() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod((s.count() / 60), 60)); }
+  Rep second() const { return static_cast<Rep>(mod(s.count(), 60)); }
 
   std::tm time() const {
     auto time = std::tm();
-    time.tm_hour = hour();
-    time.tm_min = minute();
-    time.tm_sec = second();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
+    time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
+    time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
     return time;
   }
 
-  void write(int value, int width) {
-    typedef typename int_traits<int>::main_type main_type;
-    main_type n = to_unsigned(value);
+  void write_sign() {
+    if (negative) {
+      *out++ = '-';
+      negative = false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write(Rep value, int width) {
+    write_sign();
+    if (isnan(value)) return write_nan();
+    uint32_or_64_t<int> n = to_unsigned(
+        to_nonnegative_int(value, (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()));
     int num_digits = internal::count_digits(n);
-    if (width > num_digits)
-      out = std::fill_n(out, width - num_digits, '0');
+    if (width > num_digits) out = std::fill_n(out, width - num_digits, '0');
     out = format_decimal<char_type>(out, n, num_digits);
   }
 
-  void format_localized(const tm &time, const char *format) {
+  void write_nan() { std::copy_n("nan", 3, out); }
+  void write_pinf() { std::copy_n("inf", 3, out); }
+  void write_ninf() { std::copy_n("-inf", 4, out); }
+
+  void format_localized(const tm& time, const char* format) {
+    if (isnan(val)) return write_nan();
     auto locale = context.locale().template get<std::locale>();
-    auto &facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<char_type>>(locale);
+    auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<char_type>>(locale);
     std::basic_ostringstream<char_type> os;
     os.imbue(locale);
     facet.put(os, os, ' ', &time, format, format + std::strlen(format));
@@ -266,7 +604,7 @@
     std::copy(str.begin(), str.end(), out);
   }
 
-  void on_text(const char_type *begin, const char_type *end) {
+  void on_text(const char_type* begin, const char_type* end) {
     std::copy(begin, end, out);
   }
 
@@ -286,46 +624,70 @@
   void on_tz_name() {}
 
   void on_24_hour(numeric_system ns) {
-    if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
-      return write(hour(), 2);
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour(), 2);
     auto time = tm();
-    time.tm_hour = hour();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour(), 24);
     format_localized(time, "%OH");
   }
 
   void on_12_hour(numeric_system ns) {
-    if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
-      return write(hour12(), 2);
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(hour12(), 2);
     auto time = tm();
-    time.tm_hour = hour();
+    time.tm_hour = to_nonnegative_int(hour12(), 12);
     format_localized(time, "%OI");
   }
 
   void on_minute(numeric_system ns) {
-    if (ns == numeric_system::standard)
-      return write(minute(), 2);
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    if (ns == numeric_system::standard) return write(minute(), 2);
     auto time = tm();
-    time.tm_min = minute();
+    time.tm_min = to_nonnegative_int(minute(), 60);
     format_localized(time, "%OM");
   }
 
   void on_second(numeric_system ns) {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
     if (ns == numeric_system::standard) {
       write(second(), 2);
+#if FMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST
+      // convert rep->Rep
+      using duration_rep = std::chrono::duration<rep, Period>;
+      using duration_Rep = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;
+      auto tmpval = fmt_safe_duration_cast<duration_Rep>(duration_rep{val});
+#else
+      auto tmpval = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>(val);
+#endif
+      auto ms = get_milliseconds(tmpval);
       if (ms != std::chrono::milliseconds(0)) {
         *out++ = '.';
-        write(to_int(ms.count()), 3);
+        write(ms.count(), 3);
       }
       return;
     }
     auto time = tm();
-    time.tm_sec = second();
+    time.tm_sec = to_nonnegative_int(second(), 60);
     format_localized(time, "%OS");
   }
 
-  void on_12_hour_time() { format_localized(time(), "%r"); }
+  void on_12_hour_time() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+
+    format_localized(time(), "%r");
+  }
 
   void on_24_hour_time() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) {
+      *out++ = ':';
+      handle_nan_inf();
+      return;
+    }
+
     write(hour(), 2);
     *out++ = ':';
     write(minute(), 2);
@@ -334,115 +696,130 @@
   void on_iso_time() {
     on_24_hour_time();
     *out++ = ':';
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
     write(second(), 2);
   }
 
-  void on_am_pm() { format_localized(time(), "%p"); }
+  void on_am_pm() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    format_localized(time(), "%p");
+  }
+
+  void on_duration_value() {
+    if (handle_nan_inf()) return;
+    write_sign();
+    out = format_chrono_duration_value(out, val, precision);
+  }
+
+  void on_duration_unit() { out = format_chrono_duration_unit<Period>(out); }
 };
 }  // namespace internal
 
-template <typename Period> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units() {
-  return FMT_NULL;
-}
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::atto>() { return "as"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::femto>() { return "fs"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::pico>() { return "ps"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::nano>() { return "ns"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::micro>() { return "µs"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::milli>() { return "ms"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::centi>() { return "cs"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::deci>() { return "ds"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::ratio<1>>() { return "s"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::deca>() { return "das"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::hecto>() { return "hs"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::kilo>() { return "ks"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::mega>() { return "Ms"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::giga>() { return "Gs"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::tera>() { return "Ts"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::peta>() { return "Ps"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::exa>() { return "Es"; }
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::ratio<60>>() {
-  return "m";
-}
-template <> FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *get_units<std::ratio<3600>>() {
-  return "h";
-}
-
 template <typename Rep, typename Period, typename Char>
 struct formatter<std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>, Char> {
  private:
-  align_spec spec;
-  internal::arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
+  int precision;
+  using arg_ref_type = internal::arg_ref<Char>;
+  arg_ref_type width_ref;
+  arg_ref_type precision_ref;
   mutable basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
-  typedef std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period> duration;
+  using duration = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;
 
   struct spec_handler {
-    formatter &f;
-    basic_parse_context<Char> &context;
+    formatter& f;
+    basic_parse_context<Char>& context;
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str;
 
-    typedef internal::arg_ref<Char> arg_ref_type;
-
-    template <typename Id>
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
+    template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
       context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
       return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
     }
 
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> arg_id) {
+      context.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+      const auto str_val = internal::string_view_metadata(format_str, arg_id);
+      return arg_ref_type(str_val);
+    }
+
     FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(internal::auto_id) {
       return arg_ref_type(context.next_arg_id());
     }
 
-    void on_error(const char *msg) { throw format_error(msg); }
-    void on_fill(Char fill) { f.spec.fill_ = fill; }
-    void on_align(alignment align) { f.spec.align_ = align; }
-    void on_width(unsigned width) { f.spec.width_ = width; }
+    void on_error(const char* msg) { FMT_THROW(format_error(msg)); }
+    void on_fill(Char fill) { f.specs.fill[0] = fill; }
+    void on_align(align_t align) { f.specs.align = align; }
+    void on_width(unsigned width) { f.specs.width = width; }
+    void on_precision(unsigned precision) { f.precision = precision; }
+    void end_precision() {}
 
-    template <typename Id>
-    void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+    template <typename Id> void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
       f.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
     }
+
+    template <typename Id> void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+      f.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+    }
   };
 
- public:
-  formatter() : spec() {}
+  using iterator = typename basic_parse_context<Char>::iterator;
+  struct parse_range {
+    iterator begin;
+    iterator end;
+  };
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_parse_context<Char> &ctx)
-      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR parse_range do_parse(basic_parse_context<Char>& ctx) {
     auto begin = ctx.begin(), end = ctx.end();
-    if (begin == end) return begin;
-    spec_handler handler{*this, ctx};
+    if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return {begin, begin};
+    spec_handler handler{*this, ctx, format_str};
     begin = internal::parse_align(begin, end, handler);
-    if (begin == end) return begin;
+    if (begin == end) return {begin, begin};
     begin = internal::parse_width(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin == end) return {begin, begin};
+    if (*begin == '.') {
+      if (std::is_floating_point<Rep>::value)
+        begin = internal::parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
+      else
+        handler.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
+    }
     end = parse_chrono_format(begin, end, internal::chrono_format_checker());
-    format_str = basic_string_view<Char>(&*begin, internal::to_unsigned(end - begin));
-    return end;
+    return {begin, end};
+  }
+
+ public:
+  formatter() : precision(-1) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(basic_parse_context<Char>& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto range = do_parse(ctx);
+    format_str = basic_string_view<Char>(
+        &*range.begin, internal::to_unsigned(range.end - range.begin));
+    return range.end;
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const duration &d, FormatContext &ctx)
-      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const duration& d, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     auto begin = format_str.begin(), end = format_str.end();
-    memory_buffer buf;
-    typedef output_range<decltype(ctx.out()), Char> range;
-    basic_writer<range> w(range(ctx.out()));
+    // As a possible future optimization, we could avoid extra copying if width
+    // is not specified.
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
+    auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
+    using range = internal::output_range<decltype(ctx.out()), Char>;
+    internal::basic_writer<range> w(range(ctx.out()));
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
+        specs.width, width_ref, ctx, format_str.begin());
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
+        precision, precision_ref, ctx, format_str.begin());
     if (begin == end || *begin == '}') {
-      if (const char *unit = get_units<Period>())
-        format_to(buf, "{}{}", d.count(), unit);
-      else if (Period::den == 1)
-        format_to(buf, "{}[{}]s", d.count(), Period::num);
-      else
-        format_to(buf, "{}[{}/{}]s", d.count(), Period::num, Period::den);
-      internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
-        spec.width_, width_ref, ctx);
+      out = internal::format_chrono_duration_value(out, d.count(), precision);
+      internal::format_chrono_duration_unit<Period>(out);
     } else {
-      auto out = std::back_inserter(buf);
-      internal::chrono_formatter<FormatContext, decltype(out)> f(ctx, out);
-      f.s = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(d);
-      f.ms = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d - f.s);
+      internal::chrono_formatter<FormatContext, decltype(out), Rep, Period> f(
+          ctx, out, d);
+      f.precision = precision;
       parse_chrono_format(begin, end, f);
     }
-    w.write(buf.data(), buf.size(), spec);
+    w.write(buf.data(), buf.size(), specs);
     return w.out();
   }
 };
diff --git a/include/fmt/color.h b/include/fmt/color.h
index 5db861c..d9d3155 100644
--- a/include/fmt/color.h
+++ b/include/fmt/color.h
@@ -12,184 +12,149 @@
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
-#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_COLORS
-
-// color and (v)print_colored are deprecated.
-enum color { black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white };
-FMT_API void vprint_colored(color c, string_view format, format_args args);
-FMT_API void vprint_colored(color c, wstring_view format, wformat_args args);
-template <typename... Args>
-inline void print_colored(color c, string_view format_str,
-                          const Args & ... args) {
-  vprint_colored(c, format_str, make_format_args(args...));
-}
-template <typename... Args>
-inline void print_colored(color c, wstring_view format_str,
-                          const Args & ... args) {
-  vprint_colored(c, format_str, make_format_args<wformat_context>(args...));
-}
-
-inline void vprint_colored(color c, string_view format, format_args args) {
-  char escape[] = "\x1b[30m";
-  escape[3] = static_cast<char>('0' + c);
-  std::fputs(escape, stdout);
-  vprint(format, args);
-  std::fputs(internal::data::RESET_COLOR, stdout);
-}
-
-inline void vprint_colored(color c, wstring_view format, wformat_args args) {
-  wchar_t escape[] = L"\x1b[30m";
-  escape[3] = static_cast<wchar_t>('0' + c);
-  std::fputws(escape, stdout);
-  vprint(format, args);
-  std::fputws(internal::data::WRESET_COLOR, stdout);
-}
-
-#else
-
 enum class color : uint32_t {
-  alice_blue              = 0xF0F8FF, // rgb(240,248,255)
-  antique_white           = 0xFAEBD7, // rgb(250,235,215)
-  aqua                    = 0x00FFFF, // rgb(0,255,255)
-  aquamarine              = 0x7FFFD4, // rgb(127,255,212)
-  azure                   = 0xF0FFFF, // rgb(240,255,255)
-  beige                   = 0xF5F5DC, // rgb(245,245,220)
-  bisque                  = 0xFFE4C4, // rgb(255,228,196)
-  black                   = 0x000000, // rgb(0,0,0)
-  blanched_almond         = 0xFFEBCD, // rgb(255,235,205)
-  blue                    = 0x0000FF, // rgb(0,0,255)
-  blue_violet             = 0x8A2BE2, // rgb(138,43,226)
-  brown                   = 0xA52A2A, // rgb(165,42,42)
-  burly_wood              = 0xDEB887, // rgb(222,184,135)
-  cadet_blue              = 0x5F9EA0, // rgb(95,158,160)
-  chartreuse              = 0x7FFF00, // rgb(127,255,0)
-  chocolate               = 0xD2691E, // rgb(210,105,30)
-  coral                   = 0xFF7F50, // rgb(255,127,80)
-  cornflower_blue         = 0x6495ED, // rgb(100,149,237)
-  cornsilk                = 0xFFF8DC, // rgb(255,248,220)
-  crimson                 = 0xDC143C, // rgb(220,20,60)
-  cyan                    = 0x00FFFF, // rgb(0,255,255)
-  dark_blue               = 0x00008B, // rgb(0,0,139)
-  dark_cyan               = 0x008B8B, // rgb(0,139,139)
-  dark_golden_rod         = 0xB8860B, // rgb(184,134,11)
-  dark_gray               = 0xA9A9A9, // rgb(169,169,169)
-  dark_green              = 0x006400, // rgb(0,100,0)
-  dark_khaki              = 0xBDB76B, // rgb(189,183,107)
-  dark_magenta            = 0x8B008B, // rgb(139,0,139)
-  dark_olive_green        = 0x556B2F, // rgb(85,107,47)
-  dark_orange             = 0xFF8C00, // rgb(255,140,0)
-  dark_orchid             = 0x9932CC, // rgb(153,50,204)
-  dark_red                = 0x8B0000, // rgb(139,0,0)
-  dark_salmon             = 0xE9967A, // rgb(233,150,122)
-  dark_sea_green          = 0x8FBC8F, // rgb(143,188,143)
-  dark_slate_blue         = 0x483D8B, // rgb(72,61,139)
-  dark_slate_gray         = 0x2F4F4F, // rgb(47,79,79)
-  dark_turquoise          = 0x00CED1, // rgb(0,206,209)
-  dark_violet             = 0x9400D3, // rgb(148,0,211)
-  deep_pink               = 0xFF1493, // rgb(255,20,147)
-  deep_sky_blue           = 0x00BFFF, // rgb(0,191,255)
-  dim_gray                = 0x696969, // rgb(105,105,105)
-  dodger_blue             = 0x1E90FF, // rgb(30,144,255)
-  fire_brick              = 0xB22222, // rgb(178,34,34)
-  floral_white            = 0xFFFAF0, // rgb(255,250,240)
-  forest_green            = 0x228B22, // rgb(34,139,34)
-  fuchsia                 = 0xFF00FF, // rgb(255,0,255)
-  gainsboro               = 0xDCDCDC, // rgb(220,220,220)
-  ghost_white             = 0xF8F8FF, // rgb(248,248,255)
-  gold                    = 0xFFD700, // rgb(255,215,0)
-  golden_rod              = 0xDAA520, // rgb(218,165,32)
-  gray                    = 0x808080, // rgb(128,128,128)
-  green                   = 0x008000, // rgb(0,128,0)
-  green_yellow            = 0xADFF2F, // rgb(173,255,47)
-  honey_dew               = 0xF0FFF0, // rgb(240,255,240)
-  hot_pink                = 0xFF69B4, // rgb(255,105,180)
-  indian_red              = 0xCD5C5C, // rgb(205,92,92)
-  indigo                  = 0x4B0082, // rgb(75,0,130)
-  ivory                   = 0xFFFFF0, // rgb(255,255,240)
-  khaki                   = 0xF0E68C, // rgb(240,230,140)
-  lavender                = 0xE6E6FA, // rgb(230,230,250)
-  lavender_blush          = 0xFFF0F5, // rgb(255,240,245)
-  lawn_green              = 0x7CFC00, // rgb(124,252,0)
-  lemon_chiffon           = 0xFFFACD, // rgb(255,250,205)
-  light_blue              = 0xADD8E6, // rgb(173,216,230)
-  light_coral             = 0xF08080, // rgb(240,128,128)
-  light_cyan              = 0xE0FFFF, // rgb(224,255,255)
-  light_golden_rod_yellow = 0xFAFAD2, // rgb(250,250,210)
-  light_gray              = 0xD3D3D3, // rgb(211,211,211)
-  light_green             = 0x90EE90, // rgb(144,238,144)
-  light_pink              = 0xFFB6C1, // rgb(255,182,193)
-  light_salmon            = 0xFFA07A, // rgb(255,160,122)
-  light_sea_green         = 0x20B2AA, // rgb(32,178,170)
-  light_sky_blue          = 0x87CEFA, // rgb(135,206,250)
-  light_slate_gray        = 0x778899, // rgb(119,136,153)
-  light_steel_blue        = 0xB0C4DE, // rgb(176,196,222)
-  light_yellow            = 0xFFFFE0, // rgb(255,255,224)
-  lime                    = 0x00FF00, // rgb(0,255,0)
-  lime_green              = 0x32CD32, // rgb(50,205,50)
-  linen                   = 0xFAF0E6, // rgb(250,240,230)
-  magenta                 = 0xFF00FF, // rgb(255,0,255)
-  maroon                  = 0x800000, // rgb(128,0,0)
-  medium_aquamarine       = 0x66CDAA, // rgb(102,205,170)
-  medium_blue             = 0x0000CD, // rgb(0,0,205)
-  medium_orchid           = 0xBA55D3, // rgb(186,85,211)
-  medium_purple           = 0x9370DB, // rgb(147,112,219)
-  medium_sea_green        = 0x3CB371, // rgb(60,179,113)
-  medium_slate_blue       = 0x7B68EE, // rgb(123,104,238)
-  medium_spring_green     = 0x00FA9A, // rgb(0,250,154)
-  medium_turquoise        = 0x48D1CC, // rgb(72,209,204)
-  medium_violet_red       = 0xC71585, // rgb(199,21,133)
-  midnight_blue           = 0x191970, // rgb(25,25,112)
-  mint_cream              = 0xF5FFFA, // rgb(245,255,250)
-  misty_rose              = 0xFFE4E1, // rgb(255,228,225)
-  moccasin                = 0xFFE4B5, // rgb(255,228,181)
-  navajo_white            = 0xFFDEAD, // rgb(255,222,173)
-  navy                    = 0x000080, // rgb(0,0,128)
-  old_lace                = 0xFDF5E6, // rgb(253,245,230)
-  olive                   = 0x808000, // rgb(128,128,0)
-  olive_drab              = 0x6B8E23, // rgb(107,142,35)
-  orange                  = 0xFFA500, // rgb(255,165,0)
-  orange_red              = 0xFF4500, // rgb(255,69,0)
-  orchid                  = 0xDA70D6, // rgb(218,112,214)
-  pale_golden_rod         = 0xEEE8AA, // rgb(238,232,170)
-  pale_green              = 0x98FB98, // rgb(152,251,152)
-  pale_turquoise          = 0xAFEEEE, // rgb(175,238,238)
-  pale_violet_red         = 0xDB7093, // rgb(219,112,147)
-  papaya_whip             = 0xFFEFD5, // rgb(255,239,213)
-  peach_puff              = 0xFFDAB9, // rgb(255,218,185)
-  peru                    = 0xCD853F, // rgb(205,133,63)
-  pink                    = 0xFFC0CB, // rgb(255,192,203)
-  plum                    = 0xDDA0DD, // rgb(221,160,221)
-  powder_blue             = 0xB0E0E6, // rgb(176,224,230)
-  purple                  = 0x800080, // rgb(128,0,128)
-  rebecca_purple          = 0x663399, // rgb(102,51,153)
-  red                     = 0xFF0000, // rgb(255,0,0)
-  rosy_brown              = 0xBC8F8F, // rgb(188,143,143)
-  royal_blue              = 0x4169E1, // rgb(65,105,225)
-  saddle_brown            = 0x8B4513, // rgb(139,69,19)
-  salmon                  = 0xFA8072, // rgb(250,128,114)
-  sandy_brown             = 0xF4A460, // rgb(244,164,96)
-  sea_green               = 0x2E8B57, // rgb(46,139,87)
-  sea_shell               = 0xFFF5EE, // rgb(255,245,238)
-  sienna                  = 0xA0522D, // rgb(160,82,45)
-  silver                  = 0xC0C0C0, // rgb(192,192,192)
-  sky_blue                = 0x87CEEB, // rgb(135,206,235)
-  slate_blue              = 0x6A5ACD, // rgb(106,90,205)
-  slate_gray              = 0x708090, // rgb(112,128,144)
-  snow                    = 0xFFFAFA, // rgb(255,250,250)
-  spring_green            = 0x00FF7F, // rgb(0,255,127)
-  steel_blue              = 0x4682B4, // rgb(70,130,180)
-  tan                     = 0xD2B48C, // rgb(210,180,140)
-  teal                    = 0x008080, // rgb(0,128,128)
-  thistle                 = 0xD8BFD8, // rgb(216,191,216)
-  tomato                  = 0xFF6347, // rgb(255,99,71)
-  turquoise               = 0x40E0D0, // rgb(64,224,208)
-  violet                  = 0xEE82EE, // rgb(238,130,238)
-  wheat                   = 0xF5DEB3, // rgb(245,222,179)
-  white                   = 0xFFFFFF, // rgb(255,255,255)
-  white_smoke             = 0xF5F5F5, // rgb(245,245,245)
-  yellow                  = 0xFFFF00, // rgb(255,255,0)
-  yellow_green            = 0x9ACD32  // rgb(154,205,50)
-};  // enum class color
+  alice_blue = 0xF0F8FF,               // rgb(240,248,255)
+  antique_white = 0xFAEBD7,            // rgb(250,235,215)
+  aqua = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  aquamarine = 0x7FFFD4,               // rgb(127,255,212)
+  azure = 0xF0FFFF,                    // rgb(240,255,255)
+  beige = 0xF5F5DC,                    // rgb(245,245,220)
+  bisque = 0xFFE4C4,                   // rgb(255,228,196)
+  black = 0x000000,                    // rgb(0,0,0)
+  blanched_almond = 0xFFEBCD,          // rgb(255,235,205)
+  blue = 0x0000FF,                     // rgb(0,0,255)
+  blue_violet = 0x8A2BE2,              // rgb(138,43,226)
+  brown = 0xA52A2A,                    // rgb(165,42,42)
+  burly_wood = 0xDEB887,               // rgb(222,184,135)
+  cadet_blue = 0x5F9EA0,               // rgb(95,158,160)
+  chartreuse = 0x7FFF00,               // rgb(127,255,0)
+  chocolate = 0xD2691E,                // rgb(210,105,30)
+  coral = 0xFF7F50,                    // rgb(255,127,80)
+  cornflower_blue = 0x6495ED,          // rgb(100,149,237)
+  cornsilk = 0xFFF8DC,                 // rgb(255,248,220)
+  crimson = 0xDC143C,                  // rgb(220,20,60)
+  cyan = 0x00FFFF,                     // rgb(0,255,255)
+  dark_blue = 0x00008B,                // rgb(0,0,139)
+  dark_cyan = 0x008B8B,                // rgb(0,139,139)
+  dark_golden_rod = 0xB8860B,          // rgb(184,134,11)
+  dark_gray = 0xA9A9A9,                // rgb(169,169,169)
+  dark_green = 0x006400,               // rgb(0,100,0)
+  dark_khaki = 0xBDB76B,               // rgb(189,183,107)
+  dark_magenta = 0x8B008B,             // rgb(139,0,139)
+  dark_olive_green = 0x556B2F,         // rgb(85,107,47)
+  dark_orange = 0xFF8C00,              // rgb(255,140,0)
+  dark_orchid = 0x9932CC,              // rgb(153,50,204)
+  dark_red = 0x8B0000,                 // rgb(139,0,0)
+  dark_salmon = 0xE9967A,              // rgb(233,150,122)
+  dark_sea_green = 0x8FBC8F,           // rgb(143,188,143)
+  dark_slate_blue = 0x483D8B,          // rgb(72,61,139)
+  dark_slate_gray = 0x2F4F4F,          // rgb(47,79,79)
+  dark_turquoise = 0x00CED1,           // rgb(0,206,209)
+  dark_violet = 0x9400D3,              // rgb(148,0,211)
+  deep_pink = 0xFF1493,                // rgb(255,20,147)
+  deep_sky_blue = 0x00BFFF,            // rgb(0,191,255)
+  dim_gray = 0x696969,                 // rgb(105,105,105)
+  dodger_blue = 0x1E90FF,              // rgb(30,144,255)
+  fire_brick = 0xB22222,               // rgb(178,34,34)
+  floral_white = 0xFFFAF0,             // rgb(255,250,240)
+  forest_green = 0x228B22,             // rgb(34,139,34)
+  fuchsia = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  gainsboro = 0xDCDCDC,                // rgb(220,220,220)
+  ghost_white = 0xF8F8FF,              // rgb(248,248,255)
+  gold = 0xFFD700,                     // rgb(255,215,0)
+  golden_rod = 0xDAA520,               // rgb(218,165,32)
+  gray = 0x808080,                     // rgb(128,128,128)
+  green = 0x008000,                    // rgb(0,128,0)
+  green_yellow = 0xADFF2F,             // rgb(173,255,47)
+  honey_dew = 0xF0FFF0,                // rgb(240,255,240)
+  hot_pink = 0xFF69B4,                 // rgb(255,105,180)
+  indian_red = 0xCD5C5C,               // rgb(205,92,92)
+  indigo = 0x4B0082,                   // rgb(75,0,130)
+  ivory = 0xFFFFF0,                    // rgb(255,255,240)
+  khaki = 0xF0E68C,                    // rgb(240,230,140)
+  lavender = 0xE6E6FA,                 // rgb(230,230,250)
+  lavender_blush = 0xFFF0F5,           // rgb(255,240,245)
+  lawn_green = 0x7CFC00,               // rgb(124,252,0)
+  lemon_chiffon = 0xFFFACD,            // rgb(255,250,205)
+  light_blue = 0xADD8E6,               // rgb(173,216,230)
+  light_coral = 0xF08080,              // rgb(240,128,128)
+  light_cyan = 0xE0FFFF,               // rgb(224,255,255)
+  light_golden_rod_yellow = 0xFAFAD2,  // rgb(250,250,210)
+  light_gray = 0xD3D3D3,               // rgb(211,211,211)
+  light_green = 0x90EE90,              // rgb(144,238,144)
+  light_pink = 0xFFB6C1,               // rgb(255,182,193)
+  light_salmon = 0xFFA07A,             // rgb(255,160,122)
+  light_sea_green = 0x20B2AA,          // rgb(32,178,170)
+  light_sky_blue = 0x87CEFA,           // rgb(135,206,250)
+  light_slate_gray = 0x778899,         // rgb(119,136,153)
+  light_steel_blue = 0xB0C4DE,         // rgb(176,196,222)
+  light_yellow = 0xFFFFE0,             // rgb(255,255,224)
+  lime = 0x00FF00,                     // rgb(0,255,0)
+  lime_green = 0x32CD32,               // rgb(50,205,50)
+  linen = 0xFAF0E6,                    // rgb(250,240,230)
+  magenta = 0xFF00FF,                  // rgb(255,0,255)
+  maroon = 0x800000,                   // rgb(128,0,0)
+  medium_aquamarine = 0x66CDAA,        // rgb(102,205,170)
+  medium_blue = 0x0000CD,              // rgb(0,0,205)
+  medium_orchid = 0xBA55D3,            // rgb(186,85,211)
+  medium_purple = 0x9370DB,            // rgb(147,112,219)
+  medium_sea_green = 0x3CB371,         // rgb(60,179,113)
+  medium_slate_blue = 0x7B68EE,        // rgb(123,104,238)
+  medium_spring_green = 0x00FA9A,      // rgb(0,250,154)
+  medium_turquoise = 0x48D1CC,         // rgb(72,209,204)
+  medium_violet_red = 0xC71585,        // rgb(199,21,133)
+  midnight_blue = 0x191970,            // rgb(25,25,112)
+  mint_cream = 0xF5FFFA,               // rgb(245,255,250)
+  misty_rose = 0xFFE4E1,               // rgb(255,228,225)
+  moccasin = 0xFFE4B5,                 // rgb(255,228,181)
+  navajo_white = 0xFFDEAD,             // rgb(255,222,173)
+  navy = 0x000080,                     // rgb(0,0,128)
+  old_lace = 0xFDF5E6,                 // rgb(253,245,230)
+  olive = 0x808000,                    // rgb(128,128,0)
+  olive_drab = 0x6B8E23,               // rgb(107,142,35)
+  orange = 0xFFA500,                   // rgb(255,165,0)
+  orange_red = 0xFF4500,               // rgb(255,69,0)
+  orchid = 0xDA70D6,                   // rgb(218,112,214)
+  pale_golden_rod = 0xEEE8AA,          // rgb(238,232,170)
+  pale_green = 0x98FB98,               // rgb(152,251,152)
+  pale_turquoise = 0xAFEEEE,           // rgb(175,238,238)
+  pale_violet_red = 0xDB7093,          // rgb(219,112,147)
+  papaya_whip = 0xFFEFD5,              // rgb(255,239,213)
+  peach_puff = 0xFFDAB9,               // rgb(255,218,185)
+  peru = 0xCD853F,                     // rgb(205,133,63)
+  pink = 0xFFC0CB,                     // rgb(255,192,203)
+  plum = 0xDDA0DD,                     // rgb(221,160,221)
+  powder_blue = 0xB0E0E6,              // rgb(176,224,230)
+  purple = 0x800080,                   // rgb(128,0,128)
+  rebecca_purple = 0x663399,           // rgb(102,51,153)
+  red = 0xFF0000,                      // rgb(255,0,0)
+  rosy_brown = 0xBC8F8F,               // rgb(188,143,143)
+  royal_blue = 0x4169E1,               // rgb(65,105,225)
+  saddle_brown = 0x8B4513,             // rgb(139,69,19)
+  salmon = 0xFA8072,                   // rgb(250,128,114)
+  sandy_brown = 0xF4A460,              // rgb(244,164,96)
+  sea_green = 0x2E8B57,                // rgb(46,139,87)
+  sea_shell = 0xFFF5EE,                // rgb(255,245,238)
+  sienna = 0xA0522D,                   // rgb(160,82,45)
+  silver = 0xC0C0C0,                   // rgb(192,192,192)
+  sky_blue = 0x87CEEB,                 // rgb(135,206,235)
+  slate_blue = 0x6A5ACD,               // rgb(106,90,205)
+  slate_gray = 0x708090,               // rgb(112,128,144)
+  snow = 0xFFFAFA,                     // rgb(255,250,250)
+  spring_green = 0x00FF7F,             // rgb(0,255,127)
+  steel_blue = 0x4682B4,               // rgb(70,130,180)
+  tan = 0xD2B48C,                      // rgb(210,180,140)
+  teal = 0x008080,                     // rgb(0,128,128)
+  thistle = 0xD8BFD8,                  // rgb(216,191,216)
+  tomato = 0xFF6347,                   // rgb(255,99,71)
+  turquoise = 0x40E0D0,                // rgb(64,224,208)
+  violet = 0xEE82EE,                   // rgb(238,130,238)
+  wheat = 0xF5DEB3,                    // rgb(245,222,179)
+  white = 0xFFFFFF,                    // rgb(255,255,255)
+  white_smoke = 0xF5F5F5,              // rgb(245,245,245)
+  yellow = 0xFFFF00,                   // rgb(255,255,0)
+  yellow_green = 0x9ACD32              // rgb(154,205,50)
+};                                     // enum class color
 
 enum class terminal_color : uint8_t {
   black = 30,
@@ -208,27 +173,26 @@
   bright_magenta,
   bright_cyan,
   bright_white
-};  // enum class terminal_color
+};
 
 enum class emphasis : uint8_t {
   bold = 1,
   italic = 1 << 1,
   underline = 1 << 2,
   strikethrough = 1 << 3
-};  // enum class emphasis
+};
 
 // rgb is a struct for red, green and blue colors.
-// We use rgb as name because some editors will show it as color direct in the
-// editor.
+// Using the name "rgb" makes some editors show the color in a tooltip.
 struct rgb {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_)
-    : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb(uint32_t hex)
-    : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b((hex) & 0xFF) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL rgb(color hex)
-    : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF), g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
-      b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb() : r(0), g(0), b(0) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint8_t r_, uint8_t g_, uint8_t b_) : r(r_), g(g_), b(b_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(uint32_t hex)
+      : r((hex >> 16) & 0xFF), g((hex >> 8) & 0xFF), b(hex & 0xFF) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR rgb(color hex)
+      : r((uint32_t(hex) >> 16) & 0xFF),
+        g((uint32_t(hex) >> 8) & 0xFF),
+        b(uint32_t(hex) & 0xFF) {}
   uint8_t r;
   uint8_t g;
   uint8_t b;
@@ -238,19 +202,17 @@
 
 // color is a struct of either a rgb color or a terminal color.
 struct color_type {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type() FMT_NOEXCEPT
-    : is_rgb(), value{} {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(color rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-    : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type() FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(), value{} {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(color rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(true),
+                                                           value{} {
     value.rgb_color = static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color);
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(rgb rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-    : is_rgb(true), value{} {
-    value.rgb_color = (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16)
-       | (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(rgb rgb_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(true), value{} {
+    value.rgb_color = (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.r) << 16) |
+                      (static_cast<uint32_t>(rgb_color.g) << 8) | rgb_color.b;
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(terminal_color term_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-    : is_rgb(), value{} {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR color_type(terminal_color term_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT : is_rgb(),
+                                                                     value{} {
     value.term_color = static_cast<uint8_t>(term_color);
   }
   bool is_rgb;
@@ -259,21 +221,23 @@
     uint32_t rgb_color;
   } value;
 };
-} // namespace internal
+}  // namespace internal
 
 // Experimental text formatting support.
 class text_style {
  public:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(emphasis em = emphasis()) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-      : set_foreground_color(), set_background_color(), ems(em) {}
+      : set_foreground_color(),
+        set_background_color(),
+        ems(em) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style &operator|=(const text_style &rhs) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator|=(const text_style& rhs) {
     if (!set_foreground_color) {
       set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
       foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
     } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
       if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
-        throw format_error("can't OR a terminal color");
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
       foreground_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
     }
 
@@ -282,7 +246,7 @@
       background_color = rhs.background_color;
     } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
       if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
-        throw format_error("can't OR a terminal color");
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't OR a terminal color"));
       background_color.value.rgb_color |= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
     }
 
@@ -291,18 +255,18 @@
     return *this;
   }
 
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR
-  text_style operator|(text_style lhs, const text_style &rhs) {
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style operator|(text_style lhs,
+                                            const text_style& rhs) {
     return lhs |= rhs;
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style &operator&=(const text_style &rhs) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style& operator&=(const text_style& rhs) {
     if (!set_foreground_color) {
       set_foreground_color = rhs.set_foreground_color;
       foreground_color = rhs.foreground_color;
     } else if (rhs.set_foreground_color) {
       if (!foreground_color.is_rgb || !rhs.foreground_color.is_rgb)
-        throw format_error("can't AND a terminal color");
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't AND a terminal color"));
       foreground_color.value.rgb_color &= rhs.foreground_color.value.rgb_color;
     }
 
@@ -311,7 +275,7 @@
       background_color = rhs.background_color;
     } else if (rhs.set_background_color) {
       if (!background_color.is_rgb || !rhs.background_color.is_rgb)
-        throw format_error("can't AND a terminal color");
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("can't AND a terminal color"));
       background_color.value.rgb_color &= rhs.background_color.value.rgb_color;
     }
 
@@ -320,8 +284,8 @@
     return *this;
   }
 
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR
-  text_style operator&(text_style lhs, const text_style &rhs) {
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style operator&(text_style lhs,
+                                            const text_style& rhs) {
     return lhs &= rhs;
   }
 
@@ -347,20 +311,20 @@
     return ems;
   }
 
-private:
- FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(bool is_foreground,
-                          internal::color_type text_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-     : set_foreground_color(),
-       set_background_color(),
-       ems() {
-   if (is_foreground) {
-     foreground_color = text_color;
-     set_foreground_color = true;
-   } else {
-     background_color = text_color;
-     set_background_color = true;
-   }
- }
+ private:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR text_style(bool is_foreground,
+                           internal::color_type text_color) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : set_foreground_color(),
+        set_background_color(),
+        ems() {
+    if (is_foreground) {
+      foreground_color = text_color;
+      set_foreground_color = true;
+    } else {
+      background_color = text_color;
+      set_background_color = true;
+    }
+  }
 
   friend FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL text_style fg(internal::color_type foreground)
       FMT_NOEXCEPT;
@@ -388,19 +352,17 @@
 
 namespace internal {
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct ansi_color_escape {
+template <typename Char> struct ansi_color_escape {
   FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(internal::color_type text_color,
-                                  const char * esc) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+                                  const char* esc) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
     // If we have a terminal color, we need to output another escape code
     // sequence.
     if (!text_color.is_rgb) {
-      bool is_background = esc == internal::data::BACKGROUND_COLOR;
+      bool is_background = esc == internal::data::background_color;
       uint32_t value = text_color.value.term_color;
       // Background ASCII codes are the same as the foreground ones but with
       // 10 more.
-      if (is_background)
-        value += 10u;
+      if (is_background) value += 10u;
 
       std::size_t index = 0;
       buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
@@ -422,7 +384,7 @@
       buffer[i] = static_cast<Char>(esc[i]);
     }
     rgb color(text_color.value.rgb_color);
-    to_esc(color.r, buffer +  7, ';');
+    to_esc(color.r, buffer + 7, ';');
     to_esc(color.g, buffer + 11, ';');
     to_esc(color.b, buffer + 15, 'm');
     buffer[19] = static_cast<Char>(0);
@@ -430,19 +392,15 @@
   FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
     uint8_t em_codes[4] = {};
     uint8_t em_bits = static_cast<uint8_t>(em);
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::bold))
-      em_codes[0] = 1;
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::italic))
-      em_codes[1] = 3;
-    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::underline))
-      em_codes[2] = 4;
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::bold)) em_codes[0] = 1;
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::italic)) em_codes[1] = 3;
+    if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::underline)) em_codes[2] = 4;
     if (em_bits & static_cast<uint8_t>(emphasis::strikethrough))
       em_codes[3] = 9;
 
     std::size_t index = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-      if (!em_codes[i])
-        continue;
+      if (!em_codes[i]) continue;
       buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('\x1b');
       buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('[');
       buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>('0' + em_codes[i]);
@@ -450,12 +408,17 @@
     }
     buffer[index++] = static_cast<Char>(0);
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char *() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator const Char*() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
 
-private:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return buffer; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return buffer + std::strlen(buffer);
+  }
+
+ private:
   Char buffer[7u + 3u * 4u + 1u];
 
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void to_esc(uint8_t c, Char *out,
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR void to_esc(uint8_t c, Char* out,
                                    char delimiter) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
     out[0] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 100);
     out[1] = static_cast<Char>('0' + c / 10 % 10);
@@ -465,67 +428,90 @@
 };
 
 template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char>
-make_foreground_color(internal::color_type foreground) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(foreground, internal::data::FOREGROUND_COLOR);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_foreground_color(
+    internal::color_type foreground) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(foreground, internal::data::foreground_color);
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char>
-make_background_color(internal::color_type background) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(background, internal::data::BACKGROUND_COLOR);
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_background_color(
+    internal::color_type background) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return ansi_color_escape<Char>(background, internal::data::background_color);
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char>
-make_emphasis(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR ansi_color_escape<Char> make_emphasis(emphasis em) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   return ansi_color_escape<Char>(em);
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-inline void fputs(const Char *chars, FILE *stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+inline void fputs(const Char* chars, FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   std::fputs(chars, stream);
 }
 
 template <>
-inline void fputs<wchar_t>(const wchar_t *chars, FILE *stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+inline void fputs<wchar_t>(const wchar_t* chars, FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   std::fputws(chars, stream);
 }
 
+template <typename Char> inline void reset_color(FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  fputs(internal::data::reset_color, stream);
+}
+
+template <> inline void reset_color<wchar_t>(FILE* stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  fputs(internal::data::wreset_color, stream);
+}
+
 template <typename Char>
-inline void reset_color(FILE *stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  fputs(internal::data::RESET_COLOR, stream);
+inline void reset_color(basic_memory_buffer<Char>& buffer) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  const char* begin = data::reset_color;
+  const char* end = begin + sizeof(data::reset_color) - 1;
+  buffer.append(begin, end);
 }
 
-template <>
-inline void reset_color<wchar_t>(FILE *stream) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  fputs(internal::data::WRESET_COLOR, stream);
-}
-
-// The following specialiazation disables using std::FILE as a character type,
-// which is needed because or else
-//   fmt::print(stderr, fmt::emphasis::bold, "");
-// would take stderr (a std::FILE *) as the format string.
-template <>
-struct is_string<std::FILE *> : std::false_type {};
-template <>
-struct is_string<const std::FILE *> : std::false_type {};
-} // namespace internal
-
-template <
-  typename S, typename Char = typename internal::char_t<S>::type>
-void vprint(std::FILE *f, const text_style &ts, const S &format,
-            basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+template <typename Char>
+std::basic_string<Char> vformat(const text_style& ts,
+                                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char> > args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   bool has_style = false;
   if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
     has_style = true;
-    internal::fputs<Char>(
-          internal::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis()), f);
+    ansi_color_escape<Char> escape = make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis());
+    buffer.append(escape.begin(), escape.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_foreground()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    ansi_color_escape<Char> escape =
+        make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground());
+    buffer.append(escape.begin(), escape.end());
+  }
+  if (ts.has_background()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    ansi_color_escape<Char> escape =
+        make_background_color<Char>(ts.get_background());
+    buffer.append(escape.begin(), escape.end());
+  }
+  internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  if (has_style) {
+    reset_color<Char>(buffer);
+  }
+  return fmt::to_string(buffer);
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S> >
+void vprint(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char> > args) {
+  bool has_style = false;
+  if (ts.has_emphasis()) {
+    has_style = true;
+    internal::fputs<Char>(internal::make_emphasis<Char>(ts.get_emphasis()), f);
   }
   if (ts.has_foreground()) {
     has_style = true;
     internal::fputs<Char>(
-          internal::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground()), f);
+        internal::make_foreground_color<Char>(ts.get_foreground()), f);
   }
   if (ts.has_background()) {
     has_style = true;
@@ -545,15 +531,14 @@
     fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
                "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
  */
-template <typename String, typename... Args>
-typename std::enable_if<internal::is_string<String>::value>::type print(
-    std::FILE *f, const text_style &ts, const String &format_str,
-    const Args &... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(std::FILE* f, const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+           const Args&... args) {
   internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef typename internal::char_t<String>::type char_t;
-  typedef typename buffer_context<char_t>::type context_t;
-  format_arg_store<context_t, Args...> as{args...};
-  vprint(f, ts, format_str, basic_format_args<context_t>(as));
+  using context = buffer_context<char_t<S> >;
+  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{args...};
+  vprint(f, ts, format_str, basic_format_args<context>(as));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -563,14 +548,37 @@
     fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
                "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
  */
-template <typename String, typename... Args>
-typename std::enable_if<internal::is_string<String>::value>::type print(
-    const text_style &ts, const String &format_str,
-    const Args &... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+void print(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
   return print(stdout, ts, format_str, args...);
 }
 
-#endif
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S> >
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+    const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char> > args) {
+  return internal::vformat(ts, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string using ANSI
+  escape sequences to specify text formatting.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/color.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold | fg(fmt::color::red),
+                                      "The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S> >
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const text_style& ts, const S& format_str,
+                                      const Args&... args) {
+  return internal::vformat(ts, to_string_view(format_str),
+                           {internal::make_args_checked(format_str, args...)});
+}
 
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
diff --git a/include/fmt/compile.h b/include/fmt/compile.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82625bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/fmt/compile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,466 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental format string compilation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and fmt contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_COMPILE_H_
+#define FMT_COMPILE_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename Char> struct format_part {
+ public:
+  struct named_argument_id {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR named_argument_id(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+        : id(id) {}
+    internal::string_view_metadata id;
+  };
+
+  struct argument_id {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR argument_id() : argument_id(0u) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR argument_id(unsigned id)
+        : which(which_arg_id::index), val(id) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR argument_id(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+        : which(which_arg_id::named_index), val(id) {}
+
+    enum class which_arg_id { index, named_index };
+
+    which_arg_id which;
+
+    union value {
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR value() : index(0u) {}
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned id) : index(id) {}
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR value(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+          : named_index(id) {}
+
+      unsigned index;
+      internal::string_view_metadata named_index;
+    } val;
+  };
+
+  struct specification {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR specification() : arg_id(0u) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR specification(unsigned id) : arg_id(id) {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR specification(internal::string_view_metadata id)
+        : arg_id(id) {}
+
+    argument_id arg_id;
+    internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> parsed_specs;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part()
+      : which(kind::argument_id), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(0u) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(internal::string_view_metadata text)
+      : which(kind::text), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(text) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(unsigned id)
+      : which(kind::argument_id), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(id) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(named_argument_id arg_id)
+      : which(kind::named_argument_id), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(arg_id) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part(specification spec)
+      : which(kind::specification), end_of_argument_id(0u), val(spec) {}
+
+  enum class kind { argument_id, named_argument_id, text, specification };
+
+  kind which;
+  std::size_t end_of_argument_id;
+  union value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value() : arg_id(0u) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned id) : arg_id(id) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(named_argument_id named_id)
+        : named_arg_id(named_id.id) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(internal::string_view_metadata t) : text(t) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(specification s) : spec(s) {}
+    unsigned arg_id;
+    internal::string_view_metadata named_arg_id;
+    internal::string_view_metadata text;
+    specification spec;
+  } val;
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename PartsContainer>
+class format_preparation_handler : public internal::error_handler {
+ private:
+  using part = format_part<Char>;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_preparation_handler(basic_string_view<Char> format,
+                                           PartsContainer& parts)
+      : parts_(parts), format_(format), parse_context_(format) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    if (begin == end) return;
+    const auto offset = begin - format_.data();
+    const auto size = end - begin;
+    parts_.push_back(part(string_view_metadata(offset, size)));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() {
+    parts_.push_back(part(parse_context_.next_arg_id()));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(unsigned id) {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(id);
+    parts_.push_back(part(id));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    const auto view = string_view_metadata(format_, id);
+    const auto arg_id = typename part::named_argument_id(view);
+    parts_.push_back(part(arg_id));
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const Char* ptr) {
+    parts_.back().end_of_argument_id = ptr - format_.begin();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin,
+                                            const Char* end) {
+    const auto specs_offset = to_unsigned(begin - format_.begin());
+
+    using parse_context = basic_parse_context<Char>;
+    internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> parsed_specs;
+    dynamic_specs_handler<parse_context> handler(parsed_specs, parse_context_);
+    begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
+
+    if (*begin != '}') on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+
+    auto& last_part = parts_.back();
+    auto specs = last_part.which == part::kind::argument_id
+                     ? typename part::specification(last_part.val.arg_id)
+                     : typename part::specification(last_part.val.named_arg_id);
+    specs.parsed_specs = parsed_specs;
+    last_part = part(specs);
+    last_part.end_of_argument_id = specs_offset;
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  PartsContainer& parts_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_;
+  basic_parse_context<Char> parse_context_;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PreparedPartsProvider, typename... Args>
+class prepared_format {
+ public:
+  using char_type = char_t<Format>;
+  using format_part_t = format_part<char_type>;
+
+  constexpr prepared_format(Format f)
+      : format_(std::move(f)), parts_provider_(to_string_view(format_)) {}
+
+  prepared_format() = delete;
+
+  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
+
+  template <typename Range, typename Context>
+  auto vformat_to(Range out, basic_format_args<Context> args) const ->
+      typename Context::iterator {
+    const auto format_view = internal::to_string_view(format_);
+    basic_parse_context<char_type> parse_ctx(format_view);
+    Context ctx(out.begin(), args);
+
+    const auto& parts = parts_provider_.parts();
+    for (auto part_it = parts.begin(); part_it != parts.end(); ++part_it) {
+      const auto& part = *part_it;
+      const auto& value = part.val;
+
+      switch (part.which) {
+      case format_part_t::kind::text: {
+        const auto text = value.text.to_view(format_view.data());
+        auto output = ctx.out();
+        auto&& it = internal::reserve(output, text.size());
+        it = std::copy_n(text.begin(), text.size(), it);
+        ctx.advance_to(output);
+      } break;
+
+      case format_part_t::kind::argument_id: {
+        advance_parse_context_to_specification(parse_ctx, part);
+        format_arg<Range>(parse_ctx, ctx, value.arg_id);
+      } break;
+
+      case format_part_t::kind::named_argument_id: {
+        advance_parse_context_to_specification(parse_ctx, part);
+        const auto named_arg_id =
+            value.named_arg_id.to_view(format_view.data());
+        format_arg<Range>(parse_ctx, ctx, named_arg_id);
+      } break;
+      case format_part_t::kind::specification: {
+        const auto& arg_id_value = value.spec.arg_id.val;
+        const auto arg = value.spec.arg_id.which ==
+                                 format_part_t::argument_id::which_arg_id::index
+                             ? ctx.arg(arg_id_value.index)
+                             : ctx.arg(arg_id_value.named_index.to_view(
+                                   to_string_view(format_).data()));
+
+        auto specs = value.spec.parsed_specs;
+
+        handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
+            specs.width, specs.width_ref, ctx, format_view.begin());
+        handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
+            specs.precision, specs.precision_ref, ctx, format_view.begin());
+
+        check_prepared_specs(specs, arg.type());
+        advance_parse_context_to_specification(parse_ctx, part);
+        ctx.advance_to(
+            visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<Range>(ctx, nullptr, &specs), arg));
+      } break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void advance_parse_context_to_specification(
+      basic_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+      const format_part_t& part) const {
+    const auto view = to_string_view(format_);
+    const auto specification_begin = view.data() + part.end_of_argument_id;
+    advance_to(parse_ctx, specification_begin);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Range, typename Context, typename Id>
+  void format_arg(basic_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& ctx,
+                  Id arg_id) const {
+    parse_ctx.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    const auto stopped_at =
+        visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<Range>(ctx), ctx.arg(arg_id));
+    ctx.advance_to(stopped_at);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  void check_prepared_specs(const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs,
+                            internal::type arg_type) const {
+    internal::error_handler h;
+    numeric_specs_checker<internal::error_handler> checker(h, arg_type);
+    if (specs.align == align::numeric) checker.require_numeric_argument();
+    if (specs.sign != sign::none) checker.check_sign();
+    if (specs.alt) checker.require_numeric_argument();
+    if (specs.precision >= 0) checker.check_precision();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Format format_;
+  PreparedPartsProvider parts_provider_;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct part_counter {
+  unsigned num_parts = 0;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    if (begin != end) ++num_parts;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() { ++num_parts; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(unsigned) { ++num_parts; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) { ++num_parts; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin,
+                                            const Char* end) {
+    // Find the matching brace.
+    unsigned braces_counter = 0;
+    for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
+      if (*begin == '{') {
+        ++braces_counter;
+      } else if (*begin == '}') {
+        if (braces_counter == 0u) break;
+        --braces_counter;
+      }
+    }
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char*) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Format> class compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider {
+ private:
+  using char_type = char_t<Format>;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned count_parts() {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const auto text = to_string_view(Format{});
+    part_counter<char_type> counter;
+    internal::parse_format_string</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/true>(text, counter);
+    return counter.num_parts;
+  }
+
+// Workaround for old compilers. Compiletime parts preparation will not be
+// performed with them anyway.
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const unsigned number_of_format_parts =
+      compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider::count_parts();
+#else
+  static const unsigned number_of_format_parts = 0u;
+#endif
+
+ public:
+  template <unsigned N> struct format_parts_array {
+    using value_type = format_part<char_type>;
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR format_parts_array() : arr{} {}
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value_type& operator[](unsigned ind) { return arr[ind]; }
+
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR const value_type* begin() const { return arr; }
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR const value_type* end() const { return begin() + N; }
+
+   private:
+    value_type arr[N];
+  };
+
+  struct empty {
+    // Parts preparator will search for it
+    using value_type = format_part<char_type>;
+  };
+
+  using type = conditional_t<number_of_format_parts != 0,
+                             format_parts_array<number_of_format_parts>, empty>;
+};
+
+template <typename Parts> class compiletime_prepared_parts_collector {
+ private:
+  using format_part = typename Parts::value_type;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit compiletime_prepared_parts_collector(Parts& parts)
+      : parts_{parts}, counter_{0u} {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void push_back(format_part part) { parts_[counter_++] = part; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_part& back() { return parts_[counter_ - 1]; }
+
+ private:
+  Parts& parts_;
+  unsigned counter_;
+};
+
+template <typename PartsContainer, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR PartsContainer prepare_parts(basic_string_view<Char> format) {
+  PartsContainer parts;
+  internal::parse_format_string</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/false>(
+      format, format_preparation_handler<Char, PartsContainer>(format, parts));
+  return parts;
+}
+
+template <typename PartsContainer, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR PartsContainer
+prepare_compiletime_parts(basic_string_view<Char> format) {
+  using collector = compiletime_prepared_parts_collector<PartsContainer>;
+
+  PartsContainer parts;
+  collector c(parts);
+  internal::parse_format_string</*IS_CONSTEXPR=*/true>(
+      format, format_preparation_handler<Char, collector>(format, c));
+  return parts;
+}
+
+template <typename PartsContainer> class runtime_parts_provider {
+ public:
+  runtime_parts_provider() = delete;
+  template <typename Char>
+  runtime_parts_provider(basic_string_view<Char> format)
+      : parts_(prepare_parts<PartsContainer>(format)) {}
+
+  const PartsContainer& parts() const { return parts_; }
+
+ private:
+  PartsContainer parts_;
+};
+
+template <typename Format, typename PartsContainer>
+struct compiletime_parts_provider {
+  compiletime_parts_provider() = delete;
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR compiletime_parts_provider(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  const PartsContainer& parts() const {
+    static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const PartsContainer prepared_parts =
+        prepare_compiletime_parts<PartsContainer>(
+            internal::to_string_view(Format{}));
+
+    return prepared_parts;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto compile(S format_str) -> internal::prepared_format<
+    S,
+    internal::compiletime_parts_provider<
+        S,
+        typename internal::compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider<S>::type>,
+    Args...> {
+  return format_str;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename... Args, typename Char, size_t N>
+auto compile(const Char (&format_str)[N]) -> internal::prepared_format<
+    std::basic_string<Char>,
+    internal::runtime_parts_provider<std::vector<internal::format_part<Char>>>,
+    Args...> {
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(format_str, N - 1);
+}
+
+template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = typename CompiledFormat::char_type>
+std::basic_string<Char> format(const CompiledFormat& cf, const Args&... args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  using range = internal::buffer_range<Char>;
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+  cf.template vformat_to<range, context>(range(buffer),
+                                         {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args>
+OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                   const Args&... args) {
+  using char_type = typename CompiledFormat::char_type;
+  using range = internal::output_range<OutputIt, char_type>;
+  using context = format_context_t<OutputIt, char_type>;
+  return cf.template vformat_to<range, context>(
+      range(out), {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+format_to_n_result<OutputIt> format_to_n(OutputIt out, size_t n,
+                                         const CompiledFormat& cf,
+                                         const Args&... args) {
+  auto it =
+      format_to(internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>(out, n), cf, args...);
+  return {it.base(), it.count()};
+}
+
+template <typename CompiledFormat, typename... Args>
+std::size_t formatted_size(const CompiledFormat& cf, const Args&... args) {
+  return fmt::format_to(
+             internal::counting_iterator<typename CompiledFormat::char_type>(),
+             cf, args...)
+      .count();
+}
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_COMPILE_H_
diff --git a/include/fmt/core.h b/include/fmt/core.h
index 50b7935..bcce2f5 100644
--- a/include/fmt/core.h
+++ b/include/fmt/core.h
@@ -16,192 +16,211 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 
 // The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
-#define FMT_VERSION 50300
+#define FMT_VERSION 60000
 
 #ifdef __has_feature
-# define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
 #else
-# define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__has_include) && !defined(__INTELLISENSE__) && \
     !(defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 1600)
-# define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
 #else
-# define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
-# define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
 #else
-# define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
-# define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
 #else
-# define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
 #if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
-# define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 FMT_GCC_VERSION
+#  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 FMT_GCC_VERSION
 #else
-# define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 0
+#  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 0
 #endif
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# define FMT_MSC_VER _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_VER _MSC_VER
 #else
-# define FMT_MSC_VER 0
+#  define FMT_MSC_VER 0
 #endif
 
 // Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
 // GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
 #ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
-# define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR \
-  (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1910 || \
-   (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && __cplusplus >= 201402L))
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR                                           \
+    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1910 || \
+     (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && __cplusplus >= 201402L))
 #endif
 #if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
-# define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
-# define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL constexpr
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL constexpr
 #else
-# define FMT_CONSTEXPR inline
-# define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR11
-# define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR11 \
-    (FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406 || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900)
-#endif
-#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR11
-# define FMT_CONSTEXPR11 constexpr
-#else
-# define FMT_CONSTEXPR11
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR inline
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_OVERRIDE
-# if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_override) || \
-     (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
-#  define FMT_OVERRIDE override
-# else
-#  define FMT_OVERRIDE
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_explicit_conversions) || \
-    FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 405 || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1800
-# define FMT_USE_EXPLICIT 1
-# define FMT_EXPLICIT explicit
-#else
-# define FMT_USE_EXPLICIT 0
-# define FMT_EXPLICIT
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_NULL
-# if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_nullptr) || \
-   (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1600
-#  define FMT_NULL nullptr
-#  define FMT_USE_NULLPTR 1
-# else
-#  define FMT_NULL NULL
-# endif
-#endif
-#ifndef FMT_USE_NULLPTR
-# define FMT_USE_NULLPTR 0
+#  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_override) || \
+      (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#    define FMT_OVERRIDE override
+#  else
+#    define FMT_OVERRIDE
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 // Check if exceptions are disabled.
 #ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
-# if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
-     FMT_MSC_VER && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
-#  define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
-# else
-#  define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
-# endif
+#  if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
+      FMT_MSC_VER && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#  else
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 // Define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT to make fmt use noexcept (C++11 feature).
 #ifndef FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT
-# define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT 0
+#  define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT 0
 #endif
 
 #if FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_noexcept) || \
     (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
-# define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT noexcept
-# define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
+#  define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#  define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
 #else
-# define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT throw()
-# define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
+#  define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT throw()
+#  define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_NOEXCEPT
-# if FMT_EXCEPTIONS || FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
-#  define FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT
-# else
-#  define FMT_NOEXCEPT
-# endif
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS || FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
+#    define FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT
+#  else
+#    define FMT_NOEXCEPT
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// [[noreturn]] is disabled on MSVC because of bogus unreachable code warnings.
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
+#  if (FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) && __cplusplus >= 201402L) || \
+      FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
+#  else
+#    if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
+#    elif FMT_MSC_VER
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
+#    endif
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-# if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_inline_namespaces) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 || \
-     FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
-#  define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE inline namespace
-#  define FMT_END_NAMESPACE }}
-# else
-#  define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE namespace
-#  define FMT_END_NAMESPACE } using namespace v5; }
-# endif
-# define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE namespace fmt { FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE v5 {
+#  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_inline_namespaces) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 || \
+      FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE inline namespace
+#    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+      }                       \
+      }
+#  else
+#    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE namespace
+#    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+      }                       \
+      using namespace v6;     \
+      }
+#  endif
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
+    namespace fmt {           \
+    FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE v6 {
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
-# ifdef FMT_EXPORT
-#  define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
-# elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
-#  define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
-# endif
+#  ifdef FMT_EXPORT
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
+#  endif
 #endif
 #ifndef FMT_API
-# define FMT_API
+#  define FMT_API
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API
+#  define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  define FMT_EXTERN extern
+#else
+#  define FMT_EXTERN
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_ASSERT
-# define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) assert((condition) && message)
+#  define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) assert((condition) && message)
 #endif
 
 // libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
-#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) && \
-      (__cplusplus > 201402L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))) || \
+#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) &&                       \
+     (__cplusplus > 201402L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))) || \
     (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
-# include <string_view>
-# define FMT_STRING_VIEW std::basic_string_view
-#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<experimental/string_view>) && __cplusplus >= 201402L
-# include <experimental/string_view>
-# define FMT_STRING_VIEW std::experimental::basic_string_view
-#endif
-
-// std::result_of is defined in <functional> in gcc 4.4.
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION <= 404
-# include <functional>
+#  include <string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
+#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("experimental/string_view") && __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#  include <experimental/string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW
 #endif
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Implementations of enable_if_t and other types for pre-C++14 systems.
+template <bool B, class T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, class T, class F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_const_t = typename std::remove_const<T>::type;
+
+struct monostate {};
+
+// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
+// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
+// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
+#define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
+
 namespace internal {
 
-// An implementation of declval for pre-C++11 compilers such as gcc 4.
-template <typename T>
-typename std::add_rvalue_reference<T>::type declval() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
+template <typename... Ts> struct void_t_impl { using type = void; };
 
-template <typename>
-struct result_of;
-
-template <typename F, typename... Args>
-struct result_of<F(Args...)> {
-  // A workaround for gcc 4.4 that doesn't allow F to be a reference.
-  typedef typename std::result_of<
-    typename std::remove_reference<F>::type(Args...)>::type type;
-};
+#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#elif defined(FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char>
+using std_string_view = std::experimental::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#else
+template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
+#endif
 
 // Casts nonnegative integer to unsigned.
 template <typename Int>
@@ -209,135 +228,10 @@
   FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "negative value");
   return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
 }
-
-/** A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. */
-template <typename T>
-class basic_buffer {
- private:
-  basic_buffer(const basic_buffer &) = delete;
-  void operator=(const basic_buffer &) = delete;
-
-  T *ptr_;
-  std::size_t size_;
-  std::size_t capacity_;
-
- protected:
-  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
-  basic_buffer(std::size_t sz) FMT_NOEXCEPT: size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
-
-  basic_buffer(T *p = FMT_NULL, std::size_t sz = 0, std::size_t cap = 0)
-    FMT_NOEXCEPT: ptr_(p), size_(sz), capacity_(cap) {}
-
-  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
-  void set(T *buf_data, std::size_t buf_capacity) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    ptr_ = buf_data;
-    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
-  }
-
-  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
-  virtual void grow(std::size_t capacity) = 0;
-
- public:
-  typedef T value_type;
-  typedef const T &const_reference;
-
-  virtual ~basic_buffer() {}
-
-  T *begin() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
-  T *end() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_ + size_; }
-
-  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
-  std::size_t size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return size_; }
-
-  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
-  std::size_t capacity() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return capacity_; }
-
-  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
-  T *data() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
-
-  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
-  const T *data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
-
-  /**
-    Resizes the buffer. If T is a POD type new elements may not be initialized.
-   */
-  void resize(std::size_t new_size) {
-    reserve(new_size);
-    size_ = new_size;
-  }
-
-  /** Clears this buffer. */
-  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
-
-  /** Reserves space to store at least *capacity* elements. */
-  void reserve(std::size_t new_capacity) {
-    if (new_capacity > capacity_)
-      grow(new_capacity);
-  }
-
-  void push_back(const T &value) {
-    reserve(size_ + 1);
-    ptr_[size_++] = value;
-  }
-
-  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
-  template <typename U>
-  void append(const U *begin, const U *end);
-
-  T &operator[](std::size_t index) { return ptr_[index]; }
-  const T &operator[](std::size_t index) const { return ptr_[index]; }
-};
-
-typedef basic_buffer<char> buffer;
-typedef basic_buffer<wchar_t> wbuffer;
-
-// A container-backed buffer.
-template <typename Container>
-class container_buffer : public basic_buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
- private:
-  Container &container_;
-
- protected:
-  void grow(std::size_t capacity) FMT_OVERRIDE {
-    container_.resize(capacity);
-    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
-  }
-
- public:
-  explicit container_buffer(Container &c)
-    : basic_buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
-};
-
-// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
-template <typename Container>
-inline Container &get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it) {
-  typedef std::back_insert_iterator<Container> bi_iterator;
-  struct accessor: bi_iterator {
-    accessor(bi_iterator iter) : bi_iterator(iter) {}
-    using bi_iterator::container;
-  };
-  return *accessor(it).container;
-}
-
-struct error_handler {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler() {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler(const error_handler &) {}
-
-  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
-  FMT_API void on_error(const char *message);
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct no_formatter_error : std::false_type {};
 }  // namespace internal
 
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 405
-template <typename... T>
-struct is_constructible: std::false_type {};
-#else
-template <typename... T>
-struct is_constructible : std::is_constructible<T...> {};
-#endif
+template <typename... Ts>
+using void_t = typename internal::void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
 
 /**
   An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
@@ -346,21 +240,21 @@
   compiled with a different ``-std`` option than the client code (which is not
   recommended).
  */
-template <typename Char>
-class basic_string_view {
+template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
  private:
-  const Char *data_;
+  const Char* data_;
   size_t size_;
 
  public:
-  typedef Char char_type;
-  typedef const Char *iterator;
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view() FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(FMT_NULL), size_(0) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view() FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
 
   /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(const Char *s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-    : data_(s), size_(count) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : data_(s),
+        size_(count) {}
 
   /**
     \rst
@@ -368,22 +262,23 @@
     the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
     \endrst
    */
-  basic_string_view(const Char *s)
-    : data_(s), size_(std::char_traits<Char>::length(s)) {}
+  basic_string_view(const Char* s)
+      : data_(s), size_(std::char_traits<Char>::length(s)) {}
 
   /** Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object. */
   template <typename Alloc>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(
-      const std::basic_string<Char, Alloc> &s) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-  : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char, Alloc>& s)
+      FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(s.data()),
+                     size_(s.size()) {}
 
-#ifdef FMT_STRING_VIEW
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(FMT_STRING_VIEW<Char> s) FMT_NOEXCEPT
-  : data_(s.data()), size_(s.size()) {}
-#endif
+  template <
+      typename S,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<S, internal::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(s.data()),
+                                                      size_(s.size()) {}
 
   /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *data() const { return data_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* data() const { return data_; }
 
   /** Returns the string size. */
   FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t size() const { return size_; }
@@ -425,47 +320,60 @@
   }
 };
 
-typedef basic_string_view<char> string_view;
-typedef basic_string_view<wchar_t> wstring_view;
+using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
+using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
+
+#ifndef __cpp_char8_t
+// A UTF-8 code unit type.
+enum char8_t : unsigned char {};
+#endif
+
+/** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
+template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char8_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
 
 /**
   \rst
-  The function ``to_string_view`` adapts non-intrusively any kind of string or
-  string-like type if the user provides a (possibly templated) overload of
-  ``to_string_view`` which takes an instance of the string class
-  ``StringType<Char>`` and returns a ``fmt::basic_string_view<Char>``.
-  The conversion function must live in the very same namespace as
-  ``StringType<Char>`` to be picked up by ADL. Non-templated string types
-  like f.e. QString must return a ``basic_string_view`` with a fixed matching
-  char type.
+  Returns a string view of `s`. In order to add custom string type support to
+  {fmt} provide an overload of `to_string_view` for it in the same namespace as
+  the type for the argument-dependent lookup to work.
 
   **Example**::
 
     namespace my_ns {
-    inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string &s) {
+    inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string& s) {
       return {s.data(), s.length()};
     }
     }
-
     std::string message = fmt::format(my_string("The answer is {}"), 42);
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename Char>
-inline basic_string_view<Char>
-  to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s) { return s; }
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<Char>::value)>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(const Char* s) {
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Allocator>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(
+    const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Allocator>& s) {
+  return {s.data(), s.size()};
+}
 
 template <typename Char>
-inline basic_string_view<Char>
-  to_string_view(const std::basic_string<Char> &s) { return s; }
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+  return s;
+}
 
-template <typename Char>
-inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(const Char *s) { return s; }
-
-#ifdef FMT_STRING_VIEW
-template <typename Char>
-inline basic_string_view<Char>
-  to_string_view(FMT_STRING_VIEW<Char> s) { return s; }
-#endif
+template <typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<internal::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(
+    internal::std_string_view<Char> s) {
+  return s;
+}
 
 // A base class for compile-time strings. It is defined in the fmt namespace to
 // make formatting functions visible via ADL, e.g. format(fmt("{}"), 42).
@@ -474,403 +382,39 @@
 template <typename S>
 struct is_compile_string : std::is_base_of<compile_string, S> {};
 
-template <
-  typename S,
-  typename Enable = typename std::enable_if<is_compile_string<S>::value>::type>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<typename S::char_type>
-  to_string_view(const S &s) { return s; }
-
-template <typename Context>
-class basic_format_arg;
-
-template <typename Context>
-class basic_format_args;
-
-// A formatter for objects of type T.
-template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
-struct formatter {
-  static_assert(internal::no_formatter_error<T>::value,
-    "don't know how to format the type, include fmt/ostream.h if it provides "
-    "an operator<< that should be used");
-
-  // The following functions are not defined intentionally.
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  typename ParseContext::iterator parse(ParseContext &);
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const T &val, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out());
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
-struct convert_to_int: std::integral_constant<
-  bool, !std::is_arithmetic<T>::value && std::is_convertible<T, int>::value> {};
+template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> to_string_view(const S& s) {
+  return s;
+}
 
 namespace internal {
-
-struct dummy_string_view { typedef void char_type; };
-dummy_string_view to_string_view(...);
-using fmt::v5::to_string_view;
+void to_string_view(...);
+using fmt::v6::to_string_view;
 
 // Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
+// It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
+// enable_if and MSVC 2015 fails to compile it as an alias template.
 template <typename S>
-struct is_string : std::integral_constant<bool, !std::is_same<
-    dummy_string_view, decltype(to_string_view(declval<S>()))>::value> {};
-
-template <typename S>
-struct char_t {
-  typedef decltype(to_string_view(declval<S>())) result;
-  typedef typename result::char_type type;
+struct is_string : std::is_class<decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))> {
 };
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct named_arg_base;
-
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct named_arg;
-
-enum type {
-  none_type, named_arg_type,
-  // Integer types should go first,
-  int_type, uint_type, long_long_type, ulong_long_type, bool_type, char_type,
-  last_integer_type = char_type,
-  // followed by floating-point types.
-  double_type, long_double_type, last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
-  cstring_type, string_type, pointer_type, custom_type
+template <typename S, typename = void> struct char_t_impl {};
+template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
+  using result = decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()));
+  using type = typename result::char_type;
 };
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_integral(type t) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(t != internal::named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
-  return t > internal::none_type && t <= internal::last_integer_type;
-}
+struct error_handler {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler(const error_handler&) {}
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_arithmetic(type t) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(t != internal::named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
-  return t > internal::none_type && t <= internal::last_numeric_type;
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct string_value {
-  const Char *value;
-  std::size_t size;
+  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+  FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void on_error(const char* message);
 };
-
-template <typename Context>
-struct custom_value {
-  const void *value;
-  void (*format)(const void *arg, Context &ctx);
-};
-
-// A formatting argument value.
-template <typename Context>
-class value {
- public:
-  typedef typename Context::char_type char_type;
-
-  union {
-    int int_value;
-    unsigned uint_value;
-    long long long_long_value;
-    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
-    double double_value;
-    long double long_double_value;
-    const void *pointer;
-    string_value<char_type> string;
-    string_value<signed char> sstring;
-    string_value<unsigned char> ustring;
-    custom_value<Context> custom;
-  };
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int val = 0) : int_value(val) {}
-  value(unsigned val) { uint_value = val; }
-  value(long long val) { long_long_value = val; }
-  value(unsigned long long val) { ulong_long_value = val; }
-  value(double val) { double_value = val; }
-  value(long double val) { long_double_value = val; }
-  value(const char_type *val) { string.value = val; }
-  value(const signed char *val) {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char, char_type>::value,
-                  "incompatible string types");
-    sstring.value = val;
-  }
-  value(const unsigned char *val) {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char, char_type>::value,
-                  "incompatible string types");
-    ustring.value = val;
-  }
-  value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
-    string.value = val.data();
-    string.size = val.size();
-  }
-  value(const void *val) { pointer = val; }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  explicit value(const T &val) {
-    custom.value = &val;
-    custom.format = &format_custom_arg<T>;
-  }
-
-  const named_arg_base<char_type> &as_named_arg() {
-    return *static_cast<const named_arg_base<char_type>*>(pointer);
-  }
-
- private:
-  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
-  template <typename T>
-  static void format_custom_arg(const void *arg, Context &ctx) {
-    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
-    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
-    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
-    typename Context::template formatter_type<T>::type f;
-    auto &&parse_ctx = ctx.parse_context();
-    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
-    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<const T*>(arg), ctx));
-  }
-};
-
-// Value initializer used to delay conversion to value and reduce memory churn.
-template <typename Context, typename T, type TYPE>
-struct init {
-  T val;
-  static const type type_tag = TYPE;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR init(const T &v) : val(v) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR operator value<Context>() const { return value<Context>(val); }
-};
-
-template <typename Context, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T &value);
-
-#define FMT_MAKE_VALUE(TAG, ArgType, ValueType) \
-  template <typename C> \
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR init<C, ValueType, TAG> make_value(ArgType val) { \
-    return static_cast<ValueType>(val); \
-  }
-
-#define FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(TAG, Type) \
-  template <typename C> \
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR init<C, Type, TAG> make_value(Type val) { return val; }
-
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(bool_type, bool, int)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(int_type, short, int)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(uint_type, unsigned short, unsigned)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(int_type, int)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(uint_type, unsigned)
-
-// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
-// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
-typedef std::conditional<sizeof(long) == sizeof(int), int, long long>::type
-        long_type;
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(
-    (sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) ? int_type : long_long_type), long, long_type)
-typedef std::conditional<sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned),
-                         unsigned, unsigned long long>::type ulong_type;
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(
-    (sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned) ? uint_type : ulong_long_type),
-    unsigned long, ulong_type)
-
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(long_long_type, long long)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(ulong_long_type, unsigned long long)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(int_type, signed char, int)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(uint_type, unsigned char, unsigned)
-
-// This doesn't use FMT_MAKE_VALUE because of ambiguity in gcc 4.4.
-template <typename C, typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-  std::is_same<typename C::char_type, Char>::value,
-  init<C, int, char_type>>::type make_value(Char val) { return val; }
-
-template <typename C>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-  !std::is_same<typename C::char_type, char>::value,
-  init<C, int, char_type>>::type make_value(char val) { return val; }
-
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(double_type, float, double)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(double_type, double)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(long_double_type, long double)
-
-// Formatting of wide strings into a narrow buffer and multibyte strings
-// into a wide buffer is disallowed (https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/pull/606).
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(cstring_type, typename C::char_type*,
-               const typename C::char_type*)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(cstring_type, const typename C::char_type*,
-               const typename C::char_type*)
-
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(cstring_type, signed char*, const signed char*)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(cstring_type, const signed char*)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(cstring_type, unsigned char*, const unsigned char*)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(cstring_type, const unsigned char*)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(string_type, basic_string_view<typename C::char_type>)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(string_type,
-               typename basic_string_view<typename C::char_type>::type,
-               basic_string_view<typename C::char_type>)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(string_type, const std::basic_string<typename C::char_type>&,
-               basic_string_view<typename C::char_type>)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(pointer_type, void*, const void*)
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE_SAME(pointer_type, const void*)
-
-#if FMT_USE_NULLPTR
-FMT_MAKE_VALUE(pointer_type, std::nullptr_t, const void*)
-#endif
-
-// Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to output a
-// pointer cast it to "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this forbids
-// formatting of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool by
-// iostreams.
-template <typename C, typename T>
-typename std::enable_if<!std::is_same<T, typename C::char_type>::value>::type
-    make_value(const T *) {
-  static_assert(!sizeof(T), "formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed");
-}
-
-template <typename C, typename T>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-    std::is_enum<T>::value && convert_to_int<T, typename C::char_type>::value,
-    init<C, int, int_type>>::type
-  make_value(const T &val) { return static_cast<int>(val); }
-
-template <typename C, typename T, typename Char = typename C::char_type>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-    is_constructible<basic_string_view<Char>, T>::value &&
-    !internal::is_string<T>::value,
-    init<C, basic_string_view<Char>, string_type>>::type
-  make_value(const T &val) { return basic_string_view<Char>(val); }
-
-template <typename C, typename T, typename Char = typename C::char_type>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-    !convert_to_int<T, Char>::value && !std::is_same<T, Char>::value &&
-    !std::is_convertible<T, basic_string_view<Char>>::value &&
-    !is_constructible<basic_string_view<Char>, T>::value &&
-    !internal::is_string<T>::value,
-    // Implicit conversion to std::string is not handled here because it's
-    // unsafe: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/729
-    init<C, const T &, custom_type>>::type
-  make_value(const T &val) { return val; }
-
-template <typename C, typename T>
-init<C, const void*, named_arg_type>
-    make_value(const named_arg<T, typename C::char_type> &val) {
-  basic_format_arg<C> arg = make_arg<C>(val.value);
-  std::memcpy(val.data, &arg, sizeof(arg));
-  return static_cast<const void*>(&val);
-}
-
-template <typename C, typename S>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR11 typename std::enable_if<
-  internal::is_string<S>::value,
-  init<C, basic_string_view<typename C::char_type>, string_type>>::type
-    make_value(const S &val) {
-  // Handle adapted strings.
-  static_assert(std::is_same<
-    typename C::char_type, typename internal::char_t<S>::type>::value,
-    "mismatch between char-types of context and argument");
-  return to_string_view(val);
-}
-
-// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
-enum { max_packed_args = 15 };
-enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ull << 63 };
-
-template <typename Context>
-class arg_map;
 }  // namespace internal
 
-// A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
-// allow storage in basic_memory_buffer.
-template <typename Context>
-class basic_format_arg {
- private:
-  internal::value<Context> value_;
-  internal::type type_;
-
-  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<ContextType>
-    internal::make_arg(const T &value);
-
-  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR typename internal::result_of<Visitor(int)>::type
-    visit_format_arg(Visitor &&vis, const basic_format_arg<Ctx> &arg);
-
-  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
-  friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
-
-  typedef typename Context::char_type char_type;
-
- public:
-  class handle {
-   public:
-    explicit handle(internal::custom_value<Context> custom): custom_(custom) {}
-
-    void format(Context &ctx) const { custom_.format(custom_.value, ctx); }
-
-   private:
-    internal::custom_value<Context> custom_;
-  };
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg() : type_(internal::none_type) {}
-
-  FMT_EXPLICIT operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return type_ != internal::none_type;
-  }
-
-  internal::type type() const { return type_; }
-
-  bool is_integral() const { return internal::is_integral(type_); }
-  bool is_arithmetic() const { return internal::is_arithmetic(type_); }
-};
-
-struct monostate {};
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
-  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
-  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename internal::result_of<Visitor(int)>::type
-    visit_format_arg(Visitor &&vis, const basic_format_arg<Context> &arg) {
-  typedef typename Context::char_type char_type;
-  switch (arg.type_) {
-  case internal::none_type:
-    break;
-  case internal::named_arg_type:
-    FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
-    break;
-  case internal::int_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
-  case internal::uint_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
-  case internal::long_long_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
-  case internal::ulong_long_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
-  case internal::bool_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.int_value != 0);
-  case internal::char_type:
-    return vis(static_cast<char_type>(arg.value_.int_value));
-  case internal::double_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
-  case internal::long_double_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
-  case internal::cstring_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.string.value);
-  case internal::string_type:
-    return vis(basic_string_view<char_type>(
-                 arg.value_.string.value, arg.value_.string.size));
-  case internal::pointer_type:
-    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
-  case internal::custom_type:
-    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
-  }
-  return vis(monostate());
-}
-
-// DEPRECATED!
-template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename internal::result_of<Visitor(int)>::type
-    visit(Visitor &&vis, const basic_format_arg<Context> &arg) {
-  return visit_format_arg(std::forward<Visitor>(vis), arg);
-}
+/** String's character type. */
+template <typename S> using char_t = typename internal::char_t_impl<S>::type;
 
 // Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
 // argument counter for automatic indexing.
@@ -881,12 +425,12 @@
   int next_arg_id_;
 
  public:
-  typedef Char char_type;
-  typedef typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator iterator;
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
 
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_parse_context(
-      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler())
-    : ErrorHandler(eh), format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(0) {}
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_parse_context(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                             ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler())
+      : ErrorHandler(eh), format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(0) {}
 
   // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
   // parsed.
@@ -903,9 +447,13 @@
   }
 
   // Returns the next argument index.
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned next_arg_id();
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int next_arg_id() {
+    if (next_arg_id_ >= 0) return next_arg_id_++;
+    on_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+    return 0;
+  }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool check_arg_id(unsigned) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool check_arg_id(int) {
     if (next_arg_id_ > 0) {
       on_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
       return false;
@@ -913,56 +461,521 @@
     next_arg_id_ = -1;
     return true;
   }
-  void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
     ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
   }
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR ErrorHandler error_handler() const { return *this; }
 };
 
-typedef basic_parse_context<char> format_parse_context;
-typedef basic_parse_context<wchar_t> wformat_parse_context;
+using format_parse_context = basic_parse_context<char>;
+using wformat_parse_context = basic_parse_context<wchar_t>;
 
-// DEPRECATED!
-typedef basic_parse_context<char> parse_context;
-typedef basic_parse_context<wchar_t> wparse_context;
+using parse_context FMT_DEPRECATED = basic_parse_context<char>;
+using wparse_context FMT_DEPRECATED = basic_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+
+// A formatter for objects of type T.
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatter {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
+  formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct FMT_DEPRECATED convert_to_int
+    : bool_constant<!std::is_arithmetic<T>::value &&
+                    std::is_convertible<T, int>::value> {};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
+// formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
+
+/** A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. */
+template <typename T> class buffer {
+ private:
+  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
+
+  T* ptr_;
+  std::size_t size_;
+  std::size_t capacity_;
+
+ protected:
+  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
+  buffer(std::size_t sz) FMT_NOEXCEPT : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
+
+  buffer(T* p = nullptr, std::size_t sz = 0, std::size_t cap = 0) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : ptr_(p),
+        size_(sz),
+        capacity_(cap) {}
+
+  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
+  void set(T* buf_data, std::size_t buf_capacity) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    ptr_ = buf_data;
+    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
+  }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
+  virtual void grow(std::size_t capacity) = 0;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  virtual ~buffer() {}
+
+  T* begin() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+  T* end() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
+  std::size_t size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
+  std::size_t capacity() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return capacity_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
+  T* data() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
+  const T* data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+
+  /**
+    Resizes the buffer. If T is a POD type new elements may not be initialized.
+   */
+  void resize(std::size_t new_size) {
+    reserve(new_size);
+    size_ = new_size;
+  }
+
+  /** Clears this buffer. */
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  /** Reserves space to store at least *capacity* elements. */
+  void reserve(std::size_t new_capacity) {
+    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
+  }
+
+  void push_back(const T& value) {
+    reserve(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
+  template <typename U> void append(const U* begin, const U* end);
+
+  T& operator[](std::size_t index) { return ptr_[index]; }
+  const T& operator[](std::size_t index) const { return ptr_[index]; }
+};
+
+// A container-backed buffer.
+template <typename Container>
+class container_buffer : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
+ private:
+  Container& container_;
+
+ protected:
+  void grow(std::size_t capacity) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+    container_.resize(capacity);
+    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit container_buffer(Container& c)
+      : buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
+};
+
+// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
+template <typename Container>
+inline Container& get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it) {
+  using bi_iterator = std::back_insert_iterator<Container>;
+  struct accessor : bi_iterator {
+    accessor(bi_iterator iter) : bi_iterator(iter) {}
+    using bi_iterator::container;
+  };
+  return *accessor(it).container;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct fallback_formatter {
+  fallback_formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled fallback_formatter specialization.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_fallback_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<fallback_formatter<T, typename Context::char_type>>;
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_base;
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct named_arg;
+
+enum type {
+  none_type,
+  named_arg_type,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  bool_type,
+  char_type,
+  last_integer_type = char_type,
+  // followed by floating-point types.
+  double_type,
+  long_double_type,
+  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
+  cstring_type,
+  string_type,
+  pointer_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, custom_type> {};
+
+#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
+  template <typename Char>                \
+  struct type_constant<Type, Char> : std::integral_constant<type, constant> {}
+
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const named_arg_base<Char>&, named_arg_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_integral(type t) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(t != named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
+  return t > none_type && t <= last_integer_type;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_arithmetic(type t) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(t != named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
+  return t > none_type && t <= last_numeric_type;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct string_value {
+  const Char* data;
+  std::size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
+  using parse_context = basic_parse_context<typename Context::char_type>;
+  const void* value;
+  void (*format)(const void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
+};
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+template <typename Context> class value {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  union {
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    long long long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
+    bool bool_value;
+    char_type char_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void* pointer;
+    string_value<char_type> string;
+    custom_value<Context> custom;
+    const named_arg_base<char_type>* named_arg;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int val = 0) : int_value(val) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
+  value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
+  value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
+  value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
+  value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
+  value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
+  value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
+  value(const char_type* val) { string.data = val; }
+  value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
+    string.data = val.data();
+    string.size = val.size();
+  }
+  value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+
+  template <typename T> value(const T& val) {
+    custom.value = &val;
+    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
+    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
+    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
+    custom.format = format_custom_arg<
+        T, conditional_t<has_formatter<T, Context>::value,
+                         typename Context::template formatter_type<T>,
+                         fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>>;
+  }
+
+  value(const named_arg_base<char_type>& val) { named_arg = &val; }
+
+ private:
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T, typename Formatter>
+  static void format_custom_arg(const void* arg,
+                                basic_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) {
+    Formatter f;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<const T*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value);
+
+// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
+// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) };
+using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
+using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
+
+// Maps formatting arguments to core types.
+template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(signed char val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned map(unsigned char val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(short val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned map(unsigned short val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(int val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned map(unsigned val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR long_type map(long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ulong_type map(unsigned long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR long long map(long long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long map(unsigned long long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool map(bool val) { return val; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR char_type map(T val) {
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_same<T, char>::value || std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
+        "mixing character types is disallowed");
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR double map(float val) { return static_cast<double>(val); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR double map(double val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR long double map(long double val) { return val; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char_type* map(char_type* val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char_type* map(const char_type* val) { return val; }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<char_type> map(const T& val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value,
+                  "mixing character types is disallowed");
+    return to_string_view(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_constructible<basic_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
+                !is_string<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<char_type> map(const T& val) {
+    return basic_string_view<char_type>(val);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* map(const signed char* val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
+    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* map(const unsigned char* val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
+    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(void* val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(const void* val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(std::nullptr_t val) { return val; }
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(const T*) {
+    // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to output
+    // a pointer cast it to "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this
+    // forbids formatting of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool
+    // by iostreams.
+    static_assert(!sizeof(T), "formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<T>::value &&
+                          !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                          !has_fallback_formatter<T, Context>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(const T& val) {
+    return static_cast<int>(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_string<T>::value && !is_char<T>::value &&
+                          (has_formatter<T, Context>::value ||
+                           has_fallback_formatter<T, Context>::value))>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const T& map(const T& val) {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const named_arg_base<char_type>& map(
+      const named_arg<T, char_type>& val) {
+    auto arg = make_arg<Context>(val.value);
+    std::memcpy(val.data, &arg, sizeof(arg));
+    return val;
+  }
+};
+
+// A type constant after applying arg_mapper<Context>.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using mapped_type_constant =
+    type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<T>())),
+                  typename Context::char_type>;
+
+// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+enum { max_packed_args = 15 };
+enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ull << 63 };
+
+template <typename Context> class arg_map;
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
+// allow storage in basic_memory_buffer.
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
+ private:
+  internal::value<Context> value_;
+  internal::type type_;
+
+  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<ContextType> internal::make_arg(
+      const T& value);
+
+  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                             const basic_format_arg<Ctx>& arg)
+      -> decltype(vis(0));
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+  friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
+
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+ public:
+  class handle {
+   public:
+    explicit handle(internal::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+
+    void format(basic_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& ctx) const {
+      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    internal::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg() : type_(internal::none_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return type_ != internal::none_type;
+  }
+
+  internal::type type() const { return type_; }
+
+  bool is_integral() const { return internal::is_integral(type_); }
+  bool is_arithmetic() const { return internal::is_arithmetic(type_); }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
+  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                    const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg)
+    -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+  switch (arg.type_) {
+  case internal::none_type:
+    break;
+  case internal::named_arg_type:
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+    break;
+  case internal::int_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
+  case internal::uint_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
+  case internal::long_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
+  case internal::ulong_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
+  case internal::bool_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
+  case internal::char_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
+  case internal::double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
+  case internal::long_double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
+  case internal::cstring_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
+  case internal::string_type:
+    return vis(basic_string_view<char_type>(arg.value_.string.data,
+                                            arg.value_.string.size));
+  case internal::pointer_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
+  case internal::custom_type:
+    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
+  }
+  return vis(monostate());
+}
 
 namespace internal {
 // A map from argument names to their values for named arguments.
-template <typename Context>
-class arg_map {
+template <typename Context> class arg_map {
  private:
-  arg_map(const arg_map &) = delete;
-  void operator=(const arg_map &) = delete;
+  arg_map(const arg_map&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const arg_map&) = delete;
 
-  typedef typename Context::char_type char_type;
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
 
   struct entry {
     basic_string_view<char_type> name;
     basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
   };
 
-  entry *map_;
+  entry* map_;
   unsigned size_;
 
   void push_back(value<Context> val) {
-    const internal::named_arg_base<char_type> &named = val.as_named_arg();
-    map_[size_] = entry{named.name, named.template deserialize<Context>()};
+    const auto& named = *val.named_arg;
+    map_[size_] = {named.name, named.template deserialize<Context>()};
     ++size_;
   }
 
  public:
-  arg_map() : map_(FMT_NULL), size_(0) {}
-  void init(const basic_format_args<Context> &args);
-  ~arg_map() { delete [] map_; }
+  arg_map() : map_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+  void init(const basic_format_args<Context>& args);
+  ~arg_map() { delete[] map_; }
 
   basic_format_arg<Context> find(basic_string_view<char_type> name) const {
     // The list is unsorted, so just return the first matching name.
     for (entry *it = map_, *end = map_ + size_; it != end; ++it) {
-      if (it->name == name)
-        return it->arg;
+      if (it->name == name) return it->arg;
     }
     return {};
   }
@@ -971,163 +984,97 @@
 // A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid heavy <locale> include.
 class locale_ref {
  private:
-  const void *locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
-  friend class locale;
+  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
 
  public:
-  locale_ref() : locale_(FMT_NULL) {}
+  locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
+  template <typename Locale> explicit locale_ref(const Locale& loc);
 
-  template <typename Locale>
-  explicit locale_ref(const Locale &loc);
-
-  template <typename Locale>
-  Locale get() const;
+  template <typename Locale> Locale get() const;
 };
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Context, typename Char>
-class context_base {
- public:
-  typedef OutputIt iterator;
-
- private:
-  basic_parse_context<Char> parse_context_;
-  iterator out_;
-  basic_format_args<Context> args_;
-  locale_ref loc_;
-
- protected:
-  typedef Char char_type;
-  typedef basic_format_arg<Context> format_arg;
-
-  context_base(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
-               basic_format_args<Context> ctx_args,
-               locale_ref loc = locale_ref())
-  : parse_context_(format_str), out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
-
-  // Returns the argument with specified index.
-  format_arg do_get_arg(unsigned arg_id) {
-    format_arg arg = args_.get(arg_id);
-    if (!arg)
-      parse_context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
-    return arg;
-  }
-
-  // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with
-  // specified index.
-  format_arg get_arg(unsigned arg_id) {
-    return this->parse_context().check_arg_id(arg_id) ?
-      this->do_get_arg(arg_id) : format_arg();
-  }
-
- public:
-  basic_parse_context<char_type> &parse_context() { return parse_context_; }
-  basic_format_args<Context> args() const { return args_; } // DEPRECATED!
-  basic_format_arg<Context> arg(unsigned id) const { return args_.get(id); }
-
-  internal::error_handler error_handler() {
-    return parse_context_.error_handler();
-  }
-
-  void on_error(const char *message) { parse_context_.on_error(message); }
-
-  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
-  iterator out() { return out_; }
-  iterator begin() { return out_; }  // deprecated
-
-  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
-  void advance_to(iterator it) { out_ = it; }
-
-  locale_ref locale() { return loc_; }
-};
-
-template <typename Context, typename T>
-struct get_type {
-  typedef decltype(make_value<Context>(
-        declval<typename std::decay<T>::type&>())) value_type;
-  static const type value = value_type::type_tag;
-};
-
-template <typename Context>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR11 unsigned long long get_types() { return 0; }
+template <typename> constexpr unsigned long long encode_types() { return 0; }
 
 template <typename Context, typename Arg, typename... Args>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR11 unsigned long long get_types() {
-  return get_type<Context, Arg>::value | (get_types<Context, Args...>() << 4);
+constexpr unsigned long long encode_types() {
+  return mapped_type_constant<Arg, Context>::value |
+         (encode_types<Context, Args...>() << 4);
 }
 
 template <typename Context, typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T &value) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
   basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
-  arg.type_ = get_type<Context, T>::value;
-  arg.value_ = make_value<Context>(value);
+  arg.type_ = mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+  arg.value_ = arg_mapper<Context>().map(value);
   return arg;
 }
 
-template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T>
-inline typename std::enable_if<IS_PACKED, value<Context>>::type
-    make_arg(const T &value) {
-  return make_value<Context>(value);
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(IS_PACKED)>
+inline value<Context> make_arg(const T& val) {
+  return arg_mapper<Context>().map(val);
 }
 
-template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T>
-inline typename std::enable_if<!IS_PACKED, basic_format_arg<Context>>::type
-    make_arg(const T &value) {
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!IS_PACKED)>
+inline basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
   return make_arg<Context>(value);
 }
 }  // namespace internal
 
 // Formatting context.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
-class basic_format_context :
-  public internal::context_base<
-    OutputIt, basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>, Char> {
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
  public:
   /** The character type for the output. */
-  typedef Char char_type;
-
-  // using formatter_type = formatter<T, char_type>;
-  template <typename T>
-  struct formatter_type { typedef formatter<T, char_type> type; };
+  using char_type = Char;
 
  private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
   internal::arg_map<basic_format_context> map_;
+  internal::locale_ref loc_;
 
-  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context &) = delete;
-  void operator=(const basic_format_context &) = delete;
-
-  typedef internal::context_base<OutputIt, basic_format_context, Char> base;
-  typedef typename base::format_arg format_arg;
-  using base::get_arg;
+  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
 
  public:
-  using typename base::iterator;
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, char_type>;
 
   /**
    Constructs a ``basic_format_context`` object. References to the arguments are
    stored in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
    */
-  basic_format_context(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
+  basic_format_context(OutputIt out,
                        basic_format_args<basic_format_context> ctx_args,
                        internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref())
-    : base(out, format_str, ctx_args, loc) {}
+      : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
 
-  format_arg next_arg() {
-    return this->do_get_arg(this->parse_context().next_arg_id());
-  }
-  format_arg get_arg(unsigned arg_id) { return this->do_get_arg(arg_id); }
+  format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
 
   // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with the
   // specified name.
-  format_arg get_arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name);
+  format_arg arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name);
+
+  internal::error_handler error_handler() { return {}; }
+  void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
+
+  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
+  iterator out() { return out_; }
+
+  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
+  void advance_to(iterator it) { out_ = it; }
+
+  internal::locale_ref locale() { return loc_; }
 };
 
 template <typename Char>
-struct buffer_context {
-  typedef basic_format_context<
-    std::back_insert_iterator<internal::basic_buffer<Char>>, Char> type;
-};
-typedef buffer_context<char>::type format_context;
-typedef buffer_context<wchar_t>::type wformat_context;
+using buffer_context =
+    basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<Char>>,
+                         Char>;
+using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
+using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
 
 /**
   \rst
@@ -1136,74 +1083,48 @@
   such as `~fmt::vformat`.
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename Context, typename ...Args>
-class format_arg_store {
+template <typename Context, typename... Args> class format_arg_store {
  private:
-  static const size_t NUM_ARGS = sizeof...(Args);
+  static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+  static const bool is_packed = num_args < internal::max_packed_args;
 
-  // Packed is a macro on MinGW so use IS_PACKED instead.
-  static const bool IS_PACKED = NUM_ARGS < internal::max_packed_args;
-
-  typedef typename std::conditional<IS_PACKED,
-    internal::value<Context>, basic_format_arg<Context>>::type value_type;
+  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, internal::value<Context>,
+                                   basic_format_arg<Context>>;
 
   // If the arguments are not packed, add one more element to mark the end.
-  static const size_t DATA_SIZE =
-          NUM_ARGS + (IS_PACKED && NUM_ARGS != 0 ? 0 : 1);
-  value_type data_[DATA_SIZE];
+  value_type data_[num_args + (num_args == 0 ? 1 : 0)];
 
   friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
 
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR11 unsigned long long get_types() {
-    return IS_PACKED ?
-      internal::get_types<Context, Args...>() :
-      internal::is_unpacked_bit | NUM_ARGS;
-  }
-
  public:
-#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR11
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR11 unsigned long long TYPES = get_types();
-#else
-  static const unsigned long long TYPES;
-#endif
+  static constexpr unsigned long long types =
+      is_packed ? internal::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
+                : internal::is_unpacked_bit | num_args;
+  FMT_DEPRECATED static constexpr unsigned long long TYPES = types;
 
-#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION <= 405) || \
-    (FMT_MSC_VER && FMT_MSC_VER <= 1800)
-  // Workaround array initialization issues in gcc <= 4.5 and MSVC <= 2013.
-  format_arg_store(const Args &... args) {
-    value_type init[DATA_SIZE] =
-      {internal::make_arg<IS_PACKED, Context>(args)...};
-    std::memcpy(data_, init, sizeof(init));
-  }
-#else
-  format_arg_store(const Args &... args)
-    : data_{internal::make_arg<IS_PACKED, Context>(args)...} {}
-#endif
+  format_arg_store(const Args&... args)
+      : data_{internal::make_arg<is_packed, Context>(args)...} {}
 };
 
-#if !FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR11
-template <typename Context, typename ...Args>
-const unsigned long long format_arg_store<Context, Args...>::TYPES =
-    get_types();
-#endif
-
 /**
   \rst
   Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
   arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`. `Context`
   can be omitted in which case it defaults to `~fmt::context`.
+  See `~fmt::arg` for lifetime considerations.
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename Context = format_context, typename ...Args>
-inline format_arg_store<Context, Args...>
-  make_format_args(const Args &... args) { return {args...}; }
+template <typename Context = format_context, typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<Context, Args...> make_format_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
 
 /** Formatting arguments. */
-template <typename Context>
-class basic_format_args {
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
  public:
-  typedef unsigned size_type;
-  typedef basic_format_arg<Context>  format_arg;
+  using size_type = int;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
 
  private:
   // To reduce compiled code size per formatting function call, types of first
@@ -1215,37 +1136,33 @@
     // This is done to reduce compiled code size as storing larger objects
     // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
     // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
-    const internal::value<Context> *values_;
-    const format_arg *args_;
+    const internal::value<Context>* values_;
+    const format_arg* args_;
   };
 
   bool is_packed() const { return (types_ & internal::is_unpacked_bit) == 0; }
 
-  typename internal::type type(unsigned index) const {
-    unsigned shift = index * 4;
-    return static_cast<typename internal::type>(
-      (types_ & (0xfull << shift)) >> shift);
+  internal::type type(int index) const {
+    int shift = index * 4;
+    return static_cast<internal::type>((types_ & (0xfull << shift)) >> shift);
   }
 
   friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
 
-  void set_data(const internal::value<Context> *values) { values_ = values; }
-  void set_data(const format_arg *args) { args_ = args; }
+  void set_data(const internal::value<Context>* values) { values_ = values; }
+  void set_data(const format_arg* args) { args_ = args; }
 
-  format_arg do_get(size_type index) const {
+  format_arg do_get(int index) const {
     format_arg arg;
     if (!is_packed()) {
       auto num_args = max_size();
-      if (index < num_args)
-        arg = args_[index];
+      if (index < num_args) arg = args_[index];
       return arg;
     }
-    if (index > internal::max_packed_args)
-      return arg;
+    if (index > internal::max_packed_args) return arg;
     arg.type_ = type(index);
-    if (arg.type_ == internal::none_type)
-      return arg;
-    internal::value<Context> &val = arg.value_;
+    if (arg.type_ == internal::none_type) return arg;
+    internal::value<Context>& val = arg.value_;
     val = values_[index];
     return arg;
   }
@@ -1259,8 +1176,8 @@
    \endrst
    */
   template <typename... Args>
-  basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...> &store)
-  : types_(static_cast<unsigned long long>(store.TYPES)) {
+  basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
+      : types_(static_cast<unsigned long long>(store.types)) {
     set_data(store.data_);
   }
 
@@ -1269,131 +1186,133 @@
    Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic set of arguments.
    \endrst
    */
-  basic_format_args(const format_arg *args, size_type count)
-    : types_(internal::is_unpacked_bit | count) {
+  basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
+      : types_(internal::is_unpacked_bit | internal::to_unsigned(count)) {
     set_data(args);
   }
 
   /** Returns the argument at specified index. */
-  format_arg get(size_type index) const {
+  format_arg get(int index) const {
     format_arg arg = do_get(index);
     if (arg.type_ == internal::named_arg_type)
-      arg = arg.value_.as_named_arg().template deserialize<Context>();
+      arg = arg.value_.named_arg->template deserialize<Context>();
     return arg;
   }
 
-  size_type max_size() const {
+  int max_size() const {
     unsigned long long max_packed = internal::max_packed_args;
-    return static_cast<size_type>(
-      is_packed() ? max_packed : types_ & ~internal::is_unpacked_bit);
+    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
+                                        : types_ & ~internal::is_unpacked_bit);
   }
 };
 
 /** An alias to ``basic_format_args<context>``. */
-// It is a separate type rather than a typedef to make symbols readable.
+// It is a separate type rather than an alias to make symbols readable.
 struct format_args : basic_format_args<format_context> {
-  template <typename ...Args>
-  format_args(Args &&... arg)
-  : basic_format_args<format_context>(std::forward<Args>(arg)...) {}
+  template <typename... Args>
+  format_args(Args&&... args)
+      : basic_format_args<format_context>(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
 };
 struct wformat_args : basic_format_args<wformat_context> {
-  template <typename ...Args>
-  wformat_args(Args &&... arg)
-  : basic_format_args<wformat_context>(std::forward<Args>(arg)...) {}
+  template <typename... Args>
+  wformat_args(Args&&... args)
+      : basic_format_args<wformat_context>(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
 };
 
-#define FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(B, T) typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type
+template <typename Container> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
 
-#ifndef FMT_USE_ALIAS_TEMPLATES
-# define FMT_USE_ALIAS_TEMPLATES FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_alias_templates)
-#endif
-#if FMT_USE_ALIAS_TEMPLATES
-/** String's character type. */
-template <typename S>
-using char_t = FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(
-  internal::is_string<S>::value, typename internal::char_t<S>::type);
-#define FMT_CHAR(S) fmt::char_t<S>
-#else
-template <typename S>
-struct char_t : std::enable_if<
-    internal::is_string<S>::value, typename internal::char_t<S>::type> {};
-#define FMT_CHAR(S) typename char_t<S>::type
-#endif
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<internal::buffer<Char>> : std::true_type {};
 
 namespace internal {
-template <typename Char>
-struct named_arg_base {
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : is_contiguous<Container> {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_base {
   basic_string_view<Char> name;
 
   // Serialized value<context>.
-  mutable char data[
-    sizeof(basic_format_arg<typename buffer_context<Char>::type>)];
+  mutable char data[sizeof(basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>)];
 
   named_arg_base(basic_string_view<Char> nm) : name(nm) {}
 
-  template <typename Context>
-  basic_format_arg<Context> deserialize() const {
+  template <typename Context> basic_format_arg<Context> deserialize() const {
     basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
     std::memcpy(&arg, data, sizeof(basic_format_arg<Context>));
     return arg;
   }
 };
 
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct named_arg : named_arg_base<Char> {
-  const T &value;
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct named_arg : named_arg_base<Char> {
+  const T& value;
 
-  named_arg(basic_string_view<Char> name, const T &val)
-    : named_arg_base<Char>(name), value(val) {}
+  named_arg(basic_string_view<Char> name, const T& val)
+      : named_arg_base<Char>(name), value(val) {}
 };
 
-template <typename... Args, typename S>
-inline typename std::enable_if<!is_compile_string<S>::value>::type
-  check_format_string(const S &) {}
-template <typename... Args, typename S>
-typename std::enable_if<is_compile_string<S>::value>::type
-  check_format_string(S);
-
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-struct checked_args : format_arg_store<
-  typename buffer_context<FMT_CHAR(S)>::type, Args...> {
-  typedef typename buffer_context<FMT_CHAR(S)>::type context;
-
-  checked_args(const S &format_str, const Args &... args):
-    format_arg_store<context, Args...>(args...) {
-    internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  }
-
-  basic_format_args<context> operator*() const { return *this; }
-};
-
-template <typename Char>
-std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-  basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-  basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args);
-
-template <typename Char>
-typename buffer_context<Char>::type::iterator vformat_to(
-  internal::basic_buffer<Char> &buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-  basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args);
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+inline void check_format_string(const S&) {
+#if defined(FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING)
+  static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
+                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to "
+                "utilize FMT_STRING() or fmt().");
+#endif
 }
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+void check_format_string(S);
+
+struct view {};
+template <bool...> struct bool_pack;
+template <bool... Args>
+using all_true =
+    std::is_same<bool_pack<Args..., true>, bool_pack<true, Args...>>;
+
+template <typename... Args, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline format_arg_store<buffer_context<Char>, remove_reference_t<Args>...>
+make_args_checked(const S& format_str,
+                  const remove_reference_t<Args>&... args) {
+  static_assert(all_true<(!std::is_base_of<view, remove_reference_t<Args>>() ||
+                          !std::is_reference<Args>())...>::value,
+                "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+  check_format_string<remove_const_t<remove_reference_t<Args>>...>(format_str);
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+std::basic_string<Char> vformat(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args);
+
+template <typename Char>
+typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator vformat_to(
+    buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args);
+}  // namespace internal
 
 /**
   \rst
   Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function.
 
+  The named argument holds a reference and does not extend the lifetime
+  of its arguments.
+  Consequently, a dangling reference can accidentally be created.
+  The user should take care to only pass this function temporaries when
+  the named argument is itself a temporary, as per the following example.
+
   **Example**::
 
     fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename T>
-inline internal::named_arg<T, char> arg(string_view name, const T &arg) {
-  return {name, arg};
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline internal::named_arg<T, wchar_t> arg(wstring_view name, const T &arg) {
+template <typename S, typename T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline internal::named_arg<T, Char> arg(const S& name, const T& arg) {
+  static_assert(internal::is_string<S>::value, "");
   return {name, arg};
 }
 
@@ -1401,42 +1320,34 @@
 template <typename S, typename T, typename Char>
 void arg(S, internal::named_arg<T, Char>) = delete;
 
-template <typename Container>
-struct is_contiguous: std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char> >: std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct is_contiguous<internal::basic_buffer<Char> >: std::true_type {};
-
 /** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
-template <typename Container, typename S>
-typename std::enable_if<
-    is_contiguous<Container>::value, std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>::type
-  vformat_to(
-    std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out,
-    const S &format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<FMT_CHAR(S)>::type> args) {
-  internal::container_buffer<Container> buf(internal::get_container(out));
+// GCC 8 and earlier cannot handle std::back_insert_iterator<Container> with
+// vformat_to<ArgFormatter>(...) overload, so SFINAE on iterator type instead.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+OutputIt vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+                    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
+  using container = remove_reference_t<decltype(internal::get_container(out))>;
+  internal::container_buffer<container> buf((internal::get_container(out)));
   internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
   return out;
 }
 
-template <typename Container, typename S, typename... Args>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-  is_contiguous<Container>::value && internal::is_string<S>::value,
-  std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>::type
-    format_to(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, const S &format_str,
-              const Args &... args) {
-  internal::checked_args<S, Args...> ca(format_str, args...);
-  return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(format_str), *ca);
+template <typename Container, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              is_contiguous<Container>::value&& internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline std::back_insert_iterator<Container> format_to(
+    std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, const S& format_str,
+    Args&&... args) {
+  return vformat_to(
+      out, to_string_view(format_str),
+      {internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...)});
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
 inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-    const S &format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+    const S& format_str, basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
   return internal::vformat(to_string_view(format_str), args);
 }
 
@@ -1450,16 +1361,17 @@
     std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}", 42);
   \endrst
 */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline std::basic_string<FMT_CHAR(S)> format(
-    const S &format_str, const Args &... args) {
+// Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
+// std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   return internal::vformat(
-    to_string_view(format_str),
-    *internal::checked_args<S, Args...>(format_str, args...));
+      to_string_view(format_str),
+      {internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...)});
 }
 
-FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE *f, string_view format_str, format_args args);
-FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE *f, wstring_view format_str, wformat_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view format_str, format_args args);
+FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE* f, wstring_view format_str, wformat_args args);
 
 /**
   \rst
@@ -1472,11 +1384,11 @@
     fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(internal::is_string<S>::value, void)
-    print(std::FILE *f, const S &format_str, const Args &... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   vprint(f, to_string_view(format_str),
-         internal::checked_args<S, Args...>(format_str, args...));
+         internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
 }
 
 FMT_API void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args);
@@ -1491,11 +1403,11 @@
     fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(internal::is_string<S>::value, void)
-    print(const S &format_str, const Args &... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline void print(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   vprint(to_string_view(format_str),
-         internal::checked_args<S, Args...>(format_str, args...));
+         internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
 }
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
diff --git a/include/fmt/format-inl.h b/include/fmt/format-inl.h
index 552c943..147062f 100644
--- a/include/fmt/format-inl.h
+++ b/include/fmt/format-inl.h
@@ -19,73 +19,67 @@
 #include <cstdarg>
 #include <cstddef>  // for std::ptrdiff_t
 #include <cstring>  // for std::memmove
+#include <cwchar>
 #if !defined(FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR)
-# include <locale>
+#  include <locale>
 #endif
 
 #if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
-# if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
-#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-# endif
-# if defined(NOMINMAX) || defined(FMT_WIN_MINMAX)
-#  include <windows.h>
-# else
-#  define NOMINMAX
-#  include <windows.h>
-#  undef NOMINMAX
-# endif
+#  if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+#    define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#  endif
+#  if defined(NOMINMAX) || defined(FMT_WIN_MINMAX)
+#    include <windows.h>
+#  else
+#    define NOMINMAX
+#    include <windows.h>
+#    undef NOMINMAX
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 #if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
-# define FMT_TRY try
-# define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#  define FMT_TRY try
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
 #else
-# define FMT_TRY if (true)
-# define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# pragma warning(push)
-# pragma warning(disable: 4127)  // conditional expression is constant
-# pragma warning(disable: 4702)  // unreachable code
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4127)  // conditional expression is constant
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4702)  // unreachable code
 // Disable deprecation warning for strerror. The latter is not called but
 // MSVC fails to detect it.
-# pragma warning(disable: 4996)
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4996)
 #endif
 
 // Dummy implementations of strerror_r and strerror_s called if corresponding
 // system functions are not available.
-inline fmt::internal::null<> strerror_r(int, char *, ...) {
+inline fmt::internal::null<> strerror_r(int, char*, ...) {
   return fmt::internal::null<>();
 }
-inline fmt::internal::null<> strerror_s(char *, std::size_t, ...) {
+inline fmt::internal::null<> strerror_s(char*, std::size_t, ...) {
   return fmt::internal::null<>();
 }
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-
-namespace {
+namespace internal {
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
-# define FMT_SNPRINTF snprintf
+#  define FMT_SNPRINTF snprintf
 #else  // _MSC_VER
-inline int fmt_snprintf(char *buffer, size_t size, const char *format, ...) {
+inline int fmt_snprintf(char* buffer, size_t size, const char* format, ...) {
   va_list args;
   va_start(args, format);
   int result = vsnprintf_s(buffer, size, _TRUNCATE, format, args);
   va_end(args);
   return result;
 }
-# define FMT_SNPRINTF fmt_snprintf
+#  define FMT_SNPRINTF fmt_snprintf
 #endif  // _MSC_VER
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__NO_ISOCEXT)
-# define FMT_SWPRINTF snwprintf
-#else
-# define FMT_SWPRINTF swprintf
-#endif // defined(_WIN32) && defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__NO_ISOCEXT)
-
-typedef void (*FormatFunc)(internal::buffer &, int, string_view);
+using format_func = void (*)(internal::buffer<char>&, int, string_view);
 
 // Portable thread-safe version of strerror.
 // Sets buffer to point to a string describing the error code.
@@ -96,18 +90,18 @@
 //   ERANGE - buffer is not large enough to store the error message
 //   other  - failure
 // Buffer should be at least of size 1.
-int safe_strerror(
-    int error_code, char *&buffer, std::size_t buffer_size) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  FMT_ASSERT(buffer != FMT_NULL && buffer_size != 0, "invalid buffer");
+FMT_FUNC int safe_strerror(int error_code, char*& buffer,
+                           std::size_t buffer_size) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_ASSERT(buffer != nullptr && buffer_size != 0, "invalid buffer");
 
   class dispatcher {
    private:
     int error_code_;
-    char *&buffer_;
+    char*& buffer_;
     std::size_t buffer_size_;
 
     // A noop assignment operator to avoid bogus warnings.
-    void operator=(const dispatcher &) {}
+    void operator=(const dispatcher&) {}
 
     // Handle the result of XSI-compliant version of strerror_r.
     int handle(int result) {
@@ -116,7 +110,7 @@
     }
 
     // Handle the result of GNU-specific version of strerror_r.
-    int handle(char *message) {
+    int handle(char* message) {
       // If the buffer is full then the message is probably truncated.
       if (message == buffer_ && strlen(buffer_) == buffer_size_ - 1)
         return ERANGE;
@@ -132,8 +126,8 @@
     // Fallback to strerror_s when strerror_r is not available.
     int fallback(int result) {
       // If the buffer is full then the message is probably truncated.
-      return result == 0 && strlen(buffer_) == buffer_size_ - 1 ?
-            ERANGE : result;
+      return result == 0 && strlen(buffer_) == buffer_size_ - 1 ? ERANGE
+                                                                : result;
     }
 
 #if !FMT_MSC_VER
@@ -146,18 +140,16 @@
 #endif
 
    public:
-    dispatcher(int err_code, char *&buf, std::size_t buf_size)
-      : error_code_(err_code), buffer_(buf), buffer_size_(buf_size) {}
+    dispatcher(int err_code, char*& buf, std::size_t buf_size)
+        : error_code_(err_code), buffer_(buf), buffer_size_(buf_size) {}
 
-    int run() {
-      return handle(strerror_r(error_code_, buffer_, buffer_size_));
-    }
+    int run() { return handle(strerror_r(error_code_, buffer_, buffer_size_)); }
   };
   return dispatcher(error_code, buffer, buffer_size).run();
 }
 
-void format_error_code(internal::buffer &out, int error_code,
-                       string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_FUNC void format_error_code(internal::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   // Report error code making sure that the output fits into
   // inline_buffer_size to avoid dynamic memory allocation and potential
   // bad_alloc.
@@ -166,14 +158,13 @@
   static const char ERROR_STR[] = "error ";
   // Subtract 2 to account for terminating null characters in SEP and ERROR_STR.
   std::size_t error_code_size = sizeof(SEP) + sizeof(ERROR_STR) - 2;
-  typedef internal::int_traits<int>::main_type main_type;
-  main_type abs_value = static_cast<main_type>(error_code);
+  auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_t<int>>(error_code);
   if (internal::is_negative(error_code)) {
     abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
     ++error_code_size;
   }
   error_code_size += internal::to_unsigned(internal::count_digits(abs_value));
-  writer w(out);
+  internal::writer w(out);
   if (message.size() <= inline_buffer_size - error_code_size) {
     w.write(message);
     w.write(SEP);
@@ -183,206 +174,214 @@
   assert(out.size() <= inline_buffer_size);
 }
 
-void report_error(FormatFunc func, int error_code,
-                  string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+// A wrapper around fwrite that throws on error.
+FMT_FUNC void fwrite_fully(const void* ptr, size_t size, size_t count,
+                           FILE* stream) {
+  size_t written = std::fwrite(ptr, size, count, stream);
+  if (written < count) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  }
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                           string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   memory_buffer full_message;
   func(full_message, error_code, message);
-  // Use Writer::data instead of Writer::c_str to avoid potential memory
-  // allocation.
-  std::fwrite(full_message.data(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr);
+  // Don't use fwrite_fully because the latter may throw.
+  (void)std::fwrite(full_message.data(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr);
   std::fputc('\n', stderr);
 }
-}  // namespace
-
-FMT_FUNC size_t internal::count_code_points(basic_string_view<char8_t> s) {
-  const char8_t *data = s.data();
-  size_t num_code_points = 0;
-  for (size_t i = 0, size = s.size(); i != size; ++i) {
-    if ((data[i] & 0xc0) != 0x80)
-      ++num_code_points;
-  }
-  return num_code_points;
-}
+}  // namespace internal
 
 #if !defined(FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR)
 namespace internal {
 
 template <typename Locale>
-locale_ref::locale_ref(const Locale &loc) : locale_(&loc) {
+locale_ref::locale_ref(const Locale& loc) : locale_(&loc) {
   static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
 }
 
-template <typename Locale>
-Locale locale_ref::get() const {
+template <typename Locale> Locale locale_ref::get() const {
   static_assert(std::is_same<Locale, std::locale>::value, "");
   return locale_ ? *static_cast<const std::locale*>(locale_) : std::locale();
 }
 
-template <typename Char>
-FMT_FUNC Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) {
-  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char> >(
-    loc.get<std::locale>()).thousands_sep();
+template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>())
+      .thousands_sep();
 }
+template <typename Char> FMT_FUNC Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc) {
+  return std::use_facet<std::numpunct<Char>>(loc.get<std::locale>())
+      .decimal_point();
 }
+}  // namespace internal
 #else
 template <typename Char>
 FMT_FUNC Char internal::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref) {
   return FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR;
 }
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_FUNC Char internal::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref) {
+  return '.';
+}
 #endif
 
-FMT_FUNC void system_error::init(
-    int err_code, string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+FMT_API FMT_FUNC format_error::~format_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT {}
+FMT_API FMT_FUNC system_error::~system_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT {}
+
+FMT_FUNC void system_error::init(int err_code, string_view format_str,
+                                 format_args args) {
   error_code_ = err_code;
   memory_buffer buffer;
   format_system_error(buffer, err_code, vformat(format_str, args));
-  std::runtime_error &base = *this;
+  std::runtime_error& base = *this;
   base = std::runtime_error(to_string(buffer));
 }
 
 namespace internal {
-template <typename T>
-int char_traits<char>::format_float(
-    char *buf, std::size_t size, const char *format, int precision, T value) {
-  return precision < 0 ?
-      FMT_SNPRINTF(buf, size, format, value) :
-      FMT_SNPRINTF(buf, size, format, precision, value);
+
+template <> FMT_FUNC int count_digits<4>(internal::fallback_uintptr n) {
+  // Assume little endian; pointer formatting is implementation-defined anyway.
+  int i = static_cast<int>(sizeof(void*)) - 1;
+  while (i > 0 && n.value[i] == 0) --i;
+  auto char_digits = std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits / 4;
+  return i >= 0 ? i * char_digits + count_digits<4, unsigned>(n.value[i]) : 1;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-int char_traits<wchar_t>::format_float(
-    wchar_t *buf, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format, int precision,
-    T value) {
-  return precision < 0 ?
-      FMT_SWPRINTF(buf, size, format, value) :
-      FMT_SWPRINTF(buf, size, format, precision, value);
+int format_float(char* buf, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
+                 T value) {
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+  if (precision > 100000)
+    throw std::runtime_error(
+        "fuzz mode - avoid large allocation inside snprintf");
+#endif
+  // Suppress the warning about nonliteral format string.
+  auto snprintf_ptr = FMT_SNPRINTF;
+  return precision < 0 ? snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, value)
+                       : snprintf_ptr(buf, size, format, precision, value);
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-const char basic_data<T>::DIGITS[] =
+const char basic_data<T>::digits[] =
     "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
     "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
     "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
     "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
     "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
 
-#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor) \
-  factor * 10, \
-  factor * 100, \
-  factor * 1000, \
-  factor * 10000, \
-  factor * 100000, \
-  factor * 1000000, \
-  factor * 10000000, \
-  factor * 100000000, \
-  factor * 1000000000
+template <typename T>
+const char basic_data<T>::hex_digits[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor)                                             \
+  factor * 10, factor * 100, factor * 1000, factor * 10000, factor * 100000, \
+      factor * 1000000, factor * 10000000, factor * 100000000,               \
+      factor * 1000000000
 
 template <typename T>
-const uint32_t basic_data<T>::POWERS_OF_10_32[] = {
-  1, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1)
-};
+const uint64_t basic_data<T>::powers_of_10_64[] = {
+    1, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ull),
+    10000000000000000000ull};
 
 template <typename T>
-const uint32_t basic_data<T>::ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_32[] = {
-  0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1)
-};
+const uint32_t basic_data<T>::zero_or_powers_of_10_32[] = {0,
+                                                           FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1)};
 
 template <typename T>
-const uint64_t basic_data<T>::ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_64[] = {
-  0,
-  FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1),
-  FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ull),
-  10000000000000000000ull
-};
+const uint64_t basic_data<T>::zero_or_powers_of_10_64[] = {
+    0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1), FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1000000000ull),
+    10000000000000000000ull};
 
 // Normalized 64-bit significands of pow(10, k), for k = -348, -340, ..., 340.
 // These are generated by support/compute-powers.py.
 template <typename T>
-const uint64_t basic_data<T>::POW10_SIGNIFICANDS[] = {
-  0xfa8fd5a0081c0288, 0xbaaee17fa23ebf76, 0x8b16fb203055ac76,
-  0xcf42894a5dce35ea, 0x9a6bb0aa55653b2d, 0xe61acf033d1a45df,
-  0xab70fe17c79ac6ca, 0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0xbe5691ef416bd60c,
-  0x8dd01fad907ffc3c, 0xd3515c2831559a83, 0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5,
-  0xea9c227723ee8bcb, 0xaecc49914078536d, 0x823c12795db6ce57,
-  0xc21094364dfb5637, 0x9096ea6f3848984f, 0xd77485cb25823ac7,
-  0xa086cfcd97bf97f4, 0xef340a98172aace5, 0xb23867fb2a35b28e,
-  0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b, 0xc5dd44271ad3cdba, 0x936b9fcebb25c996,
-  0xdbac6c247d62a584, 0xa3ab66580d5fdaf6, 0xf3e2f893dec3f126,
-  0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8, 0x87625f056c7c4a8b, 0xc9bcff6034c13053,
-  0x964e858c91ba2655, 0xdff9772470297ebd, 0xa6dfbd9fb8e5b88f,
-  0xf8a95fcf88747d94, 0xb94470938fa89bcf, 0x8a08f0f8bf0f156b,
-  0xcdb02555653131b6, 0x993fe2c6d07b7fac, 0xe45c10c42a2b3b06,
-  0xaa242499697392d3, 0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0xbce5086492111aeb,
-  0x8cbccc096f5088cc, 0xd1b71758e219652c, 0x9c40000000000000,
-  0xe8d4a51000000000, 0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0x813f3978f8940984,
-  0xc097ce7bc90715b3, 0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xd5d238a4abe98068,
-  0x9f4f2726179a2245, 0xed63a231d4c4fb27, 0xb0de65388cc8ada8,
-  0x83c7088e1aab65db, 0xc45d1df942711d9a, 0x924d692ca61be758,
-  0xda01ee641a708dea, 0xa26da3999aef774a, 0xf209787bb47d6b85,
-  0xb454e4a179dd1877, 0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0xc83553c5c8965d3d,
-  0x952ab45cfa97a0b3, 0xde469fbd99a05fe3, 0xa59bc234db398c25,
-  0xf6c69a72a3989f5c, 0xb7dcbf5354e9bece, 0x88fcf317f22241e2,
-  0xcc20ce9bd35c78a5, 0x98165af37b2153df, 0xe2a0b5dc971f303a,
-  0xa8d9d1535ce3b396, 0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c, 0xbb764c4ca7a44410,
-  0x8bab8eefb6409c1a, 0xd01fef10a657842c, 0x9b10a4e5e9913129,
-  0xe7109bfba19c0c9d, 0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x80444b5e7aa7cf85,
-  0xbf21e44003acdd2d, 0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0xd433179d9c8cb841,
-  0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0xeb96bf6ebadf77d9, 0xaf87023b9bf0ee6b,
+const uint64_t basic_data<T>::pow10_significands[] = {
+    0xfa8fd5a0081c0288, 0xbaaee17fa23ebf76, 0x8b16fb203055ac76,
+    0xcf42894a5dce35ea, 0x9a6bb0aa55653b2d, 0xe61acf033d1a45df,
+    0xab70fe17c79ac6ca, 0xff77b1fcbebcdc4f, 0xbe5691ef416bd60c,
+    0x8dd01fad907ffc3c, 0xd3515c2831559a83, 0x9d71ac8fada6c9b5,
+    0xea9c227723ee8bcb, 0xaecc49914078536d, 0x823c12795db6ce57,
+    0xc21094364dfb5637, 0x9096ea6f3848984f, 0xd77485cb25823ac7,
+    0xa086cfcd97bf97f4, 0xef340a98172aace5, 0xb23867fb2a35b28e,
+    0x84c8d4dfd2c63f3b, 0xc5dd44271ad3cdba, 0x936b9fcebb25c996,
+    0xdbac6c247d62a584, 0xa3ab66580d5fdaf6, 0xf3e2f893dec3f126,
+    0xb5b5ada8aaff80b8, 0x87625f056c7c4a8b, 0xc9bcff6034c13053,
+    0x964e858c91ba2655, 0xdff9772470297ebd, 0xa6dfbd9fb8e5b88f,
+    0xf8a95fcf88747d94, 0xb94470938fa89bcf, 0x8a08f0f8bf0f156b,
+    0xcdb02555653131b6, 0x993fe2c6d07b7fac, 0xe45c10c42a2b3b06,
+    0xaa242499697392d3, 0xfd87b5f28300ca0e, 0xbce5086492111aeb,
+    0x8cbccc096f5088cc, 0xd1b71758e219652c, 0x9c40000000000000,
+    0xe8d4a51000000000, 0xad78ebc5ac620000, 0x813f3978f8940984,
+    0xc097ce7bc90715b3, 0x8f7e32ce7bea5c70, 0xd5d238a4abe98068,
+    0x9f4f2726179a2245, 0xed63a231d4c4fb27, 0xb0de65388cc8ada8,
+    0x83c7088e1aab65db, 0xc45d1df942711d9a, 0x924d692ca61be758,
+    0xda01ee641a708dea, 0xa26da3999aef774a, 0xf209787bb47d6b85,
+    0xb454e4a179dd1877, 0x865b86925b9bc5c2, 0xc83553c5c8965d3d,
+    0x952ab45cfa97a0b3, 0xde469fbd99a05fe3, 0xa59bc234db398c25,
+    0xf6c69a72a3989f5c, 0xb7dcbf5354e9bece, 0x88fcf317f22241e2,
+    0xcc20ce9bd35c78a5, 0x98165af37b2153df, 0xe2a0b5dc971f303a,
+    0xa8d9d1535ce3b396, 0xfb9b7cd9a4a7443c, 0xbb764c4ca7a44410,
+    0x8bab8eefb6409c1a, 0xd01fef10a657842c, 0x9b10a4e5e9913129,
+    0xe7109bfba19c0c9d, 0xac2820d9623bf429, 0x80444b5e7aa7cf85,
+    0xbf21e44003acdd2d, 0x8e679c2f5e44ff8f, 0xd433179d9c8cb841,
+    0x9e19db92b4e31ba9, 0xeb96bf6ebadf77d9, 0xaf87023b9bf0ee6b,
 };
 
 // Binary exponents of pow(10, k), for k = -348, -340, ..., 340, corresponding
 // to significands above.
 template <typename T>
-const int16_t basic_data<T>::POW10_EXPONENTS[] = {
-  -1220, -1193, -1166, -1140, -1113, -1087, -1060, -1034, -1007,  -980,  -954,
-   -927,  -901,  -874,  -847,  -821,  -794,  -768,  -741,  -715,  -688,  -661,
-   -635,  -608,  -582,  -555,  -529,  -502,  -475,  -449,  -422,  -396,  -369,
-   -343,  -316,  -289,  -263,  -236,  -210,  -183,  -157,  -130,  -103,   -77,
-    -50,   -24,     3,    30,    56,    83,   109,   136,   162,   189,   216,
-    242,   269,   295,   322,   348,   375,   402,   428,   455,   481,   508,
-    534,   561,   588,   614,   641,   667,   694,   720,   747,   774,   800,
-    827,   853,   880,   907,   933,   960,   986,  1013,  1039,  1066
-};
+const int16_t basic_data<T>::pow10_exponents[] = {
+    -1220, -1193, -1166, -1140, -1113, -1087, -1060, -1034, -1007, -980, -954,
+    -927,  -901,  -874,  -847,  -821,  -794,  -768,  -741,  -715,  -688, -661,
+    -635,  -608,  -582,  -555,  -529,  -502,  -475,  -449,  -422,  -396, -369,
+    -343,  -316,  -289,  -263,  -236,  -210,  -183,  -157,  -130,  -103, -77,
+    -50,   -24,   3,     30,    56,    83,    109,   136,   162,   189,  216,
+    242,   269,   295,   322,   348,   375,   402,   428,   455,   481,  508,
+    534,   561,   588,   614,   641,   667,   694,   720,   747,   774,  800,
+    827,   853,   880,   907,   933,   960,   986,   1013,  1039,  1066};
 
-template <typename T> const char basic_data<T>::FOREGROUND_COLOR[] = "\x1b[38;2;";
-template <typename T> const char basic_data<T>::BACKGROUND_COLOR[] = "\x1b[48;2;";
-template <typename T> const char basic_data<T>::RESET_COLOR[] = "\x1b[0m";
-template <typename T> const wchar_t basic_data<T>::WRESET_COLOR[] = L"\x1b[0m";
+template <typename T>
+const char basic_data<T>::foreground_color[] = "\x1b[38;2;";
+template <typename T>
+const char basic_data<T>::background_color[] = "\x1b[48;2;";
+template <typename T> const char basic_data<T>::reset_color[] = "\x1b[0m";
+template <typename T> const wchar_t basic_data<T>::wreset_color[] = L"\x1b[0m";
+
+template <typename T> struct bits {
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int value =
+      static_cast<int>(sizeof(T) * std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits);
+};
 
 // A handmade floating-point number f * pow(2, e).
 class fp {
  private:
-  typedef uint64_t significand_type;
+  using significand_type = uint64_t;
 
   // All sizes are in bits.
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int char_size =
-    std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits;
   // Subtract 1 to account for an implicit most significant bit in the
   // normalized form.
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int double_significand_size =
-    std::numeric_limits<double>::digits - 1;
+      std::numeric_limits<double>::digits - 1;
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const uint64_t implicit_bit =
-    1ull << double_significand_size;
+      1ull << double_significand_size;
 
  public:
   significand_type f;
   int e;
 
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const int significand_size =
-    sizeof(significand_type) * char_size;
+      bits<significand_type>::value;
 
-  fp(): f(0), e(0) {}
-  fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val): f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
+  fp() : f(0), e(0) {}
+  fp(uint64_t f_val, int e_val) : f(f_val), e(e_val) {}
 
   // Constructs fp from an IEEE754 double. It is a template to prevent compile
   // errors on platforms where double is not IEEE754.
-  template <typename Double>
-  explicit fp(Double d) {
+  template <typename Double> explicit fp(Double d) {
     // Assume double is in the format [sign][exponent][significand].
-    typedef std::numeric_limits<Double> limits;
-    const int double_size = static_cast<int>(sizeof(Double) * char_size);
+    using limits = std::numeric_limits<Double>;
     const int exponent_size =
-      double_size - double_significand_size - 1;  // -1 for sign
+        bits<Double>::value - double_significand_size - 1;  // -1 for sign
     const uint64_t significand_mask = implicit_bit - 1;
     const uint64_t exponent_mask = (~0ull >> 1) & ~significand_mask;
     const int exponent_bias = (1 << exponent_size) - limits::max_exponent - 1;
@@ -397,8 +396,7 @@
   }
 
   // Normalizes the value converted from double and multiplied by (1 << SHIFT).
-  template <int SHIFT = 0>
-  void normalize() {
+  template <int SHIFT = 0> void normalize() {
     // Handle subnormals.
     auto shifted_implicit_bit = implicit_bit << SHIFT;
     while ((f & shifted_implicit_bit) == 0) {
@@ -415,9 +413,9 @@
   // a boundary is a value half way between the number and its predecessor
   // (lower) or successor (upper). The upper boundary is normalized and lower
   // has the same exponent but may be not normalized.
-  void compute_boundaries(fp &lower, fp &upper) const {
-    lower = f == implicit_bit ?
-          fp((f << 2) - 1, e - 2) : fp((f << 1) - 1, e - 1);
+  void compute_boundaries(fp& lower, fp& upper) const {
+    lower =
+        f == implicit_bit ? fp((f << 2) - 1, e - 2) : fp((f << 1) - 1, e - 1);
     upper = fp((f << 1) + 1, e - 1);
     upper.normalize<1>();  // 1 is to account for the exponent shift above.
     lower.f <<= lower.e - upper.e;
@@ -432,14 +430,16 @@
 }
 
 // Computes an fp number r with r.f = x.f * y.f / pow(2, 64) rounded to nearest
-// with half-up tie breaking, r.e = x.e + y.e + 64. Result may not be normalized.
-FMT_API fp operator*(fp x, fp y);
-
-// Returns cached power (of 10) c_k = c_k.f * pow(2, c_k.e) such that its
-// (binary) exponent satisfies min_exponent <= c_k.e <= min_exponent + 3.
-FMT_API fp get_cached_power(int min_exponent, int &pow10_exponent);
-
+// with half-up tie breaking, r.e = x.e + y.e + 64. Result may not be
+// normalized.
 FMT_FUNC fp operator*(fp x, fp y) {
+  int exp = x.e + y.e + 64;
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  auto product = static_cast<__uint128_t>(x.f) * y.f;
+  auto f = static_cast<uint64_t>(product >> 64);
+  if ((static_cast<uint64_t>(product) & (1ULL << 63)) != 0) ++f;
+  return fp(f, exp);
+#else
   // Multiply 32-bit parts of significands.
   uint64_t mask = (1ULL << 32) - 1;
   uint64_t a = x.f >> 32, b = x.f & mask;
@@ -447,351 +447,376 @@
   uint64_t ac = a * c, bc = b * c, ad = a * d, bd = b * d;
   // Compute mid 64-bit of result and round.
   uint64_t mid = (bd >> 32) + (ad & mask) + (bc & mask) + (1U << 31);
-  return fp(ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32), x.e + y.e + 64);
+  return fp(ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (mid >> 32), exp);
+#endif
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC fp get_cached_power(int min_exponent, int &pow10_exponent) {
+// Returns cached power (of 10) c_k = c_k.f * pow(2, c_k.e) such that its
+// (binary) exponent satisfies min_exponent <= c_k.e <= min_exponent + 28.
+FMT_FUNC fp get_cached_power(int min_exponent, int& pow10_exponent) {
   const double one_over_log2_10 = 0.30102999566398114;  // 1 / log2(10)
-  int index = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(
-        (min_exponent + fp::significand_size - 1) * one_over_log2_10));
+  int index = static_cast<int>(
+      std::ceil((min_exponent + fp::significand_size - 1) * one_over_log2_10));
   // Decimal exponent of the first (smallest) cached power of 10.
   const int first_dec_exp = -348;
   // Difference between 2 consecutive decimal exponents in cached powers of 10.
   const int dec_exp_step = 8;
   index = (index - first_dec_exp - 1) / dec_exp_step + 1;
   pow10_exponent = first_dec_exp + index * dec_exp_step;
-  return fp(data::POW10_SIGNIFICANDS[index], data::POW10_EXPONENTS[index]);
+  return fp(data::pow10_significands[index], data::pow10_exponents[index]);
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC bool grisu2_round(
-    char *buf, int &size, int max_digits, uint64_t delta,
-    uint64_t remainder, uint64_t exp, uint64_t diff, int &exp10) {
-  while (remainder < diff && delta - remainder >= exp &&
-        (remainder + exp < diff || diff - remainder > remainder + exp - diff)) {
-    --buf[size - 1];
-    remainder += exp;
+enum round_direction { unknown, up, down };
+
+// Given the divisor (normally a power of 10), the remainder = v % divisor for
+// some number v and the error, returns whether v should be rounded up, down, or
+// whether the rounding direction can't be determined due to error.
+// error should be less than divisor / 2.
+inline round_direction get_round_direction(uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder,
+                                           uint64_t error) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(remainder < divisor, "");  // divisor - remainder won't overflow.
+  FMT_ASSERT(error < divisor, "");      // divisor - error won't overflow.
+  FMT_ASSERT(error < divisor - error, "");  // error * 2 won't overflow.
+  // Round down if (remainder + error) * 2 <= divisor.
+  if (remainder <= divisor - remainder && error * 2 <= divisor - remainder * 2)
+    return down;
+  // Round up if (remainder - error) * 2 >= divisor.
+  if (remainder >= error &&
+      remainder - error >= divisor - (remainder - error)) {
+    return up;
   }
-  if (size > max_digits) {
-    --size;
-    ++exp10;
-    if (buf[size] >= '5')
-      return false;
-  }
-  return true;
+  return unknown;
 }
 
-// Generates output using Grisu2 digit-gen algorithm.
-FMT_FUNC bool grisu2_gen_digits(
-    char *buf, int &size, uint32_t hi, uint64_t lo, int &exp,
-    uint64_t delta, const fp &one, const fp &diff, int max_digits) {
-  // Generate digits for the most significant part (hi).
-  while (exp > 0) {
+namespace digits {
+enum result {
+  more,  // Generate more digits.
+  done,  // Done generating digits.
+  error  // Digit generation cancelled due to an error.
+};
+}
+
+// Generates output using the Grisu digit-gen algorithm.
+// error: the size of the region (lower, upper) outside of which numbers
+// definitely do not round to value (Delta in Grisu3).
+template <typename Handler>
+digits::result grisu_gen_digits(fp value, uint64_t error, int& exp,
+                                Handler& handler) {
+  fp one(1ull << -value.e, value.e);
+  // The integral part of scaled value (p1 in Grisu) = value / one. It cannot be
+  // zero because it contains a product of two 64-bit numbers with MSB set (due
+  // to normalization) - 1, shifted right by at most 60 bits.
+  uint32_t integral = static_cast<uint32_t>(value.f >> -one.e);
+  FMT_ASSERT(integral != 0, "");
+  FMT_ASSERT(integral == value.f >> -one.e, "");
+  // The fractional part of scaled value (p2 in Grisu) c = value % one.
+  uint64_t fractional = value.f & (one.f - 1);
+  exp = count_digits(integral);  // kappa in Grisu.
+  // Divide by 10 to prevent overflow.
+  auto result = handler.on_start(data::powers_of_10_64[exp - 1] << -one.e,
+                                 value.f / 10, error * 10, exp);
+  if (result != digits::more) return result;
+  // Generate digits for the integral part. This can produce up to 10 digits.
+  do {
     uint32_t digit = 0;
     // This optimization by miloyip reduces the number of integer divisions by
     // one per iteration.
     switch (exp) {
-    case 10: digit = hi / 1000000000; hi %= 1000000000; break;
-    case  9: digit = hi /  100000000; hi %=  100000000; break;
-    case  8: digit = hi /   10000000; hi %=   10000000; break;
-    case  7: digit = hi /    1000000; hi %=    1000000; break;
-    case  6: digit = hi /     100000; hi %=     100000; break;
-    case  5: digit = hi /      10000; hi %=      10000; break;
-    case  4: digit = hi /       1000; hi %=       1000; break;
-    case  3: digit = hi /        100; hi %=        100; break;
-    case  2: digit = hi /         10; hi %=         10; break;
-    case  1: digit = hi;              hi =           0; break;
+    case 10:
+      digit = integral / 1000000000;
+      integral %= 1000000000;
+      break;
+    case 9:
+      digit = integral / 100000000;
+      integral %= 100000000;
+      break;
+    case 8:
+      digit = integral / 10000000;
+      integral %= 10000000;
+      break;
+    case 7:
+      digit = integral / 1000000;
+      integral %= 1000000;
+      break;
+    case 6:
+      digit = integral / 100000;
+      integral %= 100000;
+      break;
+    case 5:
+      digit = integral / 10000;
+      integral %= 10000;
+      break;
+    case 4:
+      digit = integral / 1000;
+      integral %= 1000;
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      digit = integral / 100;
+      integral %= 100;
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      digit = integral / 10;
+      integral %= 10;
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      digit = integral;
+      integral = 0;
+      break;
     default:
       FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid number of digits");
     }
-    if (digit != 0 || size != 0)
-      buf[size++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
     --exp;
-    uint64_t remainder = (static_cast<uint64_t>(hi) << -one.e) + lo;
-    if (remainder <= delta || size > max_digits) {
-      return grisu2_round(
-            buf, size, max_digits, delta, remainder,
-            static_cast<uint64_t>(data::POWERS_OF_10_32[exp]) << -one.e,
-            diff.f, exp);
-    }
-  }
-  // Generate digits for the least significant part (lo).
+    uint64_t remainder =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(integral) << -one.e) + fractional;
+    result = handler.on_digit(static_cast<char>('0' + digit),
+                              data::powers_of_10_64[exp] << -one.e, remainder,
+                              error, exp, true);
+    if (result != digits::more) return result;
+  } while (exp > 0);
+  // Generate digits for the fractional part.
   for (;;) {
-    lo *= 10;
-    delta *= 10;
-    char digit = static_cast<char>(lo >> -one.e);
-    if (digit != 0 || size != 0)
-      buf[size++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
-    lo &= one.f - 1;
+    fractional *= 10;
+    error *= 10;
+    char digit =
+        static_cast<char>('0' + static_cast<char>(fractional >> -one.e));
+    fractional &= one.f - 1;
     --exp;
-    if (lo < delta || size > max_digits) {
-      return grisu2_round(buf, size, max_digits, delta, lo, one.f,
-                          diff.f * data::POWERS_OF_10_32[-exp], exp);
-    }
+    result = handler.on_digit(digit, one.f, fractional, error, exp, false);
+    if (result != digits::more) return result;
   }
 }
 
-#if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-# define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]];
-#elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700
-# define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]];
-#else
-# define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-#endif
-
-struct gen_digits_params {
-  int num_digits;
+// The fixed precision digit handler.
+struct fixed_handler {
+  char* buf;
+  int size;
+  int precision;
+  int exp10;
   bool fixed;
-  bool upper;
-  bool trailing_zeros;
-};
 
-struct prettify_handler {
-  char *data;
-  ptrdiff_t size;
-  buffer &buf;
-
-  explicit prettify_handler(buffer &b, ptrdiff_t n)
-    : data(b.data()), size(n), buf(b) {}
-  ~prettify_handler() {
-    assert(buf.size() >= to_unsigned(size));
-    buf.resize(to_unsigned(size));
+  digits::result on_start(uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder, uint64_t error,
+                          int& exp) {
+    // Non-fixed formats require at least one digit and no precision adjustment.
+    if (!fixed) return digits::more;
+    // Adjust fixed precision by exponent because it is relative to decimal
+    // point.
+    precision += exp + exp10;
+    // Check if precision is satisfied just by leading zeros, e.g.
+    // format("{:.2f}", 0.001) gives "0.00" without generating any digits.
+    if (precision > 0) return digits::more;
+    if (precision < 0) return digits::done;
+    auto dir = get_round_direction(divisor, remainder, error);
+    if (dir == unknown) return digits::error;
+    buf[size++] = dir == up ? '1' : '0';
+    return digits::done;
   }
 
-  template <typename F>
-  void insert(ptrdiff_t pos, ptrdiff_t n, F f) {
-    std::memmove(data + pos + n, data + pos, to_unsigned(size - pos));
-    f(data + pos);
-    size += n;
-  }
-
-  void insert(ptrdiff_t pos, char c) {
-    std::memmove(data + pos + 1, data + pos, to_unsigned(size - pos));
-    data[pos] = c;
-    ++size;
-  }
-
-  void append(ptrdiff_t n, char c) {
-    std::uninitialized_fill_n(data + size, n, c);
-    size += n;
-  }
-
-  void append(char c) { data[size++] = c; }
-
-  void remove_trailing(char c) {
-    while (data[size - 1] == c) --size;
-  }
-};
-
-// Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
-template <typename Handler>
-FMT_FUNC void write_exponent(int exp, Handler &&h) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(-1000 < exp && exp < 1000, "exponent out of range");
-  if (exp < 0) {
-    h.append('-');
-    exp = -exp;
-  } else {
-    h.append('+');
-  }
-  if (exp >= 100) {
-    h.append(static_cast<char>('0' + exp / 100));
-    exp %= 100;
-    const char *d = data::DIGITS + exp * 2;
-    h.append(d[0]);
-    h.append(d[1]);
-  } else {
-    const char *d = data::DIGITS + exp * 2;
-    h.append(d[0]);
-    h.append(d[1]);
-  }
-}
-
-struct fill {
-  size_t n;
-  void operator()(char *buf) const {
-    buf[0] = '0';
-    buf[1] = '.';
-    std::uninitialized_fill_n(buf + 2, n, '0');
-  }
-};
-
-// The number is given as v = f * pow(10, exp), where f has size digits.
-template <typename Handler>
-FMT_FUNC void grisu2_prettify(const gen_digits_params &params,
-                              int size, int exp, Handler &&handler) {
-  if (!params.fixed) {
-    // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
-    handler.insert(1, '.');
-    exp += size - 1;
-    if (size < params.num_digits)
-      handler.append(params.num_digits - size, '0');
-    handler.append(params.upper ? 'E' : 'e');
-    write_exponent(exp, handler);
-    return;
-  }
-  // pow(10, full_exp - 1) <= v <= pow(10, full_exp).
-  int full_exp = size + exp;
-  const int exp_threshold = 21;
-  if (size <= full_exp && full_exp <= exp_threshold) {
-    // 1234e7 -> 12340000000[.0+]
-    handler.append(full_exp - size, '0');
-    int num_zeros = params.num_digits - full_exp;
-    if (num_zeros > 0 && params.trailing_zeros) {
-      handler.append('.');
-      handler.append(num_zeros, '0');
+  digits::result on_digit(char digit, uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder,
+                          uint64_t error, int, bool integral) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(remainder < divisor, "");
+    buf[size++] = digit;
+    if (size < precision) return digits::more;
+    if (!integral) {
+      // Check if error * 2 < divisor with overflow prevention.
+      // The check is not needed for the integral part because error = 1
+      // and divisor > (1 << 32) there.
+      if (error >= divisor || error >= divisor - error) return digits::error;
+    } else {
+      FMT_ASSERT(error == 1 && divisor > 2, "");
     }
-  } else if (full_exp > 0) {
-    // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
-    handler.insert(full_exp, '.');
-    if (!params.trailing_zeros) {
-      // Remove trailing zeros.
-      handler.remove_trailing('0');
-    } else if (params.num_digits > size) {
-      // Add trailing zeros.
-      ptrdiff_t num_zeros = params.num_digits - size;
-      handler.append(num_zeros, '0');
+    auto dir = get_round_direction(divisor, remainder, error);
+    if (dir != up) return dir == down ? digits::done : digits::error;
+    ++buf[size - 1];
+    for (int i = size - 1; i > 0 && buf[i] > '9'; --i) {
+      buf[i] = '0';
+      ++buf[i - 1];
     }
-  } else {
-    // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
-    handler.insert(0, 2 - full_exp, fill{to_unsigned(-full_exp)});
+    if (buf[0] > '9') {
+      buf[0] = '1';
+      buf[size++] = '0';
+    }
+    return digits::done;
   }
-}
-
-struct char_counter {
-  ptrdiff_t size;
-
-  template <typename F>
-  void insert(ptrdiff_t, ptrdiff_t n, F) { size += n; }
-  void insert(ptrdiff_t, char) { ++size; }
-  void append(ptrdiff_t n, char) { size += n; }
-  void append(char) { ++size; }
-  void remove_trailing(char) {}
 };
 
-// Converts format specifiers into parameters for digit generation and computes
-// output buffer size for a number in the range [pow(10, exp - 1), pow(10, exp)
-// or 0 if exp == 1.
-FMT_FUNC gen_digits_params process_specs(const core_format_specs &specs,
-                                         int exp, buffer &buf) {
-  auto params = gen_digits_params();
-  int num_digits = specs.precision >= 0 ? specs.precision : 6;
-  switch (specs.type) {
-  case 'G':
-    params.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-  case '\0': case 'g':
-    params.trailing_zeros = (specs.flags & HASH_FLAG) != 0;
-    if (-4 <= exp && exp < num_digits + 1) {
-      params.fixed = true;
-      if (!specs.type && params.trailing_zeros && exp >= 0)
-        num_digits = exp + 1;
-    }
-    break;
-  case 'F':
-    params.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-  case 'f': {
-    params.fixed = true;
-    params.trailing_zeros = true;
-    int adjusted_min_digits = num_digits + exp;
-    if (adjusted_min_digits > 0)
-      num_digits = adjusted_min_digits;
-    break;
-  }
-  case 'E':
-    params.upper = true;
-    FMT_FALLTHROUGH
-  case 'e':
-    ++num_digits;
-    break;
-  }
-  params.num_digits = num_digits;
-  char_counter counter{num_digits};
-  grisu2_prettify(params, params.num_digits, exp - num_digits, counter);
-  buf.resize(to_unsigned(counter.size));
-  return params;
-}
+// The shortest representation digit handler.
+template <int GRISU_VERSION> struct grisu_shortest_handler {
+  char* buf;
+  int size;
+  // Distance between scaled value and upper bound (wp_W in Grisu3).
+  uint64_t diff;
 
-template <typename Double>
-FMT_FUNC typename std::enable_if<sizeof(Double) == sizeof(uint64_t), bool>::type
-    grisu2_format(Double value, buffer &buf, core_format_specs specs) {
+  digits::result on_start(uint64_t, uint64_t, uint64_t, int&) {
+    return digits::more;
+  }
+
+  // Decrement the generated number approaching value from above.
+  void round(uint64_t d, uint64_t divisor, uint64_t& remainder,
+             uint64_t error) {
+    while (
+        remainder < d && error - remainder >= divisor &&
+        (remainder + divisor < d || d - remainder >= remainder + divisor - d)) {
+      --buf[size - 1];
+      remainder += divisor;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Implements Grisu's round_weed.
+  digits::result on_digit(char digit, uint64_t divisor, uint64_t remainder,
+                          uint64_t error, int exp, bool integral) {
+    buf[size++] = digit;
+    if (remainder >= error) return digits::more;
+    if (GRISU_VERSION != 3) {
+      uint64_t d = integral ? diff : diff * data::powers_of_10_64[-exp];
+      round(d, divisor, remainder, error);
+      return digits::done;
+    }
+    uint64_t unit = integral ? 1 : data::powers_of_10_64[-exp];
+    uint64_t up = (diff - 1) * unit;  // wp_Wup
+    round(up, divisor, remainder, error);
+    uint64_t down = (diff + 1) * unit;  // wp_Wdown
+    if (remainder < down && error - remainder >= divisor &&
+        (remainder + divisor < down ||
+         down - remainder > remainder + divisor - down)) {
+      return digits::error;
+    }
+    return 2 * unit <= remainder && remainder <= error - 4 * unit
+               ? digits::done
+               : digits::error;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Double,
+          enable_if_t<(sizeof(Double) == sizeof(uint64_t)), int>>
+FMT_API bool grisu_format(Double value, buffer<char>& buf, int precision,
+                          unsigned options, int& exp) {
   FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "value is negative");
-  if (value == 0) {
-    gen_digits_params params = process_specs(specs, 1, buf);
-    const size_t size = 1;
-    buf[0] = '0';
-    grisu2_prettify(params, size, 0, prettify_handler(buf, size));
+  bool fixed = (options & grisu_options::fixed) != 0;
+  if (value <= 0) {  // <= instead of == to silence a warning.
+    if (precision <= 0 || !fixed) {
+      exp = 0;
+      buf.push_back('0');
+    } else {
+      exp = -precision;
+      buf.resize(precision);
+      std::uninitialized_fill_n(buf.data(), precision, '0');
+    }
     return true;
   }
 
   fp fp_value(value);
-  fp lower, upper;  // w^- and w^+ in the Grisu paper.
-  fp_value.compute_boundaries(lower, upper);
-
-  // Find a cached power of 10 close to 1 / upper and use it to scale upper.
   const int min_exp = -60;  // alpha in Grisu.
-  int cached_exp = 0;  // K in Grisu.
-  auto cached_pow = get_cached_power(  // \tilde{c}_{-k} in Grisu.
-      min_exp - (upper.e + fp::significand_size), cached_exp);
-  cached_exp = -cached_exp;
-  upper = upper * cached_pow;  // \tilde{M}^+ in Grisu.
-  --upper.f;  // \tilde{M}^+ - 1 ulp -> M^+_{\downarrow}.
-  fp one(1ull << -upper.e, upper.e);
-  // hi (p1 in Grisu) contains the most significant digits of scaled_upper.
-  // hi = floor(upper / one).
-  uint32_t hi = static_cast<uint32_t>(upper.f >> -one.e);
-  int exp = count_digits(hi);  // kappa in Grisu.
-  gen_digits_params params = process_specs(specs, cached_exp + exp, buf);
-  fp_value.normalize();
-  fp scaled_value = fp_value * cached_pow;
-  lower = lower * cached_pow;  // \tilde{M}^- in Grisu.
-  ++lower.f;  // \tilde{M}^- + 1 ulp -> M^-_{\uparrow}.
-  uint64_t delta = upper.f - lower.f;
-  fp diff = upper - scaled_value; // wp_w in Grisu.
-  // lo (p2 in Grisu) contains the least significants digits of scaled_upper.
-  // lo = supper % one.
-  uint64_t lo = upper.f & (one.f - 1);
-  int size = 0;
-  if (!grisu2_gen_digits(buf.data(), size, hi, lo, exp, delta, one, diff,
-                         params.num_digits)) {
-    buf.clear();
-    return false;
+  int cached_exp10 = 0;     // K in Grisu.
+  if (precision != -1) {
+    if (precision > 17) return false;
+    fp_value.normalize();
+    auto cached_pow = get_cached_power(
+        min_exp - (fp_value.e + fp::significand_size), cached_exp10);
+    fp_value = fp_value * cached_pow;
+    fixed_handler handler{buf.data(), 0, precision, -cached_exp10, fixed};
+    if (grisu_gen_digits(fp_value, 1, exp, handler) == digits::error)
+      return false;
+    buf.resize(to_unsigned(handler.size));
+  } else {
+    fp lower, upper;  // w^- and w^+ in the Grisu paper.
+    fp_value.compute_boundaries(lower, upper);
+    // Find a cached power of 10 such that multiplying upper by it will bring
+    // the exponent in the range [min_exp, -32].
+    auto cached_pow = get_cached_power(  // \tilde{c}_{-k} in Grisu.
+        min_exp - (upper.e + fp::significand_size), cached_exp10);
+    fp_value.normalize();
+    fp_value = fp_value * cached_pow;
+    lower = lower * cached_pow;  // \tilde{M}^- in Grisu.
+    upper = upper * cached_pow;  // \tilde{M}^+ in Grisu.
+    assert(min_exp <= upper.e && upper.e <= -32);
+    auto result = digits::result();
+    int size = 0;
+    if ((options & grisu_options::grisu3) != 0) {
+      --lower.f;  // \tilde{M}^- - 1 ulp -> M^-_{\downarrow}.
+      ++upper.f;  // \tilde{M}^+ + 1 ulp -> M^+_{\uparrow}.
+      // Numbers outside of (lower, upper) definitely do not round to value.
+      grisu_shortest_handler<3> handler{buf.data(), 0, (upper - fp_value).f};
+      result = grisu_gen_digits(upper, upper.f - lower.f, exp, handler);
+      size = handler.size;
+    } else {
+      ++lower.f;  // \tilde{M}^- + 1 ulp -> M^-_{\uparrow}.
+      --upper.f;  // \tilde{M}^+ - 1 ulp -> M^+_{\downarrow}.
+      grisu_shortest_handler<2> handler{buf.data(), 0, (upper - fp_value).f};
+      result = grisu_gen_digits(upper, upper.f - lower.f, exp, handler);
+      size = handler.size;
+    }
+    if (result == digits::error) return false;
+    buf.resize(to_unsigned(size));
   }
-  grisu2_prettify(params, size, cached_exp + exp, prettify_handler(buf, size));
+  exp -= cached_exp10;
   return true;
 }
 
 template <typename Double>
-void sprintf_format(Double value, internal::buffer &buf,
-                    core_format_specs spec) {
+char* sprintf_format(Double value, internal::buffer<char>& buf,
+                     sprintf_specs specs) {
   // Buffer capacity must be non-zero, otherwise MSVC's vsnprintf_s will fail.
   FMT_ASSERT(buf.capacity() != 0, "empty buffer");
 
   // Build format string.
-  enum { MAX_FORMAT_SIZE = 10}; // longest format: %#-*.*Lg
-  char format[MAX_FORMAT_SIZE];
-  char *format_ptr = format;
+  enum { max_format_size = 10 };  // longest format: %#-*.*Lg
+  char format[max_format_size];
+  char* format_ptr = format;
   *format_ptr++ = '%';
-  if (spec.has(HASH_FLAG))
-    *format_ptr++ = '#';
-  if (spec.precision >= 0) {
+  if (specs.alt || !specs.type) *format_ptr++ = '#';
+  if (specs.precision >= 0) {
     *format_ptr++ = '.';
     *format_ptr++ = '*';
   }
-  if (std::is_same<Double, long double>::value)
-    *format_ptr++ = 'L';
-  *format_ptr++ = spec.type;
+  if (std::is_same<Double, long double>::value) *format_ptr++ = 'L';
+
+  char type = specs.type;
+
+  if (type == '%')
+    type = 'f';
+  else if (type == 0 || type == 'n')
+    type = 'g';
+#if FMT_MSC_VER
+  if (type == 'F') {
+    // MSVC's printf doesn't support 'F'.
+    type = 'f';
+  }
+#endif
+  *format_ptr++ = type;
   *format_ptr = '\0';
 
   // Format using snprintf.
-  char *start = FMT_NULL;
+  char* start = nullptr;
+  char* decimal_point_pos = nullptr;
   for (;;) {
     std::size_t buffer_size = buf.capacity();
     start = &buf[0];
-    int result = internal::char_traits<char>::format_float(
-        start, buffer_size, format, spec.precision, value);
+    int result =
+        format_float(start, buffer_size, format, specs.precision, value);
     if (result >= 0) {
       unsigned n = internal::to_unsigned(result);
       if (n < buf.capacity()) {
+        // Find the decimal point.
+        auto p = buf.data(), end = p + n;
+        if (*p == '+' || *p == '-') ++p;
+        if (specs.type != 'a' && specs.type != 'A') {
+          while (p < end && *p >= '0' && *p <= '9') ++p;
+          if (p < end && *p != 'e' && *p != 'E') {
+            decimal_point_pos = p;
+            if (!specs.type) {
+              // Keep only one trailing zero after the decimal point.
+              ++p;
+              if (*p == '0') ++p;
+              while (p != end && *p >= '1' && *p <= '9') ++p;
+              char* where = p;
+              while (p != end && *p == '0') ++p;
+              if (p == end || *p < '0' || *p > '9') {
+                if (p != end) std::memmove(where, p, to_unsigned(end - p));
+                n -= static_cast<unsigned>(p - where);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
         buf.resize(n);
         break;  // The buffer is large enough - continue with formatting.
       }
@@ -802,6 +827,7 @@
       buf.reserve(buf.capacity() + 1);
     }
   }
+  return decimal_point_pos;
 }
 }  // namespace internal
 
@@ -819,28 +845,25 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  int length = MultiByteToWideChar(
-      CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.data(), s_size, FMT_NULL, 0);
-  if (length == 0)
-    FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), ERROR_MSG));
+  int length = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.data(),
+                                   s_size, nullptr, 0);
+  if (length == 0) FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), ERROR_MSG));
   buffer_.resize(length + 1);
-  length = MultiByteToWideChar(
-    CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0], length);
-  if (length == 0)
-    FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), ERROR_MSG));
+  length = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.data(), s_size,
+                               &buffer_[0], length);
+  if (length == 0) FMT_THROW(windows_error(GetLastError(), ERROR_MSG));
   buffer_[length] = 0;
 }
 
 FMT_FUNC internal::utf16_to_utf8::utf16_to_utf8(wstring_view s) {
   if (int error_code = convert(s)) {
     FMT_THROW(windows_error(error_code,
-        "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8"));
+                            "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8"));
   }
 }
 
 FMT_FUNC int internal::utf16_to_utf8::convert(wstring_view s) {
-  if (s.size() > INT_MAX)
-    return ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+  if (s.size() > INT_MAX) return ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
   int s_size = static_cast<int>(s.size());
   if (s_size == 0) {
     // WideCharToMultiByte does not support zero length, handle separately.
@@ -849,43 +872,42 @@
     return 0;
   }
 
-  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(
-        CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, FMT_NULL, 0, FMT_NULL, FMT_NULL);
-  if (length == 0)
-    return GetLastError();
+  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, nullptr, 0,
+                                   nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
   buffer_.resize(length + 1);
-  length = WideCharToMultiByte(
-    CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0], length, FMT_NULL, FMT_NULL);
-  if (length == 0)
-    return GetLastError();
+  length = WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0],
+                               length, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (length == 0) return GetLastError();
   buffer_[length] = 0;
   return 0;
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void windows_error::init(
-    int err_code, string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+FMT_FUNC void windows_error::init(int err_code, string_view format_str,
+                                  format_args args) {
   error_code_ = err_code;
   memory_buffer buffer;
   internal::format_windows_error(buffer, err_code, vformat(format_str, args));
-  std::runtime_error &base = *this;
+  std::runtime_error& base = *this;
   base = std::runtime_error(to_string(buffer));
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void internal::format_windows_error(
-    internal::buffer &out, int error_code, string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_FUNC void internal::format_windows_error(internal::buffer<char>& out,
+                                             int error_code,
+                                             string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   FMT_TRY {
     wmemory_buffer buf;
     buf.resize(inline_buffer_size);
     for (;;) {
-      wchar_t *system_message = &buf[0];
+      wchar_t* system_message = &buf[0];
       int result = FormatMessageW(
-          FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
-          FMT_NULL, error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
-          system_message, static_cast<uint32_t>(buf.size()), FMT_NULL);
+          FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, nullptr,
+          error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT), system_message,
+          static_cast<uint32_t>(buf.size()), nullptr);
       if (result != 0) {
         utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message;
         if (utf8_message.convert(system_message) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
-          writer w(out);
+          internal::writer w(out);
           w.write(message);
           w.write(": ");
           w.write(utf8_message);
@@ -897,22 +919,24 @@
         break;  // Can't get error message, report error code instead.
       buf.resize(buf.size() * 2);
     }
-  } FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
   format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
 }
 
 #endif  // FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
 
-FMT_FUNC void format_system_error(
-    internal::buffer &out, int error_code, string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_FUNC void format_system_error(internal::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                  string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   FMT_TRY {
     memory_buffer buf;
     buf.resize(inline_buffer_size);
     for (;;) {
-      char *system_message = &buf[0];
-      int result = safe_strerror(error_code, system_message, buf.size());
+      char* system_message = &buf[0];
+      int result =
+          internal::safe_strerror(error_code, system_message, buf.size());
       if (result == 0) {
-        writer w(out);
+        internal::writer w(out);
         w.write(message);
         w.write(": ");
         w.write(system_message);
@@ -922,37 +946,41 @@
         break;  // Can't get error message, report error code instead.
       buf.resize(buf.size() * 2);
     }
-  } FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  }
+  FMT_CATCH(...) {}
   format_error_code(out, error_code, message);
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void internal::error_handler::on_error(const char *message) {
+FMT_FUNC void internal::error_handler::on_error(const char* message) {
   FMT_THROW(format_error(message));
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void report_system_error(
-    int error_code, fmt::string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_FUNC void report_system_error(int error_code,
+                                  fmt::string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   report_error(format_system_error, error_code, message);
 }
 
 #if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
-FMT_FUNC void report_windows_error(
-    int error_code, fmt::string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+FMT_FUNC void report_windows_error(int error_code,
+                                   fmt::string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   report_error(internal::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
 }
 #endif
 
-FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE *f, string_view format_str, format_args args) {
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE* f, string_view format_str, format_args args) {
   memory_buffer buffer;
   internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str,
-                       basic_format_args<buffer_context<char>::type>(args));
-  std::fwrite(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), f);
+                       basic_format_args<buffer_context<char>>(args));
+  internal::fwrite_fully(buffer.data(), 1, buffer.size(), f);
 }
 
-FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE *f, wstring_view format_str, wformat_args args) {
+FMT_FUNC void vprint(std::FILE* f, wstring_view format_str, wformat_args args) {
   wmemory_buffer buffer;
   internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
-  std::fwrite(buffer.data(), sizeof(wchar_t), buffer.size(), f);
+  buffer.push_back(L'\0');
+  if (std::fputws(buffer.data(), f) == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  }
 }
 
 FMT_FUNC void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
@@ -966,7 +994,7 @@
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# pragma warning(pop)
+#  pragma warning(pop)
 #endif
 
 #endif  // FMT_FORMAT_INL_H_
diff --git a/include/fmt/format.h b/include/fmt/format.h
index 1bb24a5..efec5d6 100644
--- a/include/fmt/format.h
+++ b/include/fmt/format.h
@@ -2,27 +2,32 @@
  Formatting library for C++
 
  Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
- All rights reserved.
 
- Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ the following conditions:
 
- 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
-    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
-    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
-    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 
- THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
- ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
- WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
- DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
- ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
- (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
- LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
- ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
- (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
- SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+ --- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+ As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+ of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+ source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+ without including the above copyright and permission notices.
  */
 
 #ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
@@ -31,165 +36,122 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
 #include <stdexcept>
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#ifdef __clang__
-# define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
-#else
-# define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
-# define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
-#elif defined(__ICL)
-# define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
-#else
-# define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __NVCC__
-# define FMT_CUDA_VERSION (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ * 100 + __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__)
-#else
-# define FMT_CUDA_VERSION 0
-#endif
 
 #include "core.h"
 
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-# pragma GCC diagnostic push
-
-// Disable the warning about declaration shadowing because it affects too
-// many valid cases.
-# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshadow"
-
-// Disable the warning about nonliteral format strings because we construct
-// them dynamically when falling back to snprintf for FP formatting.
-# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral"
-#endif
-
-# if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-#  pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-string-literal-operator-template"
-# endif
-
-#ifdef _SECURE_SCL
-# define FMT_SECURE_SCL _SECURE_SCL
+#ifdef __clang__
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
 #else
-# define FMT_SECURE_SCL 0
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
-#if FMT_SECURE_SCL
-# include <iterator>
+#ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#elif defined(__ICL)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __NVCC__
+#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ * 100 + __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __has_builtin
-# define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
 #else
-# define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __GNUC_LIBSTD__
-# define FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION (__GNUC_LIBSTD__ * 100 + __GNUC_LIBSTD_MINOR__)
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_THROW
-# if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
-#  if FMT_MSC_VER
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#    if FMT_MSC_VER
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 namespace internal {
-template <typename Exception>
-inline void do_throw(const Exception &x) {
+template <typename Exception> inline void do_throw(const Exception& x) {
   // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC because these are nearly
   // impossible to fix in a generic code.
   volatile bool b = true;
-  if (b)
-    throw x;
+  if (b) throw x;
 }
-}
+}  // namespace internal
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
-#   define FMT_THROW(x) fmt::internal::do_throw(x)
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) fmt::internal::do_throw(x)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#    endif
 #  else
-#   define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#    define FMT_THROW(x)              \
+      do {                            \
+        static_cast<void>(sizeof(x)); \
+        assert(false);                \
+      } while (false)
 #  endif
-# else
-#  define FMT_THROW(x) do { static_cast<void>(sizeof(x)); assert(false); } while(false);
-# endif
 #endif
 
 #ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
-// For Intel's compiler and NVIDIA's compiler both it and the system gcc/msc
-// must support UDLs.
-# if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || \
-      FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900) && \
-      (!(FMT_ICC_VERSION || FMT_CUDA_VERSION) || \
-       FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1500 || FMT_CUDA_VERSION >= 700)
-#  define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
-# else
-#  define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
-# endif
+// For Intel and NVIDIA compilers both they and the system gcc/msc support UDLs.
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 ||      \
+       FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900) &&                                              \
+      (!(FMT_ICC_VERSION || FMT_CUDA_VERSION) || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1500 || \
+       FMT_CUDA_VERSION >= 700)
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
+#  endif
 #endif
 
-// EDG C++ Front End based compilers (icc, nvcc) do not currently support UDL
-// templates.
-#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && \
-    FMT_ICC_VERSION == 0 && \
-    FMT_CUDA_VERSION == 0 && \
-    ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && __cplusplus >= 201402L) || \
-    (defined(FMT_CLANG_VERSION) && FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 304))
-# define FMT_UDL_TEMPLATE 1
+#ifndef FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+// EDG front end based compilers (icc, nvcc) do not support UDL templates yet
+// and GCC 9 warns about them.
+#  if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && FMT_ICC_VERSION == 0 && \
+      FMT_CUDA_VERSION == 0 &&                                 \
+      ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && FMT_GCC_VERSION <= 900 &&    \
+        __cplusplus >= 201402L) ||                             \
+       FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 304)
+#    define FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
+// Do nothing.
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
 #else
-# define FMT_UDL_TEMPLATE 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
-# ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-#  define FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES \
-     ((FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 209 && __cplusplus >= 201103L) || \
-      (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 303 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11))
-# else
-#  define FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES 0
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#if FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_trailing_return) || \
-    FMT_MSC_VER >= 1600
-# define FMT_USE_TRAILING_RETURN 1
-#else
-# define FMT_USE_TRAILING_RETURN 0
-#endif
-
-#ifndef FMT_USE_GRISU
-# define FMT_USE_GRISU 0
-//# define FMT_USE_GRISU std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
 #endif
 
 // __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
 // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
-# if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 400 || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz)
+#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz)) && !FMT_MSC_VER
 #  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
-# endif
-
-# if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 400 || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll)
+#endif
+#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll)) && !FMT_MSC_VER
 #  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
-# endif
 #endif
 
 // Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or otherwise support
 // __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the
 // MSVC intrinsics if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
 #if FMT_MSC_VER && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && !defined(_MANAGED)
-# include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse, _BitScanReverse64
+#  include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse, _BitScanReverse64
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 namespace internal {
 // Avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning.
-# ifndef __clang__
-#  pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
-# endif
+#  ifndef __clang__
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+#  endif
 inline uint32_t clz(uint32_t x) {
   unsigned long r = 0;
   _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
@@ -198,43 +160,52 @@
   // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
   // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
   // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
-# pragma warning(suppress: 6102)
+#  pragma warning(suppress : 6102)
   return 31 - r;
 }
-# define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) fmt::internal::clz(n)
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) fmt::internal::clz(n)
 
-# if defined(_WIN64) && !defined(__clang__)
-#  pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
-# endif
+#  if defined(_WIN64) && !defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#  endif
 
 inline uint32_t clzll(uint64_t x) {
   unsigned long r = 0;
-# ifdef _WIN64
+#  ifdef _WIN64
   _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
-# else
+#  else
   // Scan the high 32 bits.
-  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32)))
-    return 63 - (r + 32);
+  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32))) return 63 - (r + 32);
 
   // Scan the low 32 bits.
   _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
-# endif
+#  endif
 
   assert(x != 0);
   // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
   // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
   // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
-# pragma warning(suppress: 6102)
+#  pragma warning(suppress : 6102)
   return 63 - r;
 }
-# define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) fmt::internal::clzll(n)
-}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) fmt::internal::clzll(n)
+}  // namespace internal
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 #endif
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 namespace internal {
 
+// A fallback implementation of uintptr_t for systems that lack it.
+struct fallback_uintptr {
+  unsigned char value[sizeof(void*)];
+};
+#ifdef UINTPTR_MAX
+using uintptr_t = ::uintptr_t;
+#else
+using uintptr_t = fallback_uintptr;
+#endif
+
 // An equivalent of `*reinterpret_cast<Dest*>(&source)` that doesn't produce
 // undefined behavior (e.g. due to type aliasing).
 // Example: uint64_t d = bit_cast<uint64_t>(2.718);
@@ -246,184 +217,283 @@
   return dest;
 }
 
-// An implementation of begin and end for pre-C++11 compilers such as gcc 4.
-template <typename C>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto begin(const C &c) -> decltype(c.begin()) {
-  return c.begin();
-}
-template <typename T, std::size_t N>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR T *begin(T (&array)[N]) FMT_NOEXCEPT { return array; }
-template <typename C>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto end(const C &c) -> decltype(c.end()) { return c.end(); }
-template <typename T, std::size_t N>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR T *end(T (&array)[N]) FMT_NOEXCEPT { return array + N; }
-
-// For std::result_of in gcc 4.4.
-template <typename Result>
-struct function {
-  template <typename T>
-  struct result { typedef Result type; };
-};
-
-struct dummy_int {
-  int data[2];
-  operator int() const { return 0; }
-};
-typedef std::numeric_limits<internal::dummy_int> fputil;
-
-// Dummy implementations of system functions called if the latter are not
-// available.
-inline dummy_int isinf(...) { return dummy_int(); }
-inline dummy_int _finite(...) { return dummy_int(); }
-inline dummy_int isnan(...) { return dummy_int(); }
-inline dummy_int _isnan(...) { return dummy_int(); }
-
-template <typename Allocator>
-typename Allocator::value_type *allocate(Allocator& alloc, std::size_t n) {
-#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1700
-  return std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(alloc, n);
-#else
-  return alloc.allocate(n);
-#endif
-}
-
-// A helper function to suppress bogus "conditional expression is constant"
-// warnings.
+// An approximation of iterator_t for pre-C++20 systems.
 template <typename T>
-inline T const_check(T value) { return value; }
-}  // namespace internal
-FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+using iterator_t = decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));
 
-namespace std {
-// Standard permits specialization of std::numeric_limits. This specialization
-// is used to resolve ambiguity between isinf and std::isinf in glibc:
-// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=48891
-// and the same for isnan.
-template <>
-class numeric_limits<fmt::internal::dummy_int> :
-    public std::numeric_limits<int> {
+// Detect the iterator category of *any* given type in a SFINAE-friendly way.
+// Unfortunately, older implementations of std::iterator_traits are not safe
+// for use in a SFINAE-context.
+template <typename It, typename Enable = void>
+struct iterator_category : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T> struct iterator_category<T*> {
+  using type = std::random_access_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <typename It>
+struct iterator_category<It, void_t<typename It::iterator_category>> {
+  using type = typename It::iterator_category;
+};
+
+// Detect if *any* given type models the OutputIterator concept.
+template <typename It> class is_output_iterator {
+  // Check for mutability because all iterator categories derived from
+  // std::input_iterator_tag *may* also meet the requirements of an
+  // OutputIterator, thereby falling into the category of 'mutable iterators'
+  // [iterator.requirements.general] clause 4. The compiler reveals this
+  // property only at the point of *actually dereferencing* the iterator!
+  template <typename U>
+  static decltype(*(std::declval<U>())) test(std::input_iterator_tag);
+  template <typename U> static char& test(std::output_iterator_tag);
+  template <typename U> static const char& test(...);
+
+  using type = decltype(test<It>(typename iterator_category<It>::type{}));
+
  public:
-  // Portable version of isinf.
-  template <typename T>
-  static bool isinfinity(T x) {
-    using namespace fmt::internal;
-    // The resolution "priority" is:
-    // isinf macro > std::isinf > ::isinf > fmt::internal::isinf
-    if (const_check(sizeof(isinf(x)) != sizeof(fmt::internal::dummy_int)))
-      return isinf(x) != 0;
-    return !_finite(static_cast<double>(x));
+  static const bool value = !std::is_const<remove_reference_t<type>>::value;
+};
+
+// A workaround for std::string not having mutable data() until C++17.
+template <typename Char> inline Char* get_data(std::basic_string<Char>& s) {
+  return &s[0];
+}
+template <typename Container>
+inline typename Container::value_type* get_data(Container& c) {
+  return c.data();
+}
+
+#ifdef _SECURE_SCL
+// Make a checked iterator to avoid MSVC warnings.
+template <typename T> using checked_ptr = stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*>;
+template <typename T> checked_ptr<T> make_checked(T* p, std::size_t size) {
+  return {p, size};
+}
+#else
+template <typename T> using checked_ptr = T*;
+template <typename T> inline T* make_checked(T* p, std::size_t) { return p; }
+#endif
+
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+inline checked_ptr<typename Container::value_type> reserve(
+    std::back_insert_iterator<Container>& it, std::size_t n) {
+  Container& c = get_container(it);
+  std::size_t size = c.size();
+  c.resize(size + n);
+  return make_checked(get_data(c) + size, n);
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+inline Iterator& reserve(Iterator& it, std::size_t) {
+  return it;
+}
+
+// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
+// discards them.
+template <typename T> class counting_iterator {
+ private:
+  std::size_t count_;
+  mutable T blackhole_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type = T;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = T*;
+  using reference = T&;
+  using _Unchecked_type = counting_iterator;  // Mark iterator as checked.
+
+  counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
+
+  std::size_t count() const { return count_; }
+
+  counting_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++count_;
+    return *this;
   }
 
-  // Portable version of isnan.
-  template <typename T>
-  static bool isnotanumber(T x) {
-    using namespace fmt::internal;
-    if (const_check(sizeof(isnan(x)) != sizeof(fmt::internal::dummy_int)))
-      return isnan(x) != 0;
-    return _isnan(static_cast<double>(x)) != 0;
+  counting_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  T& operator*() const { return blackhole_; }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt> class truncating_iterator_base {
+ protected:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  std::size_t limit_;
+  std::size_t count_;
+
+  truncating_iterator_base(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
+      : out_(out), limit_(limit), count_(0) {}
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using difference_type = void;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  using _Unchecked_type =
+      truncating_iterator_base;  // Mark iterator as checked.
+
+  OutputIt base() const { return out_; }
+  std::size_t count() const { return count_; }
+};
+
+// An output iterator that truncates the output and counts the number of objects
+// written to it.
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          typename Enable = typename std::is_void<
+              typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type>::type>
+class truncating_iterator;
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::false_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+  using traits = std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>;
+
+  mutable typename traits::value_type blackhole_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = typename traits::value_type;
+
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) ++this->out_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type& operator*() const {
+    return this->count_ < this->limit_ ? *this->out_ : blackhole_;
   }
 };
-}  // namespace std
 
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-template <typename Range>
-class basic_writer;
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::true_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+ public:
+  using value_type = typename OutputIt::container_type::value_type;
 
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator=(value_type val) {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) this->out_ = val;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+};
+
+// A range with the specified output iterator and value type.
 template <typename OutputIt, typename T = typename OutputIt::value_type>
 class output_range {
  private:
   OutputIt it_;
 
-  // Unused yet.
-  typedef void sentinel;
-  sentinel end() const;
-
  public:
-  typedef OutputIt iterator;
-  typedef T value_type;
+  using value_type = T;
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  struct sentinel {};
 
-  explicit output_range(OutputIt it): it_(it) {}
+  explicit output_range(OutputIt it) : it_(it) {}
   OutputIt begin() const { return it_; }
+  sentinel end() const { return {}; }  // Sentinel is not used yet.
 };
 
-// A range where begin() returns back_insert_iterator.
-template <typename Container>
-class back_insert_range:
-    public output_range<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>> {
-  typedef output_range<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>> base;
- public:
-  typedef typename Container::value_type value_type;
-
-  back_insert_range(Container &c): base(std::back_inserter(c)) {}
-  back_insert_range(typename base::iterator it): base(it) {}
-};
-
-typedef basic_writer<back_insert_range<internal::buffer>> writer;
-typedef basic_writer<back_insert_range<internal::wbuffer>> wwriter;
-
-/** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
-class format_error : public std::runtime_error {
- public:
-  explicit format_error(const char *message)
-  : std::runtime_error(message) {}
-
-  explicit format_error(const std::string &message)
-  : std::runtime_error(message) {}
-};
-
-namespace internal {
-
-#if FMT_SECURE_SCL
+// A range with an iterator appending to a buffer.
 template <typename T>
-struct checked { typedef stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*> type; };
+class buffer_range
+    : public output_range<std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<T>>, T> {
+ public:
+  using iterator = std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<T>>;
+  using output_range<iterator, T>::output_range;
+  buffer_range(buffer<T>& buf)
+      : output_range<iterator, T>(std::back_inserter(buf)) {}
+};
 
-// Make a checked iterator to avoid warnings on MSVC.
-template <typename T>
-inline stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*> make_checked(T *p, std::size_t size) {
-  return {p, size};
+template <typename Char>
+inline size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+  return s.size();
 }
-#else
-template <typename T>
-struct checked { typedef T *type; };
-template <typename T>
-inline T *make_checked(T *p, std::size_t) { return p; }
+
+// Counts the number of code points in a UTF-8 string.
+inline size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<char8_t> s) {
+  const char8_t* data = s.data();
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0, size = s.size(); i != size; ++i) {
+    if ((data[i] & 0xc0) != 0x80) ++num_code_points;
+  }
+  return num_code_points;
+}
+
+inline char8_t to_char8_t(char c) { return static_cast<char8_t>(c); }
+
+template <typename InputIt, typename OutChar>
+using needs_conversion = bool_constant<
+    std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::value_type,
+                 char>::value &&
+    std::is_same<OutChar, char8_t>::value>;
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
+OutputIt copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt it) {
+  return std::copy(begin, end, it);
+}
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
+OutputIt copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt it) {
+  return std::transform(begin, end, it, to_char8_t);
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_GRISU
+#  define FMT_USE_GRISU 0
 #endif
 
+template <typename T> constexpr bool use_grisu() {
+  return FMT_USE_GRISU && std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559 &&
+         sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double);
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 template <typename U>
-void basic_buffer<T>::append(const U *begin, const U *end) {
-  std::size_t new_size = size_ + internal::to_unsigned(end - begin);
+void buffer<T>::append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
+  std::size_t new_size = size_ + to_unsigned(end - begin);
   reserve(new_size);
-  std::uninitialized_copy(begin, end,
-                          internal::make_checked(ptr_, capacity_) + size_);
+  std::uninitialized_copy(begin, end, make_checked(ptr_, capacity_) + size_);
   size_ = new_size;
 }
 }  // namespace internal
 
-// C++20 feature test, since r346892 Clang considers char8_t a fundamental
-// type in this mode. If this is the case __cpp_char8_t will be defined.
-#if !defined(__cpp_char8_t)
-// A UTF-8 code unit type.
-enum char8_t: unsigned char {};
-#endif
-
 // A UTF-8 string view.
 class u8string_view : public basic_string_view<char8_t> {
  public:
-  typedef char8_t char_type;
-
-  u8string_view(const char *s):
-    basic_string_view<char8_t>(reinterpret_cast<const char8_t*>(s)) {}
-  u8string_view(const char *s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT:
-    basic_string_view<char8_t>(reinterpret_cast<const char8_t*>(s), count) {}
+  u8string_view(const char* s)
+      : basic_string_view<char8_t>(reinterpret_cast<const char8_t*>(s)) {}
+  u8string_view(const char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : basic_string_view<char8_t>(reinterpret_cast<const char8_t*>(s), count) {
+  }
 };
 
 #if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
 inline namespace literals {
-inline u8string_view operator"" _u(const char *s, std::size_t n) {
+inline u8string_view operator"" _u(const char* s, std::size_t n) {
   return {s, n};
 }
-}
+}  // namespace literals
 #endif
 
 // The number of characters to store in the basic_memory_buffer object itself
@@ -435,7 +505,7 @@
   A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types
   with the first ``SIZE`` elements stored in the object itself.
 
-  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
 
   +----------------+------------------------------+
   | Type           | Definition                   |
@@ -460,8 +530,8 @@
   \endrst
  */
 template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
-          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T> >
-class basic_memory_buffer: private Allocator, public internal::basic_buffer<T> {
+          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+class basic_memory_buffer : private Allocator, public internal::buffer<T> {
  private:
   T store_[SIZE];
 
@@ -475,10 +545,10 @@
   void grow(std::size_t size) FMT_OVERRIDE;
 
  public:
-  typedef T value_type;
-  typedef const T &const_reference;
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
 
-  explicit basic_memory_buffer(const Allocator &alloc = Allocator())
+  explicit basic_memory_buffer(const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
       : Allocator(alloc) {
     this->set(store_, SIZE);
   }
@@ -486,7 +556,7 @@
 
  private:
   // Move data from other to this buffer.
-  void move(basic_memory_buffer &other) {
+  void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
     Allocator &this_alloc = *this, &other_alloc = other;
     this_alloc = std::move(other_alloc);
     T* data = other.data();
@@ -511,16 +581,14 @@
     of the other object to it.
     \endrst
    */
-  basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer &&other) {
-    move(other);
-  }
+  basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) { move(other); }
 
   /**
     \rst
     Moves the content of the other ``basic_memory_buffer`` object to this one.
     \endrst
    */
-  basic_memory_buffer &operator=(basic_memory_buffer &&other) {
+  basic_memory_buffer& operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) {
     assert(this != &other);
     deallocate();
     move(other);
@@ -533,12 +601,14 @@
 
 template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
 void basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>::grow(std::size_t size) {
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+  if (size > 1000) throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - won't grow that much");
+#endif
   std::size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
   std::size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
-  if (size > new_capacity)
-      new_capacity = size;
-  T *old_data = this->data();
-  T *new_data = internal::allocate<Allocator>(*this, new_capacity);
+  if (size > new_capacity) new_capacity = size;
+  T* old_data = this->data();
+  T* new_data = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(*this, new_capacity);
   // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
   std::uninitialized_copy(old_data, old_data + this->size(),
                           internal::make_checked(new_data, new_capacity));
@@ -546,222 +616,59 @@
   // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
   // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
   // destructor.
-  if (old_data != store_)
-    Allocator::deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+  if (old_data != store_) Allocator::deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
 }
 
-typedef basic_memory_buffer<char> memory_buffer;
-typedef basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t> wmemory_buffer;
+using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+using wmemory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>;
+
+/** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
+class FMT_API format_error : public std::runtime_error {
+ public:
+  explicit format_error(const char* message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+  explicit format_error(const std::string& message)
+      : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+  ~format_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+};
 
 namespace internal {
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct char_traits;
-
-template <>
-struct char_traits<char> {
-  // Formats a floating-point number.
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_API static int format_float(char *buffer, std::size_t size,
-      const char *format, int precision, T value);
-};
-
-template <>
-struct char_traits<wchar_t> {
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_API static int format_float(wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size,
-      const wchar_t *format, int precision, T value);
-};
-
-#if FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
-extern template int char_traits<char>::format_float<double>(
-    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
-    double value);
-extern template int char_traits<char>::format_float<long double>(
-    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char* format, int precision,
-    long double value);
-
-extern template int char_traits<wchar_t>::format_float<double>(
-    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t* format, int precision,
-    double value);
-extern template int char_traits<wchar_t>::format_float<long double>(
-    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t* format, int precision,
-    long double value);
-#endif
-
-template <typename Container>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-  is_contiguous<Container>::value,
-  typename checked<typename Container::value_type>::type>::type
-    reserve(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> &it, std::size_t n) {
-  Container &c = internal::get_container(it);
-  std::size_t size = c.size();
-  c.resize(size + n);
-  return make_checked(&c[size], n);
-}
-
-template <typename Iterator>
-inline Iterator &reserve(Iterator &it, std::size_t) { return it; }
-
-template <typename Char>
-class null_terminating_iterator;
-
-template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const Char *pointer_from(null_terminating_iterator<Char> it);
-
-// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
-// discards them.
-template <typename T>
-class counting_iterator {
- private:
-  std::size_t count_;
-  mutable T blackhole_;
-
- public:
-  typedef std::output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
-  typedef T value_type;
-  typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
-  typedef T* pointer;
-  typedef T& reference;
-  typedef counting_iterator _Unchecked_type;  // Mark iterator as checked.
-
-  counting_iterator(): count_(0) {}
-
-  std::size_t count() const { return count_; }
-
-  counting_iterator& operator++() {
-    ++count_;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  counting_iterator operator++(int) {
-    auto it = *this;
-    ++*this;
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  T &operator*() const { return blackhole_; }
-};
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-class truncating_iterator_base {
- protected:
-  OutputIt out_;
-  std::size_t limit_;
-  std::size_t count_;
-
-  truncating_iterator_base(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
-    : out_(out), limit_(limit), count_(0) {}
-
- public:
-  typedef std::output_iterator_tag iterator_category;
-  typedef void difference_type;
-  typedef void pointer;
-  typedef void reference;
-  typedef truncating_iterator_base _Unchecked_type; // Mark iterator as checked.
-
-  OutputIt base() const { return out_; }
-  std::size_t count() const { return count_; }
-};
-
-// An output iterator that truncates the output and counts the number of objects
-// written to it.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Enable = typename std::is_void<
-    typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type>::type>
-class truncating_iterator;
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::false_type>:
-  public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
-  typedef std::iterator_traits<OutputIt> traits;
-
-  mutable typename traits::value_type blackhole_;
-
- public:
-  typedef typename traits::value_type value_type;
-
-  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
-    : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
-
-  truncating_iterator& operator++() {
-    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_)
-      ++this->out_;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  truncating_iterator operator++(int) {
-    auto it = *this;
-    ++*this;
-    return it;
-  }
-
-  value_type& operator*() const {
-    return this->count_ < this->limit_ ? *this->out_ : blackhole_;
-  }
-};
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::true_type>:
-  public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
- public:
-  typedef typename OutputIt::container_type::value_type value_type;
-
-  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
-    : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
-
-  truncating_iterator& operator=(value_type val) {
-    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_)
-      this->out_ = val;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  truncating_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
-  truncating_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
-  truncating_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
-};
-
 // Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
-// Same as (value < 0) but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
-template <typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-    std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed, bool>::type is_negative(T value) {
+// Same as `value < 0` but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_negative(T value) {
   return value < 0;
 }
-template <typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-    !std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed, bool>::type is_negative(T) {
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_negative(T) {
   return false;
 }
 
+// Smallest of uint32_t and uint64_t that is large enough to represent all
+// values of T.
 template <typename T>
-struct int_traits {
-  // Smallest of uint32_t and uint64_t that is large enough to represent
-  // all values of T.
-  typedef typename std::conditional<
-    std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 32, uint32_t, uint64_t>::type main_type;
+using uint32_or_64_t =
+    conditional_t<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 32, uint32_t, uint64_t>;
+
+// Static data is placed in this class template for the header-only config.
+template <typename T = void> struct FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API basic_data {
+  static const uint64_t powers_of_10_64[];
+  static const uint32_t zero_or_powers_of_10_32[];
+  static const uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10_64[];
+  static const uint64_t pow10_significands[];
+  static const int16_t pow10_exponents[];
+  static const char digits[];
+  static const char hex_digits[];
+  static const char foreground_color[];
+  static const char background_color[];
+  static const char reset_color[5];
+  static const wchar_t wreset_color[5];
 };
 
-// Static data is placed in this class template to allow header-only
-// configuration.
-template <typename T = void>
-struct FMT_API basic_data {
-  static const uint32_t POWERS_OF_10_32[];
-  static const uint32_t ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_32[];
-  static const uint64_t ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_64[];
-  static const uint64_t POW10_SIGNIFICANDS[];
-  static const int16_t POW10_EXPONENTS[];
-  static const char DIGITS[];
-  static const char FOREGROUND_COLOR[];
-  static const char BACKGROUND_COLOR[];
-  static const char RESET_COLOR[];
-  static const wchar_t WRESET_COLOR[];
-};
+FMT_EXTERN template struct basic_data<void>;
 
-#if FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
-extern template struct basic_data<void>;
-#endif
-
-typedef basic_data<> data;
+// This is a struct rather than an alias to avoid shadowing warnings in gcc.
+struct data : basic_data<> {};
 
 #ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
 // Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
@@ -770,7 +677,7 @@
   // Based on http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
   // and the benchmark https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits.
   int t = (64 - FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
-  return t - (n < data::ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_64[t]) + 1;
+  return t - (n < data::zero_or_powers_of_10_64[t]) + 1;
 }
 #else
 // Fallback version of count_digits used when __builtin_clz is not available.
@@ -790,46 +697,28 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-template <typename Char>
-inline size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<Char> s) { return s.size(); }
-
-// Counts the number of code points in a UTF-8 string.
-FMT_API size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<char8_t> s);
-
-inline char8_t to_char8_t(char c) { return static_cast<char8_t>(c); }
-
-template <typename InputIt, typename OutChar>
-struct needs_conversion: std::integral_constant<bool,
-  std::is_same<
-    typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::value_type, char>::value &&
-  std::is_same<OutChar, char8_t>::value> {};
-
-template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
-typename std::enable_if<
-  !needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value, OutputIt>::type
-    copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt it) {
-  return std::copy(begin, end, it);
+// Counts the number of digits in n. BITS = log2(radix).
+template <unsigned BITS, typename UInt> inline int count_digits(UInt n) {
+  int num_digits = 0;
+  do {
+    ++num_digits;
+  } while ((n >>= BITS) != 0);
+  return num_digits;
 }
 
-template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt>
-typename std::enable_if<
-  needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value, OutputIt>::type
-    copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt it) {
-  return std::transform(begin, end, it, to_char8_t);
-}
+template <> int count_digits<4>(internal::fallback_uintptr n);
 
 #if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(always_inline)
-# define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
+#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE __attribute__((always_inline))
 #else
-# define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE
 #endif
 
 template <typename Handler>
-inline char *lg(uint32_t n, Handler h) FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE;
+inline char* lg(uint32_t n, Handler h) FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE;
 
 // Computes g = floor(log10(n)) and calls h.on<g>(n);
-template <typename Handler>
-inline char *lg(uint32_t n, Handler h) {
+template <typename Handler> inline char* lg(uint32_t n, Handler h) {
   return n < 100 ? n < 10 ? h.template on<0>(n) : h.template on<1>(n)
                  : n < 1000000
                        ? n < 10000 ? n < 1000 ? h.template on<2>(n)
@@ -846,16 +735,16 @@
 // Usage: lg(n, decimal_formatter(buffer));
 class decimal_formatter {
  private:
-  char *buffer_;
+  char* buffer_;
 
   void write_pair(unsigned N, uint32_t index) {
-    std::memcpy(buffer_ + N, data::DIGITS + index * 2, 2);
+    std::memcpy(buffer_ + N, data::digits + index * 2, 2);
   }
 
  public:
-  explicit decimal_formatter(char *buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
+  explicit decimal_formatter(char* buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
 
-  template <unsigned N> char *on(uint32_t u) {
+  template <unsigned N> char* on(uint32_t u) {
     if (N == 0) {
       *buffer_ = static_cast<char>(u) + '0';
     } else if (N == 1) {
@@ -865,8 +754,8 @@
       // https://github.com/jeaiii/itoa
       unsigned n = N - 1;
       unsigned a = n / 5 * n * 53 / 16;
-      uint64_t t = ((1ULL << (32 + a)) /
-                   data::ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_32[n] + 1 - n / 9);
+      uint64_t t =
+          ((1ULL << (32 + a)) / data::zero_or_powers_of_10_32[n] + 1 - n / 9);
       t = ((t * u) >> a) + n / 5 * 4;
       write_pair(0, t >> 32);
       for (unsigned i = 2; i < N; i += 2) {
@@ -874,140 +763,92 @@
         write_pair(i, t >> 32);
       }
       if (N % 2 == 0) {
-        buffer_[N] = static_cast<char>(
-          (10ULL * static_cast<uint32_t>(t)) >> 32) + '0';
+        buffer_[N] =
+            static_cast<char>((10ULL * static_cast<uint32_t>(t)) >> 32) + '0';
       }
     }
     return buffer_ += N + 1;
   }
 };
 
-// An lg handler that formats a decimal number with a terminating null.
-class decimal_formatter_null : public decimal_formatter {
- public:
-  explicit decimal_formatter_null(char *buf) : decimal_formatter(buf) {}
-
-  template <unsigned N> char *on(uint32_t u) {
-    char *buf = decimal_formatter::on<N>(u);
-    *buf = '\0';
-    return buf;
-  }
-};
-
 #ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
 // Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
 inline int count_digits(uint32_t n) {
   int t = (32 - FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
-  return t - (n < data::ZERO_OR_POWERS_OF_10_32[t]) + 1;
+  return t - (n < data::zero_or_powers_of_10_32[t]) + 1;
 }
 #endif
 
-// A functor that doesn't add a thousands separator.
-struct no_thousands_sep {
-  typedef char char_type;
-
-  template <typename Char>
-  void operator()(Char *) {}
-
-  enum { size = 0 };
-};
-
-// A functor that adds a thousands separator.
-template <typename Char>
-class add_thousands_sep {
- private:
-  basic_string_view<Char> sep_;
-
-  // Index of a decimal digit with the least significant digit having index 0.
-  unsigned digit_index_;
-
- public:
-  typedef Char char_type;
-
-  explicit add_thousands_sep(basic_string_view<Char> sep)
-    : sep_(sep), digit_index_(0) {}
-
-  void operator()(Char *&buffer) {
-    if (++digit_index_ % 3 != 0)
-      return;
-    buffer -= sep_.size();
-    std::uninitialized_copy(sep_.data(), sep_.data() + sep_.size(),
-                            internal::make_checked(buffer, sep_.size()));
-  }
-
-  enum { size = 1 };
-};
-
-template <typename Char>
-FMT_API Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc);
-
-template <typename Char>
-inline Char thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
+template <typename Char> FMT_API Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc);
+template <typename Char> inline Char thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
   return Char(thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc));
 }
-
-template <>
-inline wchar_t thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
+template <> inline wchar_t thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
   return thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
 }
 
+template <typename Char> FMT_API Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc);
+template <typename Char> inline Char decimal_point(locale_ref loc) {
+  return Char(decimal_point_impl<char>(loc));
+}
+template <> inline wchar_t decimal_point(locale_ref loc) {
+  return decimal_point_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
 // Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into buffer.
-// thousands_sep is a functor that is called after writing each char to
-// add a thousands separator if necessary.
-template <typename UInt, typename Char, typename ThousandsSep>
-inline Char *format_decimal(Char *buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
-                            ThousandsSep thousands_sep) {
+// add_thousands_sep is called after writing each char to add a thousands
+// separator if necessary.
+template <typename UInt, typename Char, typename F>
+inline Char* format_decimal(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                            F add_thousands_sep) {
   FMT_ASSERT(num_digits >= 0, "invalid digit count");
   buffer += num_digits;
-  Char *end = buffer;
+  Char* end = buffer;
   while (value >= 100) {
     // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
     // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
     // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
     unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>((value % 100) * 2);
     value /= 100;
-    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::DIGITS[index + 1]);
-    thousands_sep(buffer);
-    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::DIGITS[index]);
-    thousands_sep(buffer);
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index + 1]);
+    add_thousands_sep(buffer);
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index]);
+    add_thousands_sep(buffer);
   }
   if (value < 10) {
     *--buffer = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
     return end;
   }
   unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
-  *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::DIGITS[index + 1]);
-  thousands_sep(buffer);
-  *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::DIGITS[index]);
+  *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index + 1]);
+  add_thousands_sep(buffer);
+  *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index]);
   return end;
 }
 
-template <typename OutChar, typename UInt, typename Iterator,
-          typename ThousandsSep>
-inline Iterator format_decimal(
-    Iterator out, UInt value, int num_digits, ThousandsSep sep) {
+template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename Iterator, typename F>
+inline Iterator format_decimal(Iterator out, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                               F add_thousands_sep) {
   FMT_ASSERT(num_digits >= 0, "invalid digit count");
-  typedef typename ThousandsSep::char_type char_type;
   // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (<= digits10 + 1).
   enum { max_size = std::numeric_limits<UInt>::digits10 + 1 };
-  FMT_ASSERT(ThousandsSep::size <= 1, "invalid separator");
-  char_type buffer[max_size + max_size / 3];
-  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, num_digits, sep);
-  return internal::copy_str<OutChar>(buffer, end, out);
+  Char buffer[max_size + max_size / 3];
+  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, num_digits, add_thousands_sep);
+  return internal::copy_str<Char>(buffer, end, out);
 }
 
-template <typename OutChar, typename It, typename UInt>
+template <typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
 inline It format_decimal(It out, UInt value, int num_digits) {
-  return format_decimal<OutChar>(out, value, num_digits, no_thousands_sep());
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, value, num_digits, [](Char*) {});
 }
 
 template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename UInt>
-inline Char *format_uint(Char *buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+inline Char* format_uint(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
                          bool upper = false) {
   buffer += num_digits;
-  Char *end = buffer;
+  Char* end = buffer;
   do {
-    const char *digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : "0123456789abcdef";
+    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : data::hex_digits;
     unsigned digit = (value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
     *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(BASE_BITS < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
                                                 : digits[digit]);
@@ -1015,20 +856,40 @@
   return end;
 }
 
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char>
+Char* format_uint(Char* buffer, internal::fallback_uintptr n, int num_digits,
+                  bool = false) {
+  auto char_digits = std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits / 4;
+  int start = (num_digits + char_digits - 1) / char_digits - 1;
+  if (int start_digits = num_digits % char_digits) {
+    unsigned value = n.value[start--];
+    buffer = format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, start_digits);
+  }
+  for (; start >= 0; --start) {
+    unsigned value = n.value[start];
+    buffer += char_digits;
+    auto p = buffer;
+    for (int i = 0; i < char_digits; ++i) {
+      unsigned digit = (value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
+      *--p = static_cast<Char>(data::hex_digits[digit]);
+      value >>= BASE_BITS;
+    }
+  }
+  return buffer;
+}
+
 template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
-inline It format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits,
-                      bool upper = false) {
-  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1)
-  // and null.
-  char buffer[std::numeric_limits<UInt>::digits / BASE_BITS + 2];
+inline It format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits, bool upper = false) {
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1).
+  char buffer[std::numeric_limits<UInt>::digits / BASE_BITS + 1];
   format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
   return internal::copy_str<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
 }
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
-# define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 0
+#  define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 0
 #elif !defined(FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H)
-# define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 1
+#  define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 1
 #endif
 
 // Define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H to 0 to disable use of windows.h.
@@ -1044,7 +905,7 @@
   FMT_API explicit utf8_to_utf16(string_view s);
   operator wstring_view() const { return wstring_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
   size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
-  const wchar_t *c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  const wchar_t* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
   std::wstring str() const { return std::wstring(&buffer_[0], size()); }
 };
 
@@ -1059,7 +920,7 @@
   FMT_API explicit utf16_to_utf8(wstring_view s);
   operator string_view() const { return string_view(&buffer_[0], size()); }
   size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
-  const char *c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  const char* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
   std::string str() const { return std::string(&buffer_[0], size()); }
 
   // Performs conversion returning a system error code instead of
@@ -1068,84 +929,198 @@
   FMT_API int convert(wstring_view s);
 };
 
-FMT_API void format_windows_error(fmt::internal::buffer &out, int error_code,
+FMT_API void format_windows_error(fmt::internal::buffer<char>& out,
+                                  int error_code,
                                   fmt::string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
 #endif
 
-template <typename T = void>
-struct null {};
+template <typename T = void> struct null {};
+
+// Workaround an array initialization issue in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char> struct fill_t {
+ private:
+  Char data_[6];
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR Char& operator[](size_t index) { return data_[index]; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char& operator[](size_t index) const {
+    return data_[index];
+  }
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR fill_t<Char> make() {
+    auto fill = fill_t<Char>();
+    fill[0] = Char(' ');
+    return fill;
+  }
+};
 }  // namespace internal
 
-enum alignment {
-  ALIGN_DEFAULT, ALIGN_LEFT, ALIGN_RIGHT, ALIGN_CENTER, ALIGN_NUMERIC
-};
-
-// Flags.
-enum { SIGN_FLAG = 1, PLUS_FLAG = 2, MINUS_FLAG = 4, HASH_FLAG = 8 };
-
-// An alignment specifier.
-struct align_spec {
-  unsigned width_;
-  // Fill is always wchar_t and cast to char if necessary to avoid having
-  // two specialization of AlignSpec and its subclasses.
-  wchar_t fill_;
-  alignment align_;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR align_spec() : width_(0), fill_(' '), align_(ALIGN_DEFAULT) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned width() const { return width_; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t fill() const { return fill_; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR alignment align() const { return align_; }
-};
-
-struct core_format_specs {
-  int precision;
-  uint_least8_t flags;
-  char type;
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR core_format_specs() : precision(-1), flags(0), type(0) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool has(unsigned f) const { return (flags & f) != 0; }
-};
-
-// Format specifiers.
-template <typename Char>
-struct basic_format_specs : align_spec, core_format_specs {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_specs() {}
-};
-
-typedef basic_format_specs<char> format_specs;
-
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned basic_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>::next_arg_id() {
-  if (next_arg_id_ >= 0)
-    return internal::to_unsigned(next_arg_id_++);
-  on_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-  return 0;
+// We cannot use enum classes as bit fields because of a gcc bug
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61414.
+namespace align {
+enum type { none, left, right, center, numeric };
 }
+using align_t = align::type;
+
+namespace sign {
+enum type { none, minus, plus, space };
+}
+using sign_t = sign::type;
+
+// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+template <typename Char> struct basic_format_specs {
+  int width;
+  int precision;
+  char type;
+  align_t align : 4;
+  sign_t sign : 3;
+  bool alt : 1;  // Alternate form ('#').
+  internal::fill_t<Char> fill;
+
+  constexpr basic_format_specs()
+      : width(0),
+        precision(-1),
+        type(0),
+        align(align::none),
+        sign(sign::none),
+        alt(false),
+        fill(internal::fill_t<Char>::make()) {}
+};
+
+using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char>;
 
 namespace internal {
 
-// Formats value using Grisu2 algorithm:
+// Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
+template <typename Char, typename It> It write_exponent(int exp, It it) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(-1000 < exp && exp < 1000, "exponent out of range");
+  if (exp < 0) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    exp = -exp;
+  } else {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
+  }
+  if (exp >= 100) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(static_cast<char>('0' + exp / 100));
+    exp %= 100;
+  }
+  const char* d = data::digits + exp * 2;
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
+  return it;
+}
+
+struct gen_digits_params {
+  int num_digits;
+  bool fixed;
+  bool upper;
+  bool trailing_zeros;
+};
+
+// The number is given as v = digits * pow(10, exp).
+template <typename Char, typename It>
+It grisu_prettify(const char* digits, int size, int exp, It it,
+                  gen_digits_params params, Char decimal_point) {
+  // pow(10, full_exp - 1) <= v <= pow(10, full_exp).
+  int full_exp = size + exp;
+  if (!params.fixed) {
+    // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(*digits);
+    if (size > 1) *it++ = decimal_point;
+    exp += size - 1;
+    it = copy_str<Char>(digits + 1, digits + size, it);
+    if (size < params.num_digits)
+      it = std::fill_n(it, params.num_digits - size, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(params.upper ? 'E' : 'e');
+    return write_exponent<Char>(exp, it);
+  }
+  if (size <= full_exp) {
+    // 1234e7 -> 12340000000[.0+]
+    it = copy_str<Char>(digits, digits + size, it);
+    it = std::fill_n(it, full_exp - size, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+    int num_zeros = (std::max)(params.num_digits - full_exp, 1);
+    if (params.trailing_zeros) {
+      *it++ = decimal_point;
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+      if (num_zeros > 1000)
+        throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - avoiding excessive cpu use");
+#endif
+      it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+    }
+  } else if (full_exp > 0) {
+    // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
+    it = copy_str<Char>(digits, digits + full_exp, it);
+    if (!params.trailing_zeros) {
+      // Remove trailing zeros.
+      while (size > full_exp && digits[size - 1] == '0') --size;
+      if (size != full_exp) *it++ = decimal_point;
+      return copy_str<Char>(digits + full_exp, digits + size, it);
+    }
+    *it++ = decimal_point;
+    it = copy_str<Char>(digits + full_exp, digits + size, it);
+    if (params.num_digits > size) {
+      // Add trailing zeros.
+      int num_zeros = params.num_digits - size;
+      it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+    }
+  } else {
+    // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
+    int num_zeros = -full_exp;
+    if (params.num_digits >= 0 && params.num_digits < num_zeros)
+      num_zeros = params.num_digits;
+    if (!params.trailing_zeros)
+      while (size > 0 && digits[size - 1] == '0') --size;
+    if (num_zeros != 0 || size != 0) {
+      *it++ = decimal_point;
+      it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+      it = copy_str<Char>(digits, digits + size, it);
+    }
+  }
+  return it;
+}
+
+namespace grisu_options {
+enum { fixed = 1, grisu3 = 2 };
+}
+
+// Formats value using the Grisu algorithm:
 // https://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/cs257/archive/florian-loitsch/printf.pdf
-template <typename Double>
-FMT_API typename std::enable_if<sizeof(Double) == sizeof(uint64_t), bool>::type
-  grisu2_format(Double value, buffer &buf, core_format_specs);
-template <typename Double>
-inline typename std::enable_if<sizeof(Double) != sizeof(uint64_t), bool>::type
-  grisu2_format(Double, buffer &, core_format_specs) { return false; }
+template <typename Double, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(Double) == sizeof(uint64_t))>
+FMT_API bool grisu_format(Double, buffer<char>&, int, unsigned, int&);
+template <typename Double, FMT_ENABLE_IF(sizeof(Double) != sizeof(uint64_t))>
+inline bool grisu_format(Double, buffer<char>&, int, unsigned, int&) {
+  return false;
+}
+
+struct sprintf_specs {
+  int precision;
+  char type;
+  bool alt : 1;
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  constexpr sprintf_specs(basic_format_specs<Char> specs)
+      : precision(specs.precision), type(specs.type), alt(specs.alt) {}
+
+  constexpr bool has_precision() const { return precision >= 0; }
+};
 
 template <typename Double>
-void sprintf_format(Double, internal::buffer &, core_format_specs);
+char* sprintf_format(Double, internal::buffer<char>&, sprintf_specs);
 
 template <typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_int_type_spec(char spec, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_int_type_spec(char spec, Handler&& handler) {
   switch (spec) {
-  case 0: case 'd':
+  case 0:
+  case 'd':
     handler.on_dec();
     break;
-  case 'x': case 'X':
+  case 'x':
+  case 'X':
     handler.on_hex();
     break;
-  case 'b': case 'B':
+  case 'b':
+  case 'B':
     handler.on_bin();
     break;
   case 'o':
@@ -1160,20 +1135,31 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_float_type_spec(char spec, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_float_type_spec(char spec, Handler&& handler) {
   switch (spec) {
-  case 0: case 'g': case 'G':
+  case 0:
+  case 'g':
+  case 'G':
     handler.on_general();
     break;
-  case 'e': case 'E':
+  case 'e':
+  case 'E':
     handler.on_exp();
     break;
-  case 'f': case 'F':
+  case 'f':
+  case 'F':
     handler.on_fixed();
     break;
-   case 'a': case 'A':
+  case '%':
+    handler.on_percent();
+    break;
+  case 'a':
+  case 'A':
     handler.on_hex();
     break;
+  case 'n':
+    handler.on_num();
+    break;
   default:
     handler.on_error();
     break;
@@ -1181,17 +1167,17 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_char_specs(
-    const basic_format_specs<Char> *specs, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_char_specs(const basic_format_specs<Char>* specs,
+                                     Handler&& handler) {
   if (!specs) return handler.on_char();
   if (specs->type && specs->type != 'c') return handler.on_int();
-  if (specs->align() == ALIGN_NUMERIC || specs->flags != 0)
+  if (specs->align == align::numeric || specs->sign != sign::none || specs->alt)
     handler.on_error("invalid format specifier for char");
   handler.on_char();
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_cstring_type_spec(Char spec, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_cstring_type_spec(Char spec, Handler&& handler) {
   if (spec == 0 || spec == 's')
     handler.on_string();
   else if (spec == 'p')
@@ -1201,19 +1187,16 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_string_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler &&eh) {
-  if (spec != 0 && spec != 's')
-    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_string_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  if (spec != 0 && spec != 's') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_pointer_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler &&eh) {
-  if (spec != 0 && spec != 'p')
-    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_pointer_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  if (spec != 0 && spec != 'p') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
 }
 
-template <typename ErrorHandler>
-class int_type_checker : private ErrorHandler {
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class int_type_checker : private ErrorHandler {
  public:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit int_type_checker(ErrorHandler eh) : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
 
@@ -1232,12 +1215,14 @@
 class float_type_checker : private ErrorHandler {
  public:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit float_type_checker(ErrorHandler eh)
-    : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
+      : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_general() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_exp() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fixed() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_percent() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hex() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_num() {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error() {
     ErrorHandler::on_error("invalid type specifier");
@@ -1251,7 +1236,7 @@
 
  public:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR char_specs_checker(char type, ErrorHandler eh)
-    : ErrorHandler(eh), type_(type) {}
+      : ErrorHandler(eh), type_(type) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_int() {
     handle_int_type_spec(type_, int_type_checker<ErrorHandler>(*this));
@@ -1263,55 +1248,471 @@
 class cstring_type_checker : public ErrorHandler {
  public:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit cstring_type_checker(ErrorHandler eh)
-    : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
+      : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_string() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_pointer() {}
 };
 
 template <typename Context>
-void arg_map<Context>::init(const basic_format_args<Context> &args) {
-  if (map_)
-    return;
-  map_ = new entry[args.max_size()];
+void arg_map<Context>::init(const basic_format_args<Context>& args) {
+  if (map_) return;
+  map_ = new entry[internal::to_unsigned(args.max_size())];
   if (args.is_packed()) {
-    for (unsigned i = 0;/*nothing*/; ++i) {
+    for (int i = 0;; ++i) {
       internal::type arg_type = args.type(i);
-      switch (arg_type) {
-        case internal::none_type:
-          return;
-        case internal::named_arg_type:
-          push_back(args.values_[i]);
-          break;
-        default:
-          break; // Do nothing.
-      }
+      if (arg_type == internal::none_type) return;
+      if (arg_type == internal::named_arg_type) push_back(args.values_[i]);
     }
   }
-  for (unsigned i = 0; ; ++i) {
-    switch (args.args_[i].type_) {
-      case internal::none_type:
-        return;
-      case internal::named_arg_type:
-        push_back(args.args_[i].value_);
-        break;
-      default:
-        break; // Do nothing.
-    }
+  for (int i = 0, n = args.max_size(); i < n; ++i) {
+    auto type = args.args_[i].type_;
+    if (type == internal::named_arg_type) push_back(args.args_[i].value_);
   }
 }
 
-template <typename Range>
-class arg_formatter_base {
+// This template provides operations for formatting and writing data into a
+// character range.
+template <typename Range> class basic_writer {
  public:
-  typedef typename Range::value_type char_type;
-  typedef decltype(internal::declval<Range>().begin()) iterator;
-  typedef basic_format_specs<char_type> format_specs;
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using iterator = typename Range::iterator;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
 
  private:
-  typedef basic_writer<Range> writer_type;
+  iterator out_;  // Output iterator.
+  internal::locale_ref locale_;
+
+  // Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
+  // Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to out_.
+  auto reserve(std::size_t n) -> decltype(internal::reserve(out_, n)) {
+    return internal::reserve(out_, n);
+  }
+
+  template <typename F> struct padded_int_writer {
+    size_t size_;
+    string_view prefix;
+    char_type fill;
+    std::size_t padding;
+    F f;
+
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    size_t width() const { return size_; }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      if (prefix.size() != 0)
+        it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), it);
+      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
+      f(it);
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Writes an integer in the format
+  //   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
+  // where <digits> are written by f(it).
+  template <typename F>
+  void write_int(int num_digits, string_view prefix, format_specs specs, F f) {
+    std::size_t size = prefix.size() + internal::to_unsigned(num_digits);
+    char_type fill = specs.fill[0];
+    std::size_t padding = 0;
+    if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+      auto unsiged_width = internal::to_unsigned(specs.width);
+      if (unsiged_width > size) {
+        padding = unsiged_width - size;
+        size = unsiged_width;
+      }
+    } else if (specs.precision > num_digits) {
+      size = prefix.size() + internal::to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+      padding = internal::to_unsigned(specs.precision - num_digits);
+      fill = static_cast<char_type>('0');
+    }
+    if (specs.align == align::none) specs.align = align::right;
+    write_padded(specs, padded_int_writer<F>{size, prefix, fill, padding, f});
+  }
+
+  // Writes a decimal integer.
+  template <typename Int> void write_decimal(Int value) {
+    auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_t<Int>>(value);
+    bool is_negative = internal::is_negative(value);
+    if (is_negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+    auto&& it =
+        reserve((is_negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits));
+    if (is_negative) *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('-');
+    it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+  }
+
+  // The handle_int_type_spec handler that writes an integer.
+  template <typename Int, typename Specs> struct int_writer {
+    using unsigned_type = uint32_or_64_t<Int>;
+
+    basic_writer<Range>& writer;
+    const Specs& specs;
+    unsigned_type abs_value;
+    char prefix[4];
+    unsigned prefix_size;
+
+    string_view get_prefix() const { return string_view(prefix, prefix_size); }
+
+    int_writer(basic_writer<Range>& w, Int value, const Specs& s)
+        : writer(w),
+          specs(s),
+          abs_value(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)),
+          prefix_size(0) {
+      if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
+        prefix[0] = '-';
+        ++prefix_size;
+        abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+      } else if (specs.sign != sign::none && specs.sign != sign::minus) {
+        prefix[0] = specs.sign == sign::plus ? '+' : ' ';
+        ++prefix_size;
+      }
+    }
+
+    struct dec_writer {
+      unsigned_type abs_value;
+      int num_digits;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_dec() {
+      int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       dec_writer{abs_value, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    struct hex_writer {
+      int_writer& self;
+      int num_digits;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        it = internal::format_uint<4, char_type>(it, self.abs_value, num_digits,
+                                                 self.specs.type != 'x');
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_hex() {
+      if (specs.alt) {
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = specs.type;
+      }
+      int num_digits = internal::count_digits<4>(abs_value);
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       hex_writer{*this, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    template <int BITS> struct bin_writer {
+      unsigned_type abs_value;
+      int num_digits;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        it = internal::format_uint<BITS, char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_bin() {
+      if (specs.alt) {
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = static_cast<char>(specs.type);
+      }
+      int num_digits = internal::count_digits<1>(abs_value);
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       bin_writer<1>{abs_value, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    void on_oct() {
+      int num_digits = internal::count_digits<3>(abs_value);
+      if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits) {
+        // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+        // is not greater than the number of digits.
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+      }
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       bin_writer<3>{abs_value, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    enum { sep_size = 1 };
+
+    struct num_writer {
+      unsigned_type abs_value;
+      int size;
+      char_type sep;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        basic_string_view<char_type> s(&sep, sep_size);
+        // Index of a decimal digit with the least significant digit having
+        // index 0.
+        unsigned digit_index = 0;
+        it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(
+            it, abs_value, size, [s, &digit_index](char_type*& buffer) {
+              if (++digit_index % 3 != 0) return;
+              buffer -= s.size();
+              std::uninitialized_copy(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(),
+                                      internal::make_checked(buffer, s.size()));
+            });
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_num() {
+      char_type sep = internal::thousands_sep<char_type>(writer.locale_);
+      if (!sep) return on_dec();
+      int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+      int size = num_digits + sep_size * ((num_digits - 1) / 3);
+      writer.write_int(size, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       num_writer{abs_value, size, sep});
+    }
+
+    FMT_NORETURN void on_error() {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid type specifier"));
+    }
+  };
+
+  enum { inf_size = 3 };  // This is an enum to workaround a bug in MSVC.
+
+  struct inf_or_nan_writer {
+    char sign;
+    bool as_percentage;
+    const char* str;
+
+    size_t size() const {
+      return static_cast<std::size_t>(inf_size + (sign ? 1 : 0) +
+                                      (as_percentage ? 1 : 0));
+    }
+    size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(sign);
+      it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(
+          str, str + static_cast<std::size_t>(inf_size), it);
+      if (as_percentage) *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('%');
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct double_writer {
+    char sign;
+    internal::buffer<char>& buffer;
+    char* decimal_point_pos;
+    char_type decimal_point;
+
+    size_t size() const { return buffer.size() + (sign ? 1 : 0); }
+    size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) {
+      if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(sign);
+      auto begin = buffer.begin();
+      if (decimal_point_pos) {
+        it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(begin, decimal_point_pos, it);
+        *it++ = decimal_point;
+        begin = decimal_point_pos + 1;
+      }
+      it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(begin, buffer.end(), it);
+    }
+  };
+
+  class grisu_writer {
+   private:
+    internal::buffer<char>& digits_;
+    size_t size_;
+    char sign_;
+    int exp_;
+    internal::gen_digits_params params_;
+    char_type decimal_point_;
+
+   public:
+    grisu_writer(char sign, internal::buffer<char>& digits, int exp,
+                 const internal::gen_digits_params& params,
+                 char_type decimal_point)
+        : digits_(digits),
+          sign_(sign),
+          exp_(exp),
+          params_(params),
+          decimal_point_(decimal_point) {
+      int num_digits = static_cast<int>(digits.size());
+      int full_exp = num_digits + exp - 1;
+      int precision = params.num_digits > 0 ? params.num_digits : 11;
+      params_.fixed |= full_exp >= -4 && full_exp < precision;
+      auto it = internal::grisu_prettify<char>(
+          digits.data(), num_digits, exp, internal::counting_iterator<char>(),
+          params_, '.');
+      size_ = it.count();
+    }
+
+    size_t size() const { return size_ + (sign_ ? 1 : 0); }
+    size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) {
+      if (sign_) *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(sign_);
+      int num_digits = static_cast<int>(digits_.size());
+      it = internal::grisu_prettify<char_type>(digits_.data(), num_digits, exp_,
+                                               it, params_, decimal_point_);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename Char> struct str_writer {
+    const Char* s;
+    size_t size_;
+
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    size_t width() const {
+      return internal::count_code_points(basic_string_view<Char>(s, size_));
+    }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(s, s + size_, it);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename UIntPtr> struct pointer_writer {
+    UIntPtr value;
+    int num_digits;
+
+    size_t size() const { return to_unsigned(num_digits) + 2; }
+    size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('0');
+      *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('x');
+      it = internal::format_uint<4, char_type>(it, value, num_digits);
+    }
+  };
+
+ public:
+  /** Constructs a ``basic_writer`` object. */
+  explicit basic_writer(Range out,
+                        internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref())
+      : out_(out.begin()), locale_(loc) {}
+
+  iterator out() const { return out_; }
+
+  // Writes a value in the format
+  //   <left-padding><value><right-padding>
+  // where <value> is written by f(it).
+  template <typename F> void write_padded(const format_specs& specs, F&& f) {
+    // User-perceived width (in code points).
+    unsigned width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+    size_t size = f.size();  // The number of code units.
+    size_t num_code_points = width != 0 ? f.width() : size;
+    if (width <= num_code_points) return f(reserve(size));
+    auto&& it = reserve(width + (size - num_code_points));
+    char_type fill = specs.fill[0];
+    std::size_t padding = width - num_code_points;
+    if (specs.align == align::right) {
+      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
+      f(it);
+    } else if (specs.align == align::center) {
+      std::size_t left_padding = padding / 2;
+      it = std::fill_n(it, left_padding, fill);
+      f(it);
+      it = std::fill_n(it, padding - left_padding, fill);
+    } else {
+      f(it);
+      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write(int value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(long long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+
+  void write(unsigned value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(unsigned long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(unsigned long long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+
+  // Writes a formatted integer.
+  template <typename T, typename Spec>
+  void write_int(T value, const Spec& spec) {
+    internal::handle_int_type_spec(spec.type,
+                                   int_writer<T, Spec>(*this, value, spec));
+  }
+
+  void write(double value, const format_specs& specs = format_specs()) {
+    write_double(value, specs);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Formats *value* using the general format for floating-point numbers
+    (``'g'``) and writes it to the buffer.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  void write(long double value, const format_specs& specs = format_specs()) {
+    write_double(value, specs);
+  }
+
+  // Formats a floating-point number (double or long double).
+  template <typename T, bool USE_GRISU = fmt::internal::use_grisu<T>()>
+  void write_double(T value, const format_specs& specs);
+
+  /** Writes a character to the buffer. */
+  void write(char value) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(1);
+    *it++ = value;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char_type>::value)>
+  void write(Char value) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(1);
+    *it++ = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Writes *value* to the buffer.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  void write(string_view value) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(value.size());
+    it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  }
+  void write(wstring_view value) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, wchar_t>::value, "");
+    auto&& it = reserve(value.size());
+    it = std::copy(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  }
+
+  // Writes a formatted string.
+  template <typename Char>
+  void write(const Char* s, std::size_t size, const format_specs& specs) {
+    write_padded(specs, str_writer<Char>{s, size});
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  void write(basic_string_view<Char> s,
+             const format_specs& specs = format_specs()) {
+    const Char* data = s.data();
+    std::size_t size = s.size();
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && internal::to_unsigned(specs.precision) < size)
+      size = internal::to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+    write(data, size, specs);
+  }
+
+  template <typename UIntPtr>
+  void write_pointer(UIntPtr value, const format_specs* specs) {
+    int num_digits = internal::count_digits<4>(value);
+    auto pw = pointer_writer<UIntPtr>{value, num_digits};
+    if (!specs) return pw(reserve(to_unsigned(num_digits) + 2));
+    format_specs specs_copy = *specs;
+    if (specs_copy.align == align::none) specs_copy.align = align::right;
+    write_padded(specs_copy, pw);
+  }
+};
+
+using writer = basic_writer<buffer_range<char>>;
+
+template <typename Range, typename ErrorHandler = internal::error_handler>
+class arg_formatter_base {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using iterator = typename Range::iterator;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
+
+ private:
+  using writer_type = basic_writer<Range>;
   writer_type writer_;
-  format_specs *specs_;
+  format_specs* specs_;
 
   struct char_writer {
     char_type value;
@@ -1319,8 +1720,7 @@
     size_t size() const { return 1; }
     size_t width() const { return 1; }
 
-    template <typename It>
-    void operator()(It &&it) const { *it++ = value; }
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const { *it++ = value; }
   };
 
   void write_char(char_type value) {
@@ -1330,16 +1730,14 @@
       writer_.write(value);
   }
 
-  void write_pointer(const void *p) {
-    format_specs specs = specs_ ? *specs_ : format_specs();
-    specs.flags = HASH_FLAG;
-    specs.type = 'x';
-    writer_.write_int(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p), specs);
+  void write_pointer(const void* p) {
+    writer_.write_pointer(internal::bit_cast<internal::uintptr_t>(p), specs_);
   }
 
  protected:
-  writer_type &writer() { return writer_; }
-  format_specs *spec() { return specs_; }
+  writer_type& writer() { return writer_; }
+  FMT_DEPRECATED format_specs* spec() { return specs_; }
+  format_specs* specs() { return specs_; }
   iterator out() { return writer_.out(); }
 
   void write(bool value) {
@@ -1347,55 +1745,58 @@
     specs_ ? writer_.write(sv, *specs_) : writer_.write(sv);
   }
 
-  void write(const char_type *value) {
-    if (!value)
+  void write(const char_type* value) {
+    if (!value) {
       FMT_THROW(format_error("string pointer is null"));
-    auto length = std::char_traits<char_type>::length(value);
-    basic_string_view<char_type> sv(value, length);
-    specs_ ? writer_.write(sv, *specs_) : writer_.write(sv);
+    } else {
+      auto length = std::char_traits<char_type>::length(value);
+      basic_string_view<char_type> sv(value, length);
+      specs_ ? writer_.write(sv, *specs_) : writer_.write(sv);
+    }
   }
 
  public:
-  arg_formatter_base(Range r, format_specs *s, locale_ref loc)
-    : writer_(r, loc), specs_(s) {}
+  arg_formatter_base(Range r, format_specs* s, locale_ref loc)
+      : writer_(r, loc), specs_(s) {}
 
   iterator operator()(monostate) {
     FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
     return out();
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<
-    std::is_integral<T>::value || std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
-    iterator>::type operator()(T value) {
-    // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and char_type so
-    // use std::is_same instead.
-    if (std::is_same<T, bool>::value) {
-      if (specs_ && specs_->type)
-        return (*this)(value ? 1 : 0);
-      write(value != 0);
-    } else if (std::is_same<T, char_type>::value) {
-      internal::handle_char_specs(
-        specs_, char_spec_handler(*this, static_cast<char_type>(value)));
-    } else {
-      specs_ ? writer_.write_int(value, *specs_) : writer_.write(value);
-    }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
+    if (specs_)
+      writer_.write_int(value, *specs_);
+    else
+      writer_.write(value);
     return out();
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, iterator>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
+  iterator operator()(char_type value) {
+    internal::handle_char_specs(
+        specs_, char_spec_handler(*this, static_cast<char_type>(value)));
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(bool value) {
+    if (specs_ && specs_->type) return (*this)(value ? 1 : 0);
+    write(value != 0);
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
     writer_.write_double(value, specs_ ? *specs_ : format_specs());
     return out();
   }
 
-  struct char_spec_handler : internal::error_handler {
-    arg_formatter_base &formatter;
+  struct char_spec_handler : ErrorHandler {
+    arg_formatter_base& formatter;
     char_type value;
 
     char_spec_handler(arg_formatter_base& f, char_type val)
-      : formatter(f), value(val) {}
+        : formatter(f), value(val) {}
 
     void on_int() {
       if (formatter.specs_)
@@ -1407,27 +1808,26 @@
   };
 
   struct cstring_spec_handler : internal::error_handler {
-    arg_formatter_base &formatter;
-    const char_type *value;
+    arg_formatter_base& formatter;
+    const char_type* value;
 
-    cstring_spec_handler(arg_formatter_base &f, const char_type *val)
-      : formatter(f), value(val) {}
+    cstring_spec_handler(arg_formatter_base& f, const char_type* val)
+        : formatter(f), value(val) {}
 
     void on_string() { formatter.write(value); }
     void on_pointer() { formatter.write_pointer(value); }
   };
 
-  iterator operator()(const char_type *value) {
+  iterator operator()(const char_type* value) {
     if (!specs_) return write(value), out();
-    internal::handle_cstring_type_spec(
-          specs_->type, cstring_spec_handler(*this, value));
+    internal::handle_cstring_type_spec(specs_->type,
+                                       cstring_spec_handler(*this, value));
     return out();
   }
 
   iterator operator()(basic_string_view<char_type> value) {
     if (specs_) {
-      internal::check_string_type_spec(
-            specs_->type, internal::error_handler());
+      internal::check_string_type_spec(specs_->type, internal::error_handler());
       writer_.write(value, *specs_);
     } else {
       writer_.write(value);
@@ -1435,7 +1835,7 @@
     return out();
   }
 
-  iterator operator()(const void *value) {
+  iterator operator()(const void* value) {
     if (specs_)
       check_pointer_type_spec(specs_->type, internal::error_handler());
     write_pointer(value);
@@ -1443,16 +1843,15 @@
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_name_start(Char c) {
+template <typename Char> FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_name_start(Char c) {
   return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || '_' == c;
 }
 
 // Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
 // that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
 template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned parse_nonnegative_int(
-    const Char *&begin, const Char *end, ErrorHandler &&eh) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR int parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
+                                        ErrorHandler&& eh) {
   assert(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9');
   if (*begin == '0') {
     ++begin;
@@ -1460,7 +1859,7 @@
   }
   unsigned value = 0;
   // Convert to unsigned to prevent a warning.
-  unsigned max_int = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
+  constexpr unsigned max_int = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
   unsigned big = max_int / 10;
   do {
     // Check for overflow.
@@ -1471,109 +1870,100 @@
     value = value * 10 + unsigned(*begin - '0');
     ++begin;
   } while (begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9');
-  if (value > max_int)
-    eh.on_error("number is too big");
-  return value;
+  if (value > max_int) eh.on_error("number is too big");
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
 }
 
-template <typename Char, typename Context>
-class custom_formatter: public function<bool> {
+template <typename Context> class custom_formatter {
  private:
-  Context &ctx_;
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx_;
+  Context& ctx_;
 
  public:
-  explicit custom_formatter(Context &ctx): ctx_(ctx) {}
+  explicit custom_formatter(basic_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+                            Context& ctx)
+      : parse_ctx_(parse_ctx), ctx_(ctx) {}
 
   bool operator()(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle h) const {
-    h.format(ctx_);
+    h.format(parse_ctx_, ctx_);
     return true;
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  bool operator()(T) const { return false; }
+  template <typename T> bool operator()(T) const { return false; }
 };
 
 template <typename T>
-struct is_integer {
-  enum {
-    value = std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
-            !std::is_same<T, char>::value && !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value
-  };
-};
+using is_integer =
+    bool_constant<std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
 
-template <typename ErrorHandler>
-class width_checker: public function<unsigned long long> {
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class width_checker {
  public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_checker(ErrorHandler &eh) : handler_(eh) {}
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
 
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR
-  typename std::enable_if<
-      is_integer<T>::value, unsigned long long>::type operator()(T value) {
-    if (is_negative(value))
-      handler_.on_error("negative width");
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T value) {
+    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative width");
     return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-      !is_integer<T>::value, unsigned long long>::type operator()(T) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T) {
     handler_.on_error("width is not integer");
     return 0;
   }
 
  private:
-  ErrorHandler &handler_;
+  ErrorHandler& handler_;
 };
 
-template <typename ErrorHandler>
-class precision_checker: public function<unsigned long long> {
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class precision_checker {
  public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_checker(ErrorHandler &eh) : handler_(eh) {}
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
 
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-      is_integer<T>::value, unsigned long long>::type operator()(T value) {
-    if (is_negative(value))
-      handler_.on_error("negative precision");
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T value) {
+    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative precision");
     return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-      !is_integer<T>::value, unsigned long long>::type operator()(T) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T) {
     handler_.on_error("precision is not integer");
     return 0;
   }
 
  private:
-  ErrorHandler &handler_;
+  ErrorHandler& handler_;
 };
 
 // A format specifier handler that sets fields in basic_format_specs.
-template <typename Char>
-class specs_setter {
+template <typename Char> class specs_setter {
  public:
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(basic_format_specs<Char> &specs):
-    specs_(specs) {}
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+      : specs_(specs) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(const specs_setter &other): specs_(other.specs_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(const specs_setter& other)
+      : specs_(other.specs_) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(alignment align) { specs_.align_ = align; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(Char fill) { specs_.fill_ = fill; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() { specs_.flags |= SIGN_FLAG | PLUS_FLAG; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() { specs_.flags |= MINUS_FLAG; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() { specs_.flags |= SIGN_FLAG; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() { specs_.flags |= HASH_FLAG; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { specs_.align = align; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(Char fill) { specs_.fill[0] = fill; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() { specs_.sign = sign::plus; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() { specs_.sign = sign::minus; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() { specs_.sign = sign::space; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() { specs_.alt = true; }
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
-    specs_.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
-    specs_.fill_ = '0';
+    specs_.align = align::numeric;
+    specs_.fill[0] = Char('0');
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(unsigned width) { specs_.width_ = width; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(unsigned precision) {
-    specs_.precision = static_cast<int>(precision);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { specs_.width = width; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int precision) {
+    specs_.precision = precision;
   }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
 
@@ -1582,77 +1972,86 @@
   }
 
  protected:
-  basic_format_specs<Char> &specs_;
+  basic_format_specs<Char>& specs_;
 };
 
-// A format specifier handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with the
-// argument type.
-template <typename Handler>
-class specs_checker : public Handler {
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class numeric_specs_checker {
  public:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler& handler, internal::type arg_type)
-    : Handler(handler), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR numeric_specs_checker(ErrorHandler& eh, internal::type arg_type)
+      : error_handler_(eh), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const specs_checker &other)
-    : Handler(other), arg_type_(other.arg_type_) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(alignment align) {
-    if (align == ALIGN_NUMERIC)
-      require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_align(align);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() {
-    check_sign();
-    Handler::on_plus();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() {
-    check_sign();
-    Handler::on_minus();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() {
-    check_sign();
-    Handler::on_space();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_hash();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
-    require_numeric_argument();
-    Handler::on_zero();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {
-    if (is_integral(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == pointer_type)
-      this->on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  }
-
- private:
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void require_numeric_argument() {
     if (!is_arithmetic(arg_type_))
-      this->on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+      error_handler_.on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
   }
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_sign() {
     require_numeric_argument();
     if (is_integral(arg_type_) && arg_type_ != int_type &&
         arg_type_ != long_long_type && arg_type_ != internal::char_type) {
-      this->on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
+      error_handler_.on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
     }
   }
 
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_precision() {
+    if (is_integral(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == internal::pointer_type)
+      error_handler_.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler& error_handler_;
   internal::type arg_type_;
 };
 
-template <template <typename> class Handler, typename T,
-          typename Context, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_dynamic_spec(
-    T &value, basic_format_arg<Context> arg, ErrorHandler eh) {
+// A format specifier handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with the
+// argument type.
+template <typename Handler> class specs_checker : public Handler {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler& handler, internal::type arg_type)
+      : Handler(handler), checker_(*this, arg_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const specs_checker& other)
+      : Handler(other), checker_(*this, other.arg_type_) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) {
+    if (align == align::numeric) checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_align(align);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_plus();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_minus();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_space();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
+    checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_hash();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
+    checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_zero();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() { checker_.check_precision(); }
+
+ private:
+  numeric_specs_checker<Handler> checker_;
+};
+
+template <template <typename> class Handler, typename T, typename FormatArg,
+          typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_dynamic_spec(T& value, FormatArg arg, ErrorHandler eh) {
   unsigned long long big_value =
       visit_format_arg(Handler<ErrorHandler>(eh), arg);
   if (big_value > to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<int>::max)()))
@@ -1662,73 +2061,107 @@
 
 struct auto_id {};
 
-// The standard format specifier handler with checking.
 template <typename Context>
-class specs_handler: public specs_setter<typename Context::char_type> {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR typename Context::format_arg get_arg(Context& ctx, int id) {
+  auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
+  if (!arg) ctx.on_error("argument index out of range");
+  return arg;
+}
+
+// The standard format specifier handler with checking.
+template <typename ParseContext, typename Context>
+class specs_handler : public specs_setter<typename Context::char_type> {
  public:
-  typedef typename Context::char_type char_type;
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_handler(
-      basic_format_specs<char_type> &specs, Context &ctx)
-    : specs_setter<char_type>(specs), context_(ctx) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_handler(basic_format_specs<char_type>& specs,
+                              ParseContext& parse_ctx, Context& ctx)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(specs),
+        parse_context_(parse_ctx),
+        context_(ctx) {}
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
-    set_dynamic_spec<width_checker>(
-          this->specs_.width_, get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+    set_dynamic_spec<width_checker>(this->specs_.width, get_arg(arg_id),
+                                    context_.error_handler());
   }
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
-    set_dynamic_spec<precision_checker>(
-          this->specs_.precision, get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+    set_dynamic_spec<precision_checker>(this->specs_.precision, get_arg(arg_id),
+                                        context_.error_handler());
   }
 
-  void on_error(const char *message) {
-    context_.on_error(message);
-  }
+  void on_error(const char* message) { context_.on_error(message); }
 
  private:
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> get_arg(auto_id) {
-    return context_.next_arg();
+  // This is only needed for compatibility with gcc 4.4.
+  using format_arg = typename Context::format_arg;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(auto_id) {
+    return internal::get_arg(context_, parse_context_.next_arg_id());
   }
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> get_arg(Id arg_id) {
-    context_.parse_context().check_arg_id(arg_id);
-    return context_.get_arg(arg_id);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(int arg_id) {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return internal::get_arg(context_, arg_id);
   }
 
-  Context &context_;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id) {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return context_.arg(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  ParseContext& parse_context_;
+  Context& context_;
 };
 
-// An argument reference.
-template <typename Char>
-struct arg_ref {
-  enum Kind { NONE, INDEX, NAME };
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(NONE), index(0) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(unsigned index) : kind(INDEX), index(index) {}
-  explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> nm) : kind(NAME) {
-    name = {nm.data(), nm.size()};
+struct string_view_metadata {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR string_view_metadata() : offset_(0u), size_(0u) {}
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR string_view_metadata(basic_string_view<Char> primary_string,
+                                     basic_string_view<Char> view)
+      : offset_(to_unsigned(view.data() - primary_string.data())),
+        size_(view.size()) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR string_view_metadata(std::size_t offset, std::size_t size)
+      : offset_(offset), size_(size) {}
+  template <typename Char>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<Char> to_view(const Char* str) const {
+    return {str + offset_, size_};
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref &operator=(unsigned idx) {
-    kind = INDEX;
-    index = idx;
+  std::size_t offset_;
+  std::size_t size_;
+};
+
+enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
+
+// An argument reference.
+template <typename Char> struct arg_ref {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(arg_id_kind::none), val() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(int index)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::index), val(index) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(string_view_metadata name)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::name), val(name) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref& operator=(int idx) {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+    val.index = idx;
     return *this;
   }
 
-  Kind kind;
-  union {
-    unsigned index;
-    string_value<Char> name;  // This is not string_view because of gcc 4.4.
-  };
+  arg_id_kind kind;
+  union value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value() : index(0u) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int id) : index(id) {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(string_view_metadata n) : name(n) {}
+
+    int index;
+    string_view_metadata name;
+  } val;
 };
 
 // Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
 // than parsing time to allow re-using the same parsed specifiers with
-// differents sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
+// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
 template <typename Char>
 struct dynamic_format_specs : basic_format_specs<Char> {
   arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
@@ -1738,38 +2171,36 @@
 // Format spec handler that saves references to arguments representing dynamic
 // width and precision to be resolved at formatting time.
 template <typename ParseContext>
-class dynamic_specs_handler :
-    public specs_setter<typename ParseContext::char_type> {
+class dynamic_specs_handler
+    : public specs_setter<typename ParseContext::char_type> {
  public:
-  typedef typename ParseContext::char_type char_type;
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(
-      dynamic_format_specs<char_type> &specs, ParseContext &ctx)
-    : specs_setter<char_type>(specs), specs_(specs), context_(ctx) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs,
+                                      ParseContext& ctx)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(specs), specs_(specs), context_(ctx) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(const dynamic_specs_handler &other)
-    : specs_setter<char_type>(other),
-      specs_(other.specs_), context_(other.context_) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(const dynamic_specs_handler& other)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(other),
+        specs_(other.specs_),
+        context_(other.context_) {}
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
     specs_.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
   }
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
     specs_.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
     context_.on_error(message);
   }
 
  private:
-  typedef arg_ref<char_type> arg_ref_type;
+  using arg_ref_type = arg_ref<char_type>;
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(Id arg_id) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(int arg_id) {
     context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
     return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
   }
@@ -1778,19 +2209,26 @@
     return arg_ref_type(context_.next_arg_id());
   }
 
-  dynamic_format_specs<char_type> &specs_;
-  ParseContext &context_;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id) {
+    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    basic_string_view<char_type> format_str(
+        context_.begin(), to_unsigned(context_.end() - context_.begin()));
+    const auto id_metadata = string_view_metadata(format_str, arg_id);
+    return arg_ref_type(id_metadata);
+  }
+
+  dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs_;
+  ParseContext& context_;
 };
 
 template <typename Char, typename IDHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *parse_arg_id(
-    const Char *begin, const Char *end, IDHandler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                       IDHandler&& handler) {
   assert(begin != end);
   Char c = *begin;
-  if (c == '}' || c == ':')
-    return handler(), begin;
+  if (c == '}' || c == ':') return handler(), begin;
   if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
-    unsigned index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler);
+    int index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler);
     if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
       return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
     handler(index);
@@ -1807,72 +2245,71 @@
 }
 
 // Adapts SpecHandler to IDHandler API for dynamic width.
-template <typename SpecHandler, typename Char>
-struct width_adapter {
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_adapter(SpecHandler &h) : handler(h) {}
+template <typename SpecHandler, typename Char> struct width_adapter {
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_adapter(SpecHandler& h) : handler(h) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_width(auto_id()); }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(unsigned id) { handler.on_dynamic_width(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_width(id); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
     handler.on_dynamic_width(id);
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
     handler.on_error(message);
   }
 
-  SpecHandler &handler;
+  SpecHandler& handler;
 };
 
 // Adapts SpecHandler to IDHandler API for dynamic precision.
-template <typename SpecHandler, typename Char>
-struct precision_adapter {
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_adapter(SpecHandler &h) : handler(h) {}
+template <typename SpecHandler, typename Char> struct precision_adapter {
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_adapter(SpecHandler& h) : handler(h) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_precision(auto_id()); }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(unsigned id) {
-    handler.on_dynamic_precision(id);
-  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_precision(id); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
     handler.on_dynamic_precision(id);
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) { handler.on_error(message); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    handler.on_error(message);
+  }
 
-  SpecHandler &handler;
+  SpecHandler& handler;
 };
 
 // Parses fill and alignment.
 template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *parse_align(
-    const Char *begin, const Char *end, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      Handler&& handler) {
   FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
-  alignment align = ALIGN_DEFAULT;
+  auto align = align::none;
   int i = 0;
   if (begin + 1 != end) ++i;
   do {
     switch (static_cast<char>(begin[i])) {
     case '<':
-      align = ALIGN_LEFT;
+      align = align::left;
       break;
     case '>':
-      align = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+      align = align::right;
       break;
     case '=':
-      align = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+      align = align::numeric;
       break;
     case '^':
-      align = ALIGN_CENTER;
+      align = align::center;
       break;
     }
-    if (align != ALIGN_DEFAULT) {
+    if (align != align::none) {
       if (i > 0) {
         auto c = *begin;
         if (c == '{')
           return handler.on_error("invalid fill character '{'"), begin;
         begin += 2;
         handler.on_fill(c);
-      } else ++begin;
+      } else
+        ++begin;
       handler.on_align(align);
       break;
     }
@@ -1881,8 +2318,8 @@
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *parse_width(
-    const Char *begin, const Char *end, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_width(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      Handler&& handler) {
   FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
   if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
     handler.on_width(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
@@ -1897,13 +2334,34 @@
   return begin;
 }
 
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                          Handler&& handler) {
+  ++begin;
+  auto c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+    handler.on_precision(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
+  } else if (c == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    if (begin != end) {
+      begin =
+          parse_arg_id(begin, end, precision_adapter<Handler, Char>(handler));
+    }
+    if (begin == end || *begin++ != '}')
+      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
+  } else {
+    return handler.on_error("missing precision specifier"), begin;
+  }
+  handler.end_precision();
+  return begin;
+}
+
 // Parses standard format specifiers and sends notifications about parsed
 // components to handler.
 template <typename Char, typename SpecHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *parse_format_specs(
-    const Char *begin, const Char *end, SpecHandler &&handler) {
-  if (begin == end || *begin == '}')
-    return begin;
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                             SpecHandler&& handler) {
+  if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return begin;
 
   begin = parse_align(begin, end, handler);
   if (begin == end) return begin;
@@ -1941,68 +2399,51 @@
 
   // Parse precision.
   if (*begin == '.') {
-    ++begin;
-    auto c = begin != end ? *begin : 0;
-    if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
-      handler.on_precision(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
-    } else if (c == '{') {
-      ++begin;
-      if (begin != end) {
-        begin = parse_arg_id(
-              begin, end, precision_adapter<SpecHandler, Char>(handler));
-      }
-      if (begin == end || *begin++ != '}')
-        return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
-    } else {
-      return handler.on_error("missing precision specifier"), begin;
-    }
-    handler.end_precision();
+    begin = parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
   }
 
   // Parse type.
-  if (begin != end && *begin != '}')
-    handler.on_type(*begin++);
+  if (begin != end && *begin != '}') handler.on_type(*begin++);
   return begin;
 }
 
 // Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
 template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr &out) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) {
   for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
-    if (*out == value)
-      return true;
+    if (*out == value) return true;
   }
   return false;
 }
 
 template <>
-inline bool find<false, char>(
-    const char *first, const char *last, char value, const char *&out) {
-  out = static_cast<const char*>(std::memchr(first, value, internal::to_unsigned(last - first)));
-  return out != FMT_NULL;
+inline bool find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
+                              const char*& out) {
+  out = static_cast<const char*>(
+      std::memchr(first, value, internal::to_unsigned(last - first)));
+  return out != nullptr;
 }
 
-template <typename Handler, typename Char>
-struct id_adapter {
+template <typename Handler, typename Char> struct id_adapter {
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_arg_id(); }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(unsigned id) { handler.on_arg_id(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_arg_id(id); }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
     handler.on_arg_id(id);
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
     handler.on_error(message);
   }
-  Handler &handler;
+  Handler& handler;
 };
 
 template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Char, typename Handler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR void parse_format_string(
-        basic_string_view<Char> format_str, Handler &&handler) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void parse_format_string(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                       Handler&& handler) {
   struct writer {
-    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char *begin, const Char *end) {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
       if (begin == end) return;
       for (;;) {
-        const Char *p = FMT_NULL;
+        const Char* p = nullptr;
         if (!find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin, end, '}', p))
           return handler_.on_text(begin, end);
         ++p;
@@ -2012,20 +2453,19 @@
         begin = p + 1;
       }
     }
-    Handler &handler_;
+    Handler& handler_;
   } write{handler};
   auto begin = format_str.data();
   auto end = begin + format_str.size();
   while (begin != end) {
     // Doing two passes with memchr (one for '{' and another for '}') is up to
     // 2.5x faster than the naive one-pass implementation on big format strings.
-    const Char *p = begin;
+    const Char* p = begin;
     if (*begin != '{' && !find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin, end, '{', p))
       return write(begin, end);
     write(begin, p);
     ++p;
-    if (p == end)
-      return handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    if (p == end) return handler.on_error("invalid format string");
     if (static_cast<char>(*p) == '}') {
       handler.on_arg_id();
       handler.on_replacement_field(p);
@@ -2049,10 +2489,18 @@
 }
 
 template <typename T, typename ParseContext>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const typename ParseContext::char_type *
-    parse_format_specs(ParseContext &ctx) {
-  // GCC 7.2 requires initializer.
-  formatter<T, typename ParseContext::char_type> f{};
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const typename ParseContext::char_type* parse_format_specs(
+    ParseContext& ctx) {
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
+  using mapped_type =
+      conditional_t<internal::mapped_type_constant<T, context>::value !=
+                        internal::custom_type,
+                    decltype(arg_mapper<context>().map(std::declval<T>())), T>;
+  conditional_t<has_formatter<mapped_type, context>::value,
+                formatter<mapped_type, char_type>,
+                internal::fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>
+      f;
   return f.parse(ctx);
 }
 
@@ -2061,132 +2509,132 @@
  public:
   explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR format_string_checker(
       basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh)
-    : arg_id_((std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max)()), context_(format_str, eh),
-      parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...} {}
+      : arg_id_((std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max)()),
+        context_(format_str, eh),
+        parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...} {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char *, const Char *) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() {
     arg_id_ = context_.next_arg_id();
     check_arg_id();
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(unsigned id) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(int id) {
     arg_id_ = id;
     context_.check_arg_id(id);
     check_arg_id();
   }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const Char *) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *on_format_specs(const Char *begin, const Char *) {
-    context_.advance_to(begin);
-    return arg_id_ < NUM_ARGS ?
-          parse_funcs_[arg_id_](context_) : begin;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {
+    on_error("compile-time checks don't support named arguments");
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char*) {
+    advance_to(context_, begin);
+    return arg_id_ < num_args ? parse_funcs_[arg_id_](context_) : begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
     context_.on_error(message);
   }
 
  private:
-  typedef basic_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler> parse_context_type;
-  enum { NUM_ARGS = sizeof...(Args) };
+  using parse_context_type = basic_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
+  enum { num_args = sizeof...(Args) };
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id() {
-    if (arg_id_ >= NUM_ARGS)
-      context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
+    if (arg_id_ >= num_args) context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
   }
 
   // Format specifier parsing function.
-  typedef const Char *(*parse_func)(parse_context_type &);
+  using parse_func = const Char* (*)(parse_context_type&);
 
   unsigned arg_id_;
   parse_context_type context_;
-  parse_func parse_funcs_[NUM_ARGS > 0 ? NUM_ARGS : 1];
+  parse_func parse_funcs_[num_args > 0 ? num_args : 1];
 };
 
 template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler, typename... Args>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool do_check_format_string(
-    basic_string_view<Char> s, ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler()) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool do_check_format_string(basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                                          ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler()) {
   format_string_checker<Char, ErrorHandler, Args...> checker(s, eh);
   parse_format_string<true>(s, checker);
   return true;
 }
 
-template <typename... Args, typename S>
-typename std::enable_if<is_compile_string<S>::value>::type
-    check_format_string(S format_str) {
-  typedef typename S::char_type char_t;
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format = internal::do_check_format_string<
-      char_t, internal::error_handler, Args...>(to_string_view(format_str));
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          enable_if_t<(is_compile_string<S>::value), int>>
+void check_format_string(S format_str) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format =
+      internal::do_check_format_string<typename S::char_type,
+                                       internal::error_handler, Args...>(
+          to_string_view(format_str));
   (void)invalid_format;
 }
 
-// Specifies whether to format T using the standard formatter.
-// It is not possible to use get_type in formatter specialization directly
-// because of a bug in MSVC.
-template <typename Context, typename T>
-struct format_type :
-  std::integral_constant<bool, get_type<Context, T>::value != custom_type> {};
-
 template <template <typename> class Handler, typename Spec, typename Context>
-void handle_dynamic_spec(
-    Spec &value, arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref, Context &ctx) {
-  typedef typename Context::char_type char_type;
+void handle_dynamic_spec(Spec& value, arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref,
+                         Context& ctx,
+                         const typename Context::char_type* format_str) {
   switch (ref.kind) {
-  case arg_ref<char_type>::NONE:
+  case arg_id_kind::none:
     break;
-  case arg_ref<char_type>::INDEX:
-    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(
-          value, ctx.get_arg(ref.index), ctx.error_handler());
+  case arg_id_kind::index:
+    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(value, ctx.arg(ref.val.index),
+                                        ctx.error_handler());
     break;
-  case arg_ref<char_type>::NAME:
-    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(
-          value, ctx.get_arg({ref.name.value, ref.name.size}),
-          ctx.error_handler());
+  case arg_id_kind::name: {
+    const auto arg_id = ref.val.name.to_view(format_str);
+    internal::set_dynamic_spec<Handler>(value, ctx.arg(arg_id),
+                                        ctx.error_handler());
     break;
   }
+  }
 }
 }  // namespace internal
 
+template <typename Range>
+using basic_writer FMT_DEPRECATED = internal::basic_writer<Range>;
+using writer FMT_DEPRECATED = internal::writer;
+using wwriter FMT_DEPRECATED =
+    internal::basic_writer<internal::buffer_range<wchar_t>>;
+
 /** The default argument formatter. */
 template <typename Range>
-class arg_formatter:
-  public internal::function<
-    typename internal::arg_formatter_base<Range>::iterator>,
-  public internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> {
+class arg_formatter : public internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> {
  private:
-  typedef typename Range::value_type char_type;
-  typedef internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> base;
-  typedef basic_format_context<typename base::iterator, char_type> context_type;
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using base = internal::arg_formatter_base<Range>;
+  using context_type = basic_format_context<typename base::iterator, char_type>;
 
-  context_type &ctx_;
+  context_type& ctx_;
+  basic_parse_context<char_type>* parse_ctx_;
 
  public:
-  typedef Range range;
-  typedef typename base::iterator iterator;
-  typedef typename base::format_specs format_specs;
+  using range = Range;
+  using iterator = typename base::iterator;
+  using format_specs = typename base::format_specs;
 
   /**
     \rst
     Constructs an argument formatter object.
     *ctx* is a reference to the formatting context,
-    *spec* contains format specifier information for standard argument types.
+    *specs* contains format specifier information for standard argument types.
     \endrst
    */
-  explicit arg_formatter(context_type &ctx, format_specs *spec = FMT_NULL)
-  : base(Range(ctx.out()), spec, ctx.locale()), ctx_(ctx) {}
-
-  // Deprecated.
-  arg_formatter(context_type &ctx, format_specs &spec)
-  : base(Range(ctx.out()), &spec), ctx_(ctx) {}
+  explicit arg_formatter(context_type& ctx,
+                         basic_parse_context<char_type>* parse_ctx = nullptr,
+                         format_specs* specs = nullptr)
+      : base(Range(ctx.out()), specs, ctx.locale()),
+        ctx_(ctx),
+        parse_ctx_(parse_ctx) {}
 
   using base::operator();
 
   /** Formats an argument of a user-defined type. */
   iterator operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
-    handle.format(ctx_);
+    handle.format(*parse_ctx_, ctx_);
     return this->out();
   }
 };
@@ -2195,14 +2643,14 @@
  An error returned by an operating system or a language runtime,
  for example a file opening error.
 */
-class system_error : public std::runtime_error {
+class FMT_API system_error : public std::runtime_error {
  private:
-  FMT_API void init(int err_code, string_view format_str, format_args args);
+  void init(int err_code, string_view format_str, format_args args);
 
  protected:
   int error_code_;
 
-  system_error() : std::runtime_error("") {}
+  system_error() : std::runtime_error(""), error_code_(0) {}
 
  public:
   /**
@@ -2224,10 +2672,11 @@
    \endrst
   */
   template <typename... Args>
-  system_error(int error_code, string_view message, const Args &... args)
-    : std::runtime_error("") {
+  system_error(int error_code, string_view message, const Args&... args)
+      : std::runtime_error("") {
     init(error_code, message, make_format_args(args...));
   }
+  ~system_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
 
   int error_code() const { return error_code_; }
 };
@@ -2248,511 +2697,126 @@
   may look like "Unknown error -1" and is platform-dependent.
   \endrst
  */
-FMT_API void format_system_error(internal::buffer &out, int error_code,
+FMT_API void format_system_error(internal::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
                                  fmt::string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
 
-/**
-  This template provides operations for formatting and writing data into a
-  character range.
- */
-template <typename Range>
-class basic_writer {
- public:
-  typedef typename Range::value_type char_type;
-  typedef decltype(internal::declval<Range>().begin()) iterator;
-  typedef basic_format_specs<char_type> format_specs;
-
- private:
-  iterator out_;  // Output iterator.
-  internal::locale_ref locale_;
-
-  // Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
-  // Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to out_.
-  auto reserve(std::size_t n) -> decltype(internal::reserve(out_, n)) {
-    return internal::reserve(out_, n);
-  }
-
-  // Writes a value in the format
-  //   <left-padding><value><right-padding>
-  // where <value> is written by f(it).
-  template <typename F>
-  void write_padded(const align_spec &spec, F &&f) {
-    unsigned width = spec.width(); // User-perceived width (in code points).
-    size_t size = f.size(); // The number of code units.
-    size_t num_code_points = width != 0 ? f.width() : size;
-    if (width <= num_code_points)
-      return f(reserve(size));
-    auto &&it = reserve(width + (size - num_code_points));
-    char_type fill = static_cast<char_type>(spec.fill());
-    std::size_t padding = width - num_code_points;
-    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_RIGHT) {
-      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
-      f(it);
-    } else if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER) {
-      std::size_t left_padding = padding / 2;
-      it = std::fill_n(it, left_padding, fill);
-      f(it);
-      it = std::fill_n(it, padding - left_padding, fill);
-    } else {
-      f(it);
-      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
-    }
-  }
-
-  template <typename F>
-  struct padded_int_writer {
-    size_t size_;
-    string_view prefix;
-    char_type fill;
-    std::size_t padding;
-    F f;
-
-    size_t size() const { return size_; }
-    size_t width() const { return size_; }
-
-    template <typename It>
-    void operator()(It &&it) const {
-      if (prefix.size() != 0)
-        it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), it);
-      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
-      f(it);
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Writes an integer in the format
-  //   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
-  // where <digits> are written by f(it).
-  template <typename Spec, typename F>
-  void write_int(int num_digits, string_view prefix,
-                 const Spec &spec, F f) {
-    std::size_t size = prefix.size() + internal::to_unsigned(num_digits);
-    char_type fill = static_cast<char_type>(spec.fill());
-    std::size_t padding = 0;
-    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_NUMERIC) {
-      if (spec.width() > size) {
-        padding = spec.width() - size;
-        size = spec.width();
-      }
-    } else if (spec.precision > num_digits) {
-      size = prefix.size() + internal::to_unsigned(spec.precision);
-      padding = internal::to_unsigned(spec.precision - num_digits);
-      fill = static_cast<char_type>('0');
-    }
-    align_spec as = spec;
-    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_DEFAULT)
-      as.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
-    write_padded(as, padded_int_writer<F>{size, prefix, fill, padding, f});
-  }
-
-  // Writes a decimal integer.
-  template <typename Int>
-  void write_decimal(Int value) {
-    typedef typename internal::int_traits<Int>::main_type main_type;
-    main_type abs_value = static_cast<main_type>(value);
-    bool is_negative = internal::is_negative(value);
-    if (is_negative)
-      abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
-    int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
-    auto &&it = reserve((is_negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits));
-    if (is_negative)
-      *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('-');
-    it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
-  }
-
-  // The handle_int_type_spec handler that writes an integer.
-  template <typename Int, typename Spec>
-  struct int_writer {
-    typedef typename internal::int_traits<Int>::main_type unsigned_type;
-
-    basic_writer<Range> &writer;
-    const Spec &spec;
-    unsigned_type abs_value;
-    char prefix[4];
-    unsigned prefix_size;
-
-    string_view get_prefix() const { return string_view(prefix, prefix_size); }
-
-    // Counts the number of digits in abs_value. BITS = log2(radix).
-    template <unsigned BITS>
-    int count_digits() const {
-      unsigned_type n = abs_value;
-      int num_digits = 0;
-      do {
-        ++num_digits;
-      } while ((n >>= BITS) != 0);
-      return num_digits;
-    }
-
-    int_writer(basic_writer<Range> &w, Int value, const Spec &s)
-      : writer(w), spec(s), abs_value(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)),
-        prefix_size(0) {
-      if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
-        prefix[0] = '-';
-        ++prefix_size;
-        abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
-      } else if (spec.has(SIGN_FLAG)) {
-        prefix[0] = spec.has(PLUS_FLAG) ? '+' : ' ';
-        ++prefix_size;
-      }
-    }
-
-    struct dec_writer {
-      unsigned_type abs_value;
-      int num_digits;
-
-      template <typename It>
-      void operator()(It &&it) const {
-        it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
-      }
-    };
-
-    void on_dec() {
-      int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
-      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), spec,
-                       dec_writer{abs_value, num_digits});
-    }
-
-    struct hex_writer {
-      int_writer &self;
-      int num_digits;
-
-      template <typename It>
-      void operator()(It &&it) const {
-        it = internal::format_uint<4, char_type>(
-              it, self.abs_value, num_digits, self.spec.type != 'x');
-      }
-    };
-
-    void on_hex() {
-      if (spec.has(HASH_FLAG)) {
-        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
-        prefix[prefix_size++] = static_cast<char>(spec.type);
-      }
-      int num_digits = count_digits<4>();
-      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), spec,
-                       hex_writer{*this, num_digits});
-    }
-
-    template <int BITS>
-    struct bin_writer {
-      unsigned_type abs_value;
-      int num_digits;
-
-      template <typename It>
-      void operator()(It &&it) const {
-        it = internal::format_uint<BITS, char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
-      }
-    };
-
-    void on_bin() {
-      if (spec.has(HASH_FLAG)) {
-        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
-        prefix[prefix_size++] = static_cast<char>(spec.type);
-      }
-      int num_digits = count_digits<1>();
-      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), spec,
-                       bin_writer<1>{abs_value, num_digits});
-    }
-
-    void on_oct() {
-      int num_digits = count_digits<3>();
-      if (spec.has(HASH_FLAG) &&
-          spec.precision <= num_digits) {
-        // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
-        // is not greater than the number of digits.
-        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
-      }
-      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), spec,
-                       bin_writer<3>{abs_value, num_digits});
-    }
-
-    enum { SEP_SIZE = 1 };
-
-    struct num_writer {
-      unsigned_type abs_value;
-      int size;
-      char_type sep;
-
-      template <typename It>
-      void operator()(It &&it) const {
-        basic_string_view<char_type> s(&sep, SEP_SIZE);
-        it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(
-              it, abs_value, size, internal::add_thousands_sep<char_type>(s));
-      }
-    };
-
-    void on_num() {
-      int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
-      char_type sep = internal::thousands_sep<char_type>(writer.locale_);
-      int size = num_digits + SEP_SIZE * ((num_digits - 1) / 3);
-      writer.write_int(size, get_prefix(), spec,
-                       num_writer{abs_value, size, sep});
-    }
-
-    void on_error() {
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid type specifier"));
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Writes a formatted integer.
-  template <typename T, typename Spec>
-  void write_int(T value, const Spec &spec) {
-    internal::handle_int_type_spec(spec.type,
-                                   int_writer<T, Spec>(*this, value, spec));
-  }
-
-  enum {INF_SIZE = 3}; // This is an enum to workaround a bug in MSVC.
-
-  struct inf_or_nan_writer {
-    char sign;
-    const char *str;
-
-    size_t size() const {
-      return static_cast<std::size_t>(INF_SIZE + (sign ? 1 : 0));
-    }
-    size_t width() const { return size(); }
-
-    template <typename It>
-    void operator()(It &&it) const {
-      if (sign)
-        *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(sign);
-      it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(
-            str, str + static_cast<std::size_t>(INF_SIZE), it);
-    }
-  };
-
-  struct double_writer {
-    size_t n;
-    char sign;
-    internal::buffer &buffer;
-
-    size_t size() const { return buffer.size() + (sign ? 1 : 0); }
-    size_t width() const { return size(); }
-
-    template <typename It>
-    void operator()(It &&it) {
-      if (sign) {
-        *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(sign);
-        --n;
-      }
-      it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(buffer.begin(), buffer.end(), it);
-    }
-  };
-
-  // Formats a floating-point number (double or long double).
-  template <typename T>
-  void write_double(T value, const format_specs &spec);
-
-  template <typename Char>
-  struct str_writer {
-    const Char *s;
-    size_t size_;
-
-    size_t size() const { return size_; }
-    size_t width() const {
-      return internal::count_code_points(basic_string_view<Char>(s, size_));
-    }
-
-    template <typename It>
-    void operator()(It &&it) const {
-      it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(s, s + size_, it);
-    }
-  };
-
-  template <typename Char>
-  friend class internal::arg_formatter_base;
-
- public:
-  /** Constructs a ``basic_writer`` object. */
-  explicit basic_writer(
-      Range out, internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref())
-    : out_(out.begin()), locale_(loc) {}
-
-  iterator out() const { return out_; }
-
-  void write(int value) { write_decimal(value); }
-  void write(long value) { write_decimal(value); }
-  void write(long long value) { write_decimal(value); }
-
-  void write(unsigned value) { write_decimal(value); }
-  void write(unsigned long value) { write_decimal(value); }
-  void write(unsigned long long value) { write_decimal(value); }
-
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Formats *value* and writes it to the buffer.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  template <typename T, typename FormatSpec, typename... FormatSpecs>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, void>::type
-      write(T value, FormatSpec spec, FormatSpecs... specs) {
-    format_specs s(spec, specs...);
-    s.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
-    write_int(value, s);
-  }
-
-  void write(double value) {
-    write_double(value, format_specs());
-  }
-
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Formats *value* using the general format for floating-point numbers
-    (``'g'``) and writes it to the buffer.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  void write(long double value) {
-    write_double(value, format_specs());
-  }
-
-  /** Writes a character to the buffer. */
-  void write(char value) {
-    *reserve(1) = value;
-  }
-  void write(wchar_t value) {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, wchar_t>::value, "");
-    *reserve(1) = value;
-  }
-
-  /**
-    \rst
-    Writes *value* to the buffer.
-    \endrst
-   */
-  void write(string_view value) {
-    auto &&it = reserve(value.size());
-    it = internal::copy_str<char_type>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
-  }
-  void write(wstring_view value) {
-    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, wchar_t>::value, "");
-    auto &&it = reserve(value.size());
-    it = std::copy(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
-  }
-
-  // Writes a formatted string.
-  template <typename Char>
-  void write(const Char *s, std::size_t size, const align_spec &spec) {
-    write_padded(spec, str_writer<Char>{s, size});
-  }
-
-  template <typename Char>
-  void write(basic_string_view<Char> s,
-             const format_specs &spec = format_specs()) {
-    const Char *data = s.data();
-    std::size_t size = s.size();
-    if (spec.precision >= 0 && internal::to_unsigned(spec.precision) < size)
-      size = internal::to_unsigned(spec.precision);
-    write(data, size, spec);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_same<T, void>::value>::type
-      write(const T *p) {
-    format_specs specs;
-    specs.flags = HASH_FLAG;
-    specs.type = 'x';
-    write_int(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p), specs);
-  }
-};
-
 struct float_spec_handler {
   char type;
   bool upper;
+  bool fixed;
+  bool as_percentage;
+  bool use_locale;
 
-  explicit float_spec_handler(char t) : type(t), upper(false) {}
+  explicit float_spec_handler(char t)
+      : type(t),
+        upper(false),
+        fixed(false),
+        as_percentage(false),
+        use_locale(false) {}
 
   void on_general() {
-    if (type == 'G')
-      upper = true;
-    else
-      type = 'g';
+    if (type == 'G') upper = true;
   }
 
   void on_exp() {
-    if (type == 'E')
-      upper = true;
+    if (type == 'E') upper = true;
   }
 
   void on_fixed() {
-    if (type == 'F') {
-      upper = true;
-#if FMT_MSC_VER
-      // MSVC's printf doesn't support 'F'.
-      type = 'f';
-#endif
-    }
+    fixed = true;
+    if (type == 'F') upper = true;
+  }
+
+  void on_percent() {
+    fixed = true;
+    as_percentage = true;
   }
 
   void on_hex() {
-    if (type == 'A')
-      upper = true;
+    if (type == 'A') upper = true;
   }
 
-  void on_error() {
+  void on_num() { use_locale = true; }
+
+  FMT_NORETURN void on_error() {
     FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid type specifier"));
   }
 };
 
 template <typename Range>
-template <typename T>
-void basic_writer<Range>::write_double(T value, const format_specs &spec) {
+template <typename T, bool USE_GRISU>
+void internal::basic_writer<Range>::write_double(T value,
+                                                 const format_specs& specs) {
   // Check type.
-  float_spec_handler handler(static_cast<char>(spec.type));
+  float_spec_handler handler(static_cast<char>(specs.type));
   internal::handle_float_type_spec(handler.type, handler);
 
   char sign = 0;
-  // Use signbit instead of value < 0 because the latter is always
-  // false for NaN.
+  // Use signbit instead of value < 0 since the latter is always false for NaN.
   if (std::signbit(value)) {
     sign = '-';
     value = -value;
-  } else if (spec.has(SIGN_FLAG)) {
-    sign = spec.has(PLUS_FLAG) ? '+' : ' ';
+  } else if (specs.sign != sign::none) {
+    if (specs.sign == sign::plus)
+      sign = '+';
+    else if (specs.sign == sign::space)
+      sign = ' ';
   }
 
-  struct write_inf_or_nan_t {
-    basic_writer &writer;
-    format_specs spec;
-    char sign;
-    void operator()(const char *str) const {
-      writer.write_padded(spec, inf_or_nan_writer{sign, str});
-    }
-  } write_inf_or_nan = {*this, spec, sign};
+  if (!std::isfinite(value)) {
+    // Format infinity and NaN ourselves because sprintf's output is not
+    // consistent across platforms.
+    const char* str = std::isinf(value) ? (handler.upper ? "INF" : "inf")
+                                        : (handler.upper ? "NAN" : "nan");
+    return write_padded(specs,
+                        inf_or_nan_writer{sign, handler.as_percentage, str});
+  }
 
-  // Format NaN and ininity ourselves because sprintf's output is not consistent
-  // across platforms.
-  if (internal::fputil::isnotanumber(value))
-    return write_inf_or_nan(handler.upper ? "NAN" : "nan");
-  if (internal::fputil::isinfinity(value))
-    return write_inf_or_nan(handler.upper ? "INF" : "inf");
+  if (handler.as_percentage) value *= 100;
 
   memory_buffer buffer;
-  bool use_grisu = FMT_USE_GRISU && sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double) &&
-      spec.type != 'a' && spec.type != 'A' &&
-      internal::grisu2_format(static_cast<double>(value), buffer, spec);
-  if (!use_grisu) {
-    format_specs normalized_spec(spec);
-    normalized_spec.type = handler.type;
-    internal::sprintf_format(value, buffer, normalized_spec);
+  int exp = 0;
+  int precision = specs.precision >= 0 || !specs.type ? specs.precision : 6;
+  unsigned options = handler.fixed ? internal::grisu_options::fixed : 0;
+  bool use_grisu = USE_GRISU &&
+                   (specs.type != 'a' && specs.type != 'A' &&
+                    specs.type != 'e' && specs.type != 'E') &&
+                   internal::grisu_format(static_cast<double>(value), buffer,
+                                          precision, options, exp);
+  char* decimal_point_pos = nullptr;
+  if (!use_grisu)
+    decimal_point_pos = internal::sprintf_format(value, buffer, specs);
+
+  if (handler.as_percentage) {
+    buffer.push_back('%');
+    --exp;  // Adjust decimal place position.
   }
-  size_t n = buffer.size();
-  align_spec as = spec;
-  if (spec.align() == ALIGN_NUMERIC) {
+  format_specs as = specs;
+  if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
     if (sign) {
-      auto &&it = reserve(1);
+      auto&& it = reserve(1);
       *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(sign);
       sign = 0;
-      if (as.width_)
-        --as.width_;
+      if (as.width) --as.width;
     }
-    as.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
-  } else {
-    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_DEFAULT)
-      as.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
-    if (sign)
-      ++n;
+    as.align = align::right;
+  } else if (specs.align == align::none) {
+    as.align = align::right;
   }
-  write_padded(as, double_writer{n, sign, buffer});
+  char_type decimal_point = handler.use_locale
+                                ? internal::decimal_point<char_type>(locale_)
+                                : static_cast<char_type>('.');
+  if (use_grisu) {
+    auto params = internal::gen_digits_params();
+    params.fixed = handler.fixed;
+    params.num_digits = precision;
+    params.trailing_zeros =
+        (precision != 0 && (handler.fixed || !specs.type)) || specs.alt;
+    write_padded(as, grisu_writer(sign, buffer, exp, params, decimal_point));
+  } else {
+    write_padded(as,
+                 double_writer{sign, buffer, decimal_point_pos, decimal_point});
+  }
 }
 
 // Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
@@ -2797,7 +2861,7 @@
    \endrst
   */
   template <typename... Args>
-  windows_error(int error_code, string_view message, const Args &... args) {
+  windows_error(int error_code, string_view message, const Args&... args) {
     init(error_code, message, make_format_args(args...));
   }
 };
@@ -2814,40 +2878,38 @@
  private:
   // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
   // a sign and a null character.
-  enum {BUFFER_SIZE = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 + 3};
-  mutable char buffer_[BUFFER_SIZE];
-  char *str_;
+  enum { buffer_size = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 + 3 };
+  mutable char buffer_[buffer_size];
+  char* str_;
 
   // Formats value in reverse and returns a pointer to the beginning.
-  char *format_decimal(unsigned long long value) {
-    char *ptr = buffer_ + (BUFFER_SIZE - 1);  // Parens to workaround MSVC bug.
+  char* format_decimal(unsigned long long value) {
+    char* ptr = buffer_ + (buffer_size - 1);  // Parens to workaround MSVC bug.
     while (value >= 100) {
       // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
       // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
       // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
       unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>((value % 100) * 2);
       value /= 100;
-      *--ptr = internal::data::DIGITS[index + 1];
-      *--ptr = internal::data::DIGITS[index];
+      *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index + 1];
+      *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index];
     }
     if (value < 10) {
       *--ptr = static_cast<char>('0' + value);
       return ptr;
     }
     unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
-    *--ptr = internal::data::DIGITS[index + 1];
-    *--ptr = internal::data::DIGITS[index];
+    *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index + 1];
+    *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index];
     return ptr;
   }
 
   void format_signed(long long value) {
     unsigned long long abs_value = static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
     bool negative = value < 0;
-    if (negative)
-      abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    if (negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
     str_ = format_decimal(abs_value);
-    if (negative)
-      *--str_ = '-';
+    if (negative) *--str_ = '-';
   }
 
  public:
@@ -2860,21 +2922,21 @@
 
   /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
   std::size_t size() const {
-    return internal::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + BUFFER_SIZE - 1);
+    return internal::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + buffer_size - 1);
   }
 
   /**
     Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
     character is appended.
    */
-  const char *data() const { return str_; }
+  const char* data() const { return str_; }
 
   /**
     Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
     character appended.
    */
-  const char *c_str() const {
-    buffer_[BUFFER_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
+  const char* c_str() const {
+    buffer_[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';
     return str_;
   }
 
@@ -2886,52 +2948,24 @@
   std::string str() const { return std::string(str_, size()); }
 };
 
-// DEPRECATED!
-// Formats a decimal integer value writing into buffer and returns
-// a pointer to the end of the formatted string. This function doesn't
-// write a terminating null character.
-template <typename T>
-inline void format_decimal(char *&buffer, T value) {
-  typedef typename internal::int_traits<T>::main_type main_type;
-  main_type abs_value = static_cast<main_type>(value);
-  if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
-    *buffer++ = '-';
-    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
-  }
-  if (abs_value < 100) {
-    if (abs_value < 10) {
-      *buffer++ = static_cast<char>('0' + abs_value);
-      return;
-    }
-    unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(abs_value * 2);
-    *buffer++ = internal::data::DIGITS[index];
-    *buffer++ = internal::data::DIGITS[index + 1];
-    return;
-  }
-  int num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
-  internal::format_decimal<char>(
-        internal::make_checked(buffer, internal::to_unsigned(num_digits)), abs_value, num_digits);
-  buffer += num_digits;
-}
-
-// Formatter of objects of type T.
+// A formatter specialization for the core types corresponding to internal::type
+// constants.
 template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct formatter<
-    T, Char,
-    typename std::enable_if<internal::format_type<
-        typename buffer_context<Char>::type, T>::value>::type> {
+struct formatter<T, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<internal::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                             internal::custom_type>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() : format_str_(nullptr) {}
 
   // Parses format specifiers stopping either at the end of the range or at the
   // terminating '}'.
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR typename ParseContext::iterator parse(ParseContext &ctx) {
-    typedef internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext> handler_type;
-    auto type = internal::get_type<
-      typename buffer_context<Char>::type, T>::value;
-    internal::specs_checker<handler_type>
-        handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx), type);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    format_str_ = ctx.begin();
+    using handler_type = internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
+    auto type = internal::type_constant<T, Char>::value;
+    internal::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
+                                                  type);
     auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
-    auto type_spec = specs_.type;
     auto eh = ctx.error_handler();
     switch (type) {
     case internal::none_type:
@@ -2943,28 +2977,27 @@
     case internal::long_long_type:
     case internal::ulong_long_type:
     case internal::bool_type:
-      handle_int_type_spec(
-            type_spec, internal::int_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      handle_int_type_spec(specs_.type,
+                           internal::int_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
       break;
     case internal::char_type:
       handle_char_specs(
-          &specs_,
-          internal::char_specs_checker<decltype(eh)>(type_spec, eh));
+          &specs_, internal::char_specs_checker<decltype(eh)>(specs_.type, eh));
       break;
     case internal::double_type:
     case internal::long_double_type:
-      handle_float_type_spec(
-            type_spec, internal::float_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      handle_float_type_spec(specs_.type,
+                             internal::float_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
       break;
     case internal::cstring_type:
       internal::handle_cstring_type_spec(
-            type_spec, internal::cstring_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+          specs_.type, internal::cstring_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
       break;
     case internal::string_type:
-      internal::check_string_type_spec(type_spec, eh);
+      internal::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
       break;
     case internal::pointer_type:
-      internal::check_pointer_type_spec(type_spec, eh);
+      internal::check_pointer_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
       break;
     case internal::custom_type:
       // Custom format specifiers should be checked in parse functions of
@@ -2975,36 +3008,74 @@
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const T &val, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
-      specs_.width_, specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+        specs_.width, specs_.width_ref, ctx, format_str_);
     internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
-      specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
-    typedef output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
-                         typename FormatContext::char_type> range_type;
-    return visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range_type>(ctx, &specs_),
-                      internal::make_arg<FormatContext>(val));
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx, format_str_);
+    using range_type =
+        internal::output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
+                               typename FormatContext::char_type>;
+    return visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range_type>(ctx, nullptr, &specs_),
+                            internal::make_arg<FormatContext>(val));
   }
 
  private:
   internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  const Char* format_str_;
+};
+
+#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base)                                             \
+  template <typename Char>                                                    \
+  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {                      \
+    template <typename FormatContext>                                         \
+    auto format(const Type& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) { \
+      return formatter<Base, Char>::format(val, ctx);                         \
+    }                                                                         \
+  }
+
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, long long);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, unsigned long long);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(float, double);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::basic_string<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(internal::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<void*, Char> : formatter<const void*, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(void* val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<const void*, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Char* val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
 };
 
 // A formatter for types known only at run time such as variant alternatives.
 //
 // Usage:
-//   typedef std::variant<int, std::string> variant;
+//   using variant = std::variant<int, std::string>;
 //   template <>
 //   struct formatter<variant>: dynamic_formatter<> {
 //     void format(buffer &buf, const variant &v, context &ctx) {
 //       visit([&](const auto &val) { format(buf, val, ctx); }, v);
 //     }
 //   };
-template <typename Char = char>
-class dynamic_formatter {
+template <typename Char = char> class dynamic_formatter {
  private:
-  struct null_handler: internal::error_handler {
-    void on_align(alignment) {}
+  struct null_handler : internal::error_handler {
+    void on_align(align_t) {}
     void on_plus() {}
     void on_minus() {}
     void on_space() {}
@@ -3013,108 +3084,122 @@
 
  public:
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    format_str_ = ctx.begin();
     // Checks are deferred to formatting time when the argument type is known.
     internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext> handler(specs_, ctx);
     return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
   }
 
   template <typename T, typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const T &val, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     handle_specs(ctx);
-    internal::specs_checker<null_handler>
-        checker(null_handler(), internal::get_type<FormatContext, T>::value);
-    checker.on_align(specs_.align());
-    if (specs_.flags == 0);  // Do nothing.
-    else if (specs_.has(SIGN_FLAG))
-      specs_.has(PLUS_FLAG) ? checker.on_plus() : checker.on_space();
-    else if (specs_.has(MINUS_FLAG))
+    internal::specs_checker<null_handler> checker(
+        null_handler(),
+        internal::mapped_type_constant<T, FormatContext>::value);
+    checker.on_align(specs_.align);
+    switch (specs_.sign) {
+    case sign::none:
+      break;
+    case sign::plus:
+      checker.on_plus();
+      break;
+    case sign::minus:
       checker.on_minus();
-    else if (specs_.has(HASH_FLAG))
-      checker.on_hash();
-    if (specs_.precision != -1)
-      checker.end_precision();
-    typedef output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
-                         typename FormatContext::char_type> range;
-    visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range>(ctx, &specs_),
-               internal::make_arg<FormatContext>(val));
+      break;
+    case sign::space:
+      checker.on_space();
+      break;
+    }
+    if (specs_.alt) checker.on_hash();
+    if (specs_.precision >= 0) checker.end_precision();
+    using range = internal::output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
+                                         typename FormatContext::char_type>;
+    visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range>(ctx, nullptr, &specs_),
+                     internal::make_arg<FormatContext>(val));
     return ctx.out();
   }
 
  private:
-  template <typename Context>
-  void handle_specs(Context &ctx) {
+  template <typename Context> void handle_specs(Context& ctx) {
     internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
-      specs_.width_, specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+        specs_.width, specs_.width_ref, ctx, format_str_);
     internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
-      specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx, format_str_);
   }
 
   internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  const Char* format_str_;
 };
 
 template <typename Range, typename Char>
 typename basic_format_context<Range, Char>::format_arg
-  basic_format_context<Range, Char>::get_arg(
-    basic_string_view<char_type> name) {
-  map_.init(this->args());
+basic_format_context<Range, Char>::arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name) {
+  map_.init(args_);
   format_arg arg = map_.find(name);
-  if (arg.type() == internal::none_type)
-    this->on_error("argument not found");
+  if (arg.type() == internal::none_type) this->on_error("argument not found");
   return arg;
 }
 
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(basic_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>& ctx,
+                              const Char* p) {
+  ctx.advance_to(ctx.begin() + (p - &*ctx.begin()));
+}
+
 template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char, typename Context>
 struct format_handler : internal::error_handler {
-  typedef typename ArgFormatter::range range;
+  using range = typename ArgFormatter::range;
 
   format_handler(range r, basic_string_view<Char> str,
                  basic_format_args<Context> format_args,
                  internal::locale_ref loc)
-    : context(r.begin(), str, format_args, loc) {}
+      : parse_context(str), context(r.begin(), format_args, loc) {}
 
-  void on_text(const Char *begin, const Char *end) {
+  void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
     auto size = internal::to_unsigned(end - begin);
     auto out = context.out();
-    auto &&it = internal::reserve(out, size);
+    auto&& it = internal::reserve(out, size);
     it = std::copy_n(begin, size, it);
     context.advance_to(out);
   }
 
-  void on_arg_id() { arg = context.next_arg(); }
-  void on_arg_id(unsigned id) {
-    context.parse_context().check_arg_id(id);
-    arg = context.get_arg(id);
-  }
-  void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
-    arg = context.get_arg(id);
-  }
+  void get_arg(int id) { arg = internal::get_arg(context, id); }
 
-  void on_replacement_field(const Char *p) {
-    context.parse_context().advance_to(p);
-    internal::custom_formatter<Char, Context> f(context);
+  void on_arg_id() { get_arg(parse_context.next_arg_id()); }
+  void on_arg_id(int id) {
+    parse_context.check_arg_id(id);
+    get_arg(id);
+  }
+  void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) { arg = context.arg(id); }
+
+  void on_replacement_field(const Char* p) {
+    advance_to(parse_context, p);
+    internal::custom_formatter<Context> f(parse_context, context);
     if (!visit_format_arg(f, arg))
-      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context), arg));
+      context.advance_to(
+          visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &parse_context), arg));
   }
 
-  const Char *on_format_specs(const Char *begin, const Char *end) {
-    auto &parse_ctx = context.parse_context();
-    parse_ctx.advance_to(begin);
-    internal::custom_formatter<Char, Context> f(context);
-    if (visit_format_arg(f, arg))
-      return parse_ctx.begin();
+  const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    advance_to(parse_context, begin);
+    internal::custom_formatter<Context> f(parse_context, context);
+    if (visit_format_arg(f, arg)) return parse_context.begin();
     basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
     using internal::specs_handler;
-    internal::specs_checker<specs_handler<Context>>
-        handler(specs_handler<Context>(specs, context), arg.type());
+    using parse_context_t = basic_parse_context<Char>;
+    internal::specs_checker<specs_handler<parse_context_t, Context>> handler(
+        specs_handler<parse_context_t, Context>(specs, parse_context, context),
+        arg.type());
     begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
-    if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
-      on_error("missing '}' in format string");
-    parse_ctx.advance_to(begin);
-    context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &specs), arg));
+    if (begin == end || *begin != '}') on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+    advance_to(parse_context, begin);
+    context.advance_to(
+        visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &parse_context, &specs), arg));
     return begin;
   }
 
+  basic_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
   Context context;
   basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
 };
@@ -3122,8 +3207,7 @@
 /** Formats arguments and writes the output to the range. */
 template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char, typename Context>
 typename Context::iterator vformat_to(
-    typename ArgFormatter::range out,
-    basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    typename ArgFormatter::range out, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
     basic_format_args<Context> args,
     internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref()) {
   format_handler<ArgFormatter, Char, Context> h(out, format_str, args, loc);
@@ -3134,26 +3218,29 @@
 // Casts ``p`` to ``const void*`` for pointer formatting.
 // Example:
 //   auto s = format("{}", ptr(p));
-template <typename T>
-inline const void *ptr(const T *p) { return p; }
+template <typename T> inline const void* ptr(const T* p) { return p; }
+template <typename T> inline const void* ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T>& p) {
+  return p.get();
+}
+template <typename T> inline const void* ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) {
+  return p.get();
+}
 
-template <typename It, typename Char>
-struct arg_join {
+template <typename It, typename Char> struct arg_join : internal::view {
   It begin;
   It end;
   basic_string_view<Char> sep;
 
-  arg_join(It begin, It end, basic_string_view<Char> sep)
-    : begin(begin), end(end), sep(sep) {}
+  arg_join(It b, It e, basic_string_view<Char> s) : begin(b), end(e), sep(s) {}
 };
 
 template <typename It, typename Char>
-struct formatter<arg_join<It, Char>, Char>:
-    formatter<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type, Char> {
+struct formatter<arg_join<It, Char>, Char>
+    : formatter<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type, Char> {
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const arg_join<It, Char> &value, FormatContext &ctx)
+  auto format(const arg_join<It, Char>& value, FormatContext& ctx)
       -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    typedef formatter<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type, Char> base;
+    using base = formatter<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type, Char>;
     auto it = value.begin;
     auto out = ctx.out();
     if (it != value.end) {
@@ -3168,30 +3255,42 @@
   }
 };
 
+/**
+  Returns an object that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+  separated by `sep`.
+ */
 template <typename It>
 arg_join<It, char> join(It begin, It end, string_view sep) {
-  return arg_join<It, char>(begin, end, sep);
+  return {begin, end, sep};
 }
 
 template <typename It>
 arg_join<It, wchar_t> join(It begin, It end, wstring_view sep) {
-  return arg_join<It, wchar_t>(begin, end, sep);
+  return {begin, end, sep};
 }
 
-// The following causes ICE in gcc 4.4.
-#if FMT_USE_TRAILING_RETURN && (!FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 405)
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+  \endrst
+ */
 template <typename Range>
-auto join(const Range &range, string_view sep)
-    -> arg_join<decltype(internal::begin(range)), char> {
-  return join(internal::begin(range), internal::end(range), sep);
+arg_join<internal::iterator_t<const Range>, char> join(const Range& range,
+                                                       string_view sep) {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
 }
 
 template <typename Range>
-auto join(const Range &range, wstring_view sep)
-    -> arg_join<decltype(internal::begin(range)), wchar_t> {
-  return join(internal::begin(range), internal::end(range), sep);
+arg_join<internal::iterator_t<const Range>, wchar_t> join(const Range& range,
+                                                          wstring_view sep) {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
 }
-#endif
 
 /**
   \rst
@@ -3205,121 +3304,62 @@
     std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename T>
-std::string to_string(const T &value) {
-  std::string str;
-  internal::container_buffer<std::string> buf(str);
-  writer(buf).write(value);
-  return str;
+template <typename T> inline std::string to_string(const T& value) {
+  return format("{}", value);
 }
 
 /**
   Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
  */
-template <typename T>
-std::wstring to_wstring(const T &value) {
-  std::wstring str;
-  internal::container_buffer<std::wstring> buf(str);
-  wwriter(buf).write(value);
-  return str;
+template <typename T> inline std::wstring to_wstring(const T& value) {
+  return format(L"{}", value);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, std::size_t SIZE>
-std::basic_string<Char> to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE> &buf) {
+std::basic_string<Char> to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf) {
   return std::basic_string<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size());
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-typename buffer_context<Char>::type::iterator internal::vformat_to(
-    internal::basic_buffer<Char> &buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
-  typedef back_insert_range<internal::basic_buffer<Char> > range;
-  return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(
-    buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator internal::vformat_to(
+    internal::buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
+  using range = buffer_range<Char>;
+  return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(buf, to_string_view(format_str),
+                                          args);
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
-inline typename buffer_context<Char>::type::iterator vformat_to(
-    internal::basic_buffer<Char> &buf, const S &format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator vformat_to(
+    internal::buffer<Char>& buf, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
   return internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
 }
 
-template <
-    typename S, typename... Args,
-    std::size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
-    typename Char = typename internal::char_t<S>::type>
-inline typename buffer_context<Char>::type::iterator format_to(
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE> &buf, const S &format_str,
-    const Args &... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... Args, std::size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator format_to(
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef typename buffer_context<Char>::type context;
-  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{args...};
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
   return internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str),
-                              basic_format_args<context>(as));
+                              {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 
-namespace internal {
-
-// Detect the iterator category of *any* given type in a SFINAE-friendly way.
-// Unfortunately, older implementations of std::iterator_traits are not safe
-// for use in a SFINAE-context.
-
-// the gist of C++17's void_t magic
-template<typename... Ts>
-struct void_ { typedef void type; };
-
-template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
-struct it_category : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct it_category<T*> { typedef std::random_access_iterator_tag type; };
-
-template <typename T>
-struct it_category<T, typename void_<typename T::iterator_category>::type> {
-  typedef typename T::iterator_category type;
-};
-
-// Detect if *any* given type models the OutputIterator concept.
-template <typename It>
-class is_output_iterator {
-  // Check for mutability because all iterator categories derived from
-  // std::input_iterator_tag *may* also meet the requirements of an
-  // OutputIterator, thereby falling into the category of 'mutable iterators'
-  // [iterator.requirements.general] clause 4.
-  // The compiler reveals this property only at the point of *actually
-  // dereferencing* the iterator!
-  template <typename U>
-  static decltype(*(internal::declval<U>())) test(std::input_iterator_tag);
-  template <typename U>
-  static char& test(std::output_iterator_tag);
-  template <typename U>
-  static const char& test(...);
-
-  typedef decltype(test<It>(typename it_category<It>::type{})) type;
-  typedef typename std::remove_reference<type>::type result;
- public:
-  static const bool value = !std::is_const<result>::value;
-};
-} // internal
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = char>
+using format_context_t = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>;
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = char>
-//using format_context_t = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>;
-struct format_context_t { typedef basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char> type; };
+using format_args_t = basic_format_args<format_context_t<OutputIt, Char>>;
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = char>
-//using format_args_t = basic_format_args<format_context_t<OutputIt, Char>>;
-struct format_args_t {
-  typedef basic_format_args<
-    typename format_context_t<OutputIt, Char>::type> type;
-};
-
-template <typename String, typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-inline typename std::enable_if<internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value,
-                               OutputIt>::type
-    vformat_to(OutputIt out, const String &format_str,
-               typename format_args_t<OutputIt, FMT_CHAR(String)>::type args) {
-  typedef output_range<OutputIt, FMT_CHAR(String)> range;
+template <typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+              !internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+inline OutputIt vformat_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+                           format_args_t<OutputIt, char_t<S>> args) {
+  using range = internal::output_range<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
   return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(range(out),
                                           to_string_view(format_str), args);
 }
@@ -3335,20 +3375,19 @@
    fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
  \endrst
  */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(
-    internal::is_string<S>::value &&
-    internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value, OutputIt)
-    format_to(OutputIt out, const S &format_str, const Args &... args) {
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+              !internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+              internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef typename format_context_t<OutputIt, FMT_CHAR(S)>::type context;
-  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{args...};
+  using context = format_context_t<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
   return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(format_str),
-                    basic_format_args<context>(as));
+                    {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt>
-struct format_to_n_result {
+template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
   /** Iterator past the end of the output range. */
   OutputIt out;
   /** Total (not truncated) output size. */
@@ -3356,31 +3395,26 @@
 };
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = typename OutputIt::value_type>
-struct format_to_n_context :
-  format_context_t<fmt::internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>, Char> {};
+using format_to_n_context =
+    format_context_t<fmt::internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>, Char>;
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = typename OutputIt::value_type>
-struct format_to_n_args {
-  typedef basic_format_args<
-    typename format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>::type> type;
-};
-
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename ...Args>
-inline format_arg_store<
-  typename format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>::type, Args...>
-    make_format_to_n_args(const Args &... args) {
-  return format_arg_store<
-    typename format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>::type, Args...>(args...);
-}
+using format_to_n_args = basic_format_args<format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>>;
 
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-    internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value,
-    format_to_n_result<OutputIt>>::type vformat_to_n(
+inline format_arg_store<format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>, Args...>
+make_format_to_n_args(const Args&... args) {
+  return format_arg_store<format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>, Args...>(
+      args...);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+inline format_to_n_result<OutputIt> vformat_to_n(
     OutputIt out, std::size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    typename format_to_n_args<OutputIt, Char>::type args) {
-  typedef internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt> It;
-  auto it = vformat_to(It(out, n), format_str, args);
+    format_to_n_args<OutputIt, Char> args) {
+  auto it = vformat_to(internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>(out, n),
+                       format_str, args);
   return {it.base(), it.count()};
 }
 
@@ -3391,25 +3425,22 @@
  end of the output range.
  \endrst
  */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(
-    internal::is_string<S>::value &&
-    internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value,
-    format_to_n_result<OutputIt>)
-    format_to_n(OutputIt out, std::size_t n, const S &format_str,
-                const Args &... args) {
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value&&
+                            internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+inline format_to_n_result<OutputIt> format_to_n(OutputIt out, std::size_t n,
+                                                const S& format_str,
+                                                const Args&... args) {
   internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef FMT_CHAR(S) Char;
-  format_arg_store<
-      typename format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>::type, Args...> as(args...);
+  using context = format_to_n_context<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
   return vformat_to_n(out, n, to_string_view(format_str),
-                      typename format_to_n_args<OutputIt, Char>::type(as));
+                      {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
 inline std::basic_string<Char> internal::vformat(
     basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
   basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
   return fmt::to_string(buffer);
@@ -3420,8 +3451,7 @@
   ``format(format_str, args...)``.
  */
 template <typename... Args>
-inline std::size_t formatted_size(string_view format_str,
-                                  const Args &... args) {
+inline std::size_t formatted_size(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
   auto it = format_to(internal::counting_iterator<char>(), format_str, args...);
   return it.count();
 }
@@ -3429,53 +3459,52 @@
 #if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
 namespace internal {
 
-# if FMT_UDL_TEMPLATE
-template <typename Char, Char... CHARS>
-class udl_formatter {
+#  if FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+template <typename Char, Char... CHARS> class udl_formatter {
  public:
   template <typename... Args>
-  std::basic_string<Char> operator()(const Args &... args) const {
+  std::basic_string<Char> operator()(Args&&... args) const {
     FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL Char s[] = {CHARS..., '\0'};
     FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format =
         do_check_format_string<Char, error_handler, Args...>(
-          basic_string_view<Char>(s, sizeof...(CHARS)));
+            basic_string_view<Char>(s, sizeof...(CHARS)));
     (void)invalid_format;
-    return format(s, args...);
+    return format(s, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 };
-# else
-template <typename Char>
-struct udl_formatter {
-  const Char *str;
+#  else
+template <typename Char> struct udl_formatter {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
 
   template <typename... Args>
-  auto operator()(Args &&... args) const
-                  -> decltype(format(str, std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
+  std::basic_string<Char> operator()(Args&&... args) const {
     return format(str, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 };
-# endif // FMT_UDL_TEMPLATE
+#  endif  // FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct udl_arg {
-  const Char *str;
+template <typename Char> struct udl_arg {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
 
-  template <typename T>
-  named_arg<T, Char> operator=(T &&value) const {
+  template <typename T> named_arg<T, Char> operator=(T&& value) const {
     return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
   }
 };
 
-} // namespace internal
+}  // namespace internal
 
 inline namespace literals {
-
-# if FMT_UDL_TEMPLATE
+#  if FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#    if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#      pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-string-literal-operator-template"
+#    endif
 template <typename Char, Char... CHARS>
 FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_formatter<Char, CHARS...> operator""_format() {
   return {};
 }
-# else
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#  else
 /**
   \rst
   User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::format`.
@@ -3486,11 +3515,15 @@
     std::string message = "The answer is {}"_format(42);
   \endrst
  */
-inline internal::udl_formatter<char>
-operator"" _format(const char *s, std::size_t) { return {s}; }
-inline internal::udl_formatter<wchar_t>
-operator"" _format(const wchar_t *s, std::size_t) { return {s}; }
-# endif // FMT_UDL_TEMPLATE
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_formatter<char> operator"" _format(const char* s,
+                                                               std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_formatter<wchar_t> operator"" _format(
+    const wchar_t* s, std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+#  endif  // FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
 
 /**
   \rst
@@ -3502,24 +3535,41 @@
     fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
   \endrst
  */
-inline internal::udl_arg<char>
-operator"" _a(const char *s, std::size_t) { return {s}; }
-inline internal::udl_arg<wchar_t>
-operator"" _a(const wchar_t *s, std::size_t) { return {s}; }
-} // inline namespace literals
-#endif // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_arg<char> operator"" _a(const char* s,
+                                                    std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_arg<wchar_t> operator"" _a(const wchar_t* s,
+                                                       std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
-#define FMT_STRING(s) [] { \
-    typedef typename std::remove_cv<std::remove_pointer< \
-      typename std::decay<decltype(s)>::type>::type>::type ct; \
-    struct str : fmt::compile_string { \
-      typedef ct char_type; \
-      FMT_CONSTEXPR operator fmt::basic_string_view<ct>() const { \
-        return {s, sizeof(s) / sizeof(ct) - 1}; \
-      } \
-    }; \
-    return str{}; \
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a compile-time format string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
+    std::string s = format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_STRING(s)                                                    \
+  [] {                                                                   \
+    struct str : fmt::compile_string {                                   \
+      using char_type = typename std::remove_cv<std::remove_pointer<     \
+          typename std::decay<decltype(s)>::type>::type>::type;          \
+      FMT_CONSTEXPR operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const { \
+        return {s, sizeof(s) / sizeof(char_type) - 1};                   \
+      }                                                                  \
+    } result;                                                            \
+    /* Suppress Qt Creator warning about unused operator. */             \
+    (void)static_cast<fmt::basic_string_view<typename str::char_type>>(  \
+        result);                                                         \
+    return result;                                                       \
   }()
 
 #if defined(FMT_STRING_ALIAS) && FMT_STRING_ALIAS
@@ -3537,19 +3587,14 @@
     std::string s = format(fmt("{:d}"), "foo");
   \endrst
  */
-# define fmt(s) FMT_STRING(s)
+#  define fmt(s) FMT_STRING(s)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
-# define FMT_FUNC inline
-# include "format-inl.h"
+#  define FMT_FUNC inline
+#  include "format-inl.h"
 #else
-# define FMT_FUNC
-#endif
-
-// Restore warnings.
-#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406 || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-# pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#  define FMT_FUNC
 #endif
 
 #endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_
diff --git a/include/fmt/locale.h b/include/fmt/locale.h
index 8e021bc..7c13656 100644
--- a/include/fmt/locale.h
+++ b/include/fmt/locale.h
@@ -8,65 +8,65 @@
 #ifndef FMT_LOCALE_H_
 #define FMT_LOCALE_H_
 
-#include "format.h"
 #include <locale>
+#include "format.h"
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 namespace internal {
 template <typename Char>
-typename buffer_context<Char>::type::iterator vformat_to(
-    const std::locale &loc, basic_buffer<Char> &buf,
+typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator vformat_to(
+    const std::locale& loc, buffer<Char>& buf,
     basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
-  typedef back_insert_range<basic_buffer<Char> > range;
-  return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(
-    buf, to_string_view(format_str), args, internal::locale_ref(loc));
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
+  using range = buffer_range<Char>;
+  return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args,
+                                          internal::locale_ref(loc));
 }
 
 template <typename Char>
-std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-    const std::locale &loc, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+std::basic_string<Char> vformat(const std::locale& loc,
+                                basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
   basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   internal::vformat_to(loc, buffer, format_str, args);
   return fmt::to_string(buffer);
 }
-}
+}  // namespace internal
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
 inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
-    const std::locale &loc, const S &format_str,
-    basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+    const std::locale& loc, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
   return internal::vformat(loc, to_string_view(format_str), args);
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline std::basic_string<FMT_CHAR(S)> format(
-    const std::locale &loc, const S &format_str, const Args &... args) {
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const std::locale& loc,
+                                      const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   return internal::vformat(
-    loc, to_string_view(format_str),
-    *internal::checked_args<S, Args...>(format_str, args...));
+      loc, to_string_view(format_str),
+      {internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...)});
 }
 
-template <typename String, typename OutputIt, typename... Args>
-inline typename std::enable_if<internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value,
-                               OutputIt>::type
-    vformat_to(OutputIt out, const std::locale &loc, const String &format_str,
-               typename format_args_t<OutputIt, FMT_CHAR(String)>::type args) {
-  typedef output_range<OutputIt, FMT_CHAR(String)> range;
+template <typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<
+              internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline OutputIt vformat_to(OutputIt out, const std::locale& loc,
+                           const S& format_str,
+                           format_args_t<OutputIt, Char> args) {
+  using range = internal::output_range<OutputIt, Char>;
   return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(
-    range(out), to_string_view(format_str), args, internal::locale_ref(loc));
+      range(out), to_string_view(format_str), args, internal::locale_ref(loc));
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args>
-inline typename std::enable_if<
-    internal::is_string<S>::value &&
-    internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value, OutputIt>::type
-    format_to(OutputIt out, const std::locale &loc, const S &format_str,
-              const Args &... args) {
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value&&
+                            internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const std::locale& loc,
+                          const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
   internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef typename format_context_t<OutputIt, FMT_CHAR(S)>::type context;
+  using context = format_context_t<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
   format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{args...};
   return vformat_to(out, loc, to_string_view(format_str),
                     basic_format_args<context>(as));
diff --git a/include/fmt/ostream.h b/include/fmt/ostream.h
index 84b31cc..69bac0e 100644
--- a/include/fmt/ostream.h
+++ b/include/fmt/ostream.h
@@ -8,22 +8,21 @@
 #ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
 #define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
 
-#include "format.h"
 #include <ostream>
+#include "format.h"
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 namespace internal {
 
-template <class Char>
-class formatbuf : public std::basic_streambuf<Char> {
+template <class Char> class formatbuf : public std::basic_streambuf<Char> {
  private:
-  typedef typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::int_type int_type;
-  typedef typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::traits_type traits_type;
+  using int_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::int_type;
+  using traits_type = typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::traits_type;
 
-  basic_buffer<Char> &buffer_;
+  buffer<Char>& buffer_;
 
  public:
-  formatbuf(basic_buffer<Char> &buffer) : buffer_(buffer) {}
+  formatbuf(buffer<Char>& buf) : buffer_(buf) {}
 
  protected:
   // The put-area is actually always empty. This makes the implementation
@@ -39,33 +38,32 @@
     return ch;
   }
 
-  std::streamsize xsputn(const Char *s, std::streamsize count) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+  std::streamsize xsputn(const Char* s, std::streamsize count) FMT_OVERRIDE {
     buffer_.append(s, s + count);
     return count;
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct test_stream : std::basic_ostream<Char> {
+template <typename Char> struct test_stream : std::basic_ostream<Char> {
  private:
   struct null;
   // Hide all operator<< from std::basic_ostream<Char>.
   void operator<<(null);
 };
 
-// Checks if T has a user-defined operator<< (e.g. not a member of std::ostream).
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-class is_streamable {
+// Checks if T has a user-defined operator<< (e.g. not a member of
+// std::ostream).
+template <typename T, typename Char> class is_streamable {
  private:
   template <typename U>
-  static decltype(
-    internal::declval<test_stream<Char>&>()
-      << internal::declval<U>(), std::true_type()) test(int);
+  static decltype((void)(std::declval<test_stream<Char>&>()
+                         << std::declval<U>()),
+                  std::true_type())
+  test(int);
 
-  template <typename>
-  static std::false_type test(...);
+  template <typename> static std::false_type test(...);
 
-  typedef decltype(test<T>(0)) result;
+  using result = decltype(test<T>(0));
 
  public:
   static const bool value = result::value;
@@ -73,65 +71,51 @@
 
 // Write the content of buf to os.
 template <typename Char>
-void write(std::basic_ostream<Char> &os, basic_buffer<Char> &buf) {
-  const Char *data = buf.data();
-  typedef std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type UnsignedStreamSize;
-  UnsignedStreamSize size = buf.size();
-  UnsignedStreamSize max_size =
-      internal::to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<std::streamsize>::max)());
+void write(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, buffer<Char>& buf) {
+  const Char* buf_data = buf.data();
+  using unsigned_streamsize = std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type;
+  unsigned_streamsize size = buf.size();
+  unsigned_streamsize max_size =
+      to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<std::streamsize>::max)());
   do {
-    UnsignedStreamSize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
-    os.write(data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
-    data += n;
+    unsigned_streamsize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
+    os.write(buf_data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
+    buf_data += n;
     size -= n;
   } while (size != 0);
 }
 
 template <typename Char, typename T>
-void format_value(basic_buffer<Char> &buffer, const T &value) {
-  internal::formatbuf<Char> format_buf(buffer);
+void format_value(buffer<Char>& buf, const T& value) {
+  formatbuf<Char> format_buf(buf);
   std::basic_ostream<Char> output(&format_buf);
   output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
   output << value;
-  buffer.resize(buffer.size());
+  buf.resize(buf.size());
 }
-}  // namespace internal
-
-// Disable conversion to int if T has an overloaded operator<< which is a free
-// function (not a member of std::ostream).
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct convert_to_int<T, Char, void> {
-  static const bool value =
-    convert_to_int<T, Char, int>::value &&
-    !internal::is_streamable<T, Char>::value;
-};
 
 // Formats an object of type T that has an overloaded ostream operator<<.
 template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct formatter<T, Char,
-    typename std::enable_if<
-      internal::is_streamable<T, Char>::value &&
-      !internal::format_type<
-        typename buffer_context<Char>::type, T>::value>::type>
+struct fallback_formatter<T, Char, enable_if_t<is_streamable<T, Char>::value>>
     : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
-
   template <typename Context>
-  auto format(const T &value, Context &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const T& value, Context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-    internal::format_value(buffer, value);
+    format_value(buffer, value);
     basic_string_view<Char> str(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
     return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(str, ctx);
   }
 };
+}  // namespace internal
 
 template <typename Char>
-inline void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char> &os,
-                   basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-                   basic_format_args<typename buffer_context<Char>::type> args) {
+void vprint(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+            basic_format_args<buffer_context<Char>> args) {
   basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
   internal::write(os, buffer);
 }
+
 /**
   \rst
   Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
@@ -141,12 +125,11 @@
     fmt::print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline typename std::enable_if<internal::is_string<S>::value>::type
-print(std::basic_ostream<FMT_CHAR(S)> &os, const S &format_str,
-      const Args & ... args) {
-  internal::checked_args<S, Args...> ca(format_str, args...);
-  vprint(os, to_string_view(format_str), *ca);
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+void print(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  vprint(os, to_string_view(format_str),
+         {internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...)});
 }
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
diff --git a/include/fmt/posix.h b/include/fmt/posix.h
index f4e3fad..6b2d7f8 100644
--- a/include/fmt/posix.h
+++ b/include/fmt/posix.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
 // Workaround MinGW bug https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw/bugs/2024/.
-# undef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#  undef __STRICT_ANSI__
 #endif
 
 #include <errno.h>
@@ -22,42 +22,42 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 
 #if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
-# include <xlocale.h>  // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
+#  include <xlocale.h>  // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
 #endif
 
 #include "format.h"
 
 #ifndef FMT_POSIX
-# if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+#  if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
 // Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
-#  define FMT_POSIX(call) _##call
-# else
-#  define FMT_POSIX(call) call
-# endif
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) _##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX(call) call
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 // Calls to system functions are wrapped in FMT_SYSTEM for testability.
 #ifdef FMT_SYSTEM
-# define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
+#  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
 #else
-# define FMT_SYSTEM(call) call
-# ifdef _WIN32
+#  define FMT_SYSTEM(call) call
+#  ifdef _WIN32
 // Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
-#  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::_##call
-# else
-#  define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::call
-# endif
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::_##call
+#  else
+#    define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::call
+#  endif
 #endif
 
 // Retries the expression while it evaluates to error_result and errno
 // equals to EINTR.
 #ifndef _WIN32
-# define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) \
-  do { \
-    result = (expression); \
-  } while (result == error_result && errno == EINTR)
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) \
+    do {                                                  \
+      result = (expression);                              \
+    } while (result == error_result && errno == EINTR)
 #else
-# define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) result = (expression)
+#  define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) result = (expression)
 #endif
 
 #define FMT_RETRY(result, expression) FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, -1)
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
   A reference to a null-terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
   string or ``std::string``.
 
-  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
 
   +---------------+-----------------------------+
   | Type          | Definition                  |
@@ -89,28 +89,27 @@
     format(std::string("{}"), 42);
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename Char>
-class basic_cstring_view {
+template <typename Char> class basic_cstring_view {
  private:
-  const Char *data_;
+  const Char* data_;
 
  public:
   /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string. */
-  basic_cstring_view(const Char *s) : data_(s) {}
+  basic_cstring_view(const Char* s) : data_(s) {}
 
   /**
     \rst
     Constructs a string reference from an ``std::string`` object.
     \endrst
    */
-  basic_cstring_view(const std::basic_string<Char> &s) : data_(s.c_str()) {}
+  basic_cstring_view(const std::basic_string<Char>& s) : data_(s.c_str()) {}
 
   /** Returns the pointer to a C string. */
-  const Char *c_str() const { return data_; }
+  const Char* c_str() const { return data_; }
 };
 
-typedef basic_cstring_view<char> cstring_view;
-typedef basic_cstring_view<wchar_t> wcstring_view;
+using cstring_view = basic_cstring_view<char>;
+using wcstring_view = basic_cstring_view<wchar_t>;
 
 // An error code.
 class error_code {
@@ -126,33 +125,32 @@
 // A buffered file.
 class buffered_file {
  private:
-  FILE *file_;
+  FILE* file_;
 
   friend class file;
 
-  explicit buffered_file(FILE *f) : file_(f) {}
+  explicit buffered_file(FILE* f) : file_(f) {}
 
  public:
   // Constructs a buffered_file object which doesn't represent any file.
-  buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(FMT_NULL) {}
+  buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(nullptr) {}
 
   // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
   FMT_API ~buffered_file() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
 
  private:
-  buffered_file(const buffered_file &) = delete;
-  void operator=(const buffered_file &) = delete;
-
+  buffered_file(const buffered_file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffered_file&) = delete;
 
  public:
-  buffered_file(buffered_file &&other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(other.file_) {
-    other.file_ = FMT_NULL;
+  buffered_file(buffered_file&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(other.file_) {
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
   }
 
-  buffered_file& operator=(buffered_file &&other) {
+  buffered_file& operator=(buffered_file&& other) {
     close();
     file_ = other.file_;
-    other.file_ = FMT_NULL;
+    other.file_ = nullptr;
     return *this;
   }
 
@@ -163,18 +161,18 @@
   FMT_API void close();
 
   // Returns the pointer to a FILE object representing this file.
-  FILE *get() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return file_; }
+  FILE* get() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return file_; }
 
   // We place parentheses around fileno to workaround a bug in some versions
   // of MinGW that define fileno as a macro.
-  FMT_API int (fileno)() const;
+  FMT_API int(fileno)() const;
 
   void vprint(string_view format_str, format_args args) {
     fmt::vprint(file_, format_str, args);
   }
 
   template <typename... Args>
-  inline void print(string_view format_str, const Args & ... args) {
+  inline void print(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
     vprint(format_str, make_format_args(args...));
   }
 };
@@ -195,9 +193,9 @@
  public:
   // Possible values for the oflag argument to the constructor.
   enum {
-    RDONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_RDONLY), // Open for reading only.
-    WRONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_WRONLY), // Open for writing only.
-    RDWR   = FMT_POSIX(O_RDWR)    // Open for reading and writing.
+    RDONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_RDONLY),  // Open for reading only.
+    WRONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_WRONLY),  // Open for writing only.
+    RDWR = FMT_POSIX(O_RDWR)       // Open for reading and writing.
   };
 
   // Constructs a file object which doesn't represent any file.
@@ -207,15 +205,13 @@
   FMT_API file(cstring_view path, int oflag);
 
  private:
-  file(const file &) = delete;
-  void operator=(const file &) = delete;
+  file(const file&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const file&) = delete;
 
  public:
-  file(file &&other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(other.fd_) {
-    other.fd_ = -1;
-  }
+  file(file&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(other.fd_) { other.fd_ = -1; }
 
-  file& operator=(file &&other) {
+  file& operator=(file&& other) {
     close();
     fd_ = other.fd_;
     other.fd_ = -1;
@@ -236,10 +232,10 @@
   FMT_API long long size() const;
 
   // Attempts to read count bytes from the file into the specified buffer.
-  FMT_API std::size_t read(void *buffer, std::size_t count);
+  FMT_API std::size_t read(void* buffer, std::size_t count);
 
   // Attempts to write count bytes from the specified buffer to the file.
-  FMT_API std::size_t write(const void *buffer, std::size_t count);
+  FMT_API std::size_t write(const void* buffer, std::size_t count);
 
   // Duplicates a file descriptor with the dup function and returns
   // the duplicate as a file object.
@@ -251,68 +247,59 @@
 
   // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
   // necessary.
-  FMT_API void dup2(int fd, error_code &ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+  FMT_API void dup2(int fd, error_code& ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
 
   // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
   // and writing respectively.
-  FMT_API static void pipe(file &read_end, file &write_end);
+  FMT_API static void pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end);
 
   // Creates a buffered_file object associated with this file and detaches
   // this file object from the file.
-  FMT_API buffered_file fdopen(const char *mode);
+  FMT_API buffered_file fdopen(const char* mode);
 };
 
 // Returns the memory page size.
 long getpagesize();
 
-#if (defined(LC_NUMERIC_MASK) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
-    !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__) && \
-    !defined(__NEWLIB_H__)
-# define FMT_LOCALE
-#endif
-
 #ifdef FMT_LOCALE
 // A "C" numeric locale.
 class Locale {
  private:
-# ifdef _MSC_VER
-  typedef _locale_t locale_t;
+#  ifdef _WIN32
+  using locale_t = _locale_t;
 
   enum { LC_NUMERIC_MASK = LC_NUMERIC };
 
-  static locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char *locale, locale_t) {
+  static locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char* locale, locale_t) {
     return _create_locale(category_mask, locale);
   }
 
-  static void freelocale(locale_t locale) {
-    _free_locale(locale);
-  }
+  static void freelocale(locale_t locale) { _free_locale(locale); }
 
-  static double strtod_l(const char *nptr, char **endptr, _locale_t locale) {
+  static double strtod_l(const char* nptr, char** endptr, _locale_t locale) {
     return _strtod_l(nptr, endptr, locale);
   }
-# endif
+#  endif
 
   locale_t locale_;
 
-  Locale(const Locale &) = delete;
-  void operator=(const Locale &) = delete;
+  Locale(const Locale&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const Locale&) = delete;
 
  public:
-  typedef locale_t Type;
+  using type = locale_t;
 
-  Locale() : locale_(newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, "C", FMT_NULL)) {
-    if (!locale_)
-      FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create locale"));
+  Locale() : locale_(newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, "C", nullptr)) {
+    if (!locale_) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create locale"));
   }
   ~Locale() { freelocale(locale_); }
 
-  Type get() const { return locale_; }
+  type get() const { return locale_; }
 
   // Converts string to floating-point number and advances str past the end
   // of the parsed input.
-  double strtod(const char *&str) const {
-    char *end = FMT_NULL;
+  double strtod(const char*& str) const {
+    char* end = nullptr;
     double result = strtod_l(str, &end, locale_);
     str = end;
     return result;
diff --git a/include/fmt/printf.h b/include/fmt/printf.h
index 6f2715d..c803aa9 100644
--- a/include/fmt/printf.h
+++ b/include/fmt/printf.h
@@ -16,221 +16,90 @@
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 namespace internal {
 
-// An iterator that produces a null terminator on *end. This simplifies parsing
-// and allows comparing the performance of processing a null-terminated string
-// vs string_view.
-template <typename Char>
-class null_terminating_iterator {
- public:
-  typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
-  typedef Char value_type;
-  typedef const Char* pointer;
-  typedef const Char& reference;
-  typedef std::random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category;
-
-  null_terminating_iterator() : ptr_(0), end_(0) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator(const Char *ptr, const Char *end)
-    : ptr_(ptr), end_(end) {}
-
-  template <typename Range>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit null_terminating_iterator(const Range &r)
-    : ptr_(r.begin()), end_(r.end()) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator &operator=(const Char *ptr) {
-    assert(ptr <= end_);
-    ptr_ = ptr;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR Char operator*() const {
-    return ptr_ != end_ ? *ptr_ : Char();
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator operator++() {
-    ++ptr_;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator operator++(int) {
-    null_terminating_iterator result(*this);
-    ++ptr_;
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator operator--() {
-    --ptr_;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator operator+(difference_type n) {
-    return null_terminating_iterator(ptr_ + n, end_);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator operator-(difference_type n) {
-    return null_terminating_iterator(ptr_ - n, end_);
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR null_terminating_iterator operator+=(difference_type n) {
-    ptr_ += n;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR difference_type operator-(
-      null_terminating_iterator other) const {
-    return ptr_ - other.ptr_;
-  }
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool operator!=(null_terminating_iterator other) const {
-    return ptr_ != other.ptr_;
-  }
-
-  bool operator>=(null_terminating_iterator other) const {
-    return ptr_ >= other.ptr_;
-  }
-
-  // This should be a friend specialization pointer_from<Char> but the latter
-  // doesn't compile by gcc 5.1 due to a compiler bug.
-  template <typename CharT>
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const CharT *pointer_from(
-      null_terminating_iterator<CharT> it);
-
- private:
-  const Char *ptr_;
-  const Char *end_;
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const T *pointer_from(const T *p) { return p; }
-
-template <typename Char>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char *pointer_from(null_terminating_iterator<Char> it) {
-  return it.ptr_;
-}
-
-// DEPRECATED: Parses the input as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
-// that the first character is a digit and presence of a non-digit character at
-// the end.
-// it: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the input range.
-template <typename Iterator, typename ErrorHandler>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned parse_nonnegative_int(Iterator &it, ErrorHandler &&eh) {
-  assert('0' <= *it && *it <= '9');
-  if (*it == '0') {
-    ++it;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  unsigned value = 0;
-  // Convert to unsigned to prevent a warning.
-  unsigned max_int = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
-  unsigned big = max_int / 10;
-  do {
-    // Check for overflow.
-    if (value > big) {
-      value = max_int + 1;
-      break;
-    }
-    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*it - '0');
-    // Workaround for MSVC "setup_exception stack overflow" error:
-    auto next = it;
-    ++next;
-    it = next;
-  } while ('0' <= *it && *it <= '9');
-  if (value > max_int)
-    eh.on_error("number is too big");
-  return value;
-}
+// A helper function to suppress bogus "conditional expression is constant"
+// warnings.
+template <typename T> inline T const_check(T value) { return value; }
 
 // Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
 // signed and unsigned integers.
-template <bool IsSigned>
-struct int_checker {
-  template <typename T>
-  static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+template <bool IsSigned> struct int_checker {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
     unsigned max = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
     return value <= max;
   }
   static bool fits_in_int(bool) { return true; }
 };
 
-template <>
-struct int_checker<true> {
-  template <typename T>
-  static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
+template <> struct int_checker<true> {
+  template <typename T> static bool fits_in_int(T value) {
     return value >= std::numeric_limits<int>::min() &&
            value <= std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
   }
   static bool fits_in_int(int) { return true; }
 };
 
-class printf_precision_handler: public function<int> {
+class printf_precision_handler {
  public:
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, int>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T value) {
     if (!int_checker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
       FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
-    return static_cast<int>(value);
+    return (std::max)(static_cast<int>(value), 0);
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<T>::value, int>::type operator()(T) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  int operator()(T) {
     FMT_THROW(format_error("precision is not integer"));
     return 0;
   }
 };
 
 // An argument visitor that returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
-class is_zero_int: public function<bool> {
+class is_zero_int {
  public:
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, bool>::type
-      operator()(T value) { return value == 0; }
-
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<T>::value, bool>::type
-      operator()(T) { return false; }
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
-
-template <>
-struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> {
-  typedef bool type;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename Context>
-class arg_converter: public function<void> {
- private:
-  typedef typename Context::char_type Char;
-
-  basic_format_arg<Context> &arg_;
-  typename Context::char_type type_;
-
- public:
-  arg_converter(basic_format_arg<Context> &arg, Char type)
-    : arg_(arg), type_(type) {}
-
-  void operator()(bool value) {
-    if (type_ != 's')
-      operator()<bool>(value);
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T value) {
+    return value == 0;
   }
 
-  template <typename U>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<U>::value>::type
-      operator()(U value) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  bool operator()(T) {
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T> struct make_unsigned_or_bool : std::make_unsigned<T> {};
+
+template <> struct make_unsigned_or_bool<bool> { using type = bool; };
+
+template <typename T, typename Context> class arg_converter {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
+  char_type type_;
+
+ public:
+  arg_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, char_type type)
+      : arg_(arg), type_(type) {}
+
+  void operator()(bool value) {
+    if (type_ != 's') operator()<bool>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U value) {
     bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
-    typedef typename std::conditional<
-        std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>::type TargetType;
-    if (const_check(sizeof(TargetType) <= sizeof(int))) {
+    using target_type = conditional_t<std::is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>;
+    if (const_check(sizeof(target_type) <= sizeof(int))) {
       // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
       if (is_signed) {
         arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(
-          static_cast<int>(static_cast<TargetType>(value)));
+            static_cast<int>(static_cast<target_type>(value)));
       } else {
-        typedef typename make_unsigned_or_bool<TargetType>::type Unsigned;
+        using unsigned_type = typename make_unsigned_or_bool<target_type>::type;
         arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(
-          static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<Unsigned>(value)));
+            static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)));
       }
     } else {
       if (is_signed) {
@@ -240,15 +109,13 @@
         arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(static_cast<long long>(value));
       } else {
         arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(
-          static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value));
+            static_cast<typename make_unsigned_or_bool<U>::type>(value));
       }
     }
   }
 
-  template <typename U>
-  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<U>::value>::type operator()(U) {
-    // No coversion needed for non-integral types.
-  }
+  template <typename U, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<U>::value)>
+  void operator()(U) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
 };
 
 // Converts an integer argument to T for printf, if T is an integral type.
@@ -256,84 +123,77 @@
 // type depending on the type specifier: 'd' and 'i' - signed, other -
 // unsigned).
 template <typename T, typename Context, typename Char>
-void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context> &arg, Char type) {
+void convert_arg(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg, Char type) {
   visit_format_arg(arg_converter<T, Context>(arg, type), arg);
 }
 
 // Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
-template <typename Context>
-class char_converter: public function<void> {
+template <typename Context> class char_converter {
  private:
-  basic_format_arg<Context> &arg_;
+  basic_format_arg<Context>& arg_;
 
  public:
-  explicit char_converter(basic_format_arg<Context> &arg) : arg_(arg) {}
+  explicit char_converter(basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) : arg_(arg) {}
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
-    typedef typename Context::char_type Char;
-    arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(static_cast<Char>(value));
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T value) {
+    arg_ = internal::make_arg<Context>(
+        static_cast<typename Context::char_type>(value));
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<T>::value>::type operator()(T) {
-    // No coversion needed for non-integral types.
-  }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  void operator()(T) {}  // No conversion needed for non-integral types.
 };
 
 // Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
 // left alignment if it is negative.
-template <typename Char>
-class printf_width_handler: public function<unsigned> {
+template <typename Char> class printf_width_handler {
  private:
-  typedef basic_format_specs<Char> format_specs;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<Char>;
 
-  format_specs &spec_;
+  format_specs& specs_;
 
  public:
-  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs &spec) : spec_(spec) {}
+  explicit printf_width_handler(format_specs& specs) : specs_(specs) {}
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, unsigned>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
-    typedef typename internal::int_traits<T>::main_type UnsignedType;
-    UnsignedType width = static_cast<UnsignedType>(value);
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T value) {
+    auto width = static_cast<uint32_or_64_t<T>>(value);
     if (internal::is_negative(value)) {
-      spec_.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
+      specs_.align = align::left;
       width = 0 - width;
     }
     unsigned int_max = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
-    if (width > int_max)
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+    if (width > int_max) FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
     return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<T>::value, unsigned>::type
-      operator()(T) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  unsigned operator()(T) {
     FMT_THROW(format_error("width is not integer"));
     return 0;
   }
 };
 
 template <typename Char, typename Context>
-void printf(basic_buffer<Char> &buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+void printf(buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format,
             basic_format_args<Context> args) {
   Context(std::back_inserter(buf), format, args).format();
 }
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename Context>
+internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt> printf(
+    internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt> it, basic_string_view<Char> format,
+    basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  return Context(it, format, args).format();
+}
 }  // namespace internal
 
 using internal::printf;  // For printing into memory_buffer.
 
-template <typename Range>
-class printf_arg_formatter;
+template <typename Range> class printf_arg_formatter;
 
-template <
-    typename OutputIt, typename Char,
-    typename ArgFormatter =
-      printf_arg_formatter<back_insert_range<internal::basic_buffer<Char>>>>
-class basic_printf_context;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context;
 
 /**
   \rst
@@ -341,61 +201,56 @@
   \endrst
  */
 template <typename Range>
-class printf_arg_formatter:
-  public internal::function<
-    typename internal::arg_formatter_base<Range>::iterator>,
-  public internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> {
- private:
-  typedef typename Range::value_type char_type;
-  typedef decltype(internal::declval<Range>().begin()) iterator;
-  typedef internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> base;
-  typedef basic_printf_context<iterator, char_type> context_type;
+class printf_arg_formatter : public internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> {
+ public:
+  using iterator = typename Range::iterator;
 
-  context_type &context_;
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using base = internal::arg_formatter_base<Range>;
+  using context_type = basic_printf_context<iterator, char_type>;
+
+  context_type& context_;
 
   void write_null_pointer(char) {
-    this->spec()->type = 0;
+    this->specs()->type = 0;
     this->write("(nil)");
   }
 
   void write_null_pointer(wchar_t) {
-    this->spec()->type = 0;
+    this->specs()->type = 0;
     this->write(L"(nil)");
   }
 
  public:
-  typedef typename base::format_specs format_specs;
+  using format_specs = typename base::format_specs;
 
   /**
     \rst
     Constructs an argument formatter object.
-    *buffer* is a reference to the output buffer and *spec* contains format
+    *buffer* is a reference to the output buffer and *specs* contains format
     specifier information for standard argument types.
     \endrst
    */
-  printf_arg_formatter(internal::basic_buffer<char_type> &buffer,
-                       format_specs &spec, context_type &ctx)
-    : base(back_insert_range<internal::basic_buffer<char_type>>(buffer), &spec,
-           ctx.locale()),
-      context_(ctx) {}
+  printf_arg_formatter(iterator iter, format_specs& specs, context_type& ctx)
+      : base(Range(iter), &specs, internal::locale_ref()), context_(ctx) {}
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, iterator>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
     // MSVC2013 fails to compile separate overloads for bool and char_type so
     // use std::is_same instead.
     if (std::is_same<T, bool>::value) {
-      format_specs &fmt_spec = *this->spec();
-      if (fmt_spec.type != 's')
-        return base::operator()(value ? 1 : 0);
-      fmt_spec.type = 0;
+      format_specs& fmt_specs = *this->specs();
+      if (fmt_specs.type != 's') return base::operator()(value ? 1 : 0);
+      fmt_specs.type = 0;
       this->write(value != 0);
     } else if (std::is_same<T, char_type>::value) {
-      format_specs &fmt_spec = *this->spec();
-      if (fmt_spec.type && fmt_spec.type != 'c')
+      format_specs& fmt_specs = *this->specs();
+      if (fmt_specs.type && fmt_specs.type != 'c')
         return (*this)(static_cast<int>(value));
-      fmt_spec.flags = 0;
-      fmt_spec.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+      fmt_specs.sign = sign::none;
+      fmt_specs.alt = false;
+      fmt_specs.align = align::right;
       return base::operator()(value);
     } else {
       return base::operator()(value);
@@ -403,17 +258,16 @@
     return this->out();
   }
 
-  template <typename T>
-  typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, iterator>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
     return base::operator()(value);
   }
 
   /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
-  iterator operator()(const char *value) {
+  iterator operator()(const char* value) {
     if (value)
       base::operator()(value);
-    else if (this->spec()->type == 'p')
+    else if (this->specs()->type == 'p')
       write_null_pointer(char_type());
     else
       this->write("(null)");
@@ -421,10 +275,10 @@
   }
 
   /** Formats a null-terminated wide C string. */
-  iterator operator()(const wchar_t *value) {
+  iterator operator()(const wchar_t* value) {
     if (value)
       base::operator()(value);
-    else if (this->spec()->type == 'p')
+    else if (this->specs()->type == 'p')
       write_null_pointer(char_type());
     else
       this->write(L"(null)");
@@ -435,68 +289,60 @@
     return base::operator()(value);
   }
 
-  iterator operator()(monostate value) {
-    return base::operator()(value);
-  }
+  iterator operator()(monostate value) { return base::operator()(value); }
 
   /** Formats a pointer. */
-  iterator operator()(const void *value) {
-    if (value)
-      return base::operator()(value);
-    this->spec()->type = 0;
+  iterator operator()(const void* value) {
+    if (value) return base::operator()(value);
+    this->specs()->type = 0;
     write_null_pointer(char_type());
     return this->out();
   }
 
   /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
   iterator operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
-    handle.format(context_);
+    handle.format(context_.parse_context(), context_);
     return this->out();
   }
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-struct printf_formatter {
+template <typename T> struct printf_formatter {
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) { return ctx.begin(); }
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const T &value, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const T& value, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     internal::format_value(internal::get_container(ctx.out()), value);
     return ctx.out();
   }
 };
 
 /** This template formats data and writes the output to a writer. */
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename ArgFormatter>
-class basic_printf_context :
-  // Inherit publicly as a workaround for the icc bug
-  // https://software.intel.com/en-us/forums/intel-c-compiler/topic/783476.
-  public internal::context_base<
-    OutputIt, basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char, ArgFormatter>, Char> {
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_printf_context {
  public:
   /** The character type for the output. */
-  typedef Char char_type;
-
-  template <typename T>
-  struct formatter_type { typedef printf_formatter<T> type; };
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_printf_context>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = printf_formatter<T>;
 
  private:
-  typedef internal::context_base<OutputIt, basic_printf_context, Char> base;
-  typedef typename base::format_arg format_arg;
-  typedef basic_format_specs<char_type> format_specs;
-  typedef internal::null_terminating_iterator<char_type> iterator;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
 
-  void parse_flags(format_specs &spec, iterator &it);
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args_;
+  basic_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx_;
+
+  static void parse_flags(format_specs& specs, const Char*& it,
+                          const Char* end);
 
   // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is equal
   // to the maximum unsigned value, the next argument.
-  format_arg get_arg(
-      iterator it,
-      unsigned arg_index = (std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max)());
+  format_arg get_arg(unsigned arg_index = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max());
 
   // Parses argument index, flags and width and returns the argument index.
-  unsigned parse_header(iterator &it, format_specs &spec);
+  unsigned parse_header(const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs);
 
  public:
   /**
@@ -508,160 +354,180 @@
    */
   basic_printf_context(OutputIt out, basic_string_view<char_type> format_str,
                        basic_format_args<basic_printf_context> args)
-    : base(out, format_str, args) {}
+      : out_(out), args_(args), parse_ctx_(format_str) {}
 
-  using base::parse_context;
-  using base::out;
-  using base::advance_to;
+  OutputIt out() { return out_; }
+  void advance_to(OutputIt it) { out_ = it; }
+
+  format_arg arg(unsigned id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+
+  basic_parse_context<Char>& parse_context() { return parse_ctx_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    parse_ctx_.on_error(message);
+  }
 
   /** Formats stored arguments and writes the output to the range. */
-  void format();
+  template <typename ArgFormatter =
+                printf_arg_formatter<internal::buffer_range<Char>>>
+  OutputIt format();
 };
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename AF>
-void basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char, AF>::parse_flags(
-    format_specs &spec, iterator &it) {
-  for (;;) {
-    switch (*it++) {
-      case '-':
-        spec.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
-        break;
-      case '+':
-        spec.flags |= SIGN_FLAG | PLUS_FLAG;
-        break;
-      case '0':
-        spec.fill_ = '0';
-        break;
-      case ' ':
-        spec.flags |= SIGN_FLAG;
-        break;
-      case '#':
-        spec.flags |= HASH_FLAG;
-        break;
-      default:
-        --it;
-        return;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+void basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_flags(format_specs& specs,
+                                                       const Char*& it,
+                                                       const Char* end) {
+  for (; it != end; ++it) {
+    switch (*it) {
+    case '-':
+      specs.align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '+':
+      specs.sign = sign::plus;
+      break;
+    case '0':
+      specs.fill[0] = '0';
+      break;
+    case ' ':
+      specs.sign = sign::space;
+      break;
+    case '#':
+      specs.alt = true;
+      break;
+    default:
+      return;
     }
   }
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename AF>
-typename basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char, AF>::format_arg
-  basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char, AF>::get_arg(
-    iterator it, unsigned arg_index) {
-  (void)it;
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+typename basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format_arg
+basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::get_arg(unsigned arg_index) {
   if (arg_index == std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max())
-    return this->do_get_arg(this->parse_context().next_arg_id());
-  return base::get_arg(arg_index - 1);
+    arg_index = parse_ctx_.next_arg_id();
+  else
+    parse_ctx_.check_arg_id(--arg_index);
+  return internal::get_arg(*this, arg_index);
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename AF>
-unsigned basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char, AF>::parse_header(
-  iterator &it, format_specs &spec) {
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+unsigned basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::parse_header(
+    const Char*& it, const Char* end, format_specs& specs) {
   unsigned arg_index = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
   char_type c = *it;
   if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
     // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
     // preceded with '0' flag(s).
     internal::error_handler eh;
-    unsigned value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, eh);
-    if (*it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
+    unsigned value = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    if (it != end && *it == '$') {  // value is an argument index
       ++it;
       arg_index = value;
     } else {
-      if (c == '0')
-        spec.fill_ = '0';
+      if (c == '0') specs.fill[0] = '0';
       if (value != 0) {
         // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
         // parse it or flags again, so return now.
-        spec.width_ = value;
+        specs.width = value;
         return arg_index;
       }
     }
   }
-  parse_flags(spec, it);
+  parse_flags(specs, it, end);
   // Parse width.
-  if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
-    internal::error_handler eh;
-    spec.width_ = parse_nonnegative_int(it, eh);
-  } else if (*it == '*') {
-    ++it;
-    spec.width_ = visit_format_arg(
-          internal::printf_width_handler<char_type>(spec), get_arg(it));
+  if (it != end) {
+    if (*it >= '0' && *it <= '9') {
+      internal::error_handler eh;
+      specs.width = parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh);
+    } else if (*it == '*') {
+      ++it;
+      specs.width = visit_format_arg(
+          internal::printf_width_handler<char_type>(specs), get_arg());
+    }
   }
   return arg_index;
 }
 
-template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename AF>
-void basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char, AF>::format() {
-  auto &buffer = internal::get_container(this->out());
-  auto start = iterator(this->parse_context());
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+template <typename ArgFormatter>
+OutputIt basic_printf_context<OutputIt, Char>::format() {
+  auto out = this->out();
+  const Char* start = parse_ctx_.begin();
+  const Char* end = parse_ctx_.end();
   auto it = start;
-  using internal::pointer_from;
-  while (*it) {
+  while (it != end) {
     char_type c = *it++;
     if (c != '%') continue;
-    if (*it == c) {
-      buffer.append(pointer_from(start), pointer_from(it));
+    if (it != end && *it == c) {
+      out = std::copy(start, it, out);
       start = ++it;
       continue;
     }
-    buffer.append(pointer_from(start), pointer_from(it) - 1);
+    out = std::copy(start, it - 1, out);
 
-    format_specs spec;
-    spec.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+    format_specs specs;
+    specs.align = align::right;
 
     // Parse argument index, flags and width.
-    unsigned arg_index = parse_header(it, spec);
+    unsigned arg_index = parse_header(it, end, specs);
 
     // Parse precision.
-    if (*it == '.') {
+    if (it != end && *it == '.') {
       ++it;
-      if ('0' <= *it && *it <= '9') {
+      c = it != end ? *it : 0;
+      if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
         internal::error_handler eh;
-        spec.precision = static_cast<int>(parse_nonnegative_int(it, eh));
-      } else if (*it == '*') {
+        specs.precision = static_cast<int>(parse_nonnegative_int(it, end, eh));
+      } else if (c == '*') {
         ++it;
-        spec.precision =
-            visit_format_arg(internal::printf_precision_handler(), get_arg(it));
+        specs.precision =
+            visit_format_arg(internal::printf_precision_handler(), get_arg());
       } else {
-        spec.precision = 0;
+        specs.precision = 0;
       }
     }
 
-    format_arg arg = get_arg(it, arg_index);
-    if (spec.has(HASH_FLAG) && visit_format_arg(internal::is_zero_int(), arg))
-      spec.flags = static_cast<uint_least8_t>(spec.flags & (~internal::to_unsigned<int>(HASH_FLAG)));
-    if (spec.fill_ == '0') {
+    format_arg arg = get_arg(arg_index);
+    if (specs.alt && visit_format_arg(internal::is_zero_int(), arg))
+      specs.alt = false;
+    if (specs.fill[0] == '0') {
       if (arg.is_arithmetic())
-        spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+        specs.align = align::numeric;
       else
-        spec.fill_ = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types.
+        specs.fill[0] = ' ';  // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types.
     }
 
     // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+    c = it != end ? *it++ : 0;
+    char_type t = it != end ? *it : 0;
     using internal::convert_arg;
-    switch (*it++) {
+    switch (c) {
     case 'h':
-      if (*it == 'h')
-        convert_arg<signed char>(arg, *++it);
-      else
-        convert_arg<short>(arg, *it);
+      if (t == 'h') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<signed char>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<short>(arg, t);
+      }
       break;
     case 'l':
-      if (*it == 'l')
-        convert_arg<long long>(arg, *++it);
-      else
-        convert_arg<long>(arg, *it);
+      if (t == 'l') {
+        ++it;
+        t = it != end ? *it : 0;
+        convert_arg<long long>(arg, t);
+      } else {
+        convert_arg<long>(arg, t);
+      }
       break;
     case 'j':
-      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, *it);
+      convert_arg<intmax_t>(arg, t);
       break;
     case 'z':
-      convert_arg<std::size_t>(arg, *it);
+      convert_arg<std::size_t>(arg, t);
       break;
     case 't':
-      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, *it);
+      convert_arg<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, t);
       break;
     case 'L':
       // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
@@ -669,23 +535,22 @@
       break;
     default:
       --it;
-      convert_arg<void>(arg, *it);
+      convert_arg<void>(arg, c);
     }
 
     // Parse type.
-    if (!*it)
-      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format string"));
-    spec.type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
+    if (it == end) FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid format string"));
+    specs.type = static_cast<char>(*it++);
     if (arg.is_integral()) {
       // Normalize type.
-      switch (spec.type) {
-      case 'i': case 'u':
-        spec.type = 'd';
+      switch (specs.type) {
+      case 'i':
+      case 'u':
+        specs.type = 'd';
         break;
       case 'c':
-        // TODO: handle wchar_t better?
-        visit_format_arg(
-              internal::char_converter<basic_printf_context>(arg), arg);
+        visit_format_arg(internal::char_converter<basic_printf_context>(arg),
+                         arg);
         break;
       }
     }
@@ -693,48 +558,49 @@
     start = it;
 
     // Format argument.
-    visit_format_arg(AF(buffer, spec, *this), arg);
+    visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(out, specs, *this), arg);
   }
-  buffer.append(pointer_from(start), pointer_from(it));
+  return std::copy(start, it, out);
 }
 
-template <typename Buffer>
-struct basic_printf_context_t {
-  typedef basic_printf_context<
-    std::back_insert_iterator<Buffer>, typename Buffer::value_type> type;
-};
+template <typename Char>
+using basic_printf_context_t =
+    basic_printf_context<std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<Char>>,
+                         Char>;
 
-typedef basic_printf_context_t<internal::buffer>::type printf_context;
-typedef basic_printf_context_t<internal::wbuffer>::type wprintf_context;
+using printf_context = basic_printf_context_t<char>;
+using wprintf_context = basic_printf_context_t<wchar_t>;
 
-typedef basic_format_args<printf_context> printf_args;
-typedef basic_format_args<wprintf_context> wprintf_args;
+using printf_args = basic_format_args<printf_context>;
+using wprintf_args = basic_format_args<wprintf_context>;
 
 /**
   \rst
   Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
-  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`. 
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::printf_args`.
   \endrst
  */
-template<typename... Args>
-inline format_arg_store<printf_context, Args...>
-  make_printf_args(const Args &... args) { return {args...}; }
+template <typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<printf_context, Args...> make_printf_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
 
 /**
   \rst
   Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
-  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::wprintf_args`. 
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::wprintf_args`.
   \endrst
  */
-template<typename... Args>
-inline format_arg_store<wprintf_context, Args...>
-  make_wprintf_args(const Args &... args) { return {args...}; }
+template <typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<wprintf_context, Args...> make_wprintf_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
-inline std::basic_string<Char>
-vsprintf(const S &format,
-         basic_format_args<typename basic_printf_context_t<
-           internal::basic_buffer<Char>>::type> args) {
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vsprintf(
+    const S& format, basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
   basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   printf(buffer, to_string_view(format), args);
   return to_string(buffer);
@@ -749,27 +615,22 @@
     std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
   \endrst
 */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(
-    internal::is_string<S>::value, std::basic_string<FMT_CHAR(S)>)
-    sprintf(const S &format, const Args & ... args) {
-  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format);
-  typedef internal::basic_buffer<FMT_CHAR(S)> buffer;
-  typedef typename basic_printf_context_t<buffer>::type context;
-  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{ args... };
-  return vsprintf(to_string_view(format),
-                  basic_format_args<context>(as));
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> sprintf(const S& format, const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
+  return vsprintf(to_string_view(format), {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
-inline int vfprintf(std::FILE *f, const S &format,
-                    basic_format_args<typename basic_printf_context_t<
-                      internal::basic_buffer<Char>>::type> args) {
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int vfprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& format,
+                    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
   basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   printf(buffer, to_string_view(format), args);
   std::size_t size = buffer.size();
-  return std::fwrite(
-    buffer.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size ? -1 : static_cast<int>(size);
+  return std::fwrite(buffer.data(), sizeof(Char), size, f) < size
+             ? -1
+             : static_cast<int>(size);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -781,21 +642,17 @@
     fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(internal::is_string<S>::value, int)
-    fprintf(std::FILE *f, const S &format, const Args & ... args) {
-  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format);
-  typedef internal::basic_buffer<FMT_CHAR(S)> buffer;
-  typedef typename basic_printf_context_t<buffer>::type context;
-  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{ args... };
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline int fprintf(std::FILE* f, const S& format, const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
   return vfprintf(f, to_string_view(format),
-                  basic_format_args<context>(as));
+                  {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
-inline int vprintf(const S &format,
-                   basic_format_args<typename basic_printf_context_t<
-                    internal::basic_buffer<Char>>::type> args) {
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int vprintf(const S& format,
+                   basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
   return vfprintf(stdout, to_string_view(format), args);
 }
 
@@ -808,28 +665,35 @@
     fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(internal::is_string<S>::value, int)
-    printf(const S &format_str, const Args & ... args) {
-  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef internal::basic_buffer<FMT_CHAR(S)> buffer;
-  typedef typename basic_printf_context_t<buffer>::type context;
-  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{ args... };
+template <typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline int printf(const S& format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<char_t<S>>;
   return vprintf(to_string_view(format_str),
-                 basic_format_args<context>(as));
+                 {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 
-template <typename S, typename Char = FMT_CHAR(S)>
-inline int vfprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char> &os,
-                    const S &format,
-                    basic_format_args<typename basic_printf_context_t<
-                      internal::basic_buffer<Char>>::type> args) {
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int vfprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format,
+                    basic_format_args<basic_printf_context_t<Char>> args) {
   basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
   printf(buffer, to_string_view(format), args);
   internal::write(os, buffer);
   return static_cast<int>(buffer.size());
 }
 
+/** Formats arguments and writes the output to the range. */
+template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char,
+          typename Context =
+              basic_printf_context<typename ArgFormatter::iterator, Char>>
+typename ArgFormatter::iterator vprintf(internal::buffer<Char>& out,
+                                        basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                        basic_format_args<Context> args) {
+  typename ArgFormatter::iterator iter(out);
+  Context(iter, format_str, args).template format<ArgFormatter>();
+  return iter;
+}
+
 /**
   \rst
   Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
@@ -839,16 +703,12 @@
     fmt::fprintf(cerr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename S, typename... Args>
-inline FMT_ENABLE_IF_T(internal::is_string<S>::value, int)
-    fprintf(std::basic_ostream<FMT_CHAR(S)> &os,
-            const S &format_str, const Args & ... args) {
-  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
-  typedef internal::basic_buffer<FMT_CHAR(S)> buffer;
-  typedef typename basic_printf_context_t<buffer>::type context;
-  format_arg_store<context, Args...> as{ args... };
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline int fprintf(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os, const S& format_str,
+                   const Args&... args) {
+  using context = basic_printf_context_t<Char>;
   return vfprintf(os, to_string_view(format_str),
-                  basic_format_args<context>(as));
+                  {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
 }
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
diff --git a/include/fmt/ranges.h b/include/fmt/ranges.h
index 3672d4c..cf0d41a 100644
--- a/include/fmt/ranges.h
+++ b/include/fmt/ranges.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Formatting library for C++ - the core API
+// Formatting library for C++ - experimental range support
 //
 // Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
 // All rights reserved.
@@ -12,20 +12,19 @@
 #ifndef FMT_RANGES_H_
 #define FMT_RANGES_H_
 
-#include "format.h"
 #include <type_traits>
+#include "format.h"
 
 // output only up to N items from the range.
 #ifndef FMT_RANGE_OUTPUT_LENGTH_LIMIT
-# define FMT_RANGE_OUTPUT_LENGTH_LIMIT 256
+#  define FMT_RANGE_OUTPUT_LENGTH_LIMIT 256
 #endif
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct formatting_base {
+template <typename Char> struct formatting_base {
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     return ctx.begin();
   }
 };
@@ -33,7 +32,8 @@
 template <typename Char, typename Enable = void>
 struct formatting_range : formatting_base<Char> {
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const std::size_t range_length_limit =
-      FMT_RANGE_OUTPUT_LENGTH_LIMIT; // output only up to N items from the range.
+      FMT_RANGE_OUTPUT_LENGTH_LIMIT;  // output only up to N items from the
+                                      // range.
   Char prefix;
   Char delimiter;
   Char postfix;
@@ -55,87 +55,78 @@
 namespace internal {
 
 template <typename RangeT, typename OutputIterator>
-void copy(const RangeT &range, OutputIterator out) {
+OutputIterator copy(const RangeT& range, OutputIterator out) {
   for (auto it = range.begin(), end = range.end(); it != end; ++it)
     *out++ = *it;
+  return out;
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator>
-void copy(const char *str, OutputIterator out) {
-  const char *p_curr = str;
-  while (*p_curr) {
-    *out++ = *p_curr++;
-  }
+OutputIterator copy(const char* str, OutputIterator out) {
+  while (*str) *out++ = *str++;
+  return out;
 }
 
 template <typename OutputIterator>
-void copy(char ch, OutputIterator out) {
+OutputIterator copy(char ch, OutputIterator out) {
   *out++ = ch;
+  return out;
 }
 
 /// Return true value if T has std::string interface, like std::string_view.
-template <typename T>
-class is_like_std_string {
+template <typename T> class is_like_std_string {
   template <typename U>
-  static auto check(U *p) ->
-    decltype(p->find('a'), p->length(), p->data(), int());
-  template <typename>
-  static void check(...);
+  static auto check(U* p)
+      -> decltype((void)p->find('a'), p->length(), (void)p->data(), int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
 
  public:
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
-    !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(FMT_NULL))>::value;
+      is_string<T>::value || !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename Char>
 struct is_like_std_string<fmt::basic_string_view<Char>> : std::true_type {};
 
-template <typename... Ts>
-struct conditional_helper {};
+template <typename... Ts> struct conditional_helper {};
 
-template <typename T, typename _ = void>
-struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
 
 #if !FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER > 1800
 template <typename T>
-struct is_range_<T, typename std::conditional<
-                    false,
-                    conditional_helper<decltype(internal::declval<T>().begin()),
-                                       decltype(internal::declval<T>().end())>,
-                    void>::type> : std::true_type {};
+struct is_range_<
+    T, conditional_t<false,
+                     conditional_helper<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin()),
+                                        decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>,
+                     void>> : std::true_type {};
 #endif
 
 /// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
-template <typename T>
-class is_tuple_like_ {
+template <typename T> class is_tuple_like_ {
   template <typename U>
-  static auto check(U *p) ->
-    decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value,
-      internal::declval<typename std::tuple_element<0, U>::type>(), int());
-  template <typename>
-  static void check(...);
+  static auto check(U* p)
+      -> decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value,
+                  (void)std::declval<typename std::tuple_element<0, U>::type>(),
+                  int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
 
  public:
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
-    !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(FMT_NULL))>::value;
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
 };
 
 // Check for integer_sequence
 #if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
 template <typename T, T... N>
 using integer_sequence = std::integer_sequence<T, N...>;
-template <std::size_t... N>
-using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
+template <std::size_t... N> using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
 template <std::size_t N>
 using make_index_sequence = std::make_index_sequence<N>;
 #else
-template <typename T, T... N>
-struct integer_sequence {
-  typedef T value_type;
+template <typename T, T... N> struct integer_sequence {
+  using value_type = T;
 
-  static FMT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t size() {
-    return sizeof...(N);
-  }
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t size() { return sizeof...(N); }
 };
 
 template <std::size_t... N>
@@ -151,7 +142,7 @@
 #endif
 
 template <class Tuple, class F, size_t... Is>
-void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple &&tup, F &&f) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& tup, F&& f) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   using std::get;
   // using free function get<I>(T) now.
   const int _[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(tup)), 0)...};
@@ -159,26 +150,25 @@
 }
 
 template <class T>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> 
-get_indexes(T const &) { return {}; }
+FMT_CONSTEXPR make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value> get_indexes(
+    T const&) {
+  return {};
+}
 
-template <class Tuple, class F>
-void for_each(Tuple &&tup, F &&f) {
+template <class Tuple, class F> void for_each(Tuple&& tup, F&& f) {
   const auto indexes = get_indexes(tup);
   for_each(indexes, std::forward<Tuple>(tup), std::forward<F>(f));
 }
 
-template<typename Arg>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const Arg&, 
-  typename std::enable_if<
-    !is_like_std_string<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value>::type* = nullptr) {
+template <typename Arg, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_like_std_string<
+                                      typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const Arg&) {
   return add_space ? " {}" : "{}";
 }
 
-template<typename Arg>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const Arg&, 
-  typename std::enable_if<
-    is_like_std_string<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value>::type* = nullptr) {
+template <typename Arg, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_like_std_string<
+                                      typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const Arg&) {
   return add_space ? " \"{}\"" : "\"{}\"";
 }
 
@@ -186,61 +176,58 @@
   return add_space ? " \"{}\"" : "\"{}\"";
 }
 FMT_CONSTEXPR const wchar_t* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const wchar_t*) {
-    return add_space ? L" \"{}\"" : L"\"{}\"";
+  return add_space ? L" \"{}\"" : L"\"{}\"";
 }
 
 FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const char) {
-    return add_space ? " '{}'" : "'{}'";
+  return add_space ? " '{}'" : "'{}'";
 }
 FMT_CONSTEXPR const wchar_t* format_str_quoted(bool add_space, const wchar_t) {
-    return add_space ? L" '{}'" : L"'{}'";
+  return add_space ? L" '{}'" : L"'{}'";
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
 
-template <typename T>
-struct is_tuple_like {
+template <typename T> struct is_tuple_like {
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
-    internal::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !internal::is_range_<T>::value;
+      internal::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !internal::is_range_<T>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename TupleT, typename Char>
-struct formatter<TupleT, Char, 
-    typename std::enable_if<fmt::is_tuple_like<TupleT>::value>::type> {
-private:
+struct formatter<TupleT, Char, enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<TupleT>::value>> {
+ private:
   // C++11 generic lambda for format()
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  struct format_each {
-    template <typename T>
-    void operator()(const T& v) {
+  template <typename FormatContext> struct format_each {
+    template <typename T> void operator()(const T& v) {
       if (i > 0) {
         if (formatting.add_prepostfix_space) {
           *out++ = ' ';
         }
-        internal::copy(formatting.delimiter, out);
+        out = internal::copy(formatting.delimiter, out);
       }
-      format_to(out,
-                internal::format_str_quoted(
-                    (formatting.add_delimiter_spaces && i > 0), v),
-                v);
+      out = format_to(out,
+                      internal::format_str_quoted(
+                          (formatting.add_delimiter_spaces && i > 0), v),
+                      v);
       ++i;
     }
 
     formatting_tuple<Char>& formatting;
     std::size_t& i;
-    typename std::add_lvalue_reference<decltype(std::declval<FormatContext>().out())>::type out;
+    typename std::add_lvalue_reference<decltype(
+        std::declval<FormatContext>().out())>::type out;
   };
 
-public:
+ public:
   formatting_tuple<Char> formatting;
 
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     return formatting.parse(ctx);
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext = format_context>
-  auto format(const TupleT &values, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const TupleT& values, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     auto out = ctx.out();
     std::size_t i = 0;
     internal::copy(formatting.prefix, out);
@@ -255,54 +242,47 @@
   }
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-struct is_range {
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct is_range {
   static FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL const bool value =
-    internal::is_range_<T>::value && !internal::is_like_std_string<T>::value;
+      internal::is_range_<T>::value &&
+      !internal::is_like_std_string<T>::value &&
+      !std::is_convertible<T, std::basic_string<Char>>::value;
 };
 
 template <typename RangeT, typename Char>
 struct formatter<RangeT, Char,
-    typename std::enable_if<fmt::is_range<RangeT>::value>::type> {
-
+                 enable_if_t<fmt::is_range<RangeT, Char>::value>> {
   formatting_range<Char> formatting;
 
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     return formatting.parse(ctx);
   }
 
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  typename FormatContext::iterator format(
-      const RangeT &values, FormatContext &ctx) {
-    auto out = ctx.out();
-    internal::copy(formatting.prefix, out);
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format(const RangeT& values,
+                                          FormatContext& ctx) {
+    auto out = internal::copy(formatting.prefix, ctx.out());
     std::size_t i = 0;
     for (auto it = values.begin(), end = values.end(); it != end; ++it) {
       if (i > 0) {
-        if (formatting.add_prepostfix_space) {
-          *out++ = ' ';
-        }
-        internal::copy(formatting.delimiter, out);
+        if (formatting.add_prepostfix_space) *out++ = ' ';
+        out = internal::copy(formatting.delimiter, out);
       }
-      format_to(out,
-                internal::format_str_quoted(
-                    (formatting.add_delimiter_spaces && i > 0), *it),
-                *it);
+      out = format_to(out,
+                      internal::format_str_quoted(
+                          (formatting.add_delimiter_spaces && i > 0), *it),
+                      *it);
       if (++i > formatting.range_length_limit) {
-        format_to(out, " ... <other elements>");
+        out = format_to(out, " ... <other elements>");
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (formatting.add_prepostfix_space) {
-      *out++ = ' ';
-    }
-    internal::copy(formatting.postfix, out);
-    return ctx.out();
+    if (formatting.add_prepostfix_space) *out++ = ' ';
+    return internal::copy(formatting.postfix, out);
   }
 };
 
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
-#endif // FMT_RANGES_H_
-
+#endif  // FMT_RANGES_H_
diff --git a/include/fmt/safe-duration-cast.h b/include/fmt/safe-duration-cast.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa03618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/fmt/safe-duration-cast.h
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+/*
+ * For conversion between std::chrono::durations without undefined
+ * behaviour or erroneous results.
+ * This is a stripped down version of duration_cast, for inclusion in fmt.
+ * See https://github.com/pauldreik/safe_duration_cast
+ *
+ * Copyright Paul Dreik 2019
+ *
+ * This file is licensed under the fmt license, see format.h
+ */
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace safe_duration_cast {
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
+                        std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed ==
+                            std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
+  static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
+
+  // A and B are both signed, or both unsigned.
+  if (F::digits <= T::digits) {
+    // From fits in To without any problem.
+  } else {
+    // From does not always fit in To, resort to a dynamic check.
+    if (from < T::min() || from > T::max()) {
+      // outside range.
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+  }
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+}
+
+/**
+ * converts From to To, without loss. If the dynamic value of from
+ * can't be converted to To without loss, ec is set.
+ */
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value &&
+                        std::numeric_limits<From>::is_signed !=
+                            std::numeric_limits<To>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  using F = std::numeric_limits<From>;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(F::is_integer, "From must be integral");
+  static_assert(T::is_integer, "To must be integral");
+
+  if (F::is_signed && !T::is_signed) {
+    // From may be negative, not allowed!
+    if (from < 0) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+
+    // From is positive. Can it always fit in To?
+    if (F::digits <= T::digits) {
+      // yes, From always fits in To.
+    } else {
+      // from may not fit in To, we have to do a dynamic check
+      if (from > static_cast<From>(T::max())) {
+        ec = 1;
+        return {};
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!F::is_signed && T::is_signed) {
+    // can from be held in To?
+    if (F::digits < T::digits) {
+      // yes, From always fits in To.
+    } else {
+      // from may not fit in To, we have to do a dynamic check
+      if (from > static_cast<From>(T::max())) {
+        // outside range.
+        ec = 1;
+        return {};
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // reaching here means all is ok for lossless conversion.
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+
+}  // function
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To lossless_integral_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  return from;
+}  // function
+
+// clang-format off
+/**
+ * converts From to To if possible, otherwise ec is set.
+ *
+ * input                            |    output
+ * ---------------------------------|---------------
+ * NaN                              | NaN
+ * Inf                              | Inf
+ * normal, fits in output           | converted (possibly lossy)
+ * normal, does not fit in output   | ec is set
+ * subnormal                        | best effort
+ * -Inf                             | -Inf
+ */
+// clang-format on
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  using T = std::numeric_limits<To>;
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<To>::value, "To must be floating");
+
+  // catch the only happy case
+  if (std::isfinite(from)) {
+    if (from >= T::lowest() && from <= T::max()) {
+      return static_cast<To>(from);
+    }
+    // not within range.
+    ec = 1;
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // nan and inf will be preserved
+  return static_cast<To>(from);
+}  // function
+
+template <typename To, typename From,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<From, To>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR To safe_float_conversion(const From from, int& ec) {
+  ec = 0;
+  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<From>::value, "From must be floating");
+  return from;
+}
+
+/**
+ * safe duration cast between integral durations
+ */
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<FromRep>::value),
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_integral<typename To::rep>::value)>
+To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                      int& ec) {
+  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
+  ec = 0;
+  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
+  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
+  using Factor = std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period>;
+
+  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
+  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
+
+  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
+  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
+  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
+  // both To, From and Factor::num
+  using IntermediateRep =
+      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
+                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
+
+  // safe conversion to IntermediateRep
+  IntermediateRep count =
+      lossless_integral_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
+  if (Factor::num != 1) {
+    constexpr auto max1 =
+        std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::max() / Factor::num;
+    if (count > max1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    constexpr auto min1 =
+        std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::min() / Factor::num;
+    if (count < min1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    count *= Factor::num;
+  }
+
+  // this can't go wrong, right? den>0 is checked earlier.
+  if (Factor::den != 1) {
+    count /= Factor::den;
+  }
+  // convert to the to type, safely
+  using ToRep = typename To::rep;
+  const ToRep tocount = lossless_integral_conversion<ToRep>(count, ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+  return To{tocount};
+}
+
+/**
+ * safe duration_cast between floating point durations
+ */
+template <typename To, typename FromRep, typename FromPeriod,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<FromRep>::value),
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<typename To::rep>::value)>
+To safe_duration_cast(std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod> from,
+                      int& ec) {
+  using From = std::chrono::duration<FromRep, FromPeriod>;
+  ec = 0;
+  if (std::isnan(from.count())) {
+    // nan in, gives nan out. easy.
+    return To{std::numeric_limits<typename To::rep>::quiet_NaN()};
+  }
+  // maybe we should also check if from is denormal, and decide what to do about
+  // it.
+
+  // +-inf should be preserved.
+  if (std::isinf(from.count())) {
+    return To{from.count()};
+  }
+
+  // the basic idea is that we need to convert from count() in the from type
+  // to count() in the To type, by multiplying it with this:
+  using Factor = std::ratio_divide<typename From::period, typename To::period>;
+
+  static_assert(Factor::num > 0, "num must be positive");
+  static_assert(Factor::den > 0, "den must be positive");
+
+  // the conversion is like this: multiply from.count() with Factor::num
+  // /Factor::den and convert it to To::rep, all this without
+  // overflow/underflow. let's start by finding a suitable type that can hold
+  // both To, From and Factor::num
+  using IntermediateRep =
+      typename std::common_type<typename From::rep, typename To::rep,
+                                decltype(Factor::num)>::type;
+
+  // force conversion of From::rep -> IntermediateRep to be safe,
+  // even if it will never happen be narrowing in this context.
+  IntermediateRep count =
+      safe_float_conversion<IntermediateRep>(from.count(), ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // multiply with Factor::num without overflow or underflow
+  if (Factor::num != 1) {
+    constexpr auto max1 = std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::max() /
+                          static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+    if (count > max1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    constexpr auto min1 = std::numeric_limits<IntermediateRep>::lowest() /
+                          static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+    if (count < min1) {
+      ec = 1;
+      return {};
+    }
+    count *= static_cast<IntermediateRep>(Factor::num);
+  }
+
+  // this can't go wrong, right? den>0 is checked earlier.
+  if (Factor::den != 1) {
+    using common_t = typename std::common_type<IntermediateRep, intmax_t>::type;
+    count /= static_cast<common_t>(Factor::den);
+  }
+
+  // convert to the to type, safely
+  using ToRep = typename To::rep;
+
+  const ToRep tocount = safe_float_conversion<ToRep>(count, ec);
+  if (ec) {
+    return {};
+  }
+  return To{tocount};
+}
+
+}  // namespace safe_duration_cast
+
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/include/fmt/time.h b/include/fmt/time.h
deleted file mode 100644
index fe79891..0000000
--- a/include/fmt/time.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-// Formatting library for C++ - time formatting
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
-// All rights reserved.
-//
-// For the license information refer to format.h.
-
-#ifndef FMT_TIME_H_
-#define FMT_TIME_H_
-
-#include "format.h"
-#include <ctime>
-#include <locale>
-
-FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-
-// Prevents expansion of a preceding token as a function-style macro.
-// Usage: f FMT_NOMACRO()
-#define FMT_NOMACRO
-
-namespace internal{
-inline null<> localtime_r FMT_NOMACRO(...) { return null<>(); }
-inline null<> localtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
-inline null<> gmtime_r(...) { return null<>(); }
-inline null<> gmtime_s(...) { return null<>(); }
-}  // namespace internal
-
-// Thread-safe replacement for std::localtime
-inline std::tm localtime(std::time_t time) {
-  struct dispatcher {
-    std::time_t time_;
-    std::tm tm_;
-
-    dispatcher(std::time_t t): time_(t) {}
-
-    bool run() {
-      using namespace fmt::internal;
-      return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
-    }
-
-    bool handle(std::tm *tm) { return tm != FMT_NULL; }
-
-    bool handle(internal::null<>) {
-      using namespace fmt::internal;
-      return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
-    }
-
-    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
-
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
-    bool fallback(internal::null<>) {
-      using namespace fmt::internal;
-      std::tm *tm = std::localtime(&time_);
-      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
-      return tm != FMT_NULL;
-    }
-#endif
-  };
-  dispatcher lt(time);
-  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
-  if (!lt.run())
-    FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
-  return lt.tm_;
-}
-
-// Thread-safe replacement for std::gmtime
-inline std::tm gmtime(std::time_t time) {
-  struct dispatcher {
-    std::time_t time_;
-    std::tm tm_;
-
-    dispatcher(std::time_t t): time_(t) {}
-
-    bool run() {
-      using namespace fmt::internal;
-      return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
-    }
-
-    bool handle(std::tm *tm) { return tm != FMT_NULL; }
-
-    bool handle(internal::null<>) {
-      using namespace fmt::internal;
-      return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
-    }
-
-    bool fallback(int res) { return res == 0; }
-
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
-    bool fallback(internal::null<>) {
-      std::tm *tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
-      if (tm) tm_ = *tm;
-      return tm != FMT_NULL;
-    }
-#endif
-  };
-  dispatcher gt(time);
-  // Too big time values may be unsupported.
-  if (!gt.run())
-    FMT_THROW(format_error("time_t value out of range"));
-  return gt.tm_;
-}
-
-namespace internal {
-inline std::size_t strftime(char *str, std::size_t count, const char *format,
-                            const std::tm *time) {
-  return std::strftime(str, count, format, time);
-}
-
-inline std::size_t strftime(wchar_t *str, std::size_t count,
-                            const wchar_t *format, const std::tm *time) {
-  return std::wcsftime(str, count, format, time);
-}
-}
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct formatter<std::tm, Char> {
-  template <typename ParseContext>
-  auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-    auto it = ctx.begin();
-    if (it != ctx.end() && *it == ':')
-      ++it;
-    auto end = it;
-    while (end != ctx.end() && *end != '}')
-      ++end;
-    tm_format.reserve(internal::to_unsigned(end - it + 1));
-    tm_format.append(it, end);
-    tm_format.push_back('\0');
-    return end;
-  }
-
-  template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(const std::tm &tm, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    basic_memory_buffer<Char> buf;
-    std::size_t start = buf.size();
-    for (;;) {
-      std::size_t size = buf.capacity() - start;
-      std::size_t count =
-        internal::strftime(&buf[start], size, &tm_format[0], &tm);
-      if (count != 0) {
-        buf.resize(start + count);
-        break;
-      }
-      if (size >= tm_format.size() * 256) {
-        // If the buffer is 256 times larger than the format string, assume
-        // that `strftime` gives an empty result. There doesn't seem to be a
-        // better way to distinguish the two cases:
-        // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/367
-        break;
-      }
-      const std::size_t MIN_GROWTH = 10;
-      buf.reserve(buf.capacity() + (size > MIN_GROWTH ? size : MIN_GROWTH));
-    }
-    return std::copy(buf.begin(), buf.end(), ctx.out());
-  }
-
-  basic_memory_buffer<Char> tm_format;
-};
-FMT_END_NAMESPACE
-
-#endif  // FMT_TIME_H_
diff --git a/src/format.cc b/src/format.cc
index dadfc8d..41076f1 100644
--- a/src/format.cc
+++ b/src/format.cc
@@ -8,51 +8,49 @@
 #include "fmt/format-inl.h"
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-template struct internal::basic_data<void>;
-template FMT_API internal::locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale &loc);
+template struct FMT_API internal::basic_data<void>;
+
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC2013 that prevents instantiation of grisu_format.
+bool (*instantiate_grisu_format)(double, internal::buffer<char>&, int, unsigned,
+                                 int&) = internal::grisu_format;
+
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template FMT_API internal::locale_ref::locale_ref(const std::locale& loc);
 template FMT_API std::locale internal::locale_ref::get<std::locale>() const;
+#endif
 
 // Explicit instantiations for char.
 
 template FMT_API char internal::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API char internal::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
 
-template FMT_API void internal::basic_buffer<char>::append(const char *, const char *);
+template FMT_API void internal::buffer<char>::append(const char*, const char*);
 
 template FMT_API void internal::arg_map<format_context>::init(
-    const basic_format_args<format_context> &args);
-
-template FMT_API int internal::char_traits<char>::format_float(
-    char *, std::size_t, const char *, int, double);
-
-template FMT_API int internal::char_traits<char>::format_float(
-    char *, std::size_t, const char *, int, long double);
+    const basic_format_args<format_context>& args);
 
 template FMT_API std::string internal::vformat<char>(
     string_view, basic_format_args<format_context>);
 
 template FMT_API format_context::iterator internal::vformat_to(
-    internal::buffer &, string_view, basic_format_args<format_context>);
+    internal::buffer<char>&, string_view, basic_format_args<format_context>);
 
-template FMT_API void internal::sprintf_format(
-    double, internal::buffer &, core_format_specs);
-template FMT_API void internal::sprintf_format(
-    long double, internal::buffer &, core_format_specs);
+template FMT_API char* internal::sprintf_format(double, internal::buffer<char>&,
+                                                sprintf_specs);
+template FMT_API char* internal::sprintf_format(long double,
+                                                internal::buffer<char>&,
+                                                sprintf_specs);
 
 // Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
 
 template FMT_API wchar_t internal::thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref);
+template FMT_API wchar_t internal::decimal_point_impl(locale_ref);
 
-template FMT_API void internal::basic_buffer<wchar_t>::append(
-    const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *);
+template FMT_API void internal::buffer<wchar_t>::append(const wchar_t*,
+                                                        const wchar_t*);
 
 template FMT_API void internal::arg_map<wformat_context>::init(
-    const basic_format_args<wformat_context> &);
-
-template FMT_API int internal::char_traits<wchar_t>::format_float(
-    wchar_t *, std::size_t, const wchar_t *, int, double);
-
-template FMT_API int internal::char_traits<wchar_t>::format_float(
-    wchar_t *, std::size_t, const wchar_t *, int, long double);
+    const basic_format_args<wformat_context>&);
 
 template FMT_API std::wstring internal::vformat<wchar_t>(
     wstring_view, basic_format_args<wformat_context>);
diff --git a/src/posix.cc b/src/posix.cc
index 296da23..69c2781 100644
--- a/src/posix.cc
+++ b/src/posix.cc
@@ -7,43 +7,43 @@
 
 // Disable bogus MSVC warnings.
 #if !defined(_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS) && defined(_MSC_VER)
-# define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 #endif
 
 #include "fmt/posix.h"
 
 #include <limits.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
-# include <unistd.h>
+#  include <unistd.h>
 #else
-# ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
-# endif
-# include <windows.h>
-# include <io.h>
+#  ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#    define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#  endif
+#  include <io.h>
+#  include <windows.h>
 
-# define O_CREAT _O_CREAT
-# define O_TRUNC _O_TRUNC
+#  define O_CREAT _O_CREAT
+#  define O_TRUNC _O_TRUNC
 
-# ifndef S_IRUSR
-#  define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
-# endif
+#  ifndef S_IRUSR
+#    define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+#  endif
 
-# ifndef S_IWUSR
-#  define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
-# endif
+#  ifndef S_IWUSR
+#    define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
+#  endif
 
-# ifdef __MINGW32__
-#  define _SH_DENYNO 0x40
-# endif
+#  ifdef __MINGW32__
+#    define _SH_DENYNO 0x40
+#  endif
 
 #endif  // _WIN32
 
 #ifdef fileno
-# undef fileno
+#  undef fileno
 #endif
 
 namespace {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 
 inline std::size_t convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) { return count; }
 #endif
-}
+}  // namespace
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
@@ -72,19 +72,17 @@
 }
 
 buffered_file::buffered_file(cstring_view filename, cstring_view mode) {
-  FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_,
-                FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())), FMT_NULL);
+  FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_, FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())),
+                nullptr);
   if (!file_)
     FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot open file {}", filename.c_str()));
 }
 
 void buffered_file::close() {
-  if (!file_)
-    return;
+  if (!file_) return;
   int result = FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_));
-  file_ = FMT_NULL;
-  if (result != 0)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+  file_ = nullptr;
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
 }
 
 // A macro used to prevent expansion of fileno on broken versions of MinGW.
@@ -92,8 +90,7 @@
 
 int buffered_file::fileno() const {
   int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno FMT_ARGS(file_));
-  if (fd == -1)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file descriptor"));
+  if (fd == -1) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file descriptor"));
   return fd;
 }
 
@@ -117,14 +114,12 @@
 }
 
 void file::close() {
-  if (fd_ == -1)
-    return;
+  if (fd_ == -1) return;
   // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
   // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
   int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_));
   fd_ = -1;
-  if (result != 0)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot close file"));
 }
 
 long long file::size() const {
@@ -148,24 +143,22 @@
   if (FMT_POSIX_CALL(fstat(fd_, &file_stat)) == -1)
     FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get file attributes"));
   static_assert(sizeof(long long) >= sizeof(file_stat.st_size),
-      "return type of file::size is not large enough");
+                "return type of file::size is not large enough");
   return file_stat.st_size;
 #endif
 }
 
-std::size_t file::read(void *buffer, std::size_t count) {
+std::size_t file::read(void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
   RWResult result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(read(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
-  if (result < 0)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot read from file"));
+  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot read from file"));
   return internal::to_unsigned(result);
 }
 
-std::size_t file::write(const void *buffer, std::size_t count) {
+std::size_t file::write(const void* buffer, std::size_t count) {
   RWResult result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(write(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
-  if (result < 0)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  if (result < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
   return internal::to_unsigned(result);
 }
 
@@ -182,19 +175,18 @@
   int result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
   if (result == -1) {
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno,
-      "cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}", fd_, fd));
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}",
+                           fd_, fd));
   }
 }
 
-void file::dup2(int fd, error_code &ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+void file::dup2(int fd, error_code& ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   int result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
-  if (result == -1)
-    ec = error_code(errno);
+  if (result == -1) ec = error_code(errno);
 }
 
-void file::pipe(file &read_end, file &write_end) {
+void file::pipe(file& read_end, file& write_end) {
   // Close the descriptors first to make sure that assignments don't throw
   // and there are no leaks.
   read_end.close();
@@ -209,20 +201,19 @@
   // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696799/functions/pipe.html
   int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds));
 #endif
-  if (result != 0)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create pipe"));
+  if (result != 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot create pipe"));
   // The following assignments don't throw because read_fd and write_fd
   // are closed.
   read_end = file(fds[0]);
   write_end = file(fds[1]);
 }
 
-buffered_file file::fdopen(const char *mode) {
+buffered_file file::fdopen(const char* mode) {
   // Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
-  FILE *f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
+  FILE* f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
   if (!f)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno,
-                           "cannot associate stream with file descriptor"));
+    FMT_THROW(
+        system_error(errno, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor"));
   buffered_file bf(f);
   fd_ = -1;
   return bf;
@@ -235,10 +226,8 @@
   return si.dwPageSize;
 #else
   long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
-  if (size < 0)
-    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get memory page size"));
+  if (size < 0) FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot get memory page size"));
   return size;
 #endif
 }
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
-
diff --git a/support/C++.sublime-syntax b/support/C++.sublime-syntax
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9dfb5cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/support/C++.sublime-syntax
@@ -0,0 +1,2061 @@
+%YAML 1.2
+---
+# http://www.sublimetext.com/docs/3/syntax.html
+name: C++ (fmt)
+comment: I don't think anyone uses .hp. .cp tends to be paired with .h. (I could be wrong. :) -- chris
+file_extensions:
+  - cpp
+  - cc
+  - cp
+  - cxx
+  - c++
+  - C
+  - h
+  - hh
+  - hpp
+  - hxx
+  - h++
+  - inl
+  - ipp
+first_line_match: '-\*- C\+\+ -\*-'
+scope: source.c++
+variables:
+  identifier: \b[[:alpha:]_][[:alnum:]_]*\b # upper and lowercase
+  macro_identifier: \b[[:upper:]_][[:upper:][:digit:]_]{2,}\b # only uppercase, at least 3 chars
+  path_lookahead: '(?:::\s*)?(?:{{identifier}}\s*::\s*)*(?:template\s+)?{{identifier}}'
+  operator_method_name: '\boperator\s*(?:[-+*/%^&|~!=<>]|[-+*/%^&|=!<>]=|<<=?|>>=?|&&|\|\||\+\+|--|,|->\*?|\(\)|\[\]|""\s*{{identifier}})'
+  casts: 'const_cast|dynamic_cast|reinterpret_cast|static_cast'
+  operator_keywords: 'and|and_eq|bitand|bitor|compl|not|not_eq|or|or_eq|xor|xor_eq|noexcept'
+  control_keywords: 'break|case|catch|continue|default|do|else|for|goto|if|_Pragma|return|switch|throw|try|while'
+  memory_operators: 'new|delete'
+  basic_types: 'asm|__asm__|auto|bool|_Bool|char|_Complex|double|float|_Imaginary|int|long|short|signed|unsigned|void'
+  before_tag: 'struct|union|enum\s+class|enum\s+struct|enum|class'
+  declspec: '__declspec\(\s*\w+(?:\([^)]+\))?\s*\)'
+  storage_classes: 'static|export|extern|friend|explicit|virtual|register|thread_local'
+  type_qualifier: 'const|constexpr|mutable|typename|volatile'
+  compiler_directive: 'inline|restrict|__restrict__|__restrict'
+  visibility_modifiers: 'private|protected|public'
+  other_keywords: 'typedef|nullptr|{{visibility_modifiers}}|static_assert|sizeof|using|typeid|alignof|alignas|namespace|template'
+  modifiers: '{{storage_classes}}|{{type_qualifier}}|{{compiler_directive}}'
+  non_angle_brackets: '(?=<<|<=)'
+
+  regular: '[^(){}&;*^%=<>-]*'
+  paren_open: (?:\(
+  paren_close: '\))?'
+  generic_open: (?:<
+  generic_close: '>)?'
+  balance_parentheses: '{{regular}}{{paren_open}}{{regular}}{{paren_close}}{{regular}}'
+  generic_lookahead: <{{regular}}{{generic_open}}{{regular}}{{generic_open}}{{regular}}{{generic_close}}\s*{{generic_close}}{{balance_parentheses}}>
+
+  data_structures_forward_decl_lookahead: '(\s+{{macro_identifier}})*\s*(:\s*({{path_lookahead}}|{{visibility_modifiers}}|,|\s|<[^;]*>)+)?;'
+  non_func_keywords: 'if|for|switch|while|decltype|sizeof|__declspec|__attribute__|typeid|alignof|alignas|static_assert'
+
+  format_spec: |-
+    (?x:
+      (?:.? [<>=^])?     # fill align
+      [ +-]?             # sign
+      \#?                # alternate form
+      # technically, octal and hexadecimal integers are also supported as 'width', but rarely used
+      \d*                # width
+      ,?                 # thousands separator
+      (?:\.\d+)?         # precision
+      [bcdeEfFgGnosxX%]? # type
+    )
+
+contexts:
+  main:
+    - include: preprocessor-global
+    - include: global
+
+  #############################################################################
+  # Reusable contexts
+  #
+  # The follow contexts are currently constructed to be reused in the
+  # Objetive-C++ syntax. They are specifically constructed to not push into
+  # sub-contexts, which ensures that Objective-C++ code isn't accidentally
+  # lexed as plain C++.
+  #
+  # The "unique-*" contexts are additions that C++ makes over C, and thus can
+  # be directly reused in Objective-C++ along with contexts from Objective-C
+  # and C.
+  #############################################################################
+
+  unique-late-expressions:
+    # This is highlighted after all of the other control keywords
+    # to allow operator overloading to be lexed properly
+    - match: \boperator\b
+      scope: keyword.control.c++
+
+  unique-modifiers:
+    - match: \b({{modifiers}})\b
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+
+  unique-variables:
+    - match: \bthis\b
+      scope: variable.language.c++
+    # common C++ instance var naming idiom -- fMemberName
+    - match: '\b(f|m)[[:upper:]]\w*\b'
+      scope: variable.other.readwrite.member.c++
+    # common C++ instance var naming idiom -- m_member_name
+    - match: '\bm_[[:alnum:]_]+\b'
+      scope: variable.other.readwrite.member.c++
+
+  unique-constants:
+    - match: \bnullptr\b
+      scope: constant.language.c++
+
+  unique-keywords:
+    - match: \busing\b
+      scope: keyword.control.c++
+    - match: \bbreak\b
+      scope: keyword.control.flow.break.c++
+    - match: \bcontinue\b
+      scope: keyword.control.flow.continue.c++
+    - match: \bgoto\b
+      scope: keyword.control.flow.goto.c++
+    - match: \breturn\b
+      scope: keyword.control.flow.return.c++
+    - match: \bthrow\b
+      scope: keyword.control.flow.throw.c++
+    - match: \b({{control_keywords}})\b
+      scope: keyword.control.c++
+    - match: '\bdelete\b(\s*\[\])?|\bnew\b(?!])'
+      scope: keyword.control.c++
+    - match: \b({{operator_keywords}})\b
+      scope: keyword.operator.word.c++
+
+  unique-types:
+    - match: \b(char16_t|char32_t|wchar_t|nullptr_t)\b
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+    - match: \bclass\b
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+
+  unique-strings:
+    - match: '((?:L|u8|u|U)?R)("([^\(\)\\ ]{0,16})\()'
+      captures:
+        1: storage.type.string.c++
+        2: punctuation.definition.string.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: string.quoted.double.c++
+        - match: '\)\3"'
+          scope: punctuation.definition.string.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: '\{\{|\}\}'
+          scope: constant.character.escape.c++
+        - include: formatting-syntax
+
+  unique-numbers:
+    - match: |-
+        (?x)
+        (?:
+        # floats
+          (?:
+          (?:\b\d(?:[\d']*\d)?\.\d(?:[\d']*\d)?|\B\.\d(?:[\d']*\d)?)(?:[Ee][+-]?\d(?:[\d']*\d)?)?(?:[fFlL]|(?:i[fl]?|h|min|[mun]?s|_\w*))?\b
+          |
+          (?:\b\d(?:[\d']*\d)?\.)(?:\B|(?:[fFlL]|(?:i[fl]?|h|min|[mun]?s|_\w*))\b|(?:[Ee][+-]?\d(?:[\d']*\d)?)(?:[fFlL]|(?:i[fl]?|h|min|[mun]?s|_\w*))?\b)
+          |
+          \b\d(?:[\d']*\d)?(?:[Ee][+-]?\d(?:[\d']*\d)?)(?:[fFlL]|(?:i[fl]?|h|min|[mun]?s|_\w*))?\b
+          )
+        |
+        # ints
+          \b(?:
+          (?:
+          # dec
+          [1-9](?:[\d']*\d)?
+          |
+          # oct
+          0(?:[0-7']*[0-7])?
+          |
+          # hex
+          0[Xx][\da-fA-F](?:[\da-fA-F']*[\da-fA-F])?
+          |
+          # bin
+          0[Bb][01](?:[01']*[01])?
+          )
+          # int suffixes
+          (?:(?:l{1,2}|L{1,2})[uU]?|[uU](?:l{0,2}|L{0,2})|(?:i[fl]?|h|min|[mun]?s|_\w*))?)\b
+        )
+        (?!\.) # Number must not be followed by a decimal point
+      scope: constant.numeric.c++
+
+  identifiers:
+    - match: '{{identifier}}\s*(::)\s*'
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+    - match: '(?:(::)\s*)?{{identifier}}'
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+
+  function-specifiers:
+    - match: \b(const|final|noexcept|override)\b
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+
+  #############################################################################
+  # The following are C++-specific contexts that should not be reused. This is
+  # because they push into subcontexts and use variables that are C++-specific.
+  #############################################################################
+
+  ## Common context layout
+
+  global:
+    - match: '(?=\btemplate\b)'
+      push:
+        - include: template
+        - match: (?=\S)
+          set: global-modifier
+    - include: namespace
+    - include: keywords-angle-brackets
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*<)'
+      push: global-modifier
+    # Take care of comments just before a function definition.
+    - match: /\*
+      scope: punctuation.definition.comment.c
+      push:
+        - - match: \s*(?=\w)
+            set: global-modifier
+          - match: ""
+            pop: true
+        - - meta_scope: comment.block.c
+          - match: \*/
+            scope: punctuation.definition.comment.c
+            pop: true
+    - include: early-expressions
+    - match: ^\s*\b(extern)(?=\s+"C(\+\+)?")
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+      push:
+        - include: comments
+        - include: strings
+        - match: '\{'
+          scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_scope: meta.extern-c.c++
+            - match: '^\s*(#\s*ifdef)\s*__cplusplus\s*'
+              scope: meta.preprocessor.c++
+              captures:
+                1: keyword.control.import.c++
+              set:
+                - match: '\}'
+                  scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+                  pop: true
+                - include: preprocessor-global
+                - include: global
+            - match: '\}'
+              scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: preprocessor-global
+            - include: global
+        - match: (?=\S)
+          set: global-modifier
+    - match: ^\s*(?=\w)
+      push: global-modifier
+    - include: late-expressions
+
+  statements:
+    - include: preprocessor-statements
+    - include: scope:source.c#label
+    - include: expressions
+
+  expressions:
+    - include: early-expressions
+    - include: late-expressions
+
+  early-expressions:
+    - include: early-expressions-before-generic-type
+    - include: generic-type
+    - include: early-expressions-after-generic-type
+
+  early-expressions-before-generic-type:
+    - include: preprocessor-expressions
+    - include: comments
+    - include: case-default
+    - include: typedef
+    - include: keywords-angle-brackets
+    - include: keywords-parens
+    - include: keywords
+    - include: numbers
+    # Prevent a '<' from getting scoped as the start of another template
+    # parameter list, if in reality a less-than-or-equals sign is meant.
+    - match: <=
+      scope: keyword.operator.comparison.c
+
+  early-expressions-after-generic-type:
+    - include: members-arrow
+    - include: operators
+    - include: members-dot
+    - include: strings
+    - include: parens
+    - include: brackets
+    - include: block
+    - include: variables
+    - include: constants
+    - match: ','
+      scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+    - match: '\)|\}'
+      scope: invalid.illegal.stray-bracket-end.c++
+
+  expressions-minus-generic-type:
+    - include: early-expressions-before-generic-type
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: early-expressions-after-generic-type
+    - include: late-expressions
+
+  expressions-minus-generic-type-function-call:
+    - include: early-expressions-before-generic-type
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: early-expressions-after-generic-type
+    - include: late-expressions-before-function-call
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: ';'
+      scope: punctuation.terminator.c++
+
+  late-expressions:
+    - include: late-expressions-before-function-call
+    - include: function-call
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: ';'
+      scope: punctuation.terminator.c++
+
+  late-expressions-before-function-call:
+    - include: unique-late-expressions
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    - include: types
+
+  expressions-minus-function-call:
+    - include: early-expressions
+    - include: late-expressions-before-function-call
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: ';'
+      scope: punctuation.terminator.c++
+
+  comments:
+    - include: scope:source.c#comments
+
+  operators:
+    - include: scope:source.c#operators
+
+  modifiers:
+    - include: unique-modifiers
+    - include: scope:source.c#modifiers
+
+  variables:
+    - include: unique-variables
+    - include: scope:source.c#variables
+
+  constants:
+    - include: unique-constants
+    - include: scope:source.c#constants
+
+  keywords:
+    - include: unique-keywords
+    - include: scope:source.c#keywords
+
+  types:
+    - include: unique-types
+    - include: types-parens
+    - include: scope:source.c#types
+
+  strings:
+    - include: unique-strings
+    - match: '(L|u8|u|U)?(")'
+      captures:
+        1: storage.type.string.c++
+        2: punctuation.definition.string.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: string.quoted.double.c++
+        - match: '"'
+          scope: punctuation.definition.string.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: scope:source.c#string_escaped_char
+        - match: |-
+            (?x)%
+              (\d+\$)?                                      # field (argument #)
+              [#0\- +']*                                    # flags
+              [,;:_]?                                       # separator character (AltiVec)
+              ((-?\d+)|\*(-?\d+\$)?)?                       # minimum field width
+              (\.((-?\d+)|\*(-?\d+\$)?)?)?                  # precision
+              (hh|h|ll|l|j|t|z|q|L|vh|vl|v|hv|hl)?          # length modifier
+              (\[[^\]]+\]|[am]s|[diouxXDOUeEfFgGaACcSspn%]) # conversion type
+          scope: constant.other.placeholder.c++
+        - match: '\{\{|\}\}'
+          scope: constant.character.escape.c++
+        - include: formatting-syntax
+    - include: scope:source.c#strings
+
+  formatting-syntax:
+    # https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/string.html#formatstrings
+    - match: |- # simple form
+        (?x)
+        (\{)
+          (?: [\w.\[\]]+)?             # field_name
+          (   ! [ars])?                # conversion
+          (   : (?:{{format_spec}}|    # format_spec OR
+                   [^}%]*%.[^}]*)      # any format-like string
+          )?
+        (\})
+      scope: constant.other.placeholder.c++
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.definition.placeholder.begin.c++
+        2: storage.modifier.c++onversion.c++
+        3: constant.other.format-spec.c++
+        4: punctuation.definition.placeholder.end.c++
+    - match: \{(?=[^\}"']+\{[^"']*\}) # complex (nested) form
+      scope: punctuation.definition.placeholder.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: constant.other.placeholder.c++
+        - match: \}
+          scope: punctuation.definition.placeholder.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: '[\w.\[\]]+'
+        - match: '![ars]'
+          scope: storage.modifier.conversion.c++
+        - match: ':'
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: meta.format-spec.c++ constant.other.format-spec.c++
+            - match: (?=\})
+              pop: true
+            - include: formatting-syntax
+
+  numbers:
+    - include: unique-numbers
+    - include: scope:source.c#numbers
+
+  ## C++-specific contexts
+
+  case-default:
+    - match: '\b(default|case)\b'
+      scope: keyword.control.c++
+      push:
+        - match: (?=[);,])
+          pop: true
+        - match: ':'
+          scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+
+  modifiers-parens:
+    - match: '\b(alignas)\b\s*(\()'
+      captures:
+        1: storage.modifier.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: '\)'
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+    - match: \b(__attribute__)\s*(\(\()
+      captures:
+        1: storage.modifier.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push :
+        - meta_scope: meta.attribute.c++
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - include: parens
+        - include: strings
+        - match: \)\)
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+    - match: \b(__declspec)(\()
+      captures:
+        1: storage.modifier.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: '\)'
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: '\b(align|allocate|code_seg|deprecated|property|uuid)\b\s*(\()'
+          captures:
+            1: storage.modifier.c++
+            2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          push:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+            - match: '\)'
+              scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: numbers
+            - include: strings
+            - match: \b(get|put)\b
+              scope: variable.parameter.c++
+            - match: ','
+              scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+            - match: '='
+              scope: keyword.operator.assignment.c++
+        - match: '\b(appdomain|deprecated|dllimport|dllexport|jintrinsic|naked|noalias|noinline|noreturn|nothrow|novtable|process|restrict|safebuffers|selectany|thread)\b'
+          scope: constant.other.c++
+
+  types-parens:
+    - match: '\b(decltype)\b\s*(\()'
+      captures:
+        1: storage.type.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: '\)'
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+
+  keywords-angle-brackets:
+    - match: \b({{casts}})\b\s*
+      scope: keyword.operator.word.cast.c++
+      push:
+        - match: '>'
+          scope: punctuation.section.generic.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: '<'
+          scope: punctuation.section.generic.begin.c++
+          push:
+            - match: '(?=>)'
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions-minus-generic-type-function-call
+
+  keywords-parens:
+    - match: '\b(alignof|typeid|static_assert|sizeof)\b\s*(\()'
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.operator.word.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: '\)'
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+
+  namespace:
+    - match: '\b(using)\s+(namespace)\s+(?={{path_lookahead}})'
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.c++
+        2: keyword.control.c++
+      push:
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          pop: true
+    - match: '\b(namespace)\s+(?=({{path_lookahead}})?(?!\s*[;,]))'
+      scope: meta.namespace.c++
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.namespace.c++ entity.name.namespace.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          set:
+            - meta_scope: meta.namespace.c++
+            - include: comments
+            - match: '='
+              scope: keyword.operator.alias.c++
+            - match: '(?=;)'
+              pop: true
+            - match: '\}'
+              scope: meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - match: '\{'
+              scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+              push:
+                - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+                - match: '(?=\})'
+                  pop: true
+                - include: preprocessor-global
+                - include: global
+            - include: expressions
+
+  template-common:
+    # Exit the template scope if we hit some basic invalid characters. This
+    # helps when a user is in the middle of typing their template types and
+    # prevents re-highlighting the whole file until the next > is found.
+    - match: (?=[{};])
+      pop: true
+    - include: expressions
+
+  template:
+    - match: \btemplate\b
+      scope: storage.type.template.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.template.c++
+        # Explicitly include comments here at the top, in order to NOT match the
+        # \S lookahead in the case of comments.
+        - include: comments
+        - match: <
+          scope: punctuation.section.generic.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.template.c++
+            - match: '>'
+              scope: meta.template.c++ punctuation.section.generic.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - match: \.{3}
+              scope: keyword.operator.variadic.c++
+            - match: \b(typename|{{before_tag}})\b
+              scope: storage.type.c++
+            - include: template # include template here for nested templates
+            - include: template-common
+        - match: (?=\S)
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.template.c++
+            - match: \b({{before_tag}})\b
+              scope: storage.type.c++
+            - include: template-common
+
+  generic-type:
+    - match: '(?=(?!template){{path_lookahead}}\s*{{generic_lookahead}}\s*\()'
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+        - match: \btemplate\b
+          scope: storage.type.template.c++
+        - match: '(?:(::)\s*)?{{identifier}}\s*(::)\s*'
+          captures:
+            1: punctuation.accessor.double-colon.c++
+            2: punctuation.accessor.double-colon.c++
+        - match: (?:(::)\s*)?({{identifier}})\s*(<)
+          captures:
+            1: punctuation.accessor.double-colon.c++
+            2: variable.function.c++
+            3: punctuation.section.generic.begin.c++
+          push:
+            - match: '>'
+              scope: punctuation.section.generic.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions-minus-generic-type-function-call
+        - match: (?:(::)\s*)?({{identifier}})\s*(\()
+          captures:
+            1: punctuation.accessor.double-colon.c++
+            2: variable.function.c++
+            3: punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+            - match: '\)'
+              scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions
+        - include: angle-brackets
+        - match: '\('
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+            - match: '\)'
+              scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions
+    - match: '(?=(?!template){{path_lookahead}}\s*{{generic_lookahead}})'
+      push:
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '<'
+          scope: punctuation.section.generic.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - match: '>'
+              scope: punctuation.section.generic.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions-minus-generic-type-function-call
+
+  angle-brackets:
+    - match: '<(?!<)'
+      scope: punctuation.section.generic.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - match: '>'
+          scope: punctuation.section.generic.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions-minus-generic-type-function-call
+
+  block:
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+        - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else|endif)\b)
+          pop: true
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: statements
+
+  function-call:
+    - match: (?={{path_lookahead}}\s*\()
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#c99
+        - match: '(?:(::)\s*)?{{identifier}}\s*(::)\s*'
+          scope: variable.function.c++
+          captures:
+            1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+            2: punctuation.accessor.c++
+        - match: '(?:(::)\s*)?{{identifier}}'
+          scope: variable.function.c++
+          captures:
+            1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+        - match: '\('
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++
+            - match: '\)'
+              scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions
+
+  members-inside-function-call:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.method-call.c++ meta.group.c++
+    - match: \)
+      scope: meta.method-call.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+      pop: true
+    - include: expressions
+
+  members-after-accessor-junction:
+    # After we've seen an accessor (dot or arrow), this context decides what
+    # kind of entity we're accessing.
+    - include: comments
+    - match: \btemplate\b
+      scope: meta.method-call.c++ storage.type.template.c++
+      # Guaranteed to be a template member function call after we match this
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.method-call.c++
+        - include: comments
+        - match: '{{identifier}}'
+          scope: variable.function.member.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.method-call.c++
+            - match: \(
+              scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+              set: members-inside-function-call
+            - include: comments
+            - include: angle-brackets
+            - match: (?=\S) # safety pop
+              pop: true
+        - match: (?=\S) # safety pop
+          pop: true
+    # Operator overloading
+    - match: '({{operator_method_name}})\s*(\()'
+      captures:
+        0: meta.method-call.c++
+        1: variable.function.member.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      set: members-inside-function-call
+    # Non-templated member function call
+    - match: (~?{{identifier}})\s*(\()
+      captures:
+        0: meta.method-call.c++
+        1: variable.function.member.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      set: members-inside-function-call
+    # Templated member function call
+    - match: (~?{{identifier}})\s*(?={{generic_lookahead}})
+      captures:
+        1: variable.function.member.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_scope: meta.method-call.c++
+        - match: <
+          scope: punctuation.section.generic.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.method-call.c++
+            - match: '>'
+              scope: punctuation.section.generic.end.c++
+              set:
+                - meta_content_scope: meta.method-call.c++
+                - include: comments
+                - match: \(
+                  scope: punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+                  set: members-inside-function-call
+                - match: (?=\S) # safety pop
+                  pop: true
+            - include: expressions
+    # Explicit base-class access
+    - match: ({{identifier}})\s*(::)
+      captures:
+        1: variable.other.base-class.c++
+        2: punctuation.accessor.double-colon.c++
+      set: members-after-accessor-junction # reset
+    # Just a regular member variable
+    - match: '{{identifier}}'
+      scope: variable.other.readwrite.member.c++
+      pop: true
+
+  members-dot:
+    - include: scope:source.c#access-illegal
+    # No lookahead required because members-dot goes after operators in the
+    # early-expressions-after-generic-type context. This means triple dots
+    # (i.e. "..." or "variadic") is attempted first.
+    - match: \.
+      scope: punctuation.accessor.dot.c++
+      push: members-after-accessor-junction
+
+  members-arrow:
+    # This needs to be before operators in the
+    # early-expressions-after-generic-type context because otherwise the "->"
+    # from the C language will match.
+    - match: ->
+      scope: punctuation.accessor.arrow.c++
+      push: members-after-accessor-junction
+
+  typedef:
+    - match: \btypedef\b
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ({{identifier}})?\s*(?=;)
+          captures:
+            1: entity.name.type.typedef.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: \b(struct)\s+({{identifier}})\b
+          captures:
+            1: storage.type.c++
+        - include: expressions-minus-generic-type
+
+  parens:
+    - match: \(
+      scope: punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: \)
+          scope: punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+
+  brackets:
+    - match: \[
+      scope: punctuation.section.brackets.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.brackets.c++
+        - match: \]
+          scope: punctuation.section.brackets.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+
+  function-trailing-return-type:
+    - match: '{{non_angle_brackets}}'
+      pop: true
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: types
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: \*|&
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+    - include: function-trailing-return-type-parens
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  function-trailing-return-type-parens:
+    - match: \(
+      scope: punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: \)
+          scope: punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: function-trailing-return-type
+
+  ## Detection of function and data structure definitions at the global level
+
+  global-modifier:
+    - include: comments
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    # Constructors and destructors don't have a type
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*::\s*{{identifier}}\s*(\(|$))'
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++ entity.name.function.constructor.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '(?=[^\w\s])'
+          set: function-definition-params
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*::\s*~{{identifier}}\s*(\(|$))'
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++ entity.name.function.destructor.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '~{{identifier}}'
+        - match: '(?=[^\w\s])'
+          set: function-definition-params
+    # If we see a path ending in :: before a newline, we don't know if it is
+    # a constructor or destructor, or a long return type, so we are just going
+    # to treat it like a regular function. Most likely it is a constructor,
+    # since it doesn't seem most developers would create such a long typename.
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*::\s*$)'
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++ entity.name.function.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '~{{identifier}}'
+        - match: '(?=[^\w\s])'
+          set: function-definition-params
+    - include: unique-strings
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      set: global-type
+
+  global-type:
+    - include: comments
+    - match: \*|&
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+    - match: '(?=\b({{control_keywords}}|{{operator_keywords}}|{{casts}}|{{memory_operators}}|{{other_keywords}}|operator)\b)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '(?=\s)'
+      set: global-maybe-function
+    # If a class/struct/enum followed by a name that is not a macro or declspec
+    # then this is likely a return type of a function. This is uncommon.
+    - match: |-
+        (?x:
+          ({{before_tag}})
+          \s+
+          (?=
+            (?![[:upper:][:digit:]_]+\b|__declspec|{{before_tag}})
+            {{path_lookahead}}
+            (\s+{{identifier}}\s*\(|\s*[*&])
+          )
+        )
+      captures:
+        1: storage.type.c++
+      set:
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          set: global-maybe-function
+    # The previous match handles return types of struct/enum/etc from a func,
+    # there this one exits the context to allow matching an actual struct/class
+    - match: '(?=\b({{before_tag}})\b)'
+      set: data-structures
+    - match: '(?=\b({{casts}})\b\s*<)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '{{non_angle_brackets}}'
+      pop: true
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: types
+    # Allow a macro call
+    - match: '({{identifier}})\s*(\()(?=[^\)]+\))'
+      captures:
+        1: variable.function.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: '\)'
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*\()'
+      set:
+        - include: function-call
+        - match: ''
+          pop: true
+    - include: variables
+    - include: constants
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: (?=\W)
+      pop: true
+
+  global-maybe-function:
+    - include: comments
+    # Consume pointer info, macros and any type info that was offset by macros
+    - match: \*|&
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+    - match: '(?=\b({{control_keywords}}|{{operator_keywords}}|{{casts}}|{{memory_operators}}|{{other_keywords}})\b)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '\b({{type_qualifier}})\b'
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+    - match: '{{non_angle_brackets}}'
+      pop: true
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: types
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    # All uppercase identifier just before a newline is most likely a macro
+    - match: '[[:upper:][:digit:]_]+\s*$'
+    # Operator overloading
+    - match: '(?=({{path_lookahead}}\s*(?:{{generic_lookahead}})?::\s*)?{{operator_method_name}}\s*(\(|$))'
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++ entity.name.function.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '(?=\s*(\(|$))'
+          set: function-definition-params
+    # Identifier that is not the function name - likely a macro or type
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}([ \t]+|[*&])(?!\s*(<|::|\(|$)))'
+      push:
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          pop: true
+    # Real function definition
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}({{generic_lookahead}}({{path_lookahead}})?)\s*(\(|$))'
+      set: [function-definition-params, global-function-identifier-generic]
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*(\(|$))'
+      set: [function-definition-params, global-function-identifier]
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*::\s*$)'
+      set: [function-definition-params, global-function-identifier]
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  global-function-identifier-generic:
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - match: '::'
+      scope: punctuation.accessor.c++
+    - match: '(?={{identifier}}<.*>\s*\()'
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: entity.name.function.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '(?=<)'
+          pop: true
+    - match: '(?={{identifier}}\s*\()'
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: entity.name.function.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          pop: true
+    - match: '(?=\()'
+      pop: true
+
+  global-function-identifier:
+    - meta_content_scope: entity.name.function.c++
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  function-definition-params:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=\()'
+      set:
+        - match: \(
+          scope: meta.function.parameters.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.function.parameters.c++ meta.group.c++
+            - match : \)
+              scope: punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              set: function-definition-continue
+            - match: '\bvoid\b'
+              scope: storage.type.c++
+            - match: '{{identifier}}(?=\s*(\[|,|\)|=))'
+              scope: variable.parameter.c++
+            - match: '='
+              scope: keyword.operator.assignment.c++
+              push:
+                - match: '(?=,|\))'
+                  pop: true
+                - include: expressions-minus-generic-type
+                - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+            - include: expressions-minus-generic-type
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+    - match: (?=\S)
+      pop: true
+
+  function-definition-continue:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '->'
+      scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+      set: function-definition-trailing-return
+    - include: function-specifiers
+    - match: '='
+      scope: keyword.operator.assignment.c++
+    - match: '&'
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+    - match: \b0\b
+      scope: constant.numeric.c++
+    - match: \b(default|delete)\b
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+    - match: '(?=\{)'
+      set: function-definition-body
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  function-definition-trailing-return:
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '(?=\{)'
+      set: function-definition-body
+    - include: function-specifiers
+    - include: function-trailing-return-type
+
+  function-definition-body:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++ meta.block.c++
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.function.c++ meta.block.c++
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: meta.function.c++ meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else|endif)\b)
+          pop: true
+        - match: '(?=({{before_tag}})([^(;]+$|.*\{))'
+          push: data-structures
+        - include: statements
+
+  ## Data structures including classes, structs, unions and enums
+
+  data-structures:
+    - match: '\bclass\b'
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+      set: data-structures-class-definition
+    # Detect variable type definitions using struct/enum/union followed by a tag
+    - match: '\b({{before_tag}})(?=\s+{{path_lookahead}}\s+{{path_lookahead}}\s*[=;\[])'
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+    - match: '\bstruct\b'
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+      set: data-structures-struct-definition
+    - match: '\benum(\s+(class|struct))?\b'
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+      set: data-structures-enum-definition
+    - match: '\bunion\b'
+      scope: storage.type.c++
+      set: data-structures-union-definition
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  preprocessor-workaround-eat-macro-before-identifier:
+    # Handle macros so they aren't matched as the class name
+    - match: ({{macro_identifier}})(?=\s+~?{{identifier}})
+      captures:
+        1: meta.assumed-macro.c
+
+  data-structures-class-definition:
+    - meta_scope: meta.class.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    - match: '{{identifier}}(?={{data_structures_forward_decl_lookahead}})'
+      scope: entity.name.class.forward-decl.c++
+      set: data-structures-class-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '{{identifier}}'
+      scope: entity.name.class.c++
+      set: data-structures-class-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=[:{])'
+      set: data-structures-class-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-class-definition-after-identifier:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.class.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    # No matching of identifiers since they should all be macros at this point
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-end
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.class.c++ meta.block.c++
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: meta.class.c++ meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: data-structures-body
+
+  data-structures-struct-definition:
+    - meta_scope: meta.struct.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    - match: '{{identifier}}(?={{data_structures_forward_decl_lookahead}})'
+      scope: entity.name.struct.forward-decl.c++
+      set: data-structures-struct-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '{{identifier}}'
+      scope: entity.name.struct.c++
+      set: data-structures-struct-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=[:{])'
+      set: data-structures-struct-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-struct-definition-after-identifier:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.struct.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    # No matching of identifiers since they should all be macros at this point
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-end
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.struct.c++ meta.block.c++
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: meta.struct.c++ meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: data-structures-body
+
+  data-structures-enum-definition:
+    - meta_scope: meta.enum.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    - match: '{{identifier}}(?={{data_structures_forward_decl_lookahead}})'
+      scope: entity.name.enum.forward-decl.c++
+      set: data-structures-enum-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '{{identifier}}'
+      scope: entity.name.enum.c++
+      set: data-structures-enum-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=[:{])'
+      set: data-structures-enum-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-enum-definition-after-identifier:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.enum.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    # No matching of identifiers since they should all be macros at this point
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-end
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.enum.c++ meta.block.c++
+        # Enums don't support methods so we have a simplified body
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: meta.enum.c++ meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: statements
+
+  data-structures-union-definition:
+    - meta_scope: meta.union.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    - match: '{{identifier}}(?={{data_structures_forward_decl_lookahead}})'
+      scope: entity.name.union.forward-decl.c++
+      set: data-structures-union-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '{{identifier}}'
+      scope: entity.name.union.c++
+      set: data-structures-union-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=[{])'
+      set: data-structures-union-definition-after-identifier
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-union-definition-after-identifier:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.union.c++
+    - include: data-structures-definition-common-begin
+    # No matching of identifiers since they should all be macros at this point
+    # Unions don't support base classes
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.union.c++ meta.block.c++
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: meta.union.c++ meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: data-structures-body
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-definition-common-begin:
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=\b(?:{{before_tag}}|{{control_keywords}})\b)'
+      pop: true
+    - include: preprocessor-other
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    - include: preprocessor-workaround-eat-macro-before-identifier
+
+  data-structures-definition-common-end:
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - match: \bfinal\b
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+    - match: ':'
+      scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+      push:
+        - include: comments
+        - include: preprocessor-other
+        - include: modifiers-parens
+        - include: modifiers
+        - match: '\b(virtual|{{visibility_modifiers}})\b'
+          scope: storage.modifier.c++
+        - match: (?={{path_lookahead}})
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: entity.other.inherited-class.c++
+            - include: identifiers
+            - match: ''
+              pop: true
+        - include: angle-brackets
+        - match: ','
+          scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+        - match: (?=\{|;)
+          pop: true
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-body:
+    - include: preprocessor-data-structures
+    - match: '(?=\btemplate\b)'
+      push:
+        - include: template
+        - match: (?=\S)
+          set: data-structures-modifier
+    - include: typedef
+    - match: \b({{visibility_modifiers}})\s*(:)(?!:)
+      captures:
+        1: storage.modifier.c++
+        2: punctuation.section.class.c++
+    - match: '^\s*(?=(?:~?\w+|::))'
+      push: data-structures-modifier
+    - include: expressions-minus-generic-type
+
+  data-structures-modifier:
+    - match: '\bfriend\b'
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+      push:
+        - match: (?=;)
+          pop: true
+        - match: '\{'
+          scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+            - match: '\}'
+              scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: statements
+        - match: '\b({{before_tag}})\b'
+          scope: storage.type.c++
+        - include: expressions-minus-function-call
+    - include: comments
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    - match: '\bstatic_assert(?=\s*\()'
+      scope: meta.static-assert.c++ keyword.operator.word.c++
+      push:
+        - match: '\('
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++
+            - match: '\)'
+              scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              pop: true
+            - include: expressions
+    # Destructor
+    - match: '(?:{{identifier}}\s*(::)\s*)?~{{identifier}}(?=\s*(\(|$))'
+      scope: meta.method.destructor.c++ entity.name.function.destructor.c++
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+      set: method-definition-params
+    # It's a macro, not a constructor if there is no type in the first param
+    - match: '({{identifier}})\s*(\()(?=\s*(?!void){{identifier}}\s*[),])'
+      captures:
+        1: variable.function.c++
+        2: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+        - match: '\)'
+          scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: expressions
+    # Constructor
+    - include: preprocessor-workaround-eat-macro-before-identifier
+    - match: '((?!{{before_tag}}|template){{identifier}})(?=\s*\()'
+      scope: meta.method.constructor.c++ entity.name.function.constructor.c++
+      set: method-definition-params
+    # Long form constructor
+    - match: '({{identifier}}\s*(::)\s*{{identifier}})(?=\s*\()'
+      captures:
+        1: meta.method.constructor.c++ entity.name.function.constructor.c++
+        2: punctuation.accessor.c++
+      push: method-definition-params
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      set: data-structures-type
+
+  data-structures-type:
+    - include: comments
+    - match: \*|&
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+      # Cast methods
+    - match: '(operator)\s+({{identifier}})(?=\s*(\(|$))'
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.c++
+        2: meta.method.c++ entity.name.function.c++
+      set: method-definition-params
+    - match: '(?=\b({{control_keywords}}|{{operator_keywords}}|{{casts}}|{{memory_operators}}|{{other_keywords}}|operator)\b)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '(?=\s)'
+      set: data-structures-maybe-method
+    # If a class/struct/enum followed by a name that is not a macro or declspec
+    # then this is likely a return type of a function. This is uncommon.
+    - match: |-
+        (?x:
+          ({{before_tag}})
+          \s+
+          (?=
+            (?![[:upper:][:digit:]_]+\b|__declspec|{{before_tag}})
+            {{path_lookahead}}
+            (\s+{{identifier}}\s*\(|\s*[*&])
+          )
+        )
+      captures:
+        1: storage.type.c++
+      set:
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          set: data-structures-maybe-method
+    # The previous match handles return types of struct/enum/etc from a func,
+    # there this one exits the context to allow matching an actual struct/class
+    - match: '(?=\b({{before_tag}})\b)'
+      set: data-structures
+    - match: '(?=\b({{casts}})\b\s*<)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '{{non_angle_brackets}}'
+      pop: true
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: types
+    - include: variables
+    - include: constants
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: (?=[&*])
+      set: data-structures-maybe-method
+    - match: (?=\W)
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-maybe-method:
+    - include: comments
+    # Consume pointer info, macros and any type info that was offset by macros
+    - match: \*|&
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+    - match: '(?=\b({{control_keywords}}|{{operator_keywords}}|{{casts}}|{{memory_operators}}|{{other_keywords}})\b)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '\b({{type_qualifier}})\b'
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+    - match: '{{non_angle_brackets}}'
+      pop: true
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - include: types
+    - include: modifiers-parens
+    - include: modifiers
+    # Operator overloading
+    - match: '{{operator_method_name}}(?=\s*(\(|$))'
+      scope: meta.method.c++ entity.name.function.c++
+      set: method-definition-params
+    # Identifier that is not the function name - likely a macro or type
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}([ \t]+|[*&])(?!\s*(<|::|\()))'
+      push:
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: ''
+          pop: true
+    # Real function definition
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}({{generic_lookahead}})\s*(\())'
+      set: [method-definition-params, data-structures-function-identifier-generic]
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*(\())'
+      set: [method-definition-params, data-structures-function-identifier]
+    - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*::\s*$)'
+      set: [method-definition-params, data-structures-function-identifier]
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-function-identifier-generic:
+    - include: angle-brackets
+    - match: '(?={{identifier}})'
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: entity.name.function.c++
+        - include: identifiers
+        - match: '(?=<)'
+          pop: true
+    - match: '(?=\()'
+      pop: true
+
+  data-structures-function-identifier:
+    - meta_content_scope: entity.name.function.c++
+    - include: identifiers
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  method-definition-params:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.method.c++
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=\()'
+      set:
+        - match: \(
+          scope: meta.method.parameters.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_content_scope: meta.method.parameters.c++ meta.group.c++
+            - match : \)
+              scope: punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+              set: method-definition-continue
+            - match: '\bvoid\b'
+              scope: storage.type.c++
+            - match: '{{identifier}}(?=\s*(\[|,|\)|=))'
+              scope: variable.parameter.c++
+            - match: '='
+              scope: keyword.operator.assignment.c++
+              push:
+                - match: '(?=,|\))'
+                  pop: true
+                - include: expressions-minus-generic-type
+            - include: expressions-minus-generic-type
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  method-definition-continue:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.method.c++
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '->'
+      scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+      set: method-definition-trailing-return
+    - include: function-specifiers
+    - match: '='
+      scope: keyword.operator.assignment.c++
+    - match: '&'
+      scope: keyword.operator.c++
+    - match: \b0\b
+      scope: constant.numeric.c++
+    - match: \b(default|delete)\b
+      scope: storage.modifier.c++
+    - match: '(?=:)'
+      set:
+        - match: ':'
+          scope: punctuation.separator.initializer-list.c++
+          set:
+            - meta_scope: meta.method.constructor.initializer-list.c++
+            - match: '{{identifier}}'
+              scope: variable.other.readwrite.member.c++
+              push:
+                - match: \(
+                  scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+                  set:
+                    - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+                    - match: \)
+                      scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+                      pop: true
+                    - include: expressions
+                - match: \{
+                  scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+                  set:
+                    - meta_content_scope: meta.group.c++
+                    - match: \}
+                      scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+                      pop: true
+                    - include: expressions
+                - include: comments
+            - match: (?=\{|;)
+              set: method-definition-continue
+            - include: expressions
+    - match: '(?=\{)'
+      set: method-definition-body
+    - match: '(?=\S)'
+      pop: true
+
+  method-definition-trailing-return:
+    - include: comments
+    - match: '(?=;)'
+      pop: true
+    - match: '(?=\{)'
+      set: method-definition-body
+    - include: function-specifiers
+    - include: function-trailing-return-type
+
+  method-definition-body:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.method.c++ meta.block.c++
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.method.c++ meta.block.c++
+        - match: '\}'
+          scope: meta.method.c++ meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else|endif)\b)
+          pop: true
+        - match: '(?=({{before_tag}})([^(;]+$|.*\{))'
+          push: data-structures
+        - include: statements
+
+  ## Preprocessor for data-structures
+
+  preprocessor-data-structures:
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-enabled-data-structures
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-disabled-data-structures
+    - include: preprocessor-practical-workarounds
+
+  preprocessor-rule-disabled-data-structures:
+    - match: ^\s*((#if)\s+(0))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        2: keyword.control.import.c++
+        3: constant.numeric.preprocessor.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*else)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.else.c++
+          push:
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: negated-block
+            - include: data-structures-body
+        - match: ""
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: comment.block.preprocessor.if-branch.c++
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(else|endif)\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-disabled
+
+  preprocessor-rule-enabled-data-structures:
+    - match: ^\s*((#if)\s+(0*1))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        2: keyword.control.import.c++
+        3: constant.numeric.preprocessor.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*else)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.else.c++
+          push:
+            - meta_content_scope: comment.block.preprocessor.else-branch.c++
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-disabled
+        - match: ""
+          push:
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(else|endif)\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: negated-block
+            - include: data-structures-body
+
+  ## Preprocessor for global
+
+  preprocessor-global:
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-enabled-global
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-disabled-global
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-other-global
+
+  preprocessor-statements:
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-enabled-statements
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-disabled-statements
+    - include: preprocessor-rule-other-statements
+
+  preprocessor-expressions:
+    - include: scope:source.c#incomplete-inc
+    - include: preprocessor-macro-define
+    - include: scope:source.c#pragma-mark
+    - include: preprocessor-other
+
+  preprocessor-rule-disabled-global:
+    - match: ^\s*((#if)\s+(0))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        2: keyword.control.import.c++
+        3: constant.numeric.preprocessor.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*else)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.else.c++
+          push:
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: preprocessor-global
+            - include: negated-block
+            - include: global
+        - match: ""
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: comment.block.preprocessor.if-branch.c++
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(else|endif)\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-disabled
+
+  preprocessor-rule-enabled-global:
+    - match: ^\s*((#if)\s+(0*1))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        2: keyword.control.import.c++
+        3: constant.numeric.preprocessor.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*else)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.else.c++
+          push:
+            - meta_content_scope: comment.block.preprocessor.else-branch.c++
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-disabled
+        - match: ""
+          push:
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(else|endif)\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: preprocessor-global
+            - include: negated-block
+            - include: global
+
+  preprocessor-rule-other-global:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:if|ifdef|ifndef))\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - match: \bdefined\b
+          scope: keyword.control.c++
+        # Enter a new scope where all elif/else branches have their
+        # contexts popped by a subsequent elif/else/endif. This ensures that
+        # preprocessor branches don't push multiple meta.block scopes on
+        # the stack, thus messing up the "global" context's detection of
+        # functions.
+        - match: $\n
+          set: preprocessor-if-branch-global
+
+  # These gymnastics here ensure that we are properly handling scope even
+  # when the preprocessor is used to create different scope beginnings, such
+  # as a different if/while condition
+  preprocessor-if-branch-global:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      pop: true
+    - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else)\b)
+      push: preprocessor-elif-else-branch-global
+    - match: \{
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set: preprocessor-block-if-branch-global
+    - include: preprocessor-global
+    - include: negated-block
+    - include: global
+
+  preprocessor-block-if-branch-global:
+    - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      set: preprocessor-block-finish-global
+    - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else)\b)
+      push: preprocessor-elif-else-branch-global
+    - match: \}
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-global
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-block-finish-global:
+    - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:if|ifdef|ifndef))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      set: preprocessor-block-finish-if-branch-global
+    - match: \}
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      pop: true
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-block-finish-if-branch-global:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.c++
+      pop: true
+    - match: \}
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-global
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-elif-else-branch-global:
+    - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(endif)\b)
+      pop: true
+    - include: preprocessor-global
+    - include: negated-block
+    - include: global
+
+  ## Preprocessor for statements
+
+  preprocessor-rule-disabled-statements:
+    - match: ^\s*((#if)\s+(0))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        2: keyword.control.import.c++
+        3: constant.numeric.preprocessor.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*else)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.else.c++
+          push:
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: negated-block
+            - include: statements
+        - match: ""
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: comment.block.preprocessor.if-branch.c++
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(else|endif)\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-disabled
+
+  preprocessor-rule-enabled-statements:
+    - match: ^\s*((#if)\s+(0*1))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        2: keyword.control.import.c++
+        3: constant.numeric.preprocessor.c++
+      push:
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: ^\s*(#\s*else)\b
+          captures:
+            1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.else.c++
+          push:
+            - meta_content_scope: comment.block.preprocessor.else-branch.c++
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-disabled
+        - match: ""
+          push:
+            - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(else|endif)\b)
+              pop: true
+            - include: negated-block
+            - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-rule-other-statements:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:if|ifdef|ifndef))\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - match: \bdefined\b
+          scope: keyword.control.c++
+        # Enter a new scope where all elif/else branches have their
+        # contexts popped by a subsequent elif/else/endif. This ensures that
+        # preprocessor branches don't push multiple meta.block scopes on
+        # the stack, thus messing up the "global" context's detection of
+        # functions.
+        - match: $\n
+          set: preprocessor-if-branch-statements
+
+  # These gymnastics here ensure that we are properly handling scope even
+  # when the preprocessor is used to create different scope beginnings, such
+  # as a different if/while condition
+  preprocessor-if-branch-statements:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      pop: true
+    - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else)\b)
+      push: preprocessor-elif-else-branch-statements
+    - match: \{
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+      set: preprocessor-block-if-branch-statements
+    - match: (?=(?!{{non_func_keywords}}){{path_lookahead}}\s*\()
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-function-call
+    - include: negated-block
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-if-branch-function-call:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.function-call.c++
+    - include: scope:source.c#c99
+    - match: '(?:(::)\s*)?{{identifier}}\s*(::)\s*'
+      scope: variable.function.c++
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+        2: punctuation.accessor.c++
+    - match: '(?:(::)\s*)?{{identifier}}'
+      scope: variable.function.c++
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.accessor.c++
+    - match: '\('
+      scope: meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-function-call-arguments
+
+  preprocessor-if-branch-function-call-arguments:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++
+    - match : \)
+      scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-statements
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:elif|else))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-statements
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-function-call-arguments-finish
+    - include: expressions
+
+  preprocessor-if-branch-function-call-arguments-finish:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++
+    - match: \)
+      scope: meta.function-call.c++ meta.group.c++ punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+      pop: true
+    - include: expressions
+
+  preprocessor-block-if-branch-statements:
+    - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      set: preprocessor-block-finish-statements
+    - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else)\b)
+      push: preprocessor-elif-else-branch-statements
+    - match: \}
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-statements
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-block-finish-statements:
+    - meta_scope: meta.block.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:if|ifdef|ifndef))\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+      set: preprocessor-block-finish-if-branch-statements
+    - match: \}
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      pop: true
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-block-finish-if-branch-statements:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.c++
+      pop: true
+    - match: \}
+      scope: meta.block.c++ punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      set: preprocessor-if-branch-statements
+    - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-elif-else-branch-statements:
+    - match: (?=^\s*#\s*endif\b)
+      pop: true
+    - include: negated-block
+    - include: statements
+
+  ## Preprocessor other
+
+  negated-block:
+    - match: '\}'
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+      push:
+        - match: '\{'
+          scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+          pop: true
+        - match: (?=^\s*#\s*(elif|else|endif)\b)
+          pop: true
+        - include: statements
+
+  preprocessor-macro-define:
+    - match: ^\s*(\#\s*define)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.macro.c++ keyword.control.import.define.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_content_scope: meta.preprocessor.macro.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-ending
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - match: '({{identifier}})(?=\()'
+          scope: entity.name.function.preprocessor.c++
+          set:
+            - match: '\('
+              scope: punctuation.section.group.begin.c++
+              set: preprocessor-macro-params
+        - match: '{{identifier}}'
+          scope: entity.name.constant.preprocessor.c++
+          set: preprocessor-macro-definition
+
+  preprocessor-macro-params:
+    - meta_scope: meta.preprocessor.macro.parameters.c++ meta.group.c++
+    - match: '{{identifier}}'
+      scope: variable.parameter.c++
+    - match: \)
+      scope: punctuation.section.group.end.c++
+      set: preprocessor-macro-definition
+    - match: ','
+      scope: punctuation.separator.c++
+      push:
+        - match: '{{identifier}}'
+          scope: variable.parameter.c++
+          pop: true
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - match: '\.\.\.'
+          scope: keyword.operator.variadic.c++
+        - match: '(?=\))'
+          pop: true
+        - match: (/\*).*(\*/)
+          scope: comment.block.c++
+          captures:
+            1: punctuation.definition.comment.c++
+            2: punctuation.definition.comment.c++
+        - match: '\S+'
+          scope: invalid.illegal.unexpected-character.c++
+    - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+    - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+    - match: '\.\.\.'
+      scope: keyword.operator.variadic.c++
+    - match: (/\*).*(\*/)
+      scope: comment.block.c++
+      captures:
+        1: punctuation.definition.comment.c++
+        2: punctuation.definition.comment.c++
+    - match: $\n
+      scope: invalid.illegal.unexpected-end-of-line.c++
+
+  preprocessor-macro-definition:
+    - meta_content_scope: meta.preprocessor.macro.c++
+    - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+    - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-ending
+    - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+    # Don't define blocks in define statements
+    - match: '\{'
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.begin.c++
+    - match: '\}'
+      scope: punctuation.section.block.end.c++
+    - include: expressions
+
+  preprocessor-practical-workarounds:
+    - include: preprocessor-convention-ignore-uppercase-ident-lines
+    - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-convention-ignore-uppercase-calls-without-semicolon
+
+  preprocessor-convention-ignore-uppercase-ident-lines:
+    - match: ^(\s*{{macro_identifier}})+\s*$
+      scope: meta.assumed-macro.c++
+      push:
+        # It's possible that we are dealing with a function return type on its own line, and the
+        # name of the function is on the subsequent line.
+        - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}({{generic_lookahead}}({{path_lookahead}})?)\s*\()'
+          set: [function-definition-params, global-function-identifier-generic]
+        - match: '(?={{path_lookahead}}\s*\()'
+          set: [function-definition-params, global-function-identifier]
+        - match: ^
+          pop: true
+
+  preprocessor-other:
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:if|ifdef|ifndef|elif|else|line|pragma|undef))\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.preprocessor.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-ending
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - match: \bdefined\b
+          scope: keyword.control.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*endif)\b
+      captures:
+        1: meta.preprocessor.c++ keyword.control.import.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:error|warning))\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.error.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.preprocessor.diagnostic.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-ending
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - include: strings
+        - match: '\S+'
+          scope: string.unquoted.c++
+    - match: ^\s*(#\s*(?:include|include_next|import))\b
+      captures:
+        1: keyword.control.import.include.c++
+      push:
+        - meta_scope: meta.preprocessor.include.c++
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-continuation
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-line-ending
+        - include: scope:source.c#preprocessor-comments
+        - match: '"'
+          scope: punctuation.definition.string.begin.c++
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: string.quoted.double.include.c++
+            - match: '"'
+              scope: punctuation.definition.string.end.c++
+              pop: true
+        - match: <
+          scope: punctuation.definition.string.begin.c++
+          push:
+            - meta_scope: string.quoted.other.lt-gt.include.c++
+            - match: '>'
+              scope: punctuation.definition.string.end.c++
+              pop: true
+    - include: preprocessor-practical-workarounds
diff --git a/support/Vagrantfile b/support/Vagrantfile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de0fcb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/support/Vagrantfile
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+
+# A vagrant config for testing against gcc-4.8.
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/trusty64"
+
+  config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
+    vb.memory = "4096"
+  end
+
+  config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
+    apt-get update
+    apt-get install -y g++ make wget git
+    wget -q https://github.com/Kitware/CMake/releases/download/v3.14.4/cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+    tar xzf cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz
+    ln -s `pwd`/cmake-3.14.4-Linux-x86_64/bin/cmake /usr/local/bin
+  SHELL
+end
diff --git a/support/appveyor-build.py b/support/appveyor-build.py
index 2cfcb03..6544610 100644
--- a/support/appveyor-build.py
+++ b/support/appveyor-build.py
@@ -23,14 +23,17 @@
     # Add MSBuild 14.0 to PATH as described in
     # http://help.appveyor.com/discussions/problems/2229-v140-not-found-on-vs2105rc.
     os.environ['PATH'] = r'C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\15.0\Bin;' + path
-    if image == 'Visual Studio 2013':
-        generator = 'Visual Studio 12 2013'
-    elif image == 'Visual Studio 2015':
-        generator = 'Visual Studio 14 2015'
-    elif image == 'Visual Studio 2017':
-        generator = 'Visual Studio 15 2017'
-    if platform == 'x64':
-        generator += ' Win64'
+    if image == 'Visual Studio 2019':
+        generator = 'Visual Studio 16 2019'
+        if platform == 'x64':
+            cmake_command.extend(['-A', 'x64'])
+    else:
+        if image == 'Visual Studio 2015':
+            generator = 'Visual Studio 14 2015'
+        elif image == 'Visual Studio 2017':
+            generator = 'Visual Studio 15 2017'
+        if platform == 'x64':
+            generator += ' Win64'
     cmake_command.append('-G' + generator)
     build_command = ['cmake', '--build', '.', '--config', config, '--', '/m:4']
     test_command = ['ctest', '-C', config]
diff --git a/support/appveyor.yml b/support/appveyor.yml
index af298cf..f53e438 100644
--- a/support/appveyor.yml
+++ b/support/appveyor.yml
@@ -4,20 +4,27 @@
 
 clone_depth: 1
 
+image:
+  - Visual Studio 2015
+  - Visual Studio 2019
+  - Visual Studio 2017
+
 platform:
   - Win32
   - x64
 
-image:
-  - Visual Studio 2013
-  - Visual Studio 2015
-  - Visual Studio 2017
-
 environment:
   CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE: 1
   MSVC_DEFAULT_OPTIONS: ON
   BUILD: msvc
 
+matrix:
+  exclude:
+    - image: Visual Studio 2015
+      platform: Win32
+    - image: Visual Studio 2019
+      platform: Win32
+
 before_build:
  - mkdir build
  - cd build
diff --git a/support/build.gradle b/support/build.gradle
index 797cf49..11648da 100644
--- a/support/build.gradle
+++ b/support/build.gradle
@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@
         //
         // https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/gradle-plugin
         //
-        // Notice that 3.1.3 here is the version of [Android Gradle Plugin]
-        // Accroding to URL above you will need Gradle 4.4 or higher
+        // Notice that 3.3.0 here is the version of [Android Gradle Plugin]
+        // Accroding to URL above you will need Gradle 5.0 or higher
         //
-        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.1.3'
+        // If you are using Android Studio, and it is using Gradle's lower 
+        // version, Use the plugin version 3.1.3 ~ 3.2.0 for Gradle 4.4 ~ 4.10
+        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:3.3.0'
     }
 }
 repositories {
@@ -43,8 +45,8 @@
     defaultConfig {
         minSdkVersion 21    // Android 5.0+
         targetSdkVersion 25 // Follow Compile SDK
-        versionCode 20      // Follow release count
-        versionName "5.2.1" // Follow Official version
+        versionCode 21      // Follow release count
+        versionName "5.3.0" // Follow Official version
         testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
         
         externalNativeBuild {
diff --git a/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake b/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake
index 1866cdc..032fcb2 100644
--- a/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake
+++ b/support/cmake/cxx14.cmake
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 
 # Check if variadic templates are working and not affected by GCC bug 39653:
 # https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=39653
+# Can be removed once gcc 4.4 support is dropped.
 check_cxx_source_compiles("
   template <class T, class ...Types>
   struct S { typedef typename S<Types...>::type type; };
@@ -58,33 +59,6 @@
   set (SUPPORTS_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES OFF)
 endif ()
 
-# Check if initializer lists are supported.
-check_cxx_source_compiles("
-  #include <initializer_list>
-  int main() {}" SUPPORTS_INITIALIZER_LIST)
-if (NOT SUPPORTS_INITIALIZER_LIST)
-  set (SUPPORTS_INITIALIZER_LIST OFF)
-endif ()
-
-# Check if enum bases are available
-check_cxx_source_compiles("
-  enum C : char {A};
-  int main() {}"
-  SUPPORTS_ENUM_BASE)
-if (NOT SUPPORTS_ENUM_BASE)
-  set (SUPPORTS_ENUM_BASE OFF)
-endif ()
-
-# Check if type traits are available
-check_cxx_source_compiles("
-  #include <type_traits>
-  class C { void operator=(const C&); };
-  int main() { static_assert(!std::is_copy_assignable<C>::value, \"\"); }"
-  SUPPORTS_TYPE_TRAITS)
-if (NOT SUPPORTS_TYPE_TRAITS)
-  set (SUPPORTS_TYPE_TRAITS OFF)
-endif ()
-
 # Check if user-defined literals are available
 check_cxx_source_compiles("
   void operator\"\" _udl(long double);
@@ -94,4 +68,14 @@
   set (SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS OFF)
 endif ()
 
+# Check if <variant> is available
+set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS -std=c++1z)
+check_cxx_source_compiles("
+  #include <variant>
+  int main() {}"
+  FMT_HAS_VARIANT)
+if (NOT FMT_HAS_VARIANT)
+  set (FMT_HAS_VARIANT OFF)
+endif ()
+
 set(CMAKE_REQUIRED_FLAGS )
diff --git a/support/cmake/run-cmake.bat b/support/cmake/run-cmake.bat
deleted file mode 100644
index f18bb05..0000000
--- a/support/cmake/run-cmake.bat
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-@echo on
-rem This scripts configures build environment and runs CMake.
-rem Use it instead of running CMake directly when building with
-rem the Microsoft SDK toolchain rather than Visual Studio.
-rem It is used in the same way as cmake, for example:
-rem
-rem   run-cmake -G "Visual Studio 10 Win64" .
-
-for /F "delims=" %%i IN ('cmake "-DPRINT_PATH=1" -P %~dp0/FindSetEnv.cmake') DO set setenv=%%i
-if NOT "%setenv%" == "" call "%setenv%"
-cmake %*
diff --git a/support/manage.py b/support/manage.py
index 9bd2e48..e39beff 100755
--- a/support/manage.py
+++ b/support/manage.py
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 Usage:
   manage.py release [<branch>]
   manage.py site
+
+For the release command $FMT_TOKEN should contain a GitHub personal access token
+obtained from https://github.com/settings/tokens.
 """
 
 from __future__ import print_function
@@ -142,6 +145,7 @@
                 b.data = b.data.replace('std::FILE*', 'std::FILE *')
                 b.data = b.data.replace('unsigned int', 'unsigned')
                 b.data = b.data.replace('operator""_', 'operator"" _')
+                b.data = b.data.replace(', size_t', ', std::size_t')
         # Fix a broken link in index.rst.
         index = os.path.join(target_doc_dir, 'index.rst')
         with rewrite(index) as b:
diff --git a/support/rtd/index.rst b/support/rtd/index.rst
index 4a59e9b..7c88322 100644
--- a/support/rtd/index.rst
+++ b/support/rtd/index.rst
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 If you are not redirected automatically, follow the
-`link to the fmt documentation <http://fmtlib.net/latest/>`_.
+`link to the fmt documentation <https://fmt.dev/latest/>`_.
diff --git a/support/rtd/theme/layout.html b/support/rtd/theme/layout.html
index ee14086..29ebc55 100644
--- a/support/rtd/theme/layout.html
+++ b/support/rtd/theme/layout.html
@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 
 {% block extrahead %}
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
-<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1;url=http://fmtlib.net/latest/">
+<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="1;url=https://fmt.dev/latest/">
 <script type="text/javascript">
-    window.location.href = "http://fmtlib.net/latest/"
+    window.location.href = "https://fmt.dev/latest/"
 </script>
 <title>Page Redirection</title>
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block document %}
-If you are not redirected automatically, follow the <a href='http://fmtlib.net/latest/'>link to the fmt documentation</a>.
+If you are not redirected automatically, follow the <a href='https://fmt.dev/latest/'>link to the fmt documentation</a>.
 {% endblock %}
 
 {% block footer %}
diff --git a/support/travis-build.py b/support/travis-build.py
index d71a7ae..0cf73c8 100755
--- a/support/travis-build.py
+++ b/support/travis-build.py
@@ -83,19 +83,25 @@
 build_dir      = os.path.join(fmt_dir, "_build")
 test_build_dir = os.path.join(fmt_dir, "_build_test")
 
-# Configure library.
+# Configure the library.
 makedirs_if_not_exist(build_dir)
 cmake_flags = [
     '-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=' + install_dir, '-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=' + build,
     '-DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=' + standard
 ]
+
+# Make sure the fuzzers still compile.
+main_cmake_flags = list(cmake_flags)
+if 'ENABLE_FUZZING' in os.environ:
+    main_cmake_flags += ['-DFMT_FUZZ=ON', '-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=On']
+
 check_call(['cmake', '-DFMT_DOC=OFF', '-DFMT_PEDANTIC=ON', '-DFMT_WERROR=ON', fmt_dir] +
-           cmake_flags, cwd=build_dir)
+           main_cmake_flags, cwd=build_dir)
 
-# Build library.
-check_call(['make', '-j4'], cwd=build_dir)
+# Build the library.
+check_call(['cmake', '--build','.'], cwd=build_dir)
 
-# Test library.
+# Test the library.
 env = os.environ.copy()
 env['CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE'] = '1'
 if call(['make', 'test'], env=env, cwd=build_dir):
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@
         print(f.read())
     sys.exit(-1)
 
-# Install library.
+# Install the library.
 check_call(['make', 'install'], cwd=build_dir)
 
 # Test installation.
diff --git a/test/CMakeLists.txt b/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 70e19db..e399096 100644
--- a/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -17,13 +17,20 @@
   target_compile_definitions(gmock PUBLIC GTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=0)
 endif ()
 
-if (NOT SUPPORTS_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES OR NOT SUPPORTS_INITIALIZER_LIST)
+if (NOT SUPPORTS_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES)
   target_compile_definitions(gmock PUBLIC GTEST_LANG_CXX11=0)
 endif ()
 
-# Workaround a bug in implementation of variadic templates in MSVC11.
 if (MSVC)
+  # Workaround a bug in implementation of variadic templates in MSVC11.
   target_compile_definitions(gmock PUBLIC _VARIADIC_MAX=10)
+  
+  # Disable MSVC warnings of _CRT_INSECURE_DEPRECATE functions.
+  target_compile_definitions(gmock PRIVATE _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS)
+  if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")
+    # Disable MSVC warnings of POSIX functions.
+    target_compile_options(gmock PUBLIC -Wno-deprecated-declarations)
+  endif ()
 endif ()
 
 # GTest doesn't detect <tuple> with clang.
@@ -33,7 +40,7 @@
 
 # Silence MSVC tr1 deprecation warning in gmock.
 target_compile_definitions(gmock
-  PUBLIC _SILENCE_TR1_NAMESPACE_DEPRECATION_WARNING=0)
+  PUBLIC _SILENCE_TR1_NAMESPACE_DEPRECATION_WARNING=1)
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Build the actual library tests
@@ -74,9 +81,6 @@
   target_link_libraries(${name} test-main)
 
   # Define if certain C++ features can be used.
-  target_compile_definitions(${name} PRIVATE
-    FMT_USE_TYPE_TRAITS=$<BOOL:${SUPPORTS_TYPE_TRAITS}>
-    FMT_USE_ENUM_BASE=$<BOOL:${SUPPORTS_ENUM_BASE}>)
   if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
     target_compile_options(${name} PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
   endif ()
@@ -86,7 +90,10 @@
 
 add_fmt_test(assert-test)
 add_fmt_test(chrono-test)
+add_fmt_test(color-test)
 add_fmt_test(core-test)
+add_fmt_test(grisu-test)
+target_compile_definitions(grisu-test PRIVATE FMT_USE_GRISU=1)
 add_fmt_test(gtest-extra-test)
 add_fmt_test(format-test mock-allocator.h)
 if (NOT (MSVC AND BUILD_SHARED_LIBS))
@@ -94,10 +101,11 @@
 endif ()
 add_fmt_test(locale-test)
 add_fmt_test(ostream-test)
+add_fmt_test(compile-test)
 add_fmt_test(printf-test)
-add_fmt_test(time-test)
 add_fmt_test(custom-formatter-test)
 add_fmt_test(ranges-test)
+add_fmt_test(scan-test)
 
 if (HAVE_OPEN)
   add_fmt_executable(posix-mock-test
@@ -110,6 +118,9 @@
   if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
     target_compile_options(posix-mock-test PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
   endif ()
+  if (HAVE_STRTOD_L)
+    target_compile_definitions(posix-mock-test PRIVATE FMT_LOCALE)
+  endif ()
   add_test(NAME posix-mock-test COMMAND posix-mock-test)
   add_fmt_test(posix-test)
 endif ()
@@ -126,25 +137,37 @@
   target_compile_definitions(header-only-test PRIVATE FMT_HEADER_ONLY=1)
 endif ()
 
-# Test that the library can be compiled with exceptions disabled.
-# -fno-exception is broken in icc: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/822.
-if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Intel")
-  check_cxx_compiler_flag(-fno-exceptions HAVE_FNO_EXCEPTIONS_FLAG)
-endif ()
-if (HAVE_FNO_EXCEPTIONS_FLAG)
-  add_library(noexception-test ../src/format.cc)
-  target_include_directories(
-    noexception-test PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
-  target_compile_options(noexception-test PRIVATE -fno-exceptions)
-  if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
-    target_compile_options(noexception-test PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
-  endif ()
-  target_include_directories(noexception-test SYSTEM PUBLIC gtest gmock)
-endif ()
-
 message(STATUS "FMT_PEDANTIC: ${FMT_PEDANTIC}")
 
 if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
+  # MSVC fails to compile GMock when C++17 is enabled.
+  if (FMT_HAS_VARIANT AND NOT MSVC)
+    add_fmt_test(std-format-test)
+    set_property(TARGET std-format-test PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD 17)
+  endif ()
+
+  # Test that the library can be compiled with exceptions disabled.
+  # -fno-exception is broken in icc: https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/822.
+  if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "Intel")
+    check_cxx_compiler_flag(-fno-exceptions HAVE_FNO_EXCEPTIONS_FLAG)
+  endif ()
+  if (HAVE_FNO_EXCEPTIONS_FLAG)
+    add_library(noexception-test ../src/format.cc)
+    target_include_directories(
+      noexception-test PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+    target_compile_options(noexception-test PRIVATE -fno-exceptions)
+    if (FMT_PEDANTIC)
+      target_compile_options(noexception-test PRIVATE ${PEDANTIC_COMPILE_FLAGS})
+    endif ()
+  endif ()
+
+  # Test that the library compiles without locale.
+  add_library(nolocale-test ../src/format.cc)
+  target_include_directories(
+    nolocale-test PRIVATE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
+  target_compile_definitions(
+    nolocale-test PRIVATE FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR=1)
+
   # Test that the library compiles without windows.h.
   if (CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Windows")
     add_library(no-windows-h-test ../src/format.cc)
@@ -157,10 +180,10 @@
     target_include_directories(no-windows-h-test SYSTEM PUBLIC gtest gmock)
   endif ()
 
-  add_test(compile-test ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND}
+  add_test(compile-error-test ${CMAKE_CTEST_COMMAND}
     --build-and-test
-    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/compile-test"
-    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/compile-test"
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/compile-error-test"
+    "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/compile-error-test"
     --build-generator ${CMAKE_GENERATOR}
     --build-makeprogram ${CMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM}
     --build-options
diff --git a/test/assert-test.cc b/test/assert-test.cc
index 8af9b09..0679cee 100644
--- a/test/assert-test.cc
+++ b/test/assert-test.cc
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 #include "gtest.h"
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
-# define EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(statement, regex) \
+#  define EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(statement, regex) \
     EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(statement, regex)
 #else
-# define EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(statement, regex) \
+#  define EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(statement, regex) \
     GTEST_UNSUPPORTED_DEATH_TEST_(statement, regex, )
 #endif
 
 TEST(AssertTest, Fail) {
-  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
-      FMT_ASSERT(false, "don't panic!"), "don't panic!");
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(FMT_ASSERT(false, "don't panic!"),
+                                  "don't panic!");
 }
diff --git a/test/chrono-test.cc b/test/chrono-test.cc
index ec6092b..04b5f2f 100644
--- a/test/chrono-test.cc
+++ b/test/chrono-test.cc
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
 //
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
 
+#ifdef WIN32
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
 #include "fmt/chrono.h"
 #include "gtest-extra.h"
 
@@ -34,21 +38,71 @@
   return time;
 }
 
-std::string format_tm(const std::tm &time, const char *spec,
-                      const std::locale &loc) {
-  auto &facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<char>>(loc);
+std::string format_tm(const std::tm& time, const char* spec,
+                      const std::locale& loc) {
+  auto& facet = std::use_facet<std::time_put<char>>(loc);
   std::ostringstream os;
   os.imbue(loc);
   facet.put(os, os, ' ', &time, spec, spec + std::strlen(spec));
   return os.str();
 }
 
-#define EXPECT_TIME(spec, time, duration) { \
-    std::locale loc("ja_JP.utf8"); \
-    EXPECT_EQ(format_tm(time, spec, loc), \
+TEST(TimeTest, Format) {
+  std::tm tm = std::tm();
+  tm.tm_year = 116;
+  tm.tm_mon = 3;
+  tm.tm_mday = 25;
+  EXPECT_EQ("The date is 2016-04-25.",
+            fmt::format("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", tm));
+}
+
+TEST(TimeTest, GrowBuffer) {
+  std::string s = "{:";
+  for (int i = 0; i < 30; ++i) s += "%c";
+  s += "}\n";
+  std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+  fmt::format(s, *std::localtime(&t));
+}
+
+TEST(TimeTest, FormatToEmptyContainer) {
+  std::string s;
+  auto time = std::tm();
+  time.tm_sec = 42;
+  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(s), "{:%S}", time);
+  EXPECT_EQ(s, "42");
+}
+
+TEST(TimeTest, EmptyResult) { EXPECT_EQ("", fmt::format("{}", std::tm())); }
+
+static bool EqualTime(const std::tm& lhs, const std::tm& rhs) {
+  return lhs.tm_sec == rhs.tm_sec && lhs.tm_min == rhs.tm_min &&
+         lhs.tm_hour == rhs.tm_hour && lhs.tm_mday == rhs.tm_mday &&
+         lhs.tm_mon == rhs.tm_mon && lhs.tm_year == rhs.tm_year &&
+         lhs.tm_wday == rhs.tm_wday && lhs.tm_yday == rhs.tm_yday &&
+         lhs.tm_isdst == rhs.tm_isdst;
+}
+
+TEST(TimeTest, LocalTime) {
+  std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+  std::tm tm = *std::localtime(&t);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(EqualTime(tm, fmt::localtime(t)));
+}
+
+TEST(TimeTest, GMTime) {
+  std::time_t t = std::time(nullptr);
+  std::tm tm = *std::gmtime(&t);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(EqualTime(tm, fmt::gmtime(t)));
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_TIME(spec, time, duration)                 \
+  {                                                       \
+    std::locale loc("ja_JP.utf8");                        \
+    EXPECT_EQ(format_tm(time, spec, loc),                 \
               fmt::format(loc, "{:" spec "}", duration)); \
   }
 
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+
 TEST(ChronoTest, FormatDefault) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42s", fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::seconds(42)));
   EXPECT_EQ("42as",
@@ -83,12 +137,12 @@
             fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::duration<int, std::exa>(42)));
   EXPECT_EQ("42m", fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::minutes(42)));
   EXPECT_EQ("42h", fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::hours(42)));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42[15]s",
-            fmt::format("{}",
-                        std::chrono::duration<int, std::ratio<15, 1>>(42)));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42[15/4]s",
-            fmt::format("{}",
-                        std::chrono::duration<int, std::ratio<15, 4>>(42)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "42[15]s",
+      fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::duration<int, std::ratio<15, 1>>(42)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "42[15/4]s",
+      fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::duration<int, std::ratio<15, 4>>(42)));
 }
 
 TEST(ChronoTest, Align) {
@@ -103,7 +157,8 @@
             fmt::format("{:>12%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
   EXPECT_EQ("~~03:25:45~~",
             fmt::format("{:~^12%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
-
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:25:45    ",
+            fmt::format("{:{}%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345), 12));
 }
 
 TEST(ChronoTest, FormatSpecs) {
@@ -131,6 +186,8 @@
             fmt::format("{:%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
   EXPECT_EQ("03:25", fmt::format("{:%R}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
   EXPECT_EQ("03:25:45", fmt::format("{:%T}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12345", fmt::format("{:%Q}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("s", fmt::format("{:%q}", std::chrono::seconds(12345)));
 }
 
 TEST(ChronoTest, InvalidSpecs) {
@@ -151,8 +208,6 @@
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:%B}", sec), fmt::format_error, "no date");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:%z}", sec), fmt::format_error, "no date");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:%Z}", sec), fmt::format_error, "no date");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:%q}", sec), fmt::format_error,
-                   "invalid format");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:%Eq}", sec), fmt::format_error,
                    "invalid format");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:%Oq}", sec), fmt::format_error,
@@ -160,13 +215,14 @@
 }
 
 TEST(ChronoTest, Locale) {
-  const char *loc_name = "ja_JP.utf8";
+  const char* loc_name = "ja_JP.utf8";
   bool has_locale = false;
   std::locale loc;
   try {
     loc = std::locale(loc_name);
     has_locale = true;
-  } catch (const std::runtime_error &) {}
+  } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
+  }
   if (!has_locale) {
     fmt::print("{} locale is missing.\n", loc_name);
     return;
@@ -183,3 +239,106 @@
   EXPECT_TIME("%r", time, sec);
   EXPECT_TIME("%p", time, sec);
 }
+
+typedef std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli> dms;
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, FormatDefaultFP) {
+  typedef std::chrono::duration<float> fs;
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234s", fmt::format("{}", fs(1.234)));
+  typedef std::chrono::duration<float, std::milli> fms;
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234ms", fmt::format("{}", fms(1.234)));
+  typedef std::chrono::duration<double> ds;
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234s", fmt::format("{}", ds(1.234)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234ms", fmt::format("{}", dms(1.234)));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, FormatPrecision) {
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:.2}", std::chrono::seconds(42)),
+                   fmt::format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.2ms", fmt::format("{:.1}", dms(1.234)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.23ms", fmt::format("{:.{}}", dms(1.234), 2));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, FormatFullSpecs) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.2ms ", fmt::format("{:6.1}", dms(1.234)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("  1.23ms", fmt::format("{:>8.{}}", dms(1.234), 2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 1.2ms ", fmt::format("{:^{}.{}}", dms(1.234), 7, 1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 1.23ms ", fmt::format("{0:^{2}.{1}}", dms(1.234), 2, 8));
+  EXPECT_EQ("=1.234ms=", fmt::format("{:=^{}.{}}", dms(1.234), 9, 3));
+  EXPECT_EQ("*1.2340ms*", fmt::format("{:*^10.4}", dms(1.234)));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, FormatSimpleQq) {
+  typedef std::chrono::duration<float> fs;
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234 s", fmt::format("{:%Q %q}", fs(1.234)));
+  typedef std::chrono::duration<float, std::milli> fms;
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234 ms", fmt::format("{:%Q %q}", fms(1.234)));
+  typedef std::chrono::duration<double> ds;
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234 s", fmt::format("{:%Q %q}", ds(1.234)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.234 ms", fmt::format("{:%Q %q}", dms(1.234)));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, FormatPrecisionQq) {
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::format("{:.2%Q %q}", std::chrono::seconds(42)),
+                   fmt::format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.2 ms", fmt::format("{:.1%Q %q}", dms(1.234)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.23 ms", fmt::format("{:.{}%Q %q}", dms(1.234), 2));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, FormatFullSpecsQq) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.2 ms ", fmt::format("{:7.1%Q %q}", dms(1.234)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 1.23 ms", fmt::format("{:>8.{}%Q %q}", dms(1.234), 2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 1.2 ms ", fmt::format("{:^{}.{}%Q %q}", dms(1.234), 8, 1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 1.23 ms ", fmt::format("{0:^{2}.{1}%Q %q}", dms(1.234), 2, 9));
+  EXPECT_EQ("=1.234 ms=", fmt::format("{:=^{}.{}%Q %q}", dms(1.234), 10, 3));
+  EXPECT_EQ("*1.2340 ms*", fmt::format("{:*^11.4%Q %q}", dms(1.234)));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, InvalidWidthId) {
+  EXPECT_THROW(fmt::format("{:{o}", std::chrono::seconds(0)),
+               fmt::format_error);
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, InvalidColons) {
+  EXPECT_THROW(fmt::format("{0}=:{0::", std::chrono::seconds(0)),
+               fmt::format_error);
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, NegativeDurations) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("-12345", fmt::format("{:%Q}", std::chrono::seconds(-12345)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-03:25:45",
+            fmt::format("{:%H:%M:%S}", std::chrono::seconds(-12345)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-00:01",
+            fmt::format("{:%M:%S}", std::chrono::duration<double>(-1)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("s", fmt::format("{:%q}", std::chrono::seconds(-12345)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-00.127",
+            fmt::format("{:%S}",
+                        std::chrono::duration<signed char, std::milli>{-127}));
+  auto min = std::numeric_limits<int>::min();
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", min),
+            fmt::format("{:%Q}", std::chrono::duration<int>(min)));
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoTest, SpecialDurations) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "40.",
+      fmt::format("{:%S}", std::chrono::duration<double>(1e20)).substr(0, 3));
+  auto nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "nan nan nan nan nan:nan nan",
+      fmt::format("{:%I %H %M %S %R %r}", std::chrono::duration<double>(nan)));
+  fmt::format("{:%S}",
+              std::chrono::duration<float, std::atto>(1.79400457e+31f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::duration<float, std::exa>(1)),
+            "1Es");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", std::chrono::duration<float, std::atto>(1)),
+            "1as");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:%R}", std::chrono::duration<char, std::mega>{2}),
+            "03:33");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:%T}", std::chrono::duration<char, std::mega>{2}),
+            "03:33:20");
+}
+
+#endif  // FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
diff --git a/test/color-test.cc b/test/color-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62cfca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/color-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - color tests
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/color.h"
+#include "gtest-extra.h"
+
+TEST(ColorsTest, ColorsPrint) {
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fg(fmt::rgb(255, 20, 30)), "rgb(255,20,30)"),
+               "\x1b[38;2;255;020;030mrgb(255,20,30)\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::blue), "blue"),
+               "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(
+      stdout,
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::blue) | bg(fmt::color::red), "two color"),
+      "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255m\x1b[48;2;255;000;000mtwo color\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold"),
+               "\x1b[1mbold\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::italic, "italic"),
+               "\x1b[3mitalic\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::underline, "underline"),
+               "\x1b[4munderline\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
+               fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::strikethrough, "strikethrough"),
+               "\x1b[9mstrikethrough\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(
+      stdout,
+      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::blue) | fmt::emphasis::bold, "blue/bold"),
+      "\x1b[1m\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue/bold\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, fmt::print(stderr, fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold error"),
+               "\x1b[1mbold error\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, fmt::print(stderr, fg(fmt::color::blue), "blue log"),
+               "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue log\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::text_style(), "hi"), "hi");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::red), "tred"),
+               "\x1b[31mtred\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(bg(fmt::terminal_color::cyan), "tcyan"),
+               "\x1b[46mtcyan\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
+               fmt::print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::bright_green), "tbgreen"),
+               "\x1b[92mtbgreen\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
+               fmt::print(bg(fmt::terminal_color::bright_magenta), "tbmagenta"),
+               "\x1b[105mtbmagenta\x1b[0m");
+}
+
+TEST(ColorsTest, ColorsFormat) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fg(fmt::rgb(255, 20, 30)), "rgb(255,20,30)"),
+            "\x1b[38;2;255;020;030mrgb(255,20,30)\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fg(fmt::color::blue), "blue"),
+            "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      fmt::format(fg(fmt::color::blue) | bg(fmt::color::red), "two color"),
+      "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255m\x1b[48;2;255;000;000mtwo color\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold"), "\x1b[1mbold\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::italic, "italic"),
+            "\x1b[3mitalic\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::underline, "underline"),
+            "\x1b[4munderline\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::strikethrough, "strikethrough"),
+            "\x1b[9mstrikethrough\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      fmt::format(fg(fmt::color::blue) | fmt::emphasis::bold, "blue/bold"),
+      "\x1b[1m\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue/bold\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold error"),
+            "\x1b[1mbold error\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fg(fmt::color::blue), "blue log"),
+            "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue log\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::text_style(), "hi"), "hi");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fg(fmt::terminal_color::red), "tred"),
+            "\x1b[31mtred\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(bg(fmt::terminal_color::cyan), "tcyan"),
+            "\x1b[46mtcyan\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fg(fmt::terminal_color::bright_green), "tbgreen"),
+            "\x1b[92mtbgreen\x1b[0m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(bg(fmt::terminal_color::bright_magenta), "tbmagenta"),
+            "\x1b[105mtbmagenta\x1b[0m");
+}
diff --git a/test/compile-test/CMakeLists.txt b/test/compile-error-test/CMakeLists.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from test/compile-test/CMakeLists.txt
rename to test/compile-error-test/CMakeLists.txt
diff --git a/test/compile-test.cc b/test/compile-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32a1da0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/compile-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - formatting library tests
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cfloat>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <deque>
+#include <list>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+// Check if fmt/compile.h compiles with windows.h included before it.
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "fmt/compile.h"
+#include "gmock.h"
+#include "gtest-extra.h"
+#include "mock-allocator.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+#undef ERROR
+#undef min
+#undef max
+
+using testing::Return;
+using testing::StrictMock;
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+bool operator==(const internal::string_view_metadata& lhs,
+                const internal::string_view_metadata& rhs) {
+  return std::tie(lhs.offset_, lhs.size_) == std::tie(rhs.offset_, rhs.size_);
+}
+bool operator!=(const internal::string_view_metadata& lhs,
+                const internal::string_view_metadata& rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+bool operator==(const format_part<char>::specification& lhs,
+                const format_part<char>::specification& rhs) {
+  if (lhs.arg_id.which != rhs.arg_id.which) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  typedef format_part<char>::argument_id::which_arg_id which_arg_id;
+  switch (lhs.arg_id.which) {
+  case which_arg_id::index: {
+    if (lhs.arg_id.val.index != rhs.arg_id.val.index) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  } break;
+  case which_arg_id::named_index: {
+    if (lhs.arg_id.val.named_index != rhs.arg_id.val.named_index) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  } break;
+  }
+
+  return std::tie(lhs.parsed_specs.width, lhs.parsed_specs.fill[0],
+                  lhs.parsed_specs.align, lhs.parsed_specs.precision,
+                  lhs.parsed_specs.sign, lhs.parsed_specs.type) ==
+         std::tie(rhs.parsed_specs.width, rhs.parsed_specs.fill[0],
+                  rhs.parsed_specs.align, rhs.parsed_specs.precision,
+                  rhs.parsed_specs.sign, rhs.parsed_specs.type);
+}
+
+bool operator!=(const format_part<char>::specification& lhs,
+                const format_part<char>::specification& rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+
+bool operator==(const format_part<char>& lhs,
+                const fmt::internal::format_part<char>& rhs) {
+  typedef format_part<char>::kind kind;
+
+  if (lhs.which != rhs.which ||
+      lhs.end_of_argument_id != rhs.end_of_argument_id) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  switch (lhs.which) {
+  case kind::argument_id: {
+    return lhs.val.arg_id == rhs.val.arg_id;
+  }
+
+  case kind::named_argument_id: {
+    return lhs.val.named_arg_id == rhs.val.named_arg_id;
+  }
+
+  case kind::text: {
+    return lhs.val.text == rhs.val.text;
+  }
+
+  case kind::specification: {
+    return lhs.val.spec == rhs.val.spec;
+  }
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool operator!=(const fmt::internal::format_part<char>& lhs,
+                const fmt::internal::format_part<char>& rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(CompileTest, FormatPart_ComparisonOperators) {
+  typedef fmt::internal::format_part<char> format_part;
+  typedef fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> prepared_specs;
+
+  {
+    const auto part = format_part(0u);
+    const auto other = format_part(0u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(part, other);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto lhs = format_part(0u);
+    const auto rhs = format_part(1u);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto lhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    const auto rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto lhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    const auto rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 4422));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    auto lhs = format_part(0u);
+    auto rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    rhs = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 0));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    auto lhs = format_part(0u);
+    lhs.end_of_argument_id = 42;
+    auto rhs = format_part(0u);
+    rhs.end_of_argument_id = 42;
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+    rhs.end_of_argument_id = 13;
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto specs_argument_id = 0u;
+    const auto specs_named_argument_id =
+        fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42);
+    auto specs = format_part::specification(0u);
+    auto lhs = format_part(specs);
+    auto rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    specs = format_part::specification(specs_named_argument_id);
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    rhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_EQ(lhs, rhs);
+
+    auto lhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    auto rhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_named_argument_id);
+    lhs = format_part(lhs_spec);
+    rhs = format_part(rhs_spec);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+
+    lhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    rhs_spec = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    lhs_spec.parsed_specs.precision = 1;
+    rhs_spec.parsed_specs.precision = 2;
+    lhs = format_part(lhs_spec);
+    rhs = format_part(rhs_spec);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+  {
+    const auto specs_argument_id = 0u;
+    const auto specs_named_argument_id =
+        fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42);
+    auto specs = format_part::specification(specs_argument_id);
+    auto lhs = format_part(specs);
+    auto rhs = format_part(0u);
+    auto rhs2 = format_part(fmt::internal::string_view_metadata(0, 42));
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part{specs};
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+
+    specs = format_part::specification(specs_named_argument_id);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+
+    specs.parsed_specs = prepared_specs();
+    lhs = format_part(specs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs);
+    EXPECT_NE(lhs, rhs2);
+  }
+}
+
+// compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider is useful only with relaxed
+// constexpr.
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+template <unsigned EXPECTED_PARTS_COUNT, typename Format>
+void check_prepared_parts_type(Format format) {
+  typedef fmt::internal::compiletime_prepared_parts_type_provider<decltype(
+      format)>
+      provider;
+  typedef typename provider::template format_parts_array<EXPECTED_PARTS_COUNT>
+      expected_parts_type;
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_same<typename provider::type, expected_parts_type>::value,
+      "CompileTimePreparedPartsTypeProvider test failed");
+}
+
+TEST(CompileTest, CompileTimePreparedPartsTypeProvider) {
+  check_prepared_parts_type<1u>(FMT_STRING("text"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<1u>(FMT_STRING("{}"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("text{}"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("{}text"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("text{}text"));
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("{:{}.{}} {:{}}"));
+
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("{{{}}}"));   // '{', 'argument', '}'
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("text{{"));   // 'text', '{'
+  check_prepared_parts_type<3u>(FMT_STRING("text{{ "));  // 'text', '{', ' '
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("}}text"));   // '}', text
+  check_prepared_parts_type<2u>(FMT_STRING("text}}text"));  // 'text}', 'text'
+  check_prepared_parts_type<4u>(
+      FMT_STRING("text{{}}text"));  // 'text', '{', '}', 'text'
+}
+#endif
+
+class custom_parts_container {
+ public:
+  typedef fmt::internal::format_part<char> format_part_type;
+
+ private:
+  typedef std::deque<format_part_type> parts;
+
+ public:
+  void add(format_part_type part) { parts_.push_back(std::move(part)); }
+
+  void substitute_last(format_part_type part) {
+    parts_.back() = std::move(part);
+  }
+
+  format_part_type last() { return parts_.back(); }
+
+  auto begin() -> decltype(std::declval<parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto begin() const -> decltype(std::declval<const parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.begin();
+  }
+
+  auto end() -> decltype(std::declval<parts>().begin()) { return parts_.end(); }
+
+  auto end() const -> decltype(std::declval<const parts>().begin()) {
+    return parts_.end();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  parts parts_;
+};
+
+TEST(CompileTest, PassStringLiteralFormat) {
+  const auto prepared = fmt::compile<int>("test {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", fmt::format(prepared, 42));
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::compile<int>(L"test {}");
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", fmt::format(wprepared, 42));
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+TEST(CompileTest, PassCompileString) {
+  const auto prepared = fmt::compile<int>(FMT_STRING("test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("test 42", fmt::format(prepared, 42));
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::compile<int>(FMT_STRING(L"test {}"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"test 42", fmt::format(wprepared, 42));
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(CompileTest, FormatToArrayOfChars) {
+  char buffer[32] = {0};
+  const auto prepared = fmt::compile<int>("4{}");
+  fmt::format_to(fmt::internal::make_checked(buffer, 32), prepared, 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string("42"), buffer);
+  wchar_t wbuffer[32] = {0};
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::compile<int>(L"4{}");
+  fmt::format_to(fmt::internal::make_checked(wbuffer, 32), wprepared, 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::wstring(L"42"), wbuffer);
+}
+
+TEST(CompileTest, FormatToIterator) {
+  std::string s(2, ' ');
+  const auto prepared = fmt::compile<int>("4{}");
+  fmt::format_to(s.begin(), prepared, 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("42", s);
+  std::wstring ws(2, L' ');
+  const auto wprepared = fmt::compile<int>(L"4{}");
+  fmt::format_to(ws.begin(), wprepared, 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"42", ws);
+}
+
+TEST(CompileTest, FormatToN) {
+  char buf[5];
+  auto f = fmt::compile<int>("{:10}");
+  auto result = fmt::format_to_n(buf, 5, f, 42);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result.size, 10);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result.out, buf + 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::string_view(buf, 5), "     ");
+}
+
+TEST(CompileTest, FormattedSize) {
+  auto f = fmt::compile<int>("{:10}");
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::formatted_size(f, 42), 10);
+}
diff --git a/test/core-test.cc b/test/core-test.cc
index ef2cdb8..0de26db 100644
--- a/test/core-test.cc
+++ b/test/core-test.cc
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <memory>
 
 #include "test-assert.h"
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 // Check if fmt/core.h compiles with windows.h included before it.
 #ifdef _WIN32
-# include <windows.h>
+#  include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
 #include "fmt/core.h"
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
 #undef max
 
 using fmt::basic_format_arg;
-using fmt::internal::basic_buffer;
-using fmt::internal::value;
 using fmt::string_view;
+using fmt::internal::buffer;
+using fmt::internal::value;
 
 using testing::_;
 using testing::StrictMock;
@@ -42,24 +42,23 @@
 struct test_struct {};
 
 template <typename Context, typename T>
-basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T &value) {
+basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
   return fmt::internal::make_arg<Context>(value);
 }
 }  // namespace
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-template <typename Char>
-struct formatter<test_struct, Char> {
+template <typename Char> struct formatter<test_struct, Char> {
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     return ctx.begin();
   }
 
-  typedef std::back_insert_iterator<basic_buffer<Char>> iterator;
+  typedef std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<Char>> iterator;
 
-  auto format(test_struct, basic_format_context<iterator, char> &ctx)
+  auto format(test_struct, basic_format_context<iterator, char>& ctx)
       -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    const Char *test = "test";
+    const Char* test = "test";
     return std::copy_n(test, std::strlen(test), ctx.out());
   }
 };
@@ -67,31 +66,29 @@
 
 #if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 470
 TEST(BufferTest, Noncopyable) {
-  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_constructible<basic_buffer<char> >::value);
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_constructible<buffer<char>>::value);
+#  if !FMT_MSC_VER
   // std::is_copy_assignable is broken in MSVC2013.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_assignable<basic_buffer<char> >::value);
-#endif
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_assignable<buffer<char>>::value);
+#  endif
 }
 
 TEST(BufferTest, Nonmoveable) {
-  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_move_constructible<basic_buffer<char> >::value);
-#if !FMT_MSC_VER
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_move_constructible<buffer<char>>::value);
+#  if !FMT_MSC_VER
   // std::is_move_assignable is broken in MSVC2013.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_move_assignable<basic_buffer<char> >::value);
-#endif
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_move_assignable<buffer<char>>::value);
+#  endif
 }
 #endif
 
 // A test buffer with a dummy grow method.
-template <typename T>
-struct test_buffer : basic_buffer<T> {
-  void grow(std::size_t capacity) { this->set(FMT_NULL, capacity); }
+template <typename T> struct test_buffer : buffer<T> {
+  void grow(std::size_t capacity) { this->set(nullptr, capacity); }
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-struct mock_buffer : basic_buffer<T> {
-  MOCK_METHOD1(do_grow, void (std::size_t capacity));
+template <typename T> struct mock_buffer : buffer<T> {
+  MOCK_METHOD1(do_grow, void(std::size_t capacity));
 
   void grow(std::size_t capacity) {
     this->set(this->data(), capacity);
@@ -99,14 +96,14 @@
   }
 
   mock_buffer() {}
-  mock_buffer(T *data) { this->set(data, 0); }
-  mock_buffer(T *data, std::size_t capacity) { this->set(data, capacity); }
+  mock_buffer(T* data) { this->set(data, 0); }
+  mock_buffer(T* data, std::size_t capacity) { this->set(data, capacity); }
 };
 
 TEST(BufferTest, Ctor) {
   {
     mock_buffer<int> buffer;
-    EXPECT_EQ(FMT_NULL, &buffer[0]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, &buffer[0]);
     EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(0), buffer.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(0), buffer.capacity());
   }
@@ -134,9 +131,9 @@
 
 TEST(BufferTest, VirtualDtor) {
   typedef StrictMock<dying_buffer> stict_mock_buffer;
-  stict_mock_buffer *mock_buffer = new stict_mock_buffer();
+  stict_mock_buffer* mock_buffer = new stict_mock_buffer();
   EXPECT_CALL(*mock_buffer, die());
-  basic_buffer<int> *buffer = mock_buffer;
+  buffer<int>* buffer = mock_buffer;
   delete buffer;
 }
 
@@ -147,7 +144,7 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(11, buffer[0]);
   buffer[3] = 42;
   EXPECT_EQ(42, *(&buffer[0] + 3));
-  const basic_buffer<char> &const_buffer = buffer;
+  const fmt::internal::buffer<char>& const_buffer = buffer;
   EXPECT_EQ(42, const_buffer[3]);
 }
 
@@ -182,7 +179,7 @@
 TEST(BufferTest, Append) {
   char data[15];
   mock_buffer<char> buffer(data, 10);
-  const char *test = "test";
+  const char* test = "test";
   buffer.append(test, test + 5);
   EXPECT_STREQ(test, &buffer[0]);
   EXPECT_EQ(5u, buffer.size());
@@ -197,7 +194,7 @@
 TEST(BufferTest, AppendAllocatesEnoughStorage) {
   char data[19];
   mock_buffer<char> buffer(data, 10);
-  const char *test = "abcdefgh";
+  const char* test = "abcdefgh";
   buffer.resize(10);
   EXPECT_CALL(buffer, do_grow(19));
   buffer.append(test, test + 9);
@@ -211,35 +208,31 @@
 struct custom_context {
   typedef char char_type;
 
-  template <typename T>
-  struct formatter_type {
-    struct type {
-      template <typename ParseContext>
-      auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
-        return ctx.begin();
-      }
+  template <typename T> struct formatter_type {
+    template <typename ParseContext>
+    auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+      return ctx.begin();
+    }
 
-      const char *format(const T &, custom_context& ctx) {
-        ctx.called = true;
-        return FMT_NULL;
-      }
-    };
+    const char* format(const T&, custom_context& ctx) {
+      ctx.called = true;
+      return nullptr;
+    }
   };
 
   bool called;
+  fmt::format_parse_context ctx;
 
-  fmt::format_parse_context parse_context() {
-    return fmt::format_parse_context("");
-  }
-  void advance_to(const char *) {}
+  fmt::format_parse_context& parse_context() { return ctx; }
+  void advance_to(const char*) {}
 };
 
 TEST(ArgTest, MakeValueWithCustomContext) {
   test_struct t;
-  fmt::internal::value<custom_context> arg =
-      fmt::internal::make_value<custom_context>(t);
-  custom_context ctx = {false};
-  arg.custom.format(&t, ctx);
+  fmt::internal::value<custom_context> arg(
+      fmt::internal::arg_mapper<custom_context>().map(t));
+  custom_context ctx = {false, fmt::format_parse_context("")};
+  arg.custom.format(&t, ctx.parse_context(), ctx);
   EXPECT_TRUE(ctx.called);
 }
 
@@ -249,40 +242,35 @@
 bool operator==(custom_value<Char> lhs, custom_value<Char> rhs) {
   return lhs.value == rhs.value;
 }
-}
+}  // namespace internal
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE
 
 // Use a unique result type to make sure that there are no undesirable
 // conversions.
 struct test_result {};
 
-template <typename T>
-struct mock_visitor {
-  template <typename U>
-  struct result { typedef test_result type; };
+template <typename T> struct mock_visitor {
+  template <typename U> struct result { typedef test_result type; };
 
   mock_visitor() {
     ON_CALL(*this, visit(_)).WillByDefault(testing::Return(test_result()));
   }
 
-  MOCK_METHOD1_T(visit, test_result (T value));
-  MOCK_METHOD0_T(unexpected, void ());
+  MOCK_METHOD1_T(visit, test_result(T value));
+  MOCK_METHOD0_T(unexpected, void());
 
   test_result operator()(T value) { return visit(value); }
 
-  template <typename U>
-  test_result operator()(U) {
+  template <typename U> test_result operator()(U) {
     unexpected();
     return test_result();
   }
 };
 
-template <typename T>
-struct visit_type { typedef T Type; };
+template <typename T> struct visit_type { typedef T Type; };
 
 #define VISIT_TYPE(Type_, visit_type_) \
-  template <> \
-  struct visit_type<Type_> { typedef visit_type_ Type; }
+  template <> struct visit_type<Type_> { typedef visit_type_ Type; }
 
 VISIT_TYPE(signed char, int);
 VISIT_TYPE(unsigned char, unsigned);
@@ -299,28 +287,30 @@
 
 VISIT_TYPE(float, double);
 
-#define CHECK_ARG_(Char, expected, value) { \
-  testing::StrictMock<mock_visitor<decltype(expected)>> visitor; \
-  EXPECT_CALL(visitor, visit(expected)); \
-  typedef std::back_insert_iterator<basic_buffer<Char>> iterator; \
-  fmt::visit(visitor, \
-      make_arg<fmt::basic_format_context<iterator, Char>>(value)); \
-}
+#define CHECK_ARG_(Char, expected, value)                                     \
+  {                                                                           \
+    testing::StrictMock<mock_visitor<decltype(expected)>> visitor;            \
+    EXPECT_CALL(visitor, visit(expected));                                    \
+    typedef std::back_insert_iterator<buffer<Char>> iterator;                 \
+    fmt::visit_format_arg(                                                    \
+        visitor, make_arg<fmt::basic_format_context<iterator, Char>>(value)); \
+  }
 
-#define CHECK_ARG(value, typename_) { \
-  typedef decltype(value) value_type; \
-  typename_ visit_type<value_type>::Type expected = value; \
-  CHECK_ARG_(char, expected, value) \
-  CHECK_ARG_(wchar_t, expected, value) \
-}
+#define CHECK_ARG(value, typename_)                          \
+  {                                                          \
+    typedef decltype(value) value_type;                      \
+    typename_ visit_type<value_type>::Type expected = value; \
+    CHECK_ARG_(char, expected, value)                        \
+    CHECK_ARG_(wchar_t, expected, value)                     \
+  }
 
-template <typename T>
-class NumericArgTest : public testing::Test {};
+template <typename T> class NumericArgTest : public testing::Test {};
 
-typedef ::testing::Types<
-  bool, signed char, unsigned char, signed, unsigned short,
-  int, unsigned, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
-  float, double, long double> Types;
+typedef ::testing::Types<bool, signed char, unsigned char, signed,
+                         unsigned short, int, unsigned, long, unsigned long,
+                         long long, unsigned long long, float, double,
+                         long double>
+    Types;
 TYPED_TEST_CASE(NumericArgTest, Types);
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -330,7 +320,7 @@
 
 template <typename T>
 typename std::enable_if<std::is_floating_point<T>::value, T>::type
-    test_value() {
+test_value() {
   return static_cast<T>(4.2);
 }
 
@@ -348,8 +338,8 @@
 
 TEST(ArgTest, StringArg) {
   char str_data[] = "test";
-  char *str = str_data;
-  const char *cstr = str;
+  char* str = str_data;
+  const char* cstr = str;
   CHECK_ARG_(char, cstr, str);
 
   string_view sref(str);
@@ -358,8 +348,8 @@
 
 TEST(ArgTest, WStringArg) {
   wchar_t str_data[] = L"test";
-  wchar_t *str = str_data;
-  const wchar_t *cstr = str;
+  wchar_t* str = str_data;
+  const wchar_t* cstr = str;
 
   fmt::wstring_view sref(str);
   CHECK_ARG_(wchar_t, cstr, str);
@@ -369,8 +359,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(ArgTest, PointerArg) {
-  void *p = FMT_NULL;
-  const void *cp = FMT_NULL;
+  void* p = nullptr;
+  const void* cp = nullptr;
   CHECK_ARG_(char, cp, p);
   CHECK_ARG_(wchar_t, cp, p);
   CHECK_ARG(cp, );
@@ -379,14 +369,15 @@
 struct check_custom {
   test_result operator()(
       fmt::basic_format_arg<fmt::format_context>::handle h) const {
-    struct test_buffer : fmt::internal::basic_buffer<char> {
+    struct test_buffer : fmt::internal::buffer<char> {
       char data[10];
-      test_buffer() : fmt::internal::basic_buffer<char>(data, 0, 10) {}
+      test_buffer() : fmt::internal::buffer<char>(data, 0, 10) {}
       void grow(std::size_t) {}
     } buffer;
-    fmt::internal::basic_buffer<char> &base = buffer;
-    fmt::format_context ctx(std::back_inserter(base), "", fmt::format_args());
-    h.format(ctx);
+    fmt::internal::buffer<char>& base = buffer;
+    fmt::format_parse_context parse_ctx("");
+    fmt::format_context ctx(std::back_inserter(base), fmt::format_args());
+    h.format(parse_ctx, ctx);
     EXPECT_EQ("test", std::string(buffer.data, buffer.size()));
     return test_result();
   }
@@ -395,17 +386,17 @@
 TEST(ArgTest, CustomArg) {
   test_struct test;
   typedef mock_visitor<fmt::basic_format_arg<fmt::format_context>::handle>
-    visitor;
+      visitor;
   testing::StrictMock<visitor> v;
   EXPECT_CALL(v, visit(_)).WillOnce(testing::Invoke(check_custom()));
-  fmt::visit(v, make_arg<fmt::format_context>(test));
+  fmt::visit_format_arg(v, make_arg<fmt::format_context>(test));
 }
 
 TEST(ArgTest, VisitInvalidArg) {
-  testing::StrictMock< mock_visitor<fmt::monostate> > visitor;
+  testing::StrictMock<mock_visitor<fmt::monostate>> visitor;
   EXPECT_CALL(visitor, visit(_));
   fmt::basic_format_arg<fmt::format_context> arg;
-  visit(visitor, arg);
+  fmt::visit_format_arg(visitor, arg);
 }
 
 TEST(StringViewTest, Length) {
@@ -416,9 +407,8 @@
 }
 
 // Check string_view's comparison operator.
-template <template <typename> class Op>
-void check_op() {
-  const char *inputs[] = {"foo", "fop", "fo"};
+template <template <typename> class Op> void check_op() {
+  const char* inputs[] = {"foo", "fop", "fo"};
   std::size_t num_inputs = sizeof(inputs) / sizeof(*inputs);
   for (std::size_t i = 0; i < num_inputs; ++i) {
     for (std::size_t j = 0; j < num_inputs; ++j) {
@@ -442,63 +432,89 @@
   check_op<std::greater_equal>();
 }
 
-enum basic_enum {};
+struct enabled_formatter {};
+struct disabled_formatter {};
+struct disabled_formatter_convertible {
+  operator int() const { return 42; }
+};
 
-TEST(CoreTest, ConvertToInt) {
-  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::convert_to_int<char, char>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::convert_to_int<const char *, char>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::convert_to_int<basic_enum, char>::value));
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <> struct formatter<enabled_formatter> {
+  auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+  auto format(enabled_formatter, format_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(CoreTest, HasFormatter) {
+  using fmt::internal::has_formatter;
+  using context = fmt::format_context;
+  EXPECT_TRUE((has_formatter<enabled_formatter, context>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((has_formatter<disabled_formatter, context>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((has_formatter<disabled_formatter_convertible, context>::value));
 }
 
-enum enum_with_underlying_type : char {};
+struct convertible_to_int {
+  operator int() const { return 42; }
+};
 
-TEST(CoreTest, IsEnumConvertibleToInt) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::convert_to_int<enum_with_underlying_type, char>::value));
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <> struct formatter<convertible_to_int> {
+  auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+  auto format(convertible_to_int, format_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return std::copy_n("foo", 3, ctx.out());
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(CoreTest, FormatterOverridesImplicitConversion) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", convertible_to_int()), "foo");
 }
 
 namespace my_ns {
-template <typename Char>
-class my_string {
+template <typename Char> class my_string {
  public:
-  my_string(const Char *s) : s_(s) {}
-  const Char * data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return s_.data(); }
+  my_string(const Char* s) : s_(s) {}
+  const Char* data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return s_.data(); }
   std::size_t length() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return s_.size(); }
   operator const Char*() const { return s_.c_str(); }
+
  private:
   std::basic_string<Char> s_;
 };
 
 template <typename Char>
-inline fmt::basic_string_view<Char>
-    to_string_view(const my_string<Char> &s) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return { s.data(), s.length() };
+inline fmt::basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(const my_string<Char>& s)
+    FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return {s.data(), s.length()};
 }
 
 struct non_string {};
-}
+}  // namespace my_ns
 
 namespace FakeQt {
 class QString {
  public:
-  QString(const wchar_t *s) : s_(std::make_shared<std::wstring>(s)) {}
-  const wchar_t *utf16() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return s_->data(); }
+  QString(const wchar_t* s) : s_(std::make_shared<std::wstring>(s)) {}
+  const wchar_t* utf16() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return s_->data(); }
   int size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return static_cast<int>(s_->size()); }
-#ifdef FMT_STRING_VIEW
-  operator FMT_STRING_VIEW<wchar_t>() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return *s_; }
-#endif
+
  private:
   std::shared_ptr<std::wstring> s_;
 };
 
-inline fmt::basic_string_view<wchar_t> to_string_view(
-    const QString &s) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-  return {s.utf16(),
-          static_cast<std::size_t>(s.size())};
+inline fmt::basic_string_view<wchar_t> to_string_view(const QString& s)
+    FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return {s.utf16(), static_cast<std::size_t>(s.size())};
 }
-}
+}  // namespace FakeQt
 
-template <typename T>
-class IsStringTest : public testing::Test {};
+template <typename T> class IsStringTest : public testing::Test {};
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<char, wchar_t, char16_t, char32_t> StringCharTypes;
 TYPED_TEST_CASE(IsStringTest, StringCharTypes);
@@ -506,30 +522,30 @@
 namespace {
 template <typename Char>
 struct derived_from_string_view : fmt::basic_string_view<Char> {};
-}
+}  // namespace
 
 TYPED_TEST(IsStringTest, IsString) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<TypeParam *>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<const TypeParam *>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<TypeParam[2]>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<const TypeParam[2]>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<std::basic_string<TypeParam>>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<TypeParam*>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<const TypeParam*>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<TypeParam[2]>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<const TypeParam[2]>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<std::basic_string<TypeParam>>::value);
   EXPECT_TRUE(
-        (fmt::internal::is_string<fmt::basic_string_view<TypeParam>>::value));
+      fmt::internal::is_string<fmt::basic_string_view<TypeParam>>::value);
   EXPECT_TRUE(
-        (fmt::internal::is_string<derived_from_string_view<TypeParam>>::value));
-#ifdef FMT_STRING_VIEW
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<FMT_STRING_VIEW<TypeParam>>::value));
-#endif
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<my_ns::my_string<TypeParam>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::internal::is_string<my_ns::non_string>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((fmt::internal::is_string<FakeQt::QString>::value));
+      fmt::internal::is_string<derived_from_string_view<TypeParam>>::value);
+  using string_view = fmt::internal::std_string_view<TypeParam>;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_empty<string_view>::value !=
+              fmt::internal::is_string<string_view>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<my_ns::my_string<TypeParam>>::value);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::internal::is_string<my_ns::non_string>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_string<FakeQt::QString>::value);
 }
 
 TEST(CoreTest, Format) {
   // This should work without including fmt/format.h.
 #ifdef FMT_FORMAT_H_
-# error fmt/format.h must not be included in the core test
+#  error fmt/format.h must not be included in the core test
 #endif
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{}", 42), "42");
 }
@@ -537,7 +553,7 @@
 TEST(CoreTest, FormatTo) {
   // This should work without including fmt/format.h.
 #ifdef FMT_FORMAT_H_
-# error fmt/format.h must not be included in the core test
+#  error fmt/format.h must not be included in the core test
 #endif
   std::string s;
   fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(s), "{}", 42);
@@ -551,15 +567,18 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(to_string_view(my_string<wchar_t>(L"42")), L"42");
   EXPECT_EQ(to_string_view(QString(L"42")), L"42");
   fmt::internal::type type =
-      fmt::internal::get_type<fmt::format_context, my_string<char>>::value;
+      fmt::internal::mapped_type_constant<my_string<char>,
+                                          fmt::format_context>::value;
+  EXPECT_EQ(type, fmt::internal::string_type);
+  type = fmt::internal::mapped_type_constant<my_string<wchar_t>,
+                                             fmt::wformat_context>::value;
   EXPECT_EQ(type, fmt::internal::string_type);
   type =
-      fmt::internal::get_type<fmt::wformat_context, my_string<wchar_t>>::value;
-  EXPECT_EQ(type, fmt::internal::string_type);
-  type = fmt::internal::get_type<fmt::wformat_context, QString>::value;
+      fmt::internal::mapped_type_constant<QString, fmt::wformat_context>::value;
   EXPECT_EQ(type, fmt::internal::string_type);
   // Does not compile: only wide format contexts are compatible with QString!
-  // type = fmt::internal::get_type<fmt::format_context, QString>::value;
+  // type = fmt::internal::mapped_type_constant<QString,
+  // fmt::format_context>::value;
 }
 
 TEST(CoreTest, FormatForeignStrings) {
@@ -572,6 +591,10 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(my_string<wchar_t>(L"{}"), QString(L"42")), L"42");
 }
 
+struct implicitly_convertible_to_string {
+  operator std::string() const { return "foo"; }
+};
+
 struct implicitly_convertible_to_string_view {
   operator fmt::string_view() const { return "foo"; }
 };
@@ -581,7 +604,7 @@
 }
 
 // std::is_constructible is broken in MSVC until version 2015.
-#if FMT_USE_EXPLICIT && (!FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900)
+#if !FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
 struct explicitly_convertible_to_string_view {
   explicit operator fmt::string_view() const { return "foo"; }
 };
@@ -600,11 +623,12 @@
 }
 
 struct explicitly_convertible_to_string_like {
-  template <
-      typename String,
-      typename = typename std::enable_if<
-        std::is_constructible<String, const char*, std::size_t>::value>::type>
-  FMT_EXPLICIT operator String() const { return String("foo", 3u); }
+  template <typename String,
+            typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<
+                String, const char*, std::size_t>::value>::type>
+  explicit operator String() const {
+    return String("foo", 3u);
+  }
 };
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatExplicitlyConvertibleToStringLike) {
diff --git a/test/custom-formatter-test.cc b/test/custom-formatter-test.cc
index d529771..db1e199 100644
--- a/test/custom-formatter-test.cc
+++ b/test/custom-formatter-test.cc
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
 //
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
 
+#ifndef _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
 #include "fmt/format.h"
 #include "gtest-extra.h"
 
@@ -13,22 +17,22 @@
 
 // A custom argument formatter that doesn't print `-` for floating-point values
 // rounded to 0.
-class custom_arg_formatter :
-    public fmt::arg_formatter<fmt::back_insert_range<fmt::internal::buffer>> {
+class custom_arg_formatter
+    : public fmt::arg_formatter<fmt::internal::buffer_range<char>> {
  public:
-  typedef fmt::back_insert_range<fmt::internal::buffer> range;
+  using range = fmt::internal::buffer_range<char>;
   typedef fmt::arg_formatter<range> base;
 
-  custom_arg_formatter(
-      fmt::format_context &ctx, fmt::format_specs *s = FMT_NULL)
-  : base(ctx, s) {}
+  custom_arg_formatter(fmt::format_context& ctx,
+                       fmt::format_parse_context* parse_ctx,
+                       fmt::format_specs* s = nullptr)
+      : base(ctx, parse_ctx, s) {}
 
   using base::operator();
 
   iterator operator()(double value) {
     // Comparing a float to 0.0 is safe.
-    if (round(value * pow(10, spec()->precision)) == 0.0)
-      value = 0;
+    if (round(value * pow(10, specs()->precision)) == 0.0) value = 0;
     return base::operator()(value);
   }
 };
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename... Args>
-std::string custom_format(const char *format_str, const Args & ... args) {
+std::string custom_format(const char* format_str, const Args&... args) {
   auto va = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
   return custom_vformat(format_str, va);
 }
diff --git a/test/format b/test/format
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9472f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/format
@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - the standard API implementation
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_
+
+#include <variant>
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+// This implementation verifies the correctness of the standard API proposed in
+// P0645 Text Formatting and is optimized for copy-pasting from the paper, not
+// for efficiency or readability. An efficient implementation should not use
+// std::variant and should store packed argument type tags separately from
+// values in basic_format_args for small number of arguments.
+
+namespace std {
+template<class T>
+constexpr bool Integral = is_integral_v<T>;
+
+template <class O>
+  using iter_difference_t = ptrdiff_t;
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.syn
+namespace std {
+  // [format.error], class format_error
+  class format_error;
+
+  // [format.formatter], formatter
+  template<class charT> class basic_format_parse_context;
+  using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+  using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+  
+  template<class Out, class charT> class basic_format_context;
+  using format_context = basic_format_context<
+    /* unspecified */ std::back_insert_iterator<fmt::internal::buffer<char>>, char>;
+  using wformat_context = basic_format_context<
+    /* unspecified */ std::back_insert_iterator<fmt::internal::buffer<wchar_t>>, wchar_t>;
+
+  template<class T, class charT = char> struct formatter {
+    formatter() = delete;
+  };
+  
+  // [format.arguments], arguments
+  template<class Context> class basic_format_arg;
+
+  template<class Visitor, class Context>
+    /* see below */ auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis, basic_format_arg<Context> arg);
+
+  template<class Context, class... Args> struct format_arg_store; // exposition only
+
+  template<class Context> class basic_format_args;
+  using format_args = basic_format_args<format_context>;
+  using wformat_args = basic_format_args<wformat_context>;
+
+  template<class Out, class charT>
+    using format_args_t = basic_format_args<basic_format_context<Out, charT>>;
+
+  template<class Context = format_context, class... Args>
+    format_arg_store<Context, Args...>
+      make_format_args(const Args&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    format_arg_store<wformat_context, Args...>
+      make_wformat_args(const Args&... args);
+
+  // [format.functions], formatting functions
+  template<class... Args>
+    string format(string_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    wstring format(wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+
+  string vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args);
+  wstring vformat(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args);
+
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    Out format_to(Out out, string_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    Out format_to(Out out, wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+
+  template<class Out>
+    Out vformat_to(Out out, string_view fmt, format_args_t<Out, char> args);
+  template<class Out>
+    Out vformat_to(Out out, wstring_view fmt, format_args_t<Out, wchar_t> args);
+
+  template<class Out>
+    struct format_to_n_result {
+      Out out;
+      iter_difference_t<Out> size;
+    };
+  
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_difference_t<Out> n,
+                                        string_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+  template<class Out, class... Args>
+    format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_difference_t<Out> n,
+                                        wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+
+  template<class... Args>
+    size_t formatted_size(string_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+  template<class... Args>
+    size_t formatted_size(wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.error
+namespace std {
+  class format_error : public runtime_error {
+  public:
+    explicit format_error(const string& what_arg) : runtime_error(what_arg) {}
+    explicit format_error(const char* what_arg) : runtime_error(what_arg) {}
+  };
+}
+
+namespace std {
+namespace detail {
+struct error_handler {
+  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+  void on_error(const char* message) {
+    throw std::format_error(message);
+  }
+};
+}
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.parse_context
+namespace std {
+  template<class charT>
+  class basic_format_parse_context {
+  public:
+    using char_type = charT;
+    using const_iterator = typename basic_string_view<charT>::const_iterator;
+    using iterator = const_iterator;
+
+  private:
+    iterator begin_;                              // exposition only
+    iterator end_;                                // exposition only
+    enum indexing { unknown, manual, automatic }; // exposition only
+    indexing indexing_;                           // exposition only
+    size_t next_arg_id_;                          // exposition only
+    size_t num_args_;                             // exposition only
+
+  public:
+    explicit constexpr basic_format_parse_context(basic_string_view<charT> fmt,
+                                                  size_t num_args = 0) noexcept;
+    basic_format_parse_context(const basic_format_parse_context&) = delete;
+    basic_format_parse_context& operator=(const basic_format_parse_context&) = delete;
+
+    constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept;
+    constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept;
+    constexpr void advance_to(const_iterator it);
+
+    constexpr size_t next_arg_id();
+    constexpr void check_arg_id(size_t id);
+
+    // Implementation detail:
+    constexpr void check_arg_id(fmt::string_view) {}
+    detail::error_handler error_handler() const { return {}; }
+    void on_error(const char* msg) { error_handler().on_error(msg); }
+  };
+}
+
+namespace std {
+template<class charT>
+/* explicit */ constexpr basic_format_parse_context<charT>::
+                   basic_format_parse_context(basic_string_view<charT> fmt,
+                                              size_t num_args) noexcept
+: begin_(fmt.begin()), end_(fmt.end()), indexing_(unknown), next_arg_id_(0), num_args_(num_args) {}
+
+template<class charT>
+constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<charT>::const_iterator basic_format_parse_context<charT>::begin() const noexcept { return begin_; }
+
+template<class charT>
+constexpr typename basic_format_parse_context<charT>::const_iterator basic_format_parse_context<charT>::end() const noexcept { return end_; }
+
+template<class charT>
+constexpr void basic_format_parse_context<charT>::advance_to(typename basic_format_parse_context<charT>::iterator it) { begin_ = it; }
+
+template<class charT>
+constexpr size_t basic_format_parse_context<charT>::next_arg_id() {
+  if (indexing_ == manual)
+    throw format_error("manual to automatic indexing");
+  if (indexing_ == unknown)
+    indexing_ = automatic;
+  return next_arg_id_++;
+}
+
+template<class charT>
+constexpr void basic_format_parse_context<charT>::check_arg_id(size_t id) {
+  // clang doesn't support __builtin_is_constant_evaluated yet
+  //if (!(!__builtin_is_constant_evaluated() || id < num_args_))
+  //  throw format_error(invalid index is out of range");
+  if (indexing_ == automatic)
+    throw format_error("automatic to manual indexing");
+  if (indexing_ == unknown)
+    indexing_ = manual;
+}
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.context
+namespace std {
+  template<class Out, class charT>
+  class basic_format_context {
+    basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_; // exposition only
+    Out out_;                                      // exposition only
+
+  public:
+    using iterator = Out;
+    using char_type = charT;
+    template<class T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, charT>;
+
+    basic_format_arg<basic_format_context> arg(size_t id) const;
+
+    iterator out();
+    void advance_to(iterator it);
+
+    // Implementation details:
+    using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+    basic_format_context(Out out, basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args, fmt::internal::locale_ref)
+    : args_(args), out_(out) {}
+    detail::error_handler error_handler() const { return {}; }
+    basic_format_arg<basic_format_context> arg(fmt::basic_string_view<charT>) const {
+      return {}; // unused: named arguments are not supported yet
+    }
+    void on_error(const char* msg) { error_handler().on_error(msg); }
+  };
+}
+
+namespace std {
+template<class O, class charT>
+basic_format_arg<basic_format_context<O, charT>> basic_format_context<O, charT>::arg(size_t id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+
+template<class O, class charT>
+typename basic_format_context<O, charT>::iterator basic_format_context<O, charT>::out() { return out_; }
+
+template<class O, class charT>
+void basic_format_context<O, charT>::advance_to(typename basic_format_context<O, charT>::iterator it) { out_ = it; }
+}
+
+namespace std {
+namespace detail {
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_standard_integer_v =
+    std::is_same_v<T, signed char> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, short int> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, int> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, long int> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, long long int>;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_standard_unsigned_integer_v =
+    std::is_same_v<T, unsigned char> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, unsigned short int> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, unsigned int> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, unsigned long int> ||
+    std::is_same_v<T, unsigned long long int>;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct formatter;
+}
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.arg
+namespace std {
+  template<class Context>
+  class basic_format_arg {
+  public:
+    class handle;
+
+  private:
+    using char_type = typename Context::char_type;                       // exposition only
+
+    variant<monostate, bool, char_type,
+            int, unsigned int, long long int, unsigned long long int,
+            double, long double,
+            const char_type*, basic_string_view<char_type>,
+            const void*, handle> value;                                  // exposition only
+
+    template<typename T,
+      typename = enable_if_t<
+        std::is_same_v<T, bool> ||
+        std::is_same_v<T, char_type> ||
+        (std::is_same_v<T, char> && std::is_same_v<char_type, wchar_t>) ||
+        detail::is_standard_integer_v<T> ||
+        detail::is_standard_unsigned_integer_v<T> ||
+        sizeof(typename Context::template formatter_type<T>().format(declval<const T&>(), declval<Context&>())) != 0
+    >> explicit basic_format_arg(const T& v) noexcept; // exposition only
+    explicit basic_format_arg(float n) noexcept;                         // exposition only
+    explicit basic_format_arg(double n) noexcept;                        // exposition only
+    explicit basic_format_arg(long double n) noexcept;                   // exposition only
+    explicit basic_format_arg(const char_type* s);                       // exposition only
+
+    template<class traits>
+      explicit basic_format_arg(
+        basic_string_view<char_type, traits> s) noexcept;                // exposition only
+
+    template<class traits, class Allocator>
+      explicit basic_format_arg(
+        const basic_string<char_type, traits, Allocator>& s) noexcept;   // exposition only
+
+    explicit basic_format_arg(nullptr_t) noexcept;                       // exposition only
+
+    template<class T, typename = enable_if_t<is_void_v<T>>>
+      explicit basic_format_arg(const T* p) noexcept;                    // exposition only
+
+    // Fails due to a bug in clang
+    //template<class Visitor, class Ctx>
+    //  friend auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+    //                                    basic_format_arg<Ctx> arg);           // exposition only
+
+    friend auto get_value(basic_format_arg arg) {
+      return arg.value;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T, typename Char> friend struct detail::formatter;
+
+    template<class Ctx, class... Args>
+      friend format_arg_store<Ctx, Args...>
+        make_format_args(const Args&... args);                           // exposition only
+
+  public:
+    basic_format_arg() noexcept;
+
+    explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
+  };
+}
+
+namespace std {
+template<class Context>
+basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg() noexcept {}
+
+template<class Context>
+template<class T, typename> /* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(const T& v) noexcept {
+  if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool> || std::is_same_v<T, char_type>)
+    value = v;
+  else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, char> && std::is_same_v<char_type, wchar_t>)
+    value = static_cast<wchar_t>(v);
+  else if constexpr (detail::is_standard_integer_v<T> && sizeof(T) <= sizeof(int))
+    value = static_cast<int>(v);
+  else if constexpr (detail::is_standard_unsigned_integer_v<T> && sizeof(T) <= sizeof(unsigned))
+    value = static_cast<unsigned>(v);
+  else if constexpr (detail::is_standard_integer_v<T>)
+    value = static_cast<long long int>(v);
+  else if constexpr (detail::is_standard_unsigned_integer_v<T>)
+    value = static_cast<unsigned long long int>(v);
+  else if constexpr (sizeof(typename Context::template formatter_type<T>().format(declval<const T&>(), declval<Context&>())) != 0)
+    value = handle(v);
+}
+
+template<class Context>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(float n) noexcept
+  : value(static_cast<double>(n)) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(double n) noexcept
+  : value(n) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(long double n) noexcept
+  : value(n) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(const typename basic_format_arg<Context>::char_type* s)
+  : value(s) {
+  assert(s != nullptr);
+}
+
+template<class Context>
+template<class traits>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(basic_string_view<char_type, traits> s) noexcept
+  : value(s) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+template<class traits, class Allocator>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(
+    const basic_string<char_type, traits, Allocator>& s) noexcept
+  : value(basic_string_view<char_type>(s.data(), s.size())) {}
+
+
+template<class Context>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(nullptr_t) noexcept
+  : value(static_cast<const void*>(nullptr)) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+template<class T, typename> /* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::basic_format_arg(const T* p) noexcept
+  : value(p) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+/* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::operator bool() const noexcept {
+    return !holds_alternative<monostate>(value);
+}
+}
+
+namespace std {
+  template<class Context>
+  class basic_format_arg<Context>::handle {
+    const void* ptr_;                                         // exposition only
+    void (*format_)(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>&,
+                    Context&, const void*);                   // exposition only
+
+    template<class T> explicit handle(const T& val) noexcept; // exposition only
+
+    friend class basic_format_arg<Context>;                   // exposition only
+
+  public:
+    void format(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>&, Context& ctx) const;
+  };
+}
+
+namespace std {
+template<class Context>
+template<class T> /* explicit */ basic_format_arg<Context>::handle::handle(const T& val) noexcept
+  : ptr_(&val), format_([](basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& format_ctx, const void* ptr) {
+    typename Context::template formatter_type<T> f;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    format_ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<const T*>(ptr), format_ctx));
+  }) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+void basic_format_arg<Context>::handle::format(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx, Context& format_ctx) const {
+  format_(parse_ctx, format_ctx, ptr_);
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.visit
+template<class Visitor, class Context>
+  auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis, basic_format_arg<Context> arg) {
+    return visit(vis, get_value(arg));
+  }
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.store
+namespace std {
+  template<class Context, class... Args>
+  struct format_arg_store { // exposition only
+    array<basic_format_arg<Context>, sizeof...(Args)> args;
+  };
+}
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.basic_args
+namespace std {
+  template<class Context>
+  class basic_format_args {
+    size_t size_;                           // exposition only
+    const basic_format_arg<Context>* data_; // exposition only
+
+  public:
+    basic_format_args() noexcept;
+
+    template<class... Args>
+      basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store) noexcept;
+
+    basic_format_arg<Context> get(size_t i) const noexcept;
+  };
+}
+
+namespace std {
+
+template<class Context>
+basic_format_args<Context>::basic_format_args() noexcept : size_(0) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+template<class... Args>
+  basic_format_args<Context>::basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store) noexcept
+  : size_(sizeof...(Args)), data_(store.args.data()) {}
+
+template<class Context>
+basic_format_arg<Context> basic_format_args<Context>::get(size_t i) const noexcept {
+  return i < size_ ? data_[i] : basic_format_arg<Context>();
+}
+}
+
+namespace std {
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.make_args
+template<class Context /*= format_context*/, class... Args>
+  format_arg_store<Context, Args...> make_format_args(const Args&... args) {
+    return {basic_format_arg<Context>(args)...};
+  }
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.make_wargs
+template<class... Args>
+  format_arg_store<wformat_context, Args...> make_wformat_args(const Args&... args) {
+    return make_format_args<wformat_context>(args...);
+  }
+}
+
+namespace std {
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename Range>
+class arg_formatter
+    : public fmt::internal::arg_formatter_base<Range, error_handler> {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using base = fmt::internal::arg_formatter_base<Range, error_handler>;
+  using format_context = std::basic_format_context<typename base::iterator, char_type>;
+  using parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char_type>;
+
+  parse_context* parse_ctx_;
+  format_context& ctx_;
+
+ public:
+  typedef Range range;
+  typedef typename base::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename base::format_specs format_specs;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs an argument formatter object.
+    *ctx* is a reference to the formatting context,
+    *spec* contains format specifier information for standard argument types.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  arg_formatter(format_context& ctx, parse_context* parse_ctx = nullptr, fmt::format_specs* spec = nullptr)
+      : base(Range(ctx.out()), spec, {}), parse_ctx_(parse_ctx), ctx_(ctx) {}
+
+  using base::operator();
+
+  /** Formats an argument of a user-defined type. */
+  iterator operator()(typename std::basic_format_arg<format_context>::handle handle) {
+    handle.format(*parse_ctx_, ctx_);
+    return this->out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(monostate) {
+    throw format_error("");
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Context>
+inline fmt::internal::type get_type(basic_format_arg<Context> arg) {
+  return visit_format_arg([&] (auto val) {
+    using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+    using T = decltype(val);
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, monostate>)
+      return fmt::internal::none_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, bool>)
+      return fmt::internal::bool_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, char_type>)
+      return fmt::internal::char_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, int>)
+      return fmt::internal::int_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, unsigned int>)
+      return fmt::internal::uint_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, long long int>)
+      return fmt::internal::long_long_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, unsigned long long int>)
+      return fmt::internal::ulong_long_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, double>)
+      return fmt::internal::double_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, long double>)
+      return fmt::internal::long_double_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, const char_type*>)
+      return fmt::internal::cstring_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>)
+      return fmt::internal::string_type;
+    if (std::is_same_v<T, const void*>)
+      return fmt::internal::pointer_type;
+    assert(get_value(arg).index() == 12);
+    return fmt::internal::custom_type;
+  }, arg);
+}
+
+template <typename Context>
+class custom_formatter {
+ private:
+  using parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<typename Context::char_type>;
+  parse_context& parse_ctx_;
+  Context& format_ctx_;
+
+ public:
+  custom_formatter(parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx) : parse_ctx_(parse_ctx), format_ctx_(ctx) {}
+
+  bool operator()(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle h) const {
+    h.format(parse_ctx_, format_ctx_);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> bool operator()(T) const { return false; }
+};
+
+template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char, typename Context>
+struct format_handler : detail::error_handler {
+  typedef typename ArgFormatter::range range;
+
+  format_handler(range r, basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                 basic_format_args<Context> format_args,
+                 fmt::internal::locale_ref loc)
+      : parse_ctx(str), context(r.begin(), format_args, loc) {}
+
+  void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    auto size = fmt::internal::to_unsigned(end - begin);
+    auto out = context.out();
+    auto&& it = fmt::internal::reserve(out, size);
+    it = std::copy_n(begin, size, it);
+    context.advance_to(out);
+  }
+
+  void on_arg_id() {
+    arg = context.arg(parse_ctx.next_arg_id());
+  }
+  void on_arg_id(unsigned id) {
+    parse_ctx.check_arg_id(id);
+    arg = context.arg(id);
+  }
+  void on_arg_id(fmt::basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  void on_replacement_field(const Char* p) {
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(parse_ctx.begin() + (p - &*parse_ctx.begin()));
+    custom_formatter<Context> f(parse_ctx, context);
+    if (!visit_format_arg(f, arg))
+      context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &parse_ctx), arg));
+  }
+
+  const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(parse_ctx.begin() + (begin - &*parse_ctx.begin()));
+    custom_formatter<Context> f(parse_ctx, context);
+    if (visit_format_arg(f, arg)) return &*parse_ctx.begin();
+    fmt::basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
+    using fmt::internal::specs_handler;
+    using parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+    fmt::internal::specs_checker<specs_handler<parse_context, Context>> handler(
+        specs_handler<parse_context, Context>(specs, parse_ctx, context), get_type(arg));
+    begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin == end || *begin != '}') on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(parse_ctx.begin() + (begin - &*parse_ctx.begin()));
+    context.advance_to(visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &parse_ctx, &specs), arg));
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_ctx;
+  Context context;
+  basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter {
+  // Parses format specifiers stopping either at the end of the range or at the
+  // terminating '}'.
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR typename ParseContext::iterator parse(ParseContext& ctx) {
+    namespace internal = fmt::internal;
+    typedef internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext> handler_type;
+    auto type = internal::mapped_type_constant<T, fmt::buffer_context<Char>>::value;
+    internal::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
+                                                  type);
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+    auto type_spec = specs_.type;
+    auto eh = ctx.error_handler();
+    switch (type) {
+    case internal::none_type:
+    case internal::named_arg_type:
+      FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+      break;
+    case internal::int_type:
+    case internal::uint_type:
+    case internal::long_long_type:
+    case internal::ulong_long_type:
+    case internal::bool_type:
+      handle_int_type_spec(type_spec,
+                           internal::int_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::char_type:
+      handle_char_specs(
+          &specs_, internal::char_specs_checker<decltype(eh)>(type_spec, eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::double_type:
+    case internal::long_double_type:
+      handle_float_type_spec(type_spec,
+                             internal::float_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::cstring_type:
+      internal::handle_cstring_type_spec(
+          type_spec, internal::cstring_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::string_type:
+      internal::check_string_type_spec(type_spec, eh);
+      break;
+    case internal::pointer_type:
+      internal::check_pointer_type_spec(type_spec, eh);
+      break;
+    case internal::custom_type:
+      // Custom format specifiers should be checked in parse functions of
+      // formatter specializations.
+      break;
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    fmt::internal::handle_dynamic_spec<fmt::internal::width_checker>(
+        specs_.width, specs_.width_ref, ctx, nullptr);
+    fmt::internal::handle_dynamic_spec<fmt::internal::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx, nullptr);
+    using range_type = fmt::internal::output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
+                         typename FormatContext::char_type>;
+    return visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range_type>(ctx, nullptr, &specs_),
+                            basic_format_arg<FormatContext>(val));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+// https://fmt.dev/Text%20Formatting.html#format.functions
+template<class... Args>
+  string format(string_view fmt, const Args&... args) {
+    return vformat(fmt, make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+
+template<class... Args>
+  wstring format(wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args) {
+    return vformat(fmt, make_wformat_args(args...));
+  }
+
+string vformat(string_view fmt, format_args args) {
+  fmt::memory_buffer mbuf;
+  fmt::internal::buffer<char>& buf = mbuf;
+  using range = fmt::internal::buffer_range<char>;
+  detail::format_handler<detail::arg_formatter<range>, char, format_context>
+    h(range(std::back_inserter(buf)), fmt, args, {});
+  fmt::internal::parse_format_string<false>(fmt::to_string_view(fmt), h);
+  return to_string(mbuf);
+}
+
+wstring vformat(wstring_view fmt, wformat_args args);
+
+template<class Out, class... Args>
+  Out format_to(Out out, string_view fmt, const Args&... args) {
+    using context = basic_format_context<Out, decltype(fmt)::value_type>;
+    return vformat_to(out, fmt, {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+  }
+
+template<class Out, class... Args>
+  Out format_to(Out out, wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args) {
+    using context = basic_format_context<Out, decltype(fmt)::value_type>;
+    return vformat_to(out, fmt, {make_format_args<context>(args...)});
+  }
+
+template<class Out>
+  Out vformat_to(Out out, string_view fmt, format_args_t<Out, char> args) {
+    using range = fmt::internal::output_range<Out, char>;
+    detail::format_handler<detail::arg_formatter<range>, char, basic_format_context<Out, char>>
+      h(range(out), fmt, args, {});
+    fmt::internal::parse_format_string<false>(fmt::to_string_view(fmt), h);
+    return h.context.out();
+  }
+
+template<class Out>
+  Out vformat_to(Out out, wstring_view fmt, format_args_t<Out, wchar_t> args);
+
+template<class Out, class... Args>
+  format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_difference_t<Out> n,
+                                      string_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+template<class Out, class... Args>
+  format_to_n_result<Out> format_to_n(Out out, iter_difference_t<Out> n,
+                                      wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+
+template<class... Args>
+  size_t formatted_size(string_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+template<class... Args>
+  size_t formatted_size(wstring_view fmt, const Args&... args);
+
+#define charT char
+
+template<> struct formatter<charT, charT> : detail::formatter<charT, charT> {};
+
+template<> struct formatter<char, wchar_t>;
+
+template<> struct formatter<charT*, charT> : detail::formatter<const charT*, charT> {};
+
+template<> struct formatter<const charT*, charT> : detail::formatter<const charT*, charT> {};
+
+template<size_t N> struct formatter<const charT[N], charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT>, charT> {};
+
+template<class traits, class Allocator>
+  struct formatter<basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT>, charT> {};
+
+template<class traits>
+  struct formatter<basic_string_view<charT, traits>, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT>, charT> {};
+
+template <> struct formatter<nullptr_t, charT> : detail::formatter<const void*, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<void*, charT> : detail::formatter<const void*, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<const void*, charT> : detail::formatter<const void*, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<bool, charT> : detail::formatter<bool, charT> {};
+
+template <> struct formatter<signed char, charT> : detail::formatter<int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<short, charT> : detail::formatter<int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<int, charT> : detail::formatter<int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<long, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::conditional_t<sizeof(long) == sizeof(int), int, long long>, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<long long, charT> : detail::formatter<long long, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned char, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned short, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned int, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned long, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::conditional_t<sizeof(long) == sizeof(int), unsigned, unsigned long long>, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned long long, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned long long, charT> {};
+
+template <> struct formatter<float, charT> : detail::formatter<double, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<double, charT> : detail::formatter<double, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<long double, charT> : detail::formatter<long double, charT> {};
+
+#undef charT
+
+#define charT wchar_t
+
+template<> struct formatter<charT, charT> : detail::formatter<charT, charT> {};
+
+template<> struct formatter<char, wchar_t> : detail::formatter<charT, charT> {};
+
+template<> struct formatter<charT*, charT> : detail::formatter<const charT*, charT> {};
+
+template<> struct formatter<const charT*, charT> : detail::formatter<const charT*, charT> {};
+
+template<size_t N> struct formatter<const charT[N], charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT>, charT> {};
+
+template<class traits, class Allocator>
+  struct formatter<std::basic_string<charT, traits, Allocator>, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT>, charT> {};
+
+template<class traits>
+  struct formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT, traits>, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::basic_string_view<charT>, charT> {};
+
+template <> struct formatter<nullptr_t, charT> : detail::formatter<const void*, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<void*, charT> : detail::formatter<const void*, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<const void*, charT> : detail::formatter<const void*, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<bool, charT> : detail::formatter<bool, charT> {};
+
+template <> struct formatter<signed char, charT> : detail::formatter<int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<short, charT> : detail::formatter<int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<int, charT> : detail::formatter<int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<long, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::conditional_t<sizeof(long) == sizeof(int), int, long long>, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<long long, charT> : detail::formatter<long long, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned char, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned short, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned int, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned int, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned long, charT>
+      : detail::formatter<std::conditional_t<sizeof(long) == sizeof(int), unsigned, unsigned long long>, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<unsigned long long, charT> : detail::formatter<unsigned long long, charT> {};
+
+template <> struct formatter<float, charT> : detail::formatter<double, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<double, charT> : detail::formatter<double, charT> {};
+template <> struct formatter<long double, charT> : detail::formatter<long double, charT> {};
+
+#undef charT
+
+  template<> struct formatter<const wchar_t, char> {
+    formatter() = delete;
+  };
+}
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_
diff --git a/test/format-impl-test.cc b/test/format-impl-test.cc
index 8d20e77..2017283 100644
--- a/test/format-impl-test.cc
+++ b/test/format-impl-test.cc
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 // Include format.cc instead of format.h to test implementation.
 #include "../src/format.cc"
-#include "fmt/color.h"
 #include "fmt/printf.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -21,24 +20,15 @@
 #include "gtest-extra.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-#undef min
 #undef max
 
-#if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn)
-# define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
-#else
-# define FMT_NORETURN
-#endif
-
 using fmt::internal::fp;
 
-template <bool is_iec559>
-void test_construct_from_double() {
+template <bool is_iec559> void test_construct_from_double() {
   fmt::print("warning: double is not IEC559, skipping FP tests\n");
 }
 
-template <>
-void test_construct_from_double<true>() {
+template <> void test_construct_from_double<true>() {
   auto v = fp(1.23);
   EXPECT_EQ(v.f, 0x13ae147ae147aeu);
   EXPECT_EQ(v.e, -52);
@@ -98,23 +88,65 @@
     EXPECT_LE(exp, fp.e);
     int dec_exp_step = 8;
     EXPECT_LE(fp.e, exp + dec_exp_step * log2(10));
-    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(pow(10, dec_exp), ldexp(fp.f, fp.e));
+    EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(pow(10, dec_exp), ldexp(static_cast<double>(fp.f), fp.e));
   }
 }
 
-TEST(FPTest, Grisu2FormatCompilesWithNonIEEEDouble) {
+TEST(FPTest, GetRoundDirection) {
+  using fmt::internal::get_round_direction;
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::down, get_round_direction(100, 50, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::up, get_round_direction(100, 51, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::down, get_round_direction(100, 40, 10));
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::up, get_round_direction(100, 60, 10));
+  for (int i = 41; i < 60; ++i)
+    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::unknown, get_round_direction(100, i, 10));
+  uint64_t max = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+  EXPECT_THROW(get_round_direction(100, 100, 0), assertion_failure);
+  EXPECT_THROW(get_round_direction(100, 0, 100), assertion_failure);
+  EXPECT_THROW(get_round_direction(100, 0, 50), assertion_failure);
+  // Check that remainder + error doesn't overflow.
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::up, get_round_direction(max, max - 1, 2));
+  // Check that 2 * (remainder + error) doesn't overflow.
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::unknown,
+            get_round_direction(max, max / 2 + 1, max / 2));
+  // Check that remainder - error doesn't overflow.
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::unknown, get_round_direction(100, 40, 41));
+  // Check that 2 * (remainder - error) doesn't overflow.
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::internal::up, get_round_direction(max, max - 1, 1));
+}
+
+TEST(FPTest, FixedHandler) {
+  struct handler : fmt::internal::fixed_handler {
+    char buffer[10];
+    handler(int prec = 0) : fmt::internal::fixed_handler() {
+      buf = buffer;
+      precision = prec;
+    }
+  };
+  int exp = 0;
+  handler().on_digit('0', 100, 99, 0, exp, false);
+  EXPECT_THROW(handler().on_digit('0', 100, 100, 0, exp, false),
+               assertion_failure);
+  namespace digits = fmt::internal::digits;
+  EXPECT_EQ(handler(1).on_digit('0', 100, 10, 10, exp, false), digits::done);
+  // Check that divisor - error doesn't overflow.
+  EXPECT_EQ(handler(1).on_digit('0', 100, 10, 101, exp, false), digits::error);
+  // Check that 2 * error doesn't overflow.
+  uint64_t max = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+  EXPECT_EQ(handler(1).on_digit('0', max, 10, max - 1, exp, false),
+            digits::error);
+}
+
+TEST(FPTest, GrisuFormatCompilesWithNonIEEEDouble) {
   fmt::memory_buffer buf;
-  grisu2_format(4.2f, buf, fmt::core_format_specs());
+  int exp = 0;
+  grisu_format(4.2f, buf, -1, false, exp);
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-struct ValueExtractor: fmt::internal::function<T> {
-  T operator()(T value) {
-    return value;
-  }
+template <typename T> struct value_extractor {
+  T operator()(T value) { return value; }
 
-  template <typename U>
-  FMT_NORETURN T operator()(U) {
+  template <typename U> FMT_NORETURN T operator()(U) {
     throw std::runtime_error(fmt::format("invalid type {}", typeid(U).name()));
   }
 };
@@ -122,9 +154,10 @@
 TEST(FormatTest, ArgConverter) {
   long long value = std::numeric_limits<long long>::max();
   auto arg = fmt::internal::make_arg<fmt::format_context>(value);
-  visit(fmt::internal::arg_converter<long long, fmt::format_context>(arg, 'd'),
-        arg);
-  EXPECT_EQ(value, visit(ValueExtractor<long long>(), arg));
+  fmt::visit_format_arg(
+      fmt::internal::arg_converter<long long, fmt::format_context>(arg, 'd'),
+      arg);
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, fmt::visit_format_arg(value_extractor<long long>(), arg));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, FormatNegativeNaN) {
@@ -136,11 +169,11 @@
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, StrError) {
-  char *message = FMT_NULL;
+  char* message = nullptr;
   char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
-  EXPECT_ASSERT(fmt::safe_strerror(EDOM, message = FMT_NULL, 0),
+  EXPECT_ASSERT(fmt::internal::safe_strerror(EDOM, message = nullptr, 0),
                 "invalid buffer");
-  EXPECT_ASSERT(fmt::safe_strerror(EDOM, message = buffer, 0),
+  EXPECT_ASSERT(fmt::internal::safe_strerror(EDOM, message = buffer, 0),
                 "invalid buffer");
   buffer[0] = 'x';
 #if defined(_GNU_SOURCE) && !defined(__COVERITY__)
@@ -151,17 +184,19 @@
   int error_code = EDOM;
 #endif
 
-  int result = fmt::safe_strerror(error_code, message = buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
+  int result =
+      fmt::internal::safe_strerror(error_code, message = buffer, BUFFER_SIZE);
   EXPECT_EQ(result, 0);
   std::size_t message_size = std::strlen(message);
   EXPECT_GE(BUFFER_SIZE - 1u, message_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(get_system_error(error_code), message);
 
   // safe_strerror never uses buffer on MinGW.
-#ifndef __MINGW32__
-  result = fmt::safe_strerror(error_code, message = buffer, message_size);
+#if !defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__sun)
+  result =
+      fmt::internal::safe_strerror(error_code, message = buffer, message_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(ERANGE, result);
-  result = fmt::safe_strerror(error_code, message = buffer, 1);
+  result = fmt::internal::safe_strerror(error_code, message = buffer, 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer, message);  // Message should point to buffer.
   EXPECT_EQ(ERANGE, result);
   EXPECT_STREQ("", message);
@@ -173,14 +208,14 @@
   {
     fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
     format_to(buffer, "garbage");
-    fmt::format_error_code(buffer, 42, "test");
+    fmt::internal::format_error_code(buffer, 42, "test");
     EXPECT_EQ("test: " + msg, to_string(buffer));
   }
   {
     fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
-    std::string prefix(
-        fmt::inline_buffer_size - msg.size() - sep.size() + 1, 'x');
-    fmt::format_error_code(buffer, 42, prefix);
+    std::string prefix(fmt::inline_buffer_size - msg.size() - sep.size() + 1,
+                       'x');
+    fmt::internal::format_error_code(buffer, 42, prefix);
     EXPECT_EQ(msg, to_string(buffer));
   }
   int codes[] = {42, -1};
@@ -188,16 +223,15 @@
     // Test maximum buffer size.
     msg = fmt::format("error {}", codes[i]);
     fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
-    std::string prefix(
-        fmt::inline_buffer_size - msg.size() - sep.size(), 'x');
-    fmt::format_error_code(buffer, codes[i], prefix);
+    std::string prefix(fmt::inline_buffer_size - msg.size() - sep.size(), 'x');
+    fmt::internal::format_error_code(buffer, codes[i], prefix);
     EXPECT_EQ(prefix + sep + msg, to_string(buffer));
     std::size_t size = fmt::inline_buffer_size;
     EXPECT_EQ(size, buffer.size());
     buffer.resize(0);
     // Test with a message that doesn't fit into the buffer.
     prefix += 'x';
-    fmt::format_error_code(buffer, codes[i], prefix);
+    fmt::internal::format_error_code(buffer, codes[i], prefix);
     EXPECT_EQ(msg, to_string(buffer));
   }
 }
@@ -206,41 +240,27 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(4, fmt::internal::count_code_points(fmt::u8string_view("ёжик")));
 }
 
-TEST(ColorsTest, Colors) {
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fg(fmt::rgb(255, 20, 30)), "rgb(255,20,30)"),
-               "\x1b[38;2;255;020;030mrgb(255,20,30)\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::blue), "blue"),
-               "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(
-      stdout,
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::blue) | bg(fmt::color::red), "two color"),
-      "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255m\x1b[48;2;255;000;000mtwo color\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold"),
-               "\x1b[1mbold\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::italic, "italic"),
-               "\x1b[3mitalic\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::underline, "underline"),
-               "\x1b[4munderline\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
-               fmt::print(fmt::emphasis::strikethrough, "strikethrough"),
-               "\x1b[9mstrikethrough\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(
-      stdout,
-      fmt::print(fg(fmt::color::blue) | fmt::emphasis::bold, "blue/bold"),
-      "\x1b[1m\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue/bold\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, fmt::print(stderr, fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold error"),
-               "\x1b[1mbold error\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, fmt::print(stderr, fg(fmt::color::blue), "blue log"),
-                 "\x1b[38;2;000;000;255mblue log\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fmt::text_style(), "hi"), "hi");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::red), "tred"),
-               "\x1b[31mtred\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print(bg(fmt::terminal_color::cyan), "tcyan"),
-               "\x1b[46mtcyan\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
-               fmt::print(fg(fmt::terminal_color::bright_green), "tbgreen"),
-               "\x1b[92mtbgreen\x1b[0m");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
-               fmt::print(bg(fmt::terminal_color::bright_magenta), "tbmagenta"),
-               "\x1b[105mtbmagenta\x1b[0m");
+// Tests fmt::internal::count_digits for integer type Int.
+template <typename Int> void test_count_digits() {
+  for (Int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) EXPECT_EQ(1u, fmt::internal::count_digits(i));
+  for (Int i = 1, n = 1, end = std::numeric_limits<Int>::max() / 10; n <= end;
+       ++i) {
+    n *= 10;
+    EXPECT_EQ(i, fmt::internal::count_digits(n - 1));
+    EXPECT_EQ(i + 1, fmt::internal::count_digits(n));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(UtilTest, CountDigits) {
+  test_count_digits<uint32_t>();
+  test_count_digits<uint64_t>();
+}
+
+TEST(UtilTest, WriteUIntPtr) {
+  fmt::memory_buffer buf;
+  fmt::internal::writer writer(buf);
+  writer.write_pointer(fmt::internal::bit_cast<fmt::internal::fallback_uintptr>(
+                           reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)),
+                       nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ("0xface", to_string(buf));
 }
diff --git a/test/format-test.cc b/test/format-test.cc
index 2ce513b..dfc265f 100644
--- a/test/format-test.cc
+++ b/test/format-test.cc
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 //
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
 
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <cctype>
 #include <cfloat>
 #include <climits>
@@ -13,13 +14,13 @@
 #include <list>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
-#include <stdint.h>
 
 // Check if fmt/format.h compiles with windows.h included before it.
 #ifdef _WIN32
-# include <windows.h>
+#  include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "fmt/color.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
 #include "gmock.h"
 #include "gtest-extra.h"
@@ -33,11 +34,11 @@
 using std::size_t;
 
 using fmt::basic_memory_buffer;
-using fmt::basic_writer;
+using fmt::internal::basic_writer;
 using fmt::format;
 using fmt::format_error;
-using fmt::string_view;
 using fmt::memory_buffer;
+using fmt::string_view;
 using fmt::wmemory_buffer;
 
 using testing::Return;
@@ -46,40 +47,34 @@
 namespace {
 
 #if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408
-template <typename Char, typename T>
-bool check_enabled_formatter() {
-  static_assert(
-        std::is_default_constructible<fmt::formatter<T, Char>>::value, "");
+template <typename Char, typename T> bool check_enabled_formatter() {
+  static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<fmt::formatter<T, Char>>::value,
+                "");
   return true;
 }
 
-template <typename Char, typename... T>
-void check_enabled_formatters() {
+template <typename Char, typename... T> void check_enabled_formatters() {
   auto dummy = {check_enabled_formatter<Char, T>()...};
   (void)dummy;
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, TestFormattersEnabled) {
-  check_enabled_formatters<char,
-      bool, char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short,
-      int, unsigned, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
-      float, double, long double, void*, const void*,
-      char*, const char*, std::string>();
-  check_enabled_formatters<wchar_t,
-      bool, wchar_t, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short,
-      int, unsigned, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long,
-      float, double, long double, void*, const void*,
-      wchar_t*, const wchar_t*, std::wstring>();
-#if FMT_USE_NULLPTR
-  check_enabled_formatters<char, std::nullptr_t>();
-  check_enabled_formatters<wchar_t, std::nullptr_t>();
-#endif
+  check_enabled_formatters<char, bool, char, signed char, unsigned char, short,
+                           unsigned short, int, unsigned, long, unsigned long,
+                           long long, unsigned long long, float, double,
+                           long double, void*, const void*, char*, const char*,
+                           std::string, std::nullptr_t>();
+  check_enabled_formatters<wchar_t, bool, wchar_t, signed char, unsigned char,
+                           short, unsigned short, int, unsigned, long,
+                           unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long, float,
+                           double, long double, void*, const void*, wchar_t*,
+                           const wchar_t*, std::wstring, std::nullptr_t>();
 }
 #endif
 
 // Format value using the standard library.
 template <typename Char, typename T>
-void std_format(const T &value, std::basic_string<Char> &result) {
+void std_format(const T& value, std::basic_string<Char>& result) {
   std::basic_ostringstream<Char> os;
   os << value;
   result = os.str();
@@ -87,12 +82,12 @@
 
 #ifdef __MINGW32__
 // Workaround a bug in formatting long double in MinGW.
-void std_format(long double value, std::string &result) {
+void std_format(long double value, std::string& result) {
   char buffer[100];
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%Lg", value);
   result = buffer;
 }
-void std_format(long double value, std::wstring &result) {
+void std_format(long double value, std::wstring& result) {
   wchar_t buffer[100];
   swprintf(buffer, L"%Lg", value);
   result = buffer;
@@ -102,34 +97,32 @@
 // Checks if writing value to BasicWriter<Char> produces the same result
 // as writing it to std::basic_ostringstream<Char>.
 template <typename Char, typename T>
-::testing::AssertionResult check_write(const T &value, const char *type) {
+::testing::AssertionResult check_write(const T& value, const char* type) {
   fmt::basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
-  typedef fmt::back_insert_range<fmt::internal::basic_buffer<Char>> range;
-  fmt::basic_writer<range> writer(buffer);
+  using range = fmt::internal::buffer_range<Char>;
+  basic_writer<range> writer(buffer);
   writer.write(value);
   std::basic_string<Char> actual = to_string(buffer);
   std::basic_string<Char> expected;
   std_format(value, expected);
-  if (expected == actual)
-    return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
+  if (expected == actual) return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
   return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
-      << "Value of: (Writer<" << type << ">() << value).str()\n"
-      << "  Actual: " << actual << "\n"
-      << "Expected: " << expected << "\n";
+         << "Value of: (Writer<" << type << ">() << value).str()\n"
+         << "  Actual: " << actual << "\n"
+         << "Expected: " << expected << "\n";
 }
 
 struct AnyWriteChecker {
   template <typename T>
-  ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char *, const T &value) const {
+  ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char*, const T& value) const {
     ::testing::AssertionResult result = check_write<char>(value, "char");
     return result ? check_write<wchar_t>(value, "wchar_t") : result;
   }
 };
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct WriteChecker {
+template <typename Char> struct WriteChecker {
   template <typename T>
-  ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char *, const T &value) const {
+  ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char*, const T& value) const {
     return check_write<Char>(value, "char");
   }
 };
@@ -138,30 +131,11 @@
 // as writing it to std::ostringstream both for char and wchar_t.
 #define CHECK_WRITE(value) EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(AnyWriteChecker(), value)
 
-#define CHECK_WRITE_CHAR(value) \
-  EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<char>(), value)
+#define CHECK_WRITE_CHAR(value) EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<char>(), value)
 #define CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(value) \
   EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<wchar_t>(), value)
 }  // namespace
 
-// Tests fmt::internal::count_digits for integer type Int.
-template <typename Int>
-void test_count_digits() {
-  for (Int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
-    EXPECT_EQ(1u, fmt::internal::count_digits(i));
-  for (Int i = 1, n = 1,
-      end = std::numeric_limits<Int>::max() / 10; n <= end; ++i) {
-    n *= 10;
-    EXPECT_EQ(i, fmt::internal::count_digits(n - 1));
-    EXPECT_EQ(i + 1, fmt::internal::count_digits(n));
-  }
-}
-
-TEST(UtilTest, CountDigits) {
-  test_count_digits<uint32_t>();
-  test_count_digits<uint64_t>();
-}
-
 struct uint32_pair {
   uint32_t u[2];
 };
@@ -196,14 +170,14 @@
   fmt::string_view s = "10000000000";
   auto begin = s.begin(), end = s.end();
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
-        parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, fmt::internal::error_handler()),
-        fmt::format_error, "number is too big");
+      parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, fmt::internal::error_handler()),
+      fmt::format_error, "number is too big");
   s = "2147483649";
   begin = s.begin();
   end = s.end();
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
-        parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, fmt::internal::error_handler()),
-        fmt::format_error, "number is too big");
+      parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, fmt::internal::error_handler()),
+      fmt::format_error, "number is too big");
 }
 
 TEST(IteratorTest, CountingIterator) {
@@ -214,7 +188,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(IteratorTest, TruncatingIterator) {
-  char *p = FMT_NULL;
+  char* p = nullptr;
   fmt::internal::truncating_iterator<char*> it(p, 3);
   auto prev = it++;
   EXPECT_EQ(prev.base(), p);
@@ -238,13 +212,12 @@
   EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<std::string>::value);
   EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<
               std::back_insert_iterator<std::string>>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<
-              std::string::iterator>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<
-               std::string::const_iterator>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<std::string::iterator>::value);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<std::string::const_iterator>::value);
   EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<std::list<char>>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<
-              std::list<char>::iterator>::value);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<std::list<char>::iterator>::value);
   EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<
                std::list<char>::const_iterator>::value);
   EXPECT_FALSE(fmt::internal::is_output_iterator<uint32_pair>::value);
@@ -256,11 +229,11 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(123u, buffer.capacity());
 }
 
-static void check_forwarding(
-    mock_allocator<int> &alloc, allocator_ref<mock_allocator<int>> &ref) {
+static void check_forwarding(mock_allocator<int>& alloc,
+                             allocator_ref<mock_allocator<int>>& ref) {
   int mem;
   // Check if value_type is properly defined.
-  allocator_ref< mock_allocator<int> >::value_type *ptr = &mem;
+  allocator_ref<mock_allocator<int>>::value_type* ptr = &mem;
   // Check forwarding.
   EXPECT_CALL(alloc, allocate(42)).WillOnce(testing::Return(ptr));
   ref.allocate(42);
@@ -269,31 +242,31 @@
 }
 
 TEST(AllocatorTest, allocator_ref) {
-  StrictMock< mock_allocator<int> > alloc;
-  typedef allocator_ref< mock_allocator<int> > test_allocator_ref;
+  StrictMock<mock_allocator<int>> alloc;
+  typedef allocator_ref<mock_allocator<int>> test_allocator_ref;
   test_allocator_ref ref(&alloc);
   // Check if allocator_ref forwards to the underlying allocator.
   check_forwarding(alloc, ref);
   test_allocator_ref ref2(ref);
   check_forwarding(alloc, ref2);
   test_allocator_ref ref3;
-  EXPECT_EQ(FMT_NULL, ref3.get());
+  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, ref3.get());
   ref3 = ref;
   check_forwarding(alloc, ref3);
 }
 
-typedef allocator_ref< std::allocator<char> > TestAllocator;
+typedef allocator_ref<std::allocator<char>> TestAllocator;
 
-static void check_move_buffer(const char *str,
-                       basic_memory_buffer<char, 5, TestAllocator> &buffer) {
-  std::allocator<char> *alloc = buffer.get_allocator().get();
+static void check_move_buffer(
+    const char* str, basic_memory_buffer<char, 5, TestAllocator>& buffer) {
+  std::allocator<char>* alloc = buffer.get_allocator().get();
   basic_memory_buffer<char, 5, TestAllocator> buffer2(std::move(buffer));
   // Move shouldn't destroy the inline content of the first buffer.
   EXPECT_EQ(str, std::string(&buffer[0], buffer.size()));
   EXPECT_EQ(str, std::string(&buffer2[0], buffer2.size()));
   EXPECT_EQ(5u, buffer2.capacity());
   // Move should transfer allocator.
-  EXPECT_EQ(FMT_NULL, buffer.get_allocator().get());
+  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, buffer.get_allocator().get());
   EXPECT_EQ(alloc, buffer2.get_allocator().get());
 }
 
@@ -307,7 +280,7 @@
   // dynamic allocation.
   buffer.push_back('a');
   check_move_buffer("testa", buffer);
-  const char *inline_buffer_ptr = &buffer[0];
+  const char* inline_buffer_ptr = &buffer[0];
   // Adding one more character causes the content to move from the inline to
   // a dynamically allocated buffer.
   buffer.push_back('b');
@@ -318,8 +291,8 @@
   EXPECT_GT(buffer2.capacity(), 5u);
 }
 
-static void check_move_assign_buffer(
-    const char *str, basic_memory_buffer<char, 5> &buffer) {
+static void check_move_assign_buffer(const char* str,
+                                     basic_memory_buffer<char, 5>& buffer) {
   basic_memory_buffer<char, 5> buffer2;
   buffer2 = std::move(buffer);
   // Move shouldn't destroy the inline content of the first buffer.
@@ -337,7 +310,7 @@
   // dynamic allocation.
   buffer.push_back('a');
   check_move_assign_buffer("testa", buffer);
-  const char *inline_buffer_ptr = &buffer[0];
+  const char* inline_buffer_ptr = &buffer[0];
   // Adding one more character causes the content to move from the inline to
   // a dynamically allocated buffer.
   buffer.push_back('b');
@@ -350,7 +323,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(MemoryBufferTest, Grow) {
-  typedef allocator_ref< mock_allocator<int> > Allocator;
+  typedef allocator_ref<mock_allocator<int>> Allocator;
   typedef basic_memory_buffer<int, 10, Allocator> Base;
   mock_allocator<int> alloc;
   struct TestMemoryBuffer : Base {
@@ -359,8 +332,7 @@
   } buffer((Allocator(&alloc)));
   buffer.resize(7);
   using fmt::internal::to_unsigned;
-  for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
-    buffer[to_unsigned(i)] = i * i;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) buffer[to_unsigned(i)] = i * i;
   EXPECT_EQ(10u, buffer.capacity());
   int mem[20];
   mem[7] = 0xdead;
@@ -368,21 +340,21 @@
   buffer.grow(20);
   EXPECT_EQ(20u, buffer.capacity());
   // Check if size elements have been copied
-  for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
-    EXPECT_EQ(i * i, buffer[to_unsigned(i)]);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i) EXPECT_EQ(i * i, buffer[to_unsigned(i)]);
   // and no more than that.
   EXPECT_EQ(0xdead, buffer[7]);
   EXPECT_CALL(alloc, deallocate(mem, 20));
 }
 
 TEST(MemoryBufferTest, Allocator) {
-  typedef allocator_ref< mock_allocator<char> > TestAllocator;
+  typedef allocator_ref<mock_allocator<char>> TestAllocator;
   basic_memory_buffer<char, 10, TestAllocator> buffer;
-  EXPECT_EQ(FMT_NULL, buffer.get_allocator().get());
-  StrictMock< mock_allocator<char> > alloc;
+  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, buffer.get_allocator().get());
+  StrictMock<mock_allocator<char>> alloc;
   char mem;
   {
-    basic_memory_buffer<char, 10, TestAllocator> buffer2((TestAllocator(&alloc)));
+    basic_memory_buffer<char, 10, TestAllocator> buffer2(
+        (TestAllocator(&alloc)));
     EXPECT_EQ(&alloc, buffer2.get_allocator().get());
     std::size_t size = 2 * fmt::inline_buffer_size;
     EXPECT_CALL(alloc, allocate(size)).WillOnce(Return(&mem));
@@ -392,8 +364,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(MemoryBufferTest, ExceptionInDeallocate) {
-  typedef allocator_ref< mock_allocator<char> > TestAllocator;
-  StrictMock< mock_allocator<char> > alloc;
+  typedef allocator_ref<mock_allocator<char>> TestAllocator;
+  StrictMock<mock_allocator<char>> alloc;
   basic_memory_buffer<char, 10, TestAllocator> buffer((TestAllocator(&alloc)));
   std::size_t size = 2 * fmt::inline_buffer_size;
   std::vector<char> mem(size);
@@ -410,8 +382,7 @@
     EXPECT_THROW(buffer.reserve(2 * size), std::exception);
     EXPECT_EQ(&mem2[0], &buffer[0]);
     // Check that the data has been copied.
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i)
-      EXPECT_EQ('x', buffer[i]);
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) EXPECT_EQ('x', buffer[i]);
   }
   EXPECT_CALL(alloc, deallocate(&mem2[0], 2 * size));
 }
@@ -447,14 +418,14 @@
 
 template <typename Converter, typename Char>
 void check_utf_conversion_error(
-        const char *message,
-        fmt::basic_string_view<Char> str = fmt::basic_string_view<Char>(0, 1)) {
+    const char* message,
+    fmt::basic_string_view<Char> str = fmt::basic_string_view<Char>(0, 1)) {
   fmt::memory_buffer out;
   fmt::internal::format_windows_error(out, ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER, message);
   fmt::system_error error(0, "");
   try {
     (Converter)(str);
-  } catch (const fmt::system_error &e) {
+  } catch (const fmt::system_error& e) {
     error = e;
   }
   EXPECT_EQ(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER, error.error_code());
@@ -467,10 +438,10 @@
 }
 
 TEST(UtilTest, UTF8ToUTF16Error) {
-  const char *message = "cannot convert string from UTF-8 to UTF-16";
+  const char* message = "cannot convert string from UTF-8 to UTF-16";
   check_utf_conversion_error<fmt::internal::utf8_to_utf16, char>(message);
   check_utf_conversion_error<fmt::internal::utf8_to_utf16, char>(
-    message, fmt::string_view("foo", INT_MAX + 1u));
+      message, fmt::string_view("foo", INT_MAX + 1u));
 }
 
 TEST(UtilTest, UTF16ToUTF8Convert) {
@@ -481,15 +452,15 @@
 }
 #endif  // _WIN32
 
-typedef void (*FormatErrorMessage)(
-        fmt::internal::buffer &out, int error_code, string_view message);
+typedef void (*FormatErrorMessage)(fmt::internal::buffer<char>& out,
+                                   int error_code, string_view message);
 
 template <typename Error>
 void check_throw_error(int error_code, FormatErrorMessage format) {
   fmt::system_error error(0, "");
   try {
     throw Error(error_code, "test {}", "error");
-  } catch (const fmt::system_error &e) {
+  } catch (const fmt::system_error& e) {
     error = e;
   }
   fmt::memory_buffer message;
@@ -518,7 +489,7 @@
     fmt::print("warning: std::allocator allocates {} chars", max_size);
     return;
   }
-  fmt::format_system_error(message, EDOM, fmt::string_view(FMT_NULL, max_size));
+  fmt::format_system_error(message, EDOM, fmt::string_view(nullptr, max_size));
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("error {}", EDOM), to_string(message));
 }
 
@@ -541,21 +512,22 @@
 
 TEST(UtilTest, FormatWindowsError) {
   LPWSTR message = 0;
-  FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
-      FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, 0,
-      ERROR_FILE_EXISTS, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
-      reinterpret_cast<LPWSTR>(&message), 0, 0);
+  FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER | FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+                     FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                 0, ERROR_FILE_EXISTS,
+                 MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+                 reinterpret_cast<LPWSTR>(&message), 0, 0);
   fmt::internal::utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message(message);
   LocalFree(message);
   fmt::memory_buffer actual_message;
-  fmt::internal::format_windows_error(
-      actual_message, ERROR_FILE_EXISTS, "test");
+  fmt::internal::format_windows_error(actual_message, ERROR_FILE_EXISTS,
+                                      "test");
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("test: {}", utf8_message.str()),
-      fmt::to_string(actual_message));
+            fmt::to_string(actual_message));
   actual_message.resize(0);
   fmt::internal::format_windows_error(
-        actual_message, ERROR_FILE_EXISTS,
-        fmt::string_view(0, std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()));
+      actual_message, ERROR_FILE_EXISTS,
+      fmt::string_view(0, std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()));
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("error {}", ERROR_FILE_EXISTS),
             fmt::to_string(actual_message));
 }
@@ -565,26 +537,28 @@
   // this error code is not available on all Windows platforms and
   // Windows SDKs, so do not fail the test if the error string cannot
   // be retrieved.
-  const int provisioning_not_allowed = 0x80284013L /*TBS_E_PROVISIONING_NOT_ALLOWED*/;
+  const int provisioning_not_allowed =
+      0x80284013L /*TBS_E_PROVISIONING_NOT_ALLOWED*/;
   if (FormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
-      FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS, 0,
-      static_cast<DWORD>(provisioning_not_allowed),
-      MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
-      reinterpret_cast<LPWSTR>(&message), 0, 0) == 0) {
+                         FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+                         FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                     0, static_cast<DWORD>(provisioning_not_allowed),
+                     MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+                     reinterpret_cast<LPWSTR>(&message), 0, 0) == 0) {
     return;
   }
   fmt::internal::utf16_to_utf8 utf8_message(message);
   LocalFree(message);
   fmt::memory_buffer actual_message;
-  fmt::internal::format_windows_error(
-      actual_message, provisioning_not_allowed, "test");
+  fmt::internal::format_windows_error(actual_message, provisioning_not_allowed,
+                                      "test");
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("test: {}", utf8_message.str()),
-      fmt::to_string(actual_message));
+            fmt::to_string(actual_message));
 }
 
 TEST(UtilTest, WindowsError) {
-  check_throw_error<fmt::windows_error>(
-      ERROR_FILE_EXISTS, fmt::internal::format_windows_error);
+  check_throw_error<fmt::windows_error>(ERROR_FILE_EXISTS,
+                                        fmt::internal::format_windows_error);
 }
 
 TEST(UtilTest, ReportWindowsError) {
@@ -592,7 +566,7 @@
   fmt::internal::format_windows_error(out, ERROR_FILE_EXISTS, "test error");
   out.push_back('\n');
   EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
-      fmt::report_windows_error(ERROR_FILE_EXISTS, "test error"),
+               fmt::report_windows_error(ERROR_FILE_EXISTS, "test error"),
                fmt::to_string(out));
 }
 
@@ -608,7 +582,7 @@
 
 TEST(WriterTest, Data) {
   memory_buffer buf;
-  fmt::writer w(buf);
+  fmt::internal::writer w(buf);
   w.write(42);
   EXPECT_EQ("42", to_string(buf));
 }
@@ -642,8 +616,15 @@
 TEST(WriterTest, WriteDouble) {
   CHECK_WRITE(4.2);
   CHECK_WRITE(-4.2);
-  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<double>::min());
-  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
+  auto min = std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
+  auto max = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
+  if (fmt::internal::use_grisu<double>()) {
+    EXPECT_EQ("2.2250738585072014e-308", fmt::format("{}", min));
+    EXPECT_EQ("1.7976931348623157e+308", fmt::format("{}", max));
+  } else {
+    CHECK_WRITE(min);
+    CHECK_WRITE(max);
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(WriterTest, WriteLongDouble) {
@@ -655,48 +636,45 @@
     CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(-4.2l);
   else
     fmt::print("warning: long double formatting with std::swprintf is broken");
-  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long double>::min());
-  CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long double>::max());
+  auto min = std::numeric_limits<long double>::min();
+  auto max = std::numeric_limits<long double>::max();
+  if (fmt::internal::use_grisu<long double>()) {
+    EXPECT_EQ("2.2250738585072014e-308", fmt::format("{}", min));
+    EXPECT_EQ("1.7976931348623157e+308", fmt::format("{}", max));
+  } else {
+    CHECK_WRITE(min);
+    CHECK_WRITE(max);
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(WriterTest, WriteDoubleAtBufferBoundary) {
   memory_buffer buf;
-  fmt::writer writer(buf);
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
-    writer.write(1.23456789);
+  fmt::internal::writer writer(buf);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) writer.write(1.23456789);
 }
 
 TEST(WriterTest, WriteDoubleWithFilledBuffer) {
   memory_buffer buf;
-  fmt::writer writer(buf);
+  fmt::internal::writer writer(buf);
   // Fill the buffer.
-  for (int i = 0; i < fmt::inline_buffer_size; ++i)
-    writer.write(' ');
+  for (int i = 0; i < fmt::inline_buffer_size; ++i) writer.write(' ');
   writer.write(1.2);
   fmt::string_view sv(buf.data(), buf.size());
   sv.remove_prefix(fmt::inline_buffer_size);
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2", sv);
 }
 
-TEST(WriterTest, WriteChar) {
-  CHECK_WRITE('a');
-}
+TEST(WriterTest, WriteChar) { CHECK_WRITE('a'); }
 
-TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideChar) {
-  CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L'a');
-}
+TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideChar) { CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L'a'); }
 
 TEST(WriterTest, WriteString) {
   CHECK_WRITE_CHAR("abc");
   CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR("abc");
-  // The following line shouldn't compile:
-  //std::declval<fmt::basic_writer<fmt::buffer>>().write(L"abc");
 }
 
 TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideString) {
   CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L"abc");
-  // The following line shouldn't compile:
-  //std::declval<fmt::basic_writer<fmt::wbuffer>>().write("abc");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatToTest, FormatWithoutArgs) {
@@ -722,7 +700,7 @@
 TEST(FormatToTest, FormatToNonbackInsertIteratorWithSignAndNumericAlignment) {
   char buffer[16] = {};
   fmt::format_to(fmt::internal::make_checked(buffer, 16), "{: =+}", 42.0);
-  EXPECT_STREQ("+42", buffer);
+  EXPECT_STREQ("+42.0", buffer);
 }
 
 TEST(FormatToTest, FormatToMemoryBuffer) {
@@ -755,9 +733,7 @@
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0{}"), format_error, "invalid format string");
 }
 
-TEST(FormatterTest, NoArgs) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("test"));
-}
+TEST(FormatterTest, NoArgs) { EXPECT_EQ("test", format("test")); }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, ArgsInDifferentPositions) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42));
@@ -781,7 +757,7 @@
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), format_error, "invalid format string");
   safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u}", INT_MAX);
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), format_error,
-      "argument index out of range");
+                   "argument index out of range");
 
   safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), format_error, "number is too big");
@@ -789,28 +765,26 @@
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), format_error, "number is too big");
 }
 
-template <int N>
-struct TestFormat {
+template <int N> struct TestFormat {
   template <typename... Args>
-  static std::string format(fmt::string_view format_str, const Args &... args) {
+  static std::string format(fmt::string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
     return TestFormat<N - 1>::format(format_str, N - 1, args...);
   }
 };
 
-template <>
-struct TestFormat<0> {
+template <> struct TestFormat<0> {
   template <typename... Args>
-  static std::string format(fmt::string_view format_str, const Args &... args) {
+  static std::string format(fmt::string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
     return fmt::format(format_str, args...);
   }
 };
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, ManyArgs) {
   EXPECT_EQ("19", TestFormat<20>::format("{19}"));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<20>::format("{20}"),
-                   format_error, "argument index out of range");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<21>::format("{21}"),
-                   format_error, "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<20>::format("{20}"), format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<21>::format("{21}"), format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
   enum { max_packed_args = fmt::internal::max_packed_args };
   std::string format_str = fmt::format("{{{}}}", max_packed_args + 1);
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<max_packed_args>::format(format_str),
@@ -824,30 +798,29 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(" -42", format("{0:{width}}", -42, fmt::arg("width", 4)));
   EXPECT_EQ("st", format("{0:.{precision}}", "str", fmt::arg("precision", 2)));
   EXPECT_EQ("1 2", format("{} {two}", 1, fmt::arg("two", 2)));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{c}",
-        fmt::arg("a", 0), fmt::arg("b", 0), fmt::arg("c", 42), fmt::arg("d", 0),
-        fmt::arg("e", 0), fmt::arg("f", 0), fmt::arg("g", 0), fmt::arg("h", 0),
-        fmt::arg("i", 0), fmt::arg("j", 0), fmt::arg("k", 0), fmt::arg("l", 0),
-        fmt::arg("m", 0), fmt::arg("n", 0), fmt::arg("o", 0), fmt::arg("p", 0)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{c}", fmt::arg("a", 0), fmt::arg("b", 0),
+                         fmt::arg("c", 42), fmt::arg("d", 0), fmt::arg("e", 0),
+                         fmt::arg("f", 0), fmt::arg("g", 0), fmt::arg("h", 0),
+                         fmt::arg("i", 0), fmt::arg("j", 0), fmt::arg("k", 0),
+                         fmt::arg("l", 0), fmt::arg("m", 0), fmt::arg("n", 0),
+                         fmt::arg("o", 0), fmt::arg("p", 0)));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, AutoArgIndex) {
   EXPECT_EQ("abc", format("{}{}{}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}{}", 'a', 'b'),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}{0}", 'a', 'b'),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}{}", 'a', 'b'), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}{0}", 'a', 'b'), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{:.{}}", 1.2345, 2));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}:.{}", 1.2345, 2),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:.{0}}", 1.2345, 2),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}:.{}", 1.2345, 2), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:.{0}}", 1.2345, 2), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}"), format_error, "argument index out of range");
 }
 
-TEST(FormatterTest, EmptySpecs) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:}", 42));
-}
+TEST(FormatterTest, EmptySpecs) { EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:}", 42)); }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, LeftAlign) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4}", 42));
@@ -859,8 +832,8 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42ul));
   EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42ll));
   EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42ull));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0  ", format("{0:<7}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0  ", format("{0:<7}", -42.0l));
   EXPECT_EQ("c    ", format("{0:<5}", 'c'));
   EXPECT_EQ("abc  ", format("{0:<5}", "abc"));
   EXPECT_EQ("0xface  ", format("{0:<8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
@@ -876,8 +849,8 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42ul));
   EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42ll));
   EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42ull));
-  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_EQ("  -42.0", format("{0:>7}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("  -42.0", format("{0:>7}", -42.0l));
   EXPECT_EQ("    c", format("{0:>5}", 'c'));
   EXPECT_EQ("  abc", format("{0:>5}", "abc"));
   EXPECT_EQ("  0xface", format("{0:>8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
@@ -896,17 +869,17 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42ul));
   EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42ll));
   EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42ull));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42.0l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5", 'c'),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid format specifier for char");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", "abc"),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ("-  42.0", format("{0:=7}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-  42.0", format("{0:=7}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid format specifier for char");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", "abc"), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_EQ(" 1", fmt::format("{:= }", 1.0));
+                   format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 1.0", fmt::format("{:= }", 1.0));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, CenterAlign) {
@@ -919,18 +892,18 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42ul));
   EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42ll));
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42ull));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" -42  ", format("{0:^6}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" -42.0 ", format("{0:^7}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" -42.0 ", format("{0:^7}", -42.0l));
   EXPECT_EQ("  c  ", format("{0:^5}", 'c'));
   EXPECT_EQ(" abc  ", format("{0:^6}", "abc"));
   EXPECT_EQ(" 0xface ", format("{0:^8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, Fill) {
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid fill character '{'");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid fill character '{'");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid fill character '{'");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid fill character '{'");
   EXPECT_EQ("**42", format("{0:*>4}", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42));
   EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42u));
@@ -938,8 +911,8 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42ul));
   EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42ll));
   EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42ull));
-  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_EQ("**-42.0", format("{0:*>7}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("**-42.0", format("{0:*>7}", -42.0l));
   EXPECT_EQ("c****", format("{0:*<5}", 'c'));
   EXPECT_EQ("abc**", format("{0:*<5}", "abc"));
   EXPECT_EQ("**0xface", format("{0:*>8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
@@ -951,72 +924,72 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:+}", -42));
   EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42u),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42u), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
   EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ul),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ul), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
   EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42ll));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ull),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
-  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42.0l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+", 'c'),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid format specifier for char");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", "abc"),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ull), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ("+42.0", format("{0:+}", 42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("+42.0", format("{0:+}", 42.0l));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid format specifier for char");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", "abc"), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, MinusSign) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:-}", -42));
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42u),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42u), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ul),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ul), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42ll));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ull),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42.0l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-", 'c'),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid format specifier for char");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", "abc"),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ull), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ("42.0", format("{0:-}", 42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("42.0", format("{0:-}", 42.0l));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid format specifier for char");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", "abc"), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, SpaceSign) {
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0: }", -42));
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42u),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42u), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ul),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ul), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42ll));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ull),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires signed argument");
-  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42.0l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: ", 'c'),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid format specifier for char");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", "abc"),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ull), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires signed argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 42.0", format("{0: }", 42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 42.0", format("{0: }", 42.0l));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: ", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid format specifier for char");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", "abc"), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, HashFlag) {
@@ -1052,19 +1025,16 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ull));
   EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ull));
 
-  if (FMT_USE_GRISU)
-    EXPECT_EQ("-42.0", format("{0:#}", -42.0));
-  else
-    EXPECT_EQ("-42.0000", format("{0:#}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0000", format("{0:#}", -42.0l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#", 'c'),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid format specifier for char");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", "abc"),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0", format("{0:#}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-42.0", format("{0:#}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid format specifier for char");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", "abc"), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, ZeroFlag) {
@@ -1075,16 +1045,16 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42ul));
   EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42ll));
   EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42ull));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42.0));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42.0l));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:0", 'c'),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", 'c'),
-      format_error, "invalid format specifier for char");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", "abc"),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_EQ("-0042.0", format("{0:07}", -42.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-0042.0", format("{0:07}", -42.0l));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:0", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", 'c'), format_error,
+                   "invalid format specifier for char");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", "abc"), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+                   format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, Width) {
@@ -1113,6 +1083,7 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("x          ", format("{0:11}", 'x'));
   EXPECT_EQ("str         ", format("{0:12}", "str"));
 }
+template <typename T> inline T const_check(T value) { return value; }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, RuntimeWidth) {
   char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
@@ -1127,36 +1098,32 @@
   format_str[size + 2] = 0;
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), format_error, "number is too big");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{", 0),
-      format_error, "invalid format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{}", 0),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{?}}", 0),
-      format_error, "invalid format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0),
-      format_error, "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{", 0), format_error, "invalid format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{}", 0), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{?}}", 0), format_error, "invalid format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0), format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{0:}}", 0),
-      format_error, "invalid format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{0:}}", 0), format_error,
+                   "invalid format string");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, -1),
-      format_error, "negative width");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, -1l),
-      format_error, "negative width");
-  if (fmt::internal::const_check(sizeof(long) > sizeof(int))) {
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, -1), format_error, "negative width");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, -1l), format_error, "negative width");
+  if (const_check(sizeof(long) > sizeof(int))) {
     long value = INT_MAX;
-    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (value + 1)),
-        format_error, "number is too big");
+    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (value + 1)), format_error,
+                     "number is too big");
   }
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, '0'),
-      format_error, "width is not integer");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, 0.0),
-      format_error, "width is not integer");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, '0'), format_error,
+                   "width is not integer");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, 0.0), format_error,
+                   "width is not integer");
 
   EXPECT_EQ(" -42", format("{0:{1}}", -42, 4));
   EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:{1}}", 42u, 5));
@@ -1187,46 +1154,50 @@
   safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), format_error, "number is too big");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.", 0),
-      format_error, "missing precision specifier");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.}", 0),
-      format_error, "missing precision specifier");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.", 0), format_error,
+                   "missing precision specifier");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.}", 0), format_error,
+                   "missing precision specifier");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2", 0),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42u),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42u),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42l),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42l),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ul),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ul),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ll),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ll),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ull),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ull),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:3.0}", 'x'),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2", 0), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42u), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42u), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42l), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42l), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ul), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ul), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ll), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ll), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ull), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ull), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2%}", 42), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:3.0}", 'x'), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.2}", 1.2345));
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.2}", 1.2345l));
 
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+                   format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+                   format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
 
   EXPECT_EQ("st", format("{0:.2}", "str"));
 }
@@ -1244,87 +1215,88 @@
   format_str[size + 2] = 0;
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), format_error, "number is too big");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{", 0),
-      format_error, "invalid format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{}", 0),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{?}}", 0),
-      format_error, "invalid format string");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}", 0, 0),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0),
-      format_error, "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{", 0), format_error, "invalid format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{}", 0), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{?}}", 0), format_error,
+                   "invalid format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}", 0, 0), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0), format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{0:}}", 0),
-      format_error, "invalid format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{0:}}", 0), format_error,
+                   "invalid format string");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1),
-      format_error, "negative precision");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1l),
-      format_error, "negative precision");
-  if (fmt::internal::const_check(sizeof(long) > sizeof(int))) {
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1), format_error,
+                   "negative precision");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1l), format_error,
+                   "negative precision");
+  if (const_check(sizeof(long) > sizeof(int))) {
     long value = INT_MAX;
-    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (value + 1)),
-        format_error, "number is too big");
+    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (value + 1)), format_error,
+                     "number is too big");
   }
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, '0'),
-      format_error, "precision is not integer");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, 0.0),
-      format_error, "precision is not integer");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, '0'), format_error,
+                   "precision is not integer");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, 0.0), format_error,
+                   "precision is not integer");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42u, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42u, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42l, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42l, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ul, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ul, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ll, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ll, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ull, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ull, 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:3.{1}}", 'x', 0),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42u, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42u, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42l, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42l, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ul, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ul, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ll, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ll, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ull, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ull, 2), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:3.{1}}", 'x', 0), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.{1}}", 1.2345, 2));
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{1:.{0}}", 2, 1.2345l));
 
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+                   format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 2),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+                   format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
 
   EXPECT_EQ("st", format("{0:.{1}}", "str", 2));
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-void check_unknown_types(const T &value, const char *types, const char *) {
+void check_unknown_types(const T& value, const char* types, const char*) {
   char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
-  const char *special = ".0123456789}";
+  const char* special = ".0123456789}";
   for (int i = CHAR_MIN; i <= CHAR_MAX; ++i) {
     char c = static_cast<char>(i);
     if (std::strchr(types, c) || std::strchr(special, c) || !c) continue;
     safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:10%c}", c);
-    const char *message = "invalid type specifier";
+    const char* message = "invalid type specifier";
     EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, value), format_error, message)
-      << format_str << " " << message;
+        << format_str << " " << message;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1344,8 +1316,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatInt) {
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:v", 42),
-      format_error, "missing '}' in format string");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:v", 42), format_error,
+                   "missing '}' in format string");
   check_unknown_types(42, "bBdoxXn", "integer");
 }
 
@@ -1448,11 +1420,12 @@
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatFloat) {
   EXPECT_EQ("392.500000", format("{0:f}", 392.5f));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12.500000%", format("{0:%}", 0.125f));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatDouble) {
-  check_unknown_types(1.2, "eEfFgGaA", "double");
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{:}", 0.0));
+  check_unknown_types(1.2, "eEfFgGaAn%", "double");
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.0", format("{:}", 0.0));
   EXPECT_EQ("0.000000", format("{:f}", 0.0));
   EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{:g}", 0.0));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{:}", 392.65));
@@ -1460,6 +1433,8 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{:G}", 392.65));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{:f}", 392.65));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{:F}", 392.65));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12.500000%", format("{:%}", 0.125));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12.34%", format("{:.2%}", 0.1234432));
   char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%e", 392.65);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:e}", 392.65));
@@ -1472,10 +1447,22 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:A}", -42.0));
 }
 
-TEST(FormatterTest, FormatDoubleBigPrecision) {
-  // sprintf with big precision is broken in MSVC2013, so only test on Grisu.
-  if (FMT_USE_GRISU)
-    EXPECT_EQ(format("0.{:0<1000}", ""), format("{:.1000f}", 0.0));
+TEST(FormatterTest, PrecisionRounding) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{:.0f}", 0.0));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{:.0f}", 0.01));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{:.0f}", 0.1));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.000", format("{:.3f}", 0.00049));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.001", format("{:.3f}", 0.0005));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.001", format("{:.3f}", 0.00149));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.002", format("{:.3f}", 0.0015));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.000", format("{:.3f}", 0.9999));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.00123", format("{:.3}", 0.00123));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.1", format("{:.16g}", 0.1));
+  // Trigger rounding error in Grisu by a carefully chosen number.
+  auto n = 3788512123356.985352;
+  char buffer[64];
+  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%f", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:f}", n));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatNaN) {
@@ -1487,6 +1474,7 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("nan    ", format("{:<7}", nan));
   EXPECT_EQ("  nan  ", format("{:^7}", nan));
   EXPECT_EQ("    nan", format("{:>7}", nan));
+  EXPECT_EQ("nan%", format("{:%}", nan));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatInfinity) {
@@ -1499,20 +1487,25 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("inf    ", format("{:<7}", inf));
   EXPECT_EQ("  inf  ", format("{:^7}", inf));
   EXPECT_EQ("    inf", format("{:>7}", inf));
+  EXPECT_EQ("inf%", format("{:%}", inf));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatLongDouble) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:}", 0.0l));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.0", format("{0:}", 0.0l));
   EXPECT_EQ("0.000000", format("{0:f}", 0.0l));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:}", 392.65l));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:g}", 392.65l));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:G}", 392.65l));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:f}", 392.65l));
   EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:F}", 392.65l));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12.500000%", format("{:%}", 0.125l));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12.34%", format("{:.2%}", 0.1234432l));
   char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%Le", 392.65l);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:e}", 392.65l));
   EXPECT_EQ("+0000392.6", format("{0:+010.4g}", 392.64l));
+  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%La", 3.31l);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:a}", 3.31l));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatChar) {
@@ -1522,13 +1515,18 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("z", format("{0:c}", 'z'));
   EXPECT_EQ(L"a", format(L"{0}", 'a'));
   int n = 'x';
-  for (const char *type = types + 1; *type; ++type) {
+  for (const char* type = types + 1; *type; ++type) {
     std::string format_str = fmt::format("{{:{}}}", *type);
     EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(format_str, n), fmt::format(format_str, 'x'));
   }
   EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:02X}", n), fmt::format("{:02X}", 'x'));
 }
 
+TEST(FormatterTest, FormatVolatileChar) {
+  volatile char c = 'x';
+  EXPECT_EQ("x", format("{}", c));
+}
+
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUnsignedChar) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{}", static_cast<unsigned char>(42)));
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{}", static_cast<uint8_t>(42)));
@@ -1537,7 +1535,7 @@
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatWChar) {
   EXPECT_EQ(L"a", format(L"{0}", L'a'));
   // This shouldn't compile:
-  //format("{}", L'a');
+  // format("{}", L'a');
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatCString) {
@@ -1546,37 +1544,39 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", "test"));
   char nonconst[] = "nonconst";
   EXPECT_EQ("nonconst", format("{0}", nonconst));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}", static_cast<const char*>(FMT_NULL)),
-      format_error, "string pointer is null");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}", static_cast<const char*>(nullptr)),
+                   format_error, "string pointer is null");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatSCharString) {
   signed char str[] = "test";
   EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", str));
-  const signed char *const_str = str;
+  const signed char* const_str = str;
   EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", const_str));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUCharString) {
   unsigned char str[] = "test";
   EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", str));
-  const unsigned char *const_str = str;
+  const unsigned char* const_str = str;
   EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", const_str));
-  unsigned char *ptr = str;
+  unsigned char* ptr = str;
   EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", ptr));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatPointer) {
   check_unknown_types(reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234), "p", "pointer");
-  EXPECT_EQ("0x0", format("{0}", static_cast<void*>(FMT_NULL)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0x0", format("{0}", static_cast<void*>(nullptr)));
   EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
   EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{0:p}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
   EXPECT_EQ("0x" + std::string(sizeof(void*) * CHAR_BIT / 4, 'f'),
-      format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(~uintptr_t())));
+            format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(~uintptr_t())));
   EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{}", fmt::ptr(reinterpret_cast<int*>(0x1234))));
-#if FMT_USE_NULLPTR
-  EXPECT_EQ("0x0", format("{}", FMT_NULL));
-#endif
+  std::unique_ptr<int> up(new int(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(format("{}", fmt::ptr(up.get())), format("{}", fmt::ptr(up)));
+  std::shared_ptr<int> sp(new int(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(format("{}", fmt::ptr(sp.get())), format("{}", fmt::ptr(sp)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0x0", format("{}", nullptr));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatString) {
@@ -1588,24 +1588,33 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("", format("{}", string_view()));
 }
 
-#ifdef FMT_USE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+#ifdef FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
+struct string_viewable {};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <> struct formatter<string_viewable> : formatter<std::string_view> {
+  auto format(string_viewable, format_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<std::string_view>::format("foo", ctx);
+  }
+};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatStdStringView) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", std::string_view("test")));
+  EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{}", std::string_view("test")));
+  EXPECT_EQ("foo", format("{}", string_viewable()));
 }
 #endif
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-template <>
-struct formatter<Date> {
+template <> struct formatter<Date> {
   template <typename ParseContext>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
     auto it = ctx.begin();
-    if (*it == 'd')
-      ++it;
+    if (*it == 'd') ++it;
     return it;
   }
 
-  auto format(const Date &d, format_context &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(const Date& d, format_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     format_to(ctx.out(), "{}-{}-{}", d.year(), d.month(), d.day());
     return ctx.out();
   }
@@ -1621,10 +1630,9 @@
 class Answer {};
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-template <>
-struct formatter<Answer> : formatter<int> {
+template <> struct formatter<Answer> : formatter<int> {
   template <typename FormatContext>
-  auto format(Answer, FormatContext &ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+  auto format(Answer, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
     return formatter<int>::format(42, ctx);
   }
 };
@@ -1637,8 +1645,8 @@
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, CustomFormatTo) {
   char buf[10] = {};
-  auto end = &*fmt::format_to(
-        fmt::internal::make_checked(buf, 10), "{}", Answer());
+  auto end =
+      &*fmt::format_to(fmt::internal::make_checked(buf, 10), "{}", Answer());
   EXPECT_EQ(end, buf + 2);
   EXPECT_STREQ(buf, "42");
 }
@@ -1652,8 +1660,8 @@
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatStringFromSpeedTest) {
   EXPECT_EQ("1.2340000000:0042:+3.13:str:0x3e8:X:%",
-      format("{0:0.10f}:{1:04}:{2:+g}:{3}:{4}:{5}:%",
-          1.234, 42, 3.13, "str", reinterpret_cast<void*>(1000), 'X'));
+            format("{0:0.10f}:{1:04}:{2:+g}:{3}:{4}:{5}:%", 1.234, 42, 3.13,
+                   "str", reinterpret_cast<void*>(1000), 'X'));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, FormatExamples) {
@@ -1667,24 +1675,25 @@
   format_to(out, "The answer is {}.", 42);
   EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42.", to_string(out));
 
-  const char *filename = "nonexistent";
-  FILE *ftest = safe_fopen(filename, "r");
+  const char* filename = "nonexistent";
+  FILE* ftest = safe_fopen(filename, "r");
   if (ftest) fclose(ftest);
   int error_code = errno;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(ftest == FMT_NULL);
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR({
-    FILE *f = safe_fopen(filename, "r");
-    if (!f)
-      throw fmt::system_error(errno, "Cannot open file '{}'", filename);
-    fclose(f);
-  }, error_code, "Cannot open file 'nonexistent'");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(ftest == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
+      {
+        FILE* f = safe_fopen(filename, "r");
+        if (!f)
+          throw fmt::system_error(errno, "Cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+        fclose(f);
+      },
+      error_code, "Cannot open file 'nonexistent'");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatterTest, Examples) {
   EXPECT_EQ("First, thou shalt count to three",
-      format("First, thou shalt count to {0}", "three"));
-  EXPECT_EQ("Bring me a shrubbery",
-      format("Bring me a {}", "shrubbery"));
+            format("First, thou shalt count to {0}", "three"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("Bring me a shrubbery", format("Bring me a {}", "shrubbery"));
   EXPECT_EQ("From 1 to 3", format("From {} to {}", 1, 3));
 
   char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
@@ -1696,37 +1705,29 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("c, b, a", format("{2}, {1}, {0}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
   EXPECT_EQ("abracadabra", format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad"));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ("left aligned                  ",
-      format("{:<30}", "left aligned"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("left aligned                  ", format("{:<30}", "left aligned"));
   EXPECT_EQ("                 right aligned",
-      format("{:>30}", "right aligned"));
-  EXPECT_EQ("           centered           ",
-      format("{:^30}", "centered"));
-  EXPECT_EQ("***********centered***********",
-      format("{:*^30}", "centered"));
+            format("{:>30}", "right aligned"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("           centered           ", format("{:^30}", "centered"));
+  EXPECT_EQ("***********centered***********", format("{:*^30}", "centered"));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ("+3.140000; -3.140000",
-      format("{:+f}; {:+f}", 3.14, -3.14));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" 3.140000; -3.140000",
-      format("{: f}; {: f}", 3.14, -3.14));
-  EXPECT_EQ("3.140000; -3.140000",
-      format("{:-f}; {:-f}", 3.14, -3.14));
+  EXPECT_EQ("+3.140000; -3.140000", format("{:+f}; {:+f}", 3.14, -3.14));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" 3.140000; -3.140000", format("{: f}; {: f}", 3.14, -3.14));
+  EXPECT_EQ("3.140000; -3.140000", format("{:-f}; {:-f}", 3.14, -3.14));
 
   EXPECT_EQ("int: 42;  hex: 2a;  oct: 52",
-      format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o}", 42));
+            format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o}", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("int: 42;  hex: 0x2a;  oct: 052",
-      format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:#x};  oct: {0:#o}", 42));
+            format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:#x};  oct: {0:#o}", 42));
 
   EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42", format("The answer is {}", 42));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
-    format("The answer is {:d}", "forty-two"), format_error,
-    "invalid type specifier");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("The answer is {:d}", "forty-two"), format_error,
+                   "invalid type specifier");
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(L"Cyrillic letter \x42e",
-    format(L"Cyrillic letter {}", L'\x42e'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"Cyrillic letter \x42e", format(L"Cyrillic letter {}", L'\x42e'));
 
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
-      fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()), "inf");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(
+      stdout, fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()), "inf");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatIntTest, Data) {
@@ -1749,36 +1750,11 @@
             fmt::format_int(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()).str());
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-std::string format_decimal(T value) {
-  char buffer[10];
-  char *ptr = buffer;
-  fmt::format_decimal(ptr, value);
-  return std::string(buffer, ptr);
-}
-
-TEST(FormatIntTest, FormatDec) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(static_cast<signed char>(-42)));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(static_cast<short>(-42)));
-  std::ostringstream os;
-  os << std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max();
-  EXPECT_EQ(os.str(),
-            format_decimal(std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max()));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1", format_decimal(1));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-1", format_decimal(-1));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42));
-  EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(-42));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42l));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ul));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ll));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ull));
-}
-
 TEST(FormatTest, Print) {
 #if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
   EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print("Don't {}!", "panic"), "Don't panic!");
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
-      fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic"), "Don't panic!");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic"),
+               "Don't panic!");
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -1792,23 +1768,22 @@
   std::vector<fmt::basic_format_arg<ctx>> args;
   args.emplace_back(fmt::internal::make_arg<ctx>(42));
   args.emplace_back(fmt::internal::make_arg<ctx>("abc1"));
-  args.emplace_back(fmt::internal::make_arg<ctx>(1.2f));
+  args.emplace_back(fmt::internal::make_arg<ctx>(1.5f));
 
-  std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}",
-                                    fmt::basic_format_args<ctx>(
-                                        args.data(),
-                                        static_cast<unsigned>(args.size())));
+  std::string result = fmt::vformat(
+      "{} and {} and {}", fmt::basic_format_args<ctx>(
+                              args.data(), static_cast<unsigned>(args.size())));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ("42 and abc1 and 1.2", result);
+  EXPECT_EQ("42 and abc1 and 1.5", result);
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, JoinArg) {
   using fmt::join;
-  int v1[3] = { 1, 2, 3 };
+  int v1[3] = {1, 2, 3};
   std::vector<float> v2;
   v2.push_back(1.2f);
   v2.push_back(3.4f);
-  void *v3[2] = { &v1[0], &v1[1] };
+  void* v3[2] = {&v1[0], &v1[1]};
 
   EXPECT_EQ("(1, 2, 3)", format("({})", join(v1, v1 + 3, ", ")));
   EXPECT_EQ("(1)", format("({})", join(v1, v1 + 1, ", ")));
@@ -1823,14 +1798,13 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(format("{}, {}", v3[0], v3[1]),
             format("{}", join(v3, v3 + 2, ", ")));
 
-#if FMT_USE_TRAILING_RETURN && (!FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 405)
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 405
   EXPECT_EQ("(1, 2, 3)", format("({})", join(v1, ", ")));
   EXPECT_EQ("(+01.20, +03.40)", format("({:+06.2f})", join(v2, ", ")));
 #endif
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-std::string str(const T &value) {
+template <typename T> std::string str(const T& value) {
   return fmt::format("{}", value);
 }
 
@@ -1840,7 +1814,7 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("2012-12-9", s);
 }
 
-std::string vformat_message(int id, const char *format, fmt::format_args args) {
+std::string vformat_message(int id, const char* format, fmt::format_args args) {
   fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
   format_to(buffer, "[{}] ", id);
   vformat_to(buffer, format, args);
@@ -1848,28 +1822,44 @@
 }
 
 template <typename... Args>
-std::string format_message(int id, const char *format, const Args & ... args) {
+std::string format_message(int id, const char* format, const Args&... args) {
   auto va = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
   return vformat_message(id, format, va);
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, FormatMessageExample) {
   EXPECT_EQ("[42] something happened",
-      format_message(42, "{} happened", "something"));
+            format_message(42, "{} happened", "something"));
 }
 
-template<typename... Args>
-void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
-                 const Args & ... args) {
+template <typename... Args>
+void print_error(const char* file, int line, const char* format,
+                 const Args&... args) {
   fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
   fmt::print(format, args...);
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, UnpackedArgs) {
   EXPECT_EQ("0123456789abcdefg",
-            fmt::format("{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}",
-                        0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e',
-                        'f', 'g'));
+            fmt::format("{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}", 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+                        6, 7, 8, 9, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'));
+}
+
+struct string_like {};
+fmt::string_view to_string_view(string_like) { return "foo"; }
+
+TEST(FormatTest, CompileTimeString) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), 42));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), 42));
+  EXPECT_EQ("foo", fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), string_like()));
+}
+
+TEST(FormatTest, CustomFormatCompileTimeString) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), Answer()));
+  Answer answer;
+  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), answer));
+  const Answer const_answer;
+  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), const_answer));
 }
 
 #if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
@@ -1887,75 +1877,67 @@
 }
 
 TEST(LiteralsTest, NamedArg) {
-  auto udl_a = format("{first}{second}{first}{third}",
-                      "first"_a="abra", "second"_a="cad", "third"_a=99);
-  EXPECT_EQ(format("{first}{second}{first}{third}",
-                   fmt::arg("first", "abra"), fmt::arg("second", "cad"),
-                   fmt::arg("third", 99)),
+  auto udl_a = format("{first}{second}{first}{third}", "first"_a = "abra",
+                      "second"_a = "cad", "third"_a = 99);
+  EXPECT_EQ(format("{first}{second}{first}{third}", fmt::arg("first", "abra"),
+                   fmt::arg("second", "cad"), fmt::arg("third", 99)),
             udl_a);
-  auto udl_a_w = format(L"{first}{second}{first}{third}",
-                        L"first"_a=L"abra", L"second"_a=L"cad", L"third"_a=99);
-  EXPECT_EQ(format(L"{first}{second}{first}{third}",
-                   fmt::arg(L"first", L"abra"), fmt::arg(L"second", L"cad"),
-                   fmt::arg(L"third", 99)),
-            udl_a_w);
+  auto udl_a_w = format(L"{first}{second}{first}{third}", L"first"_a = L"abra",
+                        L"second"_a = L"cad", L"third"_a = 99);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      format(L"{first}{second}{first}{third}", fmt::arg(L"first", L"abra"),
+             fmt::arg(L"second", L"cad"), fmt::arg(L"third", 99)),
+      udl_a_w);
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, UdlTemplate) {
   EXPECT_EQ("foo", "foo"_format());
   EXPECT_EQ("        42", "{0:10}"_format(42));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), 42));
-  EXPECT_EQ(L"42", fmt::format(FMT_STRING(L"{}"), 42));
 }
-#endif // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
 
 enum TestEnum { A };
 
-TEST(FormatTest, Enum) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", A));
-}
+TEST(FormatTest, Enum) { EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", A)); }
 
-TEST(FormatTest, EnumFormatterUnambiguous) {
-  fmt::formatter<TestEnum> f;
-  ASSERT_GE(sizeof(f), 0); // use f to avoid compiler warning
+TEST(FormatTest, FormatterNotSpecialized) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::internal::has_formatter<fmt::formatter<TestEnum>,
+                                             fmt::format_context>::value));
 }
 
 #if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_strong_enums)
 enum TestFixedEnum : short { B };
 
-TEST(FormatTest, FixedEnum) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", B));
-}
+TEST(FormatTest, FixedEnum) { EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", B)); }
 #endif
 
-typedef fmt::back_insert_range<fmt::internal::buffer> buffer_range;
+using buffer_range = fmt::internal::buffer_range<char>;
 
-class mock_arg_formatter:
-    public fmt::internal::function<
-      fmt::internal::arg_formatter_base<buffer_range>::iterator>,
-    public fmt::internal::arg_formatter_base<buffer_range> {
+class mock_arg_formatter
+    : public fmt::internal::arg_formatter_base<buffer_range> {
  private:
-  MOCK_METHOD1(call, void (long long value));
+  MOCK_METHOD1(call, void(long long value));
 
  public:
   typedef fmt::internal::arg_formatter_base<buffer_range> base;
   typedef buffer_range range;
 
-  mock_arg_formatter(fmt::format_context &ctx, fmt::format_specs *s = FMT_NULL)
-    : base(fmt::internal::get_container(ctx.out()), s, ctx.locale()) {
+  mock_arg_formatter(fmt::format_context& ctx, fmt::format_parse_context*,
+                     fmt::format_specs* s = nullptr)
+      : base(fmt::internal::get_container(ctx.out()), s, ctx.locale()) {
     EXPECT_CALL(*this, call(42));
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   typename std::enable_if<std::is_integral<T>::value, iterator>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
+  operator()(T value) {
     call(value);
     return base::operator()(value);
   }
 
   template <typename T>
   typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<T>::value, iterator>::type
-      operator()(T value) {
+  operator()(T value) {
     return base::operator()(value);
   }
 
@@ -1970,31 +1952,27 @@
 }
 
 template <typename... Args>
-void custom_format(const char *format_str, const Args & ... args) {
+void custom_format(const char* format_str, const Args&... args) {
   auto va = fmt::make_format_args(args...);
   return custom_vformat(format_str, va);
 }
 
-TEST(FormatTest, CustomArgFormatter) {
-  custom_format("{}", 42);
-}
+TEST(FormatTest, CustomArgFormatter) { custom_format("{}", 42); }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, NonNullTerminatedFormatString) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format(string_view("{}foo", 2), 42));
 }
 
 struct variant {
-  enum {INT, STRING} type;
+  enum { INT, STRING } type;
   explicit variant(int) : type(INT) {}
-  explicit variant(const char *) : type(STRING) {}
+  explicit variant(const char*) : type(STRING) {}
 };
 
 FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
-template <>
-struct formatter<variant> : dynamic_formatter<> {
+template <> struct formatter<variant> : dynamic_formatter<> {
   auto format(variant value, format_context& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
-    if (value.type == variant::INT)
-      return dynamic_formatter<>::format(42, ctx);
+    if (value.type == variant::INT) return dynamic_formatter<>::format(42, ctx);
     return dynamic_formatter<>::format("foo", ctx);
   }
 };
@@ -2006,24 +1984,24 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{:d}", num));
   EXPECT_EQ("foo", format("{:s}", str));
   EXPECT_EQ(" 42 foo ", format("{:{}} {:{}}", num, 3, str, 4));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{}}", num),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:{0}}", num),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:=}", str),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:+}", str),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:-}", str),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{: }", str),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:#}", str),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:0}", str),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:.2}", num),
-      format_error, "precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{}}", num), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:{0}}", num), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:=}", str), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:+}", str), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:-}", str), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{: }", str), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:#}", str), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:0}", str), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:.2}", num), format_error,
+                   "precision not allowed for this argument type");
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, ToString) {
@@ -2031,9 +2009,7 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", fmt::to_string(reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
 }
 
-TEST(FormatTest, ToWString) {
-  EXPECT_EQ(L"42", fmt::to_wstring(42));
-}
+TEST(FormatTest, ToWString) { EXPECT_EQ(L"42", fmt::to_wstring(42)); }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, OutputIterators) {
   std::list<char> out;
@@ -2059,6 +2035,17 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(6u, result.size);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 3, result.out);
   EXPECT_EQ("foox", fmt::string_view(buffer, 4));
+  buffer[0] = 'x';
+  buffer[1] = 'x';
+  buffer[2] = 'x';
+  result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, 3, "{}", 'A');
+  EXPECT_EQ(1u, result.size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 1, result.out);
+  EXPECT_EQ("Axxx", fmt::string_view(buffer, 4));
+  result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, 3, "{}{} ", 'B', 'C');
+  EXPECT_EQ(3u, result.size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 3, result.out);
+  EXPECT_EQ("BC x", fmt::string_view(buffer, 4));
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, WideFormatToN) {
@@ -2068,6 +2055,17 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(5u, result.size);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 3, result.out);
   EXPECT_EQ(L"123x", fmt::wstring_view(buffer, 4));
+  buffer[0] = L'x';
+  buffer[1] = L'x';
+  buffer[2] = L'x';
+  result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, 3, L"{}", L'A');
+  EXPECT_EQ(1u, result.size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 1, result.out);
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"Axxx", fmt::wstring_view(buffer, 4));
+  result = fmt::format_to_n(buffer, 3, L"{}{} ", L'B', L'C');
+  EXPECT_EQ(3u, result.size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 3, result.out);
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"BC x", fmt::wstring_view(buffer, 4));
 }
 
 #if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
@@ -2089,7 +2087,7 @@
     name = n;
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *) { res = ERROR; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char*) { res = ERROR; }
 };
 
 template <size_t N>
@@ -2113,7 +2111,7 @@
   enum Result { NONE, PLUS, MINUS, SPACE, HASH, ZERO, ERROR };
   Result res = NONE;
 
-  fmt::alignment align_ = fmt::ALIGN_DEFAULT;
+  fmt::align_t align = fmt::align::none;
   char fill = 0;
   unsigned width = 0;
   fmt::internal::arg_ref<char> width_ref;
@@ -2124,13 +2122,18 @@
   // Workaround for MSVC2017 bug that results in "expression did not evaluate
   // to a constant" with compiler-generated copy ctor.
   FMT_CONSTEXPR test_format_specs_handler() {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_format_specs_handler(const test_format_specs_handler &other)
-  : res(other.res), align_(other.align_), fill(other.fill),
-    width(other.width), width_ref(other.width_ref),
-    precision(other.precision), precision_ref(other.precision_ref),
-    type(other.type) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_format_specs_handler(
+      const test_format_specs_handler& other)
+      : res(other.res),
+        align(other.align),
+        fill(other.fill),
+        width(other.width),
+        width_ref(other.width_ref),
+        precision(other.precision),
+        precision_ref(other.precision_ref),
+        type(other.type) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(fmt::alignment a) { align_ = a; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(fmt::align_t a) { align = a; }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(char f) { fill = f; }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() { res = PLUS; }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() { res = MINUS; }
@@ -2152,7 +2155,7 @@
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_type(char t) { type = t; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *) { res = ERROR; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char*) { res = ERROR; }
 };
 
 template <size_t N>
@@ -2164,7 +2167,7 @@
 
 TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprParseFormatSpecs) {
   typedef test_format_specs_handler handler;
-  static_assert(parse_test_specs("<").align_ == fmt::ALIGN_LEFT, "");
+  static_assert(parse_test_specs("<").align == fmt::align::left, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("*^").fill == '*', "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("+").res == handler::PLUS, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("-").res == handler::MINUS, "");
@@ -2172,100 +2175,109 @@
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("#").res == handler::HASH, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("0").res == handler::ZERO, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("42").width == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_test_specs("{42}").width_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_test_specs("{42}").width_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_test_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_test_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
   static_assert(parse_test_specs("{<").res == handler::ERROR, "");
 }
 
-struct test_context {
+struct test_parse_context {
   typedef char char_type;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR fmt::basic_format_arg<test_context> next_arg() {
-    return fmt::internal::make_arg<test_context>(11);
-  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned next_arg_id() { return 11; }
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(Id) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* begin() { return nullptr; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* end() { return nullptr; }
+
+  void on_error(const char*) {}
+};
+
+struct test_context {
+  typedef char char_type;
+  typedef fmt::basic_format_arg<test_context> format_arg;
+
+  template <typename T> struct formatter_type {
+    typedef fmt::formatter<T, char_type> type;
+  };
 
   template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR fmt::basic_format_arg<test_context> get_arg(Id) {
-    return fmt::internal::make_arg<test_context>(22);
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR fmt::basic_format_arg<test_context> arg(Id id) {
+    return fmt::internal::make_arg<test_context>(id);
   }
 
-  template <typename Id>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(Id) {}
+  void on_error(const char*) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned next_arg_id() { return 33; }
-
-  void on_error(const char *) {}
-
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_context &parse_context() { return *this; }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR test_context error_handler() { return *this; }
 };
 
 template <size_t N>
 FMT_CONSTEXPR fmt::format_specs parse_specs(const char (&s)[N]) {
   fmt::format_specs specs;
+  test_parse_context parse_ctx;
   test_context ctx{};
-  fmt::internal::specs_handler<test_context> h(specs, ctx);
+  fmt::internal::specs_handler<test_parse_context, test_context> h(
+      specs, parse_ctx, ctx);
   parse_format_specs(s, s + N, h);
   return specs;
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprSpecsHandler) {
-  static_assert(parse_specs("<").align() == fmt::ALIGN_LEFT, "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("*^").fill() == '*', "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("+").has(fmt::PLUS_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("-").has(fmt::MINUS_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs(" ").has(fmt::SIGN_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("#").has(fmt::HASH_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("0").align() == fmt::ALIGN_NUMERIC, "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("42").width() == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("{}").width() == 11, "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs("{0}").width() == 22, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("<").align == fmt::align::left, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("*^").fill[0] == '*', "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("+").sign == fmt::sign::plus, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("-").sign == fmt::sign::minus, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs(" ").sign == fmt::sign::space, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("#").alt, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("0").align == fmt::align::numeric, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("42").width == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("{}").width == 11, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs("{22}").width == 22, "");
   static_assert(parse_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_specs(".{}").precision == 11, "");
-  static_assert(parse_specs(".{0}").precision == 22, "");
+  static_assert(parse_specs(".{22}").precision == 22, "");
   static_assert(parse_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
 }
 
 template <size_t N>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char>
-    parse_dynamic_specs(const char (&s)[N]) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> parse_dynamic_specs(
+    const char (&s)[N]) {
   fmt::internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs;
-  test_context ctx{};
-  fmt::internal::dynamic_specs_handler<test_context> h(specs, ctx);
+  test_parse_context ctx{};
+  fmt::internal::dynamic_specs_handler<test_parse_context> h(specs, ctx);
   parse_format_specs(s, s + N, h);
   return specs;
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprDynamicSpecsHandler) {
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("<").align() == fmt::ALIGN_LEFT, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("*^").fill() == '*', "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("+").has(fmt::PLUS_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("-").has(fmt::MINUS_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(" ").has(fmt::SIGN_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("#").has(fmt::HASH_FLAG), "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("0").align() == fmt::ALIGN_NUMERIC, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("42").width() == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{}").width_ref.index == 33, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{42}").width_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("<").align == fmt::align::left, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("*^").fill[0] == '*', "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("+").sign == fmt::sign::plus, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("-").sign == fmt::sign::minus, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(" ").sign == fmt::sign::space, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("#").alt, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("0").align == fmt::align::numeric, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("42").width == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{}").width_ref.val.index == 11, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("{42}").width_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{}").precision_ref.index == 33, "");
-  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{}").precision_ref.val.index == 11, "");
+  static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(parse_dynamic_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
 }
 
 template <size_t N>
 FMT_CONSTEXPR test_format_specs_handler check_specs(const char (&s)[N]) {
-  fmt::internal::specs_checker<test_format_specs_handler>
-      checker(test_format_specs_handler(), fmt::internal::double_type);
+  fmt::internal::specs_checker<test_format_specs_handler> checker(
+      test_format_specs_handler(), fmt::internal::double_type);
   parse_format_specs(s, s + N, checker);
   return checker;
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, ConstexprSpecsChecker) {
   typedef test_format_specs_handler handler;
-  static_assert(check_specs("<").align_ == fmt::ALIGN_LEFT, "");
+  static_assert(check_specs("<").align == fmt::align::left, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("*^").fill == '*', "");
   static_assert(check_specs("+").res == handler::PLUS, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("-").res == handler::MINUS, "");
@@ -2273,34 +2285,32 @@
   static_assert(check_specs("#").res == handler::HASH, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("0").res == handler::ZERO, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("42").width == 42, "");
-  static_assert(check_specs("{42}").width_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(check_specs("{42}").width_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(check_specs(".42").precision == 42, "");
-  static_assert(check_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.index == 42, "");
+  static_assert(check_specs(".{42}").precision_ref.val.index == 42, "");
   static_assert(check_specs("d").type == 'd', "");
   static_assert(check_specs("{<").res == handler::ERROR, "");
 }
 
 struct test_format_string_handler {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const char *, const char *) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const char*, const char*) {}
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() {}
 
-  template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(T) {}
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(T) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const char *) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const char*) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char *on_format_specs(const char *begin, const char*) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* on_format_specs(const char* begin, const char*) {
     return begin;
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *) { error = true; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char*) { error = true; }
 
   bool error = false;
 };
 
-template <size_t N>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool parse_string(const char (&s)[N]) {
+template <size_t N> FMT_CONSTEXPR bool parse_string(const char (&s)[N]) {
   test_format_string_handler h;
   fmt::internal::parse_format_string<true>(fmt::string_view(s, N - 1), h);
   return !h.error;
@@ -2316,29 +2326,26 @@
 }
 
 struct test_error_handler {
-  const char *&error;
+  const char*& error;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_error_handler(const char *&err): error(err) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_error_handler(const char*& err) : error(err) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_error_handler(const test_error_handler &other)
-    : error(other.error) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR test_error_handler(const test_error_handler& other)
+      : error(other.error) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char *message) {
-    if (!error)
-      error = message;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    if (!error) error = message;
   }
 };
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t len(const char *s) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t len(const char* s) {
   size_t len = 0;
-  while (*s++)
-    ++len;
+  while (*s++) ++len;
   return len;
 }
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool equal(const char *s1, const char *s2) {
-  if (!s1 || !s2)
-    return s1 == s2;
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool equal(const char* s1, const char* s2) {
+  if (!s1 || !s2) return s1 == s2;
   while (*s1 && *s1 == *s2) {
     ++s1;
     ++s2;
@@ -2347,23 +2354,23 @@
 }
 
 template <typename... Args>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool test_error(const char *fmt, const char *expected_error) {
-  const char *actual_error = FMT_NULL;
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool test_error(const char* fmt, const char* expected_error) {
+  const char* actual_error = nullptr;
   fmt::internal::do_check_format_string<char, test_error_handler, Args...>(
-        string_view(fmt, len(fmt)), test_error_handler(actual_error));
+      string_view(fmt, len(fmt)), test_error_handler(actual_error));
   return equal(actual_error, expected_error);
 }
 
-#define EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS(fmt, error) \
-  static_assert(test_error(fmt, error), "")
-#define EXPECT_ERROR(fmt, error, ...) \
-  static_assert(test_error<__VA_ARGS__>(fmt, error), "")
+#  define EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS(fmt, error) \
+    static_assert(test_error(fmt, error), "")
+#  define EXPECT_ERROR(fmt, error, ...) \
+    static_assert(test_error<__VA_ARGS__>(fmt, error), "")
 
 TEST(FormatTest, FormatStringErrors) {
-  EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("foo", FMT_NULL);
+  EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("foo", nullptr);
   EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("}", "unmatched '}' in format string");
   EXPECT_ERROR("{0:s", "unknown format specifier", Date);
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#  if FMT_MSC_VER >= 1916
   // This causes an internal compiler error in MSVC2017.
   EXPECT_ERROR("{0:=5", "unknown format specifier", int);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:{<}", "invalid fill character '{'", int);
@@ -2371,17 +2378,17 @@
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:.10000000000}", "number is too big", int);
   EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("{:x}", "argument index out of range");
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:=}", "format specifier requires numeric argument",
-               const char *);
+               const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:+}", "format specifier requires numeric argument",
-               const char *);
+               const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:-}", "format specifier requires numeric argument",
-               const char *);
+               const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:#}", "format specifier requires numeric argument",
-               const char *);
+               const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{: }", "format specifier requires numeric argument",
-               const char *);
+               const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:0}", "format specifier requires numeric argument",
-               const char *);
+               const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:+}", "format specifier requires signed argument", unsigned);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:-}", "format specifier requires signed argument", unsigned);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{: }", "format specifier requires signed argument", unsigned);
@@ -2391,11 +2398,14 @@
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:s}", "invalid type specifier", char);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:+}", "invalid format specifier for char", char);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:s}", "invalid type specifier", double);
-  EXPECT_ERROR("{:d}", "invalid type specifier", const char *);
+  EXPECT_ERROR("{:d}", "invalid type specifier", const char*);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{:d}", "invalid type specifier", std::string);
-  EXPECT_ERROR("{:s}", "invalid type specifier", void *);
-#endif
-  EXPECT_ERROR("{foo", "missing '}' in format string", int);
+  EXPECT_ERROR("{:s}", "invalid type specifier", void*);
+#  else
+  fmt::print("warning: constexpr is broken in this version of MSVC\n");
+#  endif
+  EXPECT_ERROR("{foo", "compile-time checks don't support named arguments",
+               int);
   EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("{10000000000}", "number is too big");
   EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("{0x}", "invalid format string");
   EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("{-}", "invalid format string");
@@ -2407,11 +2417,11 @@
   EXPECT_ERROR_NOARGS("{}", "argument index out of range");
   EXPECT_ERROR("{1}", "argument index out of range", int);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{1}{}",
-               "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing",
-               int, int);
+               "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing", int,
+               int);
   EXPECT_ERROR("{}{1}",
-               "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing",
-               int, int);
+               "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing", int,
+               int);
 }
 
 TEST(FormatTest, VFormatTo) {
@@ -2436,12 +2446,28 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(L"42", w);
 }
 
+template <typename T> static std::string FmtToString(const T& t) {
+  return fmt::format(FMT_STRING("{}"), t);
+}
+
+TEST(FormatTest, FmtStringInTemplate) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(FmtToString(1), "1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(FmtToString(0), "0");
+}
+
 #endif  // FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
 
+// C++20 feature test, since r346892 Clang considers char8_t a fundamental
+// type in this mode. If this is the case __cpp_char8_t will be defined.
+#ifndef __cpp_char8_t
+// Locally provide type char8_t defined in format.h
+using fmt::char8_t;
+#endif
+
 TEST(FormatTest, ConstructU8StringViewFromCString) {
   fmt::u8string_view s("ab");
   EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 2u);
-  const fmt::char8_t *data = s.data();
+  const char8_t* data = s.data();
   EXPECT_EQ(data[0], 'a');
   EXPECT_EQ(data[1], 'b');
 }
@@ -2449,7 +2475,7 @@
 TEST(FormatTest, ConstructU8StringViewFromDataAndSize) {
   fmt::u8string_view s("foobar", 3);
   EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 3u);
-  const fmt::char8_t *data = s.data();
+  const char8_t* data = s.data();
   EXPECT_EQ(data[0], 'f');
   EXPECT_EQ(data[1], 'o');
   EXPECT_EQ(data[2], 'o');
@@ -2460,7 +2486,7 @@
   using namespace fmt::literals;
   fmt::u8string_view s = "ab"_u;
   EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 2u);
-  const fmt::char8_t *data = s.data();
+  const char8_t* data = s.data();
   EXPECT_EQ(data[0], 'a');
   EXPECT_EQ(data[1], 'b');
   EXPECT_EQ(format("{:*^5}"_u, "🤡"_u), "**🤡**"_u);
@@ -2470,3 +2496,41 @@
 TEST(FormatTest, FormatU8String) {
   EXPECT_EQ(format(fmt::u8string_view("{}"), 42), fmt::u8string_view("42"));
 }
+
+TEST(FormatTest, EmphasisNonHeaderOnly) {
+  // ensure this compiles even if FMT_HEADER_ONLY is not defined.
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(fmt::emphasis::bold, "bold error"),
+            "\x1b[1mbold error\x1b[0m");
+}
+
+TEST(FormatTest, CharTraitsIsNotAmbiguous) {
+  // Test that we don't inject internal names into the std namespace.
+  using namespace std;
+  char_traits<char>::char_type c;
+  (void)c;
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+  std::string s;
+  auto lval = begin(s);
+  (void)lval;
+#endif
+}
+
+struct mychar {
+  int value;
+  mychar() = default;
+
+  template <typename T> mychar(T val) : value(static_cast<int>(val)) {}
+
+  operator int() const { return value; }
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <> struct is_char<mychar> : std::true_type {};
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+TEST(FormatTest, FormatCustomChar) {
+  const mychar format[] = {'{', '}', 0};
+  auto result = fmt::format(format, mychar('x'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(result.size(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result[0], mychar('x'));
+}
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/.gitignore b/test/fuzzing/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea41040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# ignore artifacts from the build.sh script
+build-*/
+
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/CMakeLists.txt b/test/fuzzing/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31344fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+# License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+
+# settings this links in a main. useful for reproducing,
+# kcov, gdb, afl, valgrind.
+# (note that libFuzzer can also reproduce, just pass it the files)
+option(FMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN "enables the reproduce mode, instead of libFuzzer" On)
+
+# For oss-fuzz - insert $LIB_FUZZING_ENGINE into the link flags, but only for
+# the fuzz targets, otherwise the cmake configuration step fails.
+set(FMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS "" CACHE STRING "LDFLAGS for the fuzz targets")
+
+# Find all fuzzers.
+set(SOURCES
+  chrono_duration.cpp
+  named_arg.cpp
+  one_arg.cpp
+  sprintf.cpp
+  two_args.cpp
+)
+
+macro(implement_fuzzer sourcefile)
+  get_filename_component(basename ${sourcefile} NAME_WE)
+  set(name fuzzer_${basename})
+  add_executable(${name} ${sourcefile} fuzzer_common.h)
+  if (FMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN)
+      target_sources(${name} PRIVATE main.cpp)
+  endif ()
+  target_link_libraries(${name} PRIVATE fmt)
+if (FMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS)
+  target_link_libraries(${name} PRIVATE ${FMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS})
+endif ()
+  target_compile_features(${name} PRIVATE cxx_generic_lambdas)
+endmacro ()
+
+foreach (X IN ITEMS ${SOURCES})
+  implement_fuzzer(${X})
+endforeach ()
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/README.md b/test/fuzzing/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0499d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# FMT Fuzzer
+
+Fuzzing has revealed [several bugs](https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues?&q=is%3Aissue+fuzz)
+in fmt. It is a part of the continous fuzzing at
+[oss-fuzz](https://github.com/google/oss-fuzz).
+
+The source code is modified to make the fuzzing possible without locking up on
+resource exhaustion:
+```cpp
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+if(spec.precision>100000) {
+  throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - avoiding large precision");
+}
+#endif
+```
+This macro is the defacto standard for making fuzzing practically possible, see
+[the libFuzzer documentation](https://llvm.org/docs/LibFuzzer.html#fuzzer-friendly-build-mode).
+
+## Running the fuzzers locally
+
+There is a [helper script](build.sh) to build the fuzzers, which has only been
+tested on Debian and Ubuntu linux so far. There should be no problems fuzzing on
+Windows (using clang>=8) or on Mac, but the script will probably not work out of
+the box.
+
+Something along
+```sh
+mkdir build
+cd build
+export CXX=clang++
+export CXXFLAGS="-fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link -DFUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION= -g"
+cmake ..  -DFMT_SAFE_DURATION_CAST=On -DFMT_FUZZ=On -DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=Off -DFMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS="-fsanitize=fuzzer"
+cmake --build .
+```
+should work to build the fuzzers for all platforms which clang supports.
+
+Execute a fuzzer with for instance
+```sh
+cd build
+export UBSAN_OPTIONS=halt_on_error=1
+mkdir out_chrono
+bin/fuzzer_chrono_duration  out_chrono
+```
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/build.sh b/test/fuzzing/build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..141a50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# Creates fuzzer builds of various kinds
+# - reproduce mode (no fuzzing, just enables replaying data through the fuzzers)
+# - oss-fuzz emulated mode (makes sure a simulated invocation by oss-fuzz works)
+# - libFuzzer build (you will need clang)
+# - afl build (you will need afl)
+#
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2019 Paul Dreik
+#
+# License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+
+set -e
+me=$(basename $0)
+root=$(readlink -f "$(dirname "$0")/../..")
+
+
+echo $me: root=$root
+
+here=$(pwd)
+
+CXXFLAGSALL="-DFUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION= -g"
+CMAKEFLAGSALL="$root -GNinja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DFMT_DOC=Off -DFMT_TEST=Off -DFMT_FUZZ=On -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=17"
+
+#builds the fuzzers as one would do if using afl or just making
+#binaries for reproducing.
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-reproduce
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="ccache g++" CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL" cmake \
+$CMAKEFLAGSALL
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+#for performance analysis of the fuzzers
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-perfanalysis
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="ccache g++" CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL -g" cmake \
+$CMAKEFLAGSALL \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=On \
+-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+#builds the fuzzers as oss-fuzz does
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-ossfuzz
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="clang++" \
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL -fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link" cmake \
+cmake $CMAKEFLAGSALL \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=Off \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS="-fsanitize=fuzzer"
+
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+
+#builds fuzzers for local fuzzing with libfuzzer with asan+usan
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-libfuzzer
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="clang++" \
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL -fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link,address,undefined" cmake \
+cmake $CMAKEFLAGSALL \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=Off \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS="-fsanitize=fuzzer"
+
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+#builds fuzzers for local fuzzing with libfuzzer with asan only
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-libfuzzer-addr
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="clang++" \
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL -fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link,undefined" cmake \
+cmake $CMAKEFLAGSALL \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=Off \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS="-fsanitize=fuzzer"
+
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+#builds a fast fuzzer for making coverage fast
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-fast
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="clang++" \
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL -fsanitize=fuzzer-no-link -O3" cmake \
+cmake $CMAKEFLAGSALL \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=Off \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LDFLAGS="-fsanitize=fuzzer" \
+ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+
+#builds fuzzers for local fuzzing with afl
+builddir=$here/build-fuzzers-afl
+mkdir -p $builddir
+cd $builddir
+CXX="afl-g++" \
+CXXFLAGS="$CXXFLAGSALL -fsanitize=address,undefined" \
+cmake $CMAKEFLAGSALL \
+-DFMT_FUZZ_LINKMAIN=On
+
+cmake --build $builddir
+
+
+echo $me: all good
+
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/chrono_duration.cpp b/test/fuzzing/chrono_duration.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1de9ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/chrono_duration.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+// License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+
+#include <fmt/chrono.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+#include "fuzzer_common.h"
+
+template <typename Item, typename Ratio>
+void invoke_inner(fmt::string_view formatstring, const Item item) {
+  const std::chrono::duration<Item, Ratio> value(item);
+  try {
+#if FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING
+    std::string message = fmt::format(formatstring, value);
+#else
+    fmt::memory_buffer buf;
+    fmt::format_to(buf, formatstring, value);
+#endif
+  } catch (std::exception& /*e*/) {
+  }
+}
+
+// Item is the underlying type for duration (int, long etc)
+template <typename Item>
+void invoke_outer(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size, const int scaling) {
+  // always use a fixed location of the data
+  using fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed;
+
+  constexpr auto N = sizeof(Item);
+  static_assert(N <= Nfixed, "fixed size is too small");
+  if (Size <= Nfixed + 1) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const Item item = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item>(Data);
+
+  // fast forward
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+
+  // Data is already allocated separately in libFuzzer so reading past
+  // the end will most likely be detected anyway
+  const auto formatstring = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), Size);
+
+  // doit_impl<Item,std::yocto>(buf.data(),item);
+  // doit_impl<Item,std::zepto>(buf.data(),item);
+  switch (scaling) {
+  case 1:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::atto>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::femto>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::pico>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 4:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::nano>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 5:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::micro>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 6:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::milli>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 7:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::centi>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 8:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::deci>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 9:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::deca>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 10:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::kilo>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 11:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::mega>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 12:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::giga>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 13:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::tera>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 14:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::peta>(formatstring, item);
+    break;
+  case 15:
+    invoke_inner<Item, std::exa>(formatstring, item);
+  }
+  // doit_impl<Item,std::zeta>(buf.data(),item);
+  // doit_impl<Item,std::yotta>(buf.data(),item);
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  if (Size <= 4) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const auto representation = Data[0];
+  const auto scaling = Data[1];
+  Data += 2;
+  Size -= 2;
+
+  switch (representation) {
+  case 1:
+    invoke_outer<char>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    invoke_outer<unsigned char>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    invoke_outer<signed char>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 4:
+    invoke_outer<short>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 5:
+    invoke_outer<unsigned short>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 6:
+    invoke_outer<int>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 7:
+    invoke_outer<unsigned int>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 8:
+    invoke_outer<long>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 9:
+    invoke_outer<unsigned long>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 10:
+    invoke_outer<float>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 11:
+    invoke_outer<double>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  case 12:
+    invoke_outer<long double>(Data, Size, scaling);
+    break;
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/fuzzer_common.h b/test/fuzzing/fuzzer_common.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3d8561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/fuzzer_common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#ifndef FUZZER_COMMON_H
+#define FUZZER_COMMON_H
+
+// Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+// License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+
+#include <cstdint>      // std::uint8_t
+#include <cstring>      // memcpy
+#include <type_traits>  // trivially copyable
+
+// one can format to either a string, or a buf. buf is faster,
+// but one may be interested in formatting to a string instead to
+// verify it works as intended. to avoid a combinatoric explosion,
+// select this at compile time instead of dynamically from the fuzz data
+#define FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING 0
+
+// if fmt is given a buffer that is separately allocated,
+// chances that address sanitizer detects out of bound reads is
+// much higher. However, it slows down the fuzzing.
+#define FMT_FUZZ_SEPARATE_ALLOCATION 1
+
+// To let the the fuzzer mutation be efficient at cross pollinating
+// between different types, use a fixed size format.
+// The same bit pattern, interpreted as another type,
+// is likely interesting.
+// For this, we must know the size of the largest possible type in use.
+
+// There are some problems on travis, claiming Nfixed is not a constant
+// expression which seems to be an issue with older versions of libstdc++
+#if _GLIBCXX_RELEASE >= 7
+#  include <algorithm>
+namespace fmt_fuzzer {
+constexpr auto Nfixed = std::max(sizeof(long double), sizeof(std::intmax_t));
+}
+#else
+namespace fmt_fuzzer {
+constexpr auto Nfixed = 16;
+}
+#endif
+
+namespace fmt_fuzzer {
+// view data as a c char pointer.
+template <typename T> inline const char* as_chars(const T* data) {
+  return static_cast<const char*>(static_cast<const void*>(data));
+}
+
+// view data as a byte pointer
+template <typename T> inline const std::uint8_t* as_bytes(const T* data) {
+  return static_cast<const std::uint8_t*>(static_cast<const void*>(data));
+}
+
+// blits bytes from Data to form an (assumed trivially constructible) object
+// of type Item
+template <class Item> inline Item assignFromBuf(const std::uint8_t* Data) {
+  Item item{};
+  std::memcpy(&item, Data, sizeof(Item));
+  return item;
+}
+
+// reads a boolean value by looking at the first byte from Data
+template <> inline bool assignFromBuf<bool>(const std::uint8_t* Data) {
+  return !!Data[0];
+}
+
+}  // namespace fmt_fuzzer
+
+#endif  // FUZZER_COMMON_H
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/main.cpp b/test/fuzzing/main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ac8130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#include <cassert>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include "fuzzer_common.h"
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size);
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
+    std::ifstream in(argv[i]);
+    assert(in);
+    in.seekg(0, std::ios_base::end);
+    const auto pos = in.tellg();
+    assert(pos >= 0);
+    in.seekg(0, std::ios_base::beg);
+    std::vector<char> buf(static_cast<std::size_t>(pos));
+    in.read(buf.data(), static_cast<long>(buf.size()));
+    assert(in.gcount() == pos);
+    LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(fmt_fuzzer::as_bytes(buf.data()), buf.size());
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/named_arg.cpp b/test/fuzzing/named_arg.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f9a451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/named_arg.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+// License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+
+#include <fmt/chrono.h>
+#include <fmt/core.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+#include "fuzzer_common.h"
+
+template <typename Item1>
+void invoke_fmt(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size, unsigned int argsize) {
+  constexpr auto N1 = sizeof(Item1);
+  static_assert(N1 <= fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed, "Nfixed too small");
+  if (Size <= fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const Item1 item1 = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item1>(Data);
+
+  Data += fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed;
+  Size -= fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed;
+
+  // how many chars should be used for the argument name?
+  if (argsize <= 0 || argsize >= Size) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // allocating buffers separately is slower, but increases chances
+  // of detecting memory errors
+#if FMT_FUZZ_SEPARATE_ALLOCATION
+  std::vector<char> argnamebuffer(argsize);
+  std::memcpy(argnamebuffer.data(), Data, argsize);
+  auto argname = fmt::string_view(argnamebuffer.data(), argsize);
+#else
+  auto argname = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), argsize);
+#endif
+  Data += argsize;
+  Size -= argsize;
+
+#if FMT_FUZZ_SEPARATE_ALLOCATION
+  // allocates as tight as possible, making it easier to catch buffer overruns.
+  std::vector<char> fmtstringbuffer(Size);
+  std::memcpy(fmtstringbuffer.data(), Data, Size);
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmtstringbuffer.data(), Size);
+#else
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), Size);
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING
+  std::string message = fmt::format(fmtstring, fmt::arg(argname, item1));
+#else
+  fmt::memory_buffer outbuf;
+  fmt::format_to(outbuf, fmtstring, fmt::arg(argname, item1));
+#endif
+}
+
+// for dynamic dispatching to an explicit instantiation
+template <typename Callback> void invoke(int index, Callback callback) {
+  switch (index) {
+  case 0:
+    callback(bool{});
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    callback(char{});
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    using sc = signed char;
+    callback(sc{});
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    using uc = unsigned char;
+    callback(uc{});
+    break;
+  case 4:
+    callback(short{});
+    break;
+  case 5:
+    using us = unsigned short;
+    callback(us{});
+    break;
+  case 6:
+    callback(int{});
+    break;
+  case 7:
+    callback(unsigned{});
+    break;
+  case 8:
+    callback(long{});
+    break;
+  case 9:
+    using ul = unsigned long;
+    callback(ul{});
+    break;
+  case 10:
+    callback(float{});
+    break;
+  case 11:
+    callback(double{});
+    break;
+  case 12:
+    using LD = long double;
+    callback(LD{});
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  if (Size <= 3) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // switch types depending on the first byte of the input
+  const auto first = Data[0] & 0x0F;
+  const unsigned int second = (Data[0] & 0xF0) >> 4;
+  Data++;
+  Size--;
+
+  auto outerfcn = [=](auto param1) {
+    invoke_fmt<decltype(param1)>(Data, Size, second);
+  };
+
+  try {
+    invoke(first, outerfcn);
+  } catch (std::exception& /*e*/) {
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/one_arg.cpp b/test/fuzzing/one_arg.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86a159b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/one_arg.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+// License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+
+#include <fmt/core.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <fmt/chrono.h>
+#include "fuzzer_common.h"
+
+using fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed;
+
+template <typename Item>
+void invoke_fmt(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  constexpr auto N = sizeof(Item);
+  static_assert(N <= Nfixed, "Nfixed is too small");
+  if (Size <= Nfixed) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const Item item = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item>(Data);
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+
+#if FMT_FUZZ_SEPARATE_ALLOCATION
+  // allocates as tight as possible, making it easier to catch buffer overruns.
+  std::vector<char> fmtstringbuffer(Size);
+  std::memcpy(fmtstringbuffer.data(), Data, Size);
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmtstringbuffer.data(), Size);
+#else
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), Size);
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING
+  std::string message = fmt::format(fmtstring, item);
+#else
+  fmt::memory_buffer message;
+  fmt::format_to(message, fmtstring, item);
+#endif
+}
+
+void invoke_fmt_time(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  using Item = std::time_t;
+  constexpr auto N = sizeof(Item);
+  static_assert(N <= Nfixed, "Nfixed too small");
+  if (Size <= Nfixed) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const Item item = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item>(Data);
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+#if FMT_FUZZ_SEPARATE_ALLOCATION
+  // allocates as tight as possible, making it easier to catch buffer overruns.
+  std::vector<char> fmtstringbuffer(Size);
+  std::memcpy(fmtstringbuffer.data(), Data, Size);
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmtstringbuffer.data(), Size);
+#else
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), Size);
+#endif
+  auto* b = std::localtime(&item);
+  if (b) {
+#if FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING
+    std::string message = fmt::format(fmtstring, *b);
+#else
+    fmt::memory_buffer message;
+    fmt::format_to(message, fmtstring, *b);
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  if (Size <= 3) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const auto first = Data[0];
+  Data++;
+  Size--;
+
+  try {
+    switch (first) {
+    case 0:
+      invoke_fmt<bool>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      invoke_fmt<char>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      invoke_fmt<unsigned char>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      invoke_fmt<signed char>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 4:
+      invoke_fmt<short>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 5:
+      invoke_fmt<unsigned short>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 6:
+      invoke_fmt<int>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 7:
+      invoke_fmt<unsigned int>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 8:
+      invoke_fmt<long>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 9:
+      invoke_fmt<unsigned long>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 10:
+      invoke_fmt<float>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 11:
+      invoke_fmt<double>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 12:
+      invoke_fmt<long double>(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    case 13:
+      invoke_fmt_time(Data, Size);
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  } catch (std::exception& /*e*/) {
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/sprintf.cpp b/test/fuzzing/sprintf.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dd0222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/sprintf.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+// License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <fmt/printf.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "fuzzer_common.h"
+
+using fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed;
+
+template <typename Item1, typename Item2>
+void invoke_fmt(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  constexpr auto N1 = sizeof(Item1);
+  constexpr auto N2 = sizeof(Item2);
+  static_assert(N1 <= Nfixed, "size1 exceeded");
+  static_assert(N2 <= Nfixed, "size2 exceeded");
+  if (Size <= Nfixed + Nfixed) {
+    return;
+  }
+  Item1 item1 = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item1>(Data);
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+
+  Item2 item2 = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item2>(Data);
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), Size);
+
+#if FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING
+  std::string message = fmt::format(fmtstring, item1, item2);
+#else
+  fmt::memory_buffer message;
+  fmt::format_to(message, fmtstring, item1, item2);
+#endif
+}
+
+// for dynamic dispatching to an explicit instantiation
+template <typename Callback> void invoke(int index, Callback callback) {
+  switch (index) {
+  case 0:
+    callback(bool{});
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    callback(char{});
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    using sc = signed char;
+    callback(sc{});
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    using uc = unsigned char;
+    callback(uc{});
+    break;
+  case 4:
+    callback(short{});
+    break;
+  case 5:
+    using us = unsigned short;
+    callback(us{});
+    break;
+  case 6:
+    callback(int{});
+    break;
+  case 7:
+    callback(unsigned{});
+    break;
+  case 8:
+    callback(long{});
+    break;
+  case 9:
+    using ul = unsigned long;
+    callback(ul{});
+    break;
+  case 10:
+    callback(float{});
+    break;
+  case 11:
+    callback(double{});
+    break;
+  case 12:
+    using LD = long double;
+    callback(LD{});
+    break;
+  case 13:
+    using ptr = void*;
+    callback(ptr{});
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  if (Size <= 3) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // switch types depending on the first byte of the input
+  const auto first = Data[0] & 0x0F;
+  const auto second = (Data[0] & 0xF0) >> 4;
+  Data++;
+  Size--;
+
+  auto outer = [=](auto param1) {
+    auto inner = [=](auto param2) {
+      invoke_fmt<decltype(param1), decltype(param2)>(Data, Size);
+    };
+    invoke(second, inner);
+  };
+
+  try {
+    invoke(first, outer);
+  } catch (std::exception& /*e*/) {
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/test/fuzzing/two_args.cpp b/test/fuzzing/two_args.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72b035c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fuzzing/two_args.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2019, Paul Dreik
+// License: see LICENSE.rst in the fmt root directory
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "fuzzer_common.h"
+
+constexpr auto Nfixed = fmt_fuzzer::Nfixed;
+
+template <typename Item1, typename Item2>
+void invoke_fmt(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  constexpr auto N1 = sizeof(Item1);
+  constexpr auto N2 = sizeof(Item2);
+  static_assert(N1 <= Nfixed, "size1 exceeded");
+  static_assert(N2 <= Nfixed, "size2 exceeded");
+  if (Size <= Nfixed + Nfixed) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const Item1 item1 = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item1>(Data);
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+
+  const Item2 item2 = fmt_fuzzer::assignFromBuf<Item2>(Data);
+  Data += Nfixed;
+  Size -= Nfixed;
+
+  auto fmtstring = fmt::string_view(fmt_fuzzer::as_chars(Data), Size);
+
+#if FMT_FUZZ_FORMAT_TO_STRING
+  std::string message = fmt::format(fmtstring, item1, item2);
+#else
+  fmt::memory_buffer message;
+  fmt::format_to(message, fmtstring, item1, item2);
+#endif
+}
+
+// for dynamic dispatching to an explicit instantiation
+template <typename Callback> void invoke(int index, Callback callback) {
+  switch (index) {
+  case 0:
+    callback(bool{});
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    callback(char{});
+    break;
+  case 2:
+    using sc = signed char;
+    callback(sc{});
+    break;
+  case 3:
+    using uc = unsigned char;
+    callback(uc{});
+    break;
+  case 4:
+    callback(short{});
+    break;
+  case 5:
+    using us = unsigned short;
+    callback(us{});
+    break;
+  case 6:
+    callback(int{});
+    break;
+  case 7:
+    callback(unsigned{});
+    break;
+  case 8:
+    callback(long{});
+    break;
+  case 9:
+    using ul = unsigned long;
+    callback(ul{});
+    break;
+  case 10:
+    callback(float{});
+    break;
+  case 11:
+    callback(double{});
+    break;
+  case 12:
+    using LD = long double;
+    callback(LD{});
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* Data, std::size_t Size) {
+  if (Size <= 3) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // switch types depending on the first byte of the input
+  const auto first = Data[0] & 0x0F;
+  const auto second = (Data[0] & 0xF0) >> 4;
+  Data++;
+  Size--;
+
+  auto outer = [=](auto param1) {
+    auto inner = [=](auto param2) {
+      invoke_fmt<decltype(param1), decltype(param2)>(Data, Size);
+    };
+    invoke(second, inner);
+  };
+
+  try {
+    invoke(first, outer);
+  } catch (std::exception& /*e*/) {
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/test/gmock-gtest-all.cc b/test/gmock-gtest-all.cc
index 7dca684..980cc60 100644
--- a/test/gmock-gtest-all.cc
+++ b/test/gmock-gtest-all.cc
@@ -107,8 +107,7 @@
 // (e.g. frameworks built on top of Google Test).
 
 #ifndef GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_SPI_H_
-#define GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_SPI_H_
-
+#  define GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_SPI_H_
 
 namespace testing {
 
@@ -149,6 +148,7 @@
   // This method is from the TestPartResultReporterInterface
   // interface.
   virtual void ReportTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& result);
+
  private:
   void Init();
 
@@ -170,9 +170,9 @@
  public:
   // The constructor remembers the arguments.
   SingleFailureChecker(const TestPartResultArray* results,
-                       TestPartResult::Type type,
-                       const string& substr);
+                       TestPartResult::Type type, const string& substr);
   ~SingleFailureChecker();
+
  private:
   const TestPartResultArray* const results_;
   const TestPartResult::Type type_;
@@ -208,39 +208,43 @@
 // helper macro, due to some peculiarity in how the preprocessor
 // works.  The AcceptsMacroThatExpandsToUnprotectedComma test in
 // gtest_unittest.cc will fail to compile if we do that.
-#define EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(statement, substr) \
-  do { \
-    class GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper {\
-     public:\
-      static void Execute() { statement; }\
-    };\
-    ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;\
-    ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(\
-        &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kFatalFailure, (substr));\
-    {\
-      ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(\
-          ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter:: \
-          INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD, &gtest_failures);\
-      GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper::Execute();\
-    }\
-  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
+#  define EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(statement, substr)                    \
+    do {                                                             \
+      class GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper {                          \
+       public:                                                       \
+        static void Execute() { statement; }                         \
+      };                                                             \
+      ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;                 \
+      ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(       \
+          &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kFatalFailure, \
+          (substr));                                                 \
+      {                                                              \
+        ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(  \
+            ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::            \
+                INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD,                       \
+            &gtest_failures);                                        \
+        GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper::Execute();                    \
+      }                                                              \
+    } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
 
-#define EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(statement, substr) \
-  do { \
-    class GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper {\
-     public:\
-      static void Execute() { statement; }\
-    };\
-    ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;\
-    ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(\
-        &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kFatalFailure, (substr));\
-    {\
-      ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(\
-          ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter:: \
-          INTERCEPT_ALL_THREADS, &gtest_failures);\
-      GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper::Execute();\
-    }\
-  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
+#  define EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(statement, substr)     \
+    do {                                                             \
+      class GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper {                          \
+       public:                                                       \
+        static void Execute() { statement; }                         \
+      };                                                             \
+      ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;                 \
+      ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(       \
+          &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kFatalFailure, \
+          (substr));                                                 \
+      {                                                              \
+        ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(  \
+            ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::            \
+                INTERCEPT_ALL_THREADS,                               \
+            &gtest_failures);                                        \
+        GTestExpectFatalFailureHelper::Execute();                    \
+      }                                                              \
+    } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
 
 // A macro for testing Google Test assertions or code that's expected to
 // generate Google Test non-fatal failures.  It asserts that the given
@@ -274,33 +278,39 @@
 // instead of
 //   GTEST_SUPPRESS_UNREACHABLE_CODE_WARNING_BELOW_(statement)
 // to avoid an MSVC warning on unreachable code.
-#define EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(statement, substr) \
-  do {\
-    ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;\
-    ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(\
-        &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure, \
-        (substr));\
-    {\
-      ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(\
-          ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter:: \
-          INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD, &gtest_failures);\
-      if (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue()) { statement; }\
-    }\
-  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
+#  define EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(statement, substr)                    \
+    do {                                                                \
+      ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;                    \
+      ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(          \
+          &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure, \
+          (substr));                                                    \
+      {                                                                 \
+        ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(     \
+            ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::               \
+                INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD,                          \
+            &gtest_failures);                                           \
+        if (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue()) {                        \
+          statement;                                                    \
+        }                                                               \
+      }                                                                 \
+    } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
 
-#define EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(statement, substr) \
-  do {\
-    ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;\
-    ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(\
-        &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure, \
-        (substr));\
-    {\
-      ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(\
-          ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::INTERCEPT_ALL_THREADS, \
-          &gtest_failures);\
-      if (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue()) { statement; }\
-    }\
-  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
+#  define EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE_ON_ALL_THREADS(statement, substr)     \
+    do {                                                                \
+      ::testing::TestPartResultArray gtest_failures;                    \
+      ::testing::internal::SingleFailureChecker gtest_checker(          \
+          &gtest_failures, ::testing::TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure, \
+          (substr));                                                    \
+      {                                                                 \
+        ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter gtest_reporter(     \
+            ::testing::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::               \
+                INTERCEPT_ALL_THREADS,                                  \
+            &gtest_failures);                                           \
+        if (::testing::internal::AlwaysTrue()) {                        \
+          statement;                                                    \
+        }                                                               \
+      }                                                                 \
+    } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
 
 #endif  // GTEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_SPI_H_
 
@@ -324,76 +334,76 @@
 
 // TODO(kenton@google.com): Use autoconf to detect availability of
 // gettimeofday().
-# define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
+#  define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
 
-# include <fcntl.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <limits.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <sched.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <fcntl.h>   // NOLINT
+#  include <limits.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <sched.h>   // NOLINT
 // Declares vsnprintf().  This header is not available on Windows.
-# include <strings.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <sys/mman.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <unistd.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <string>
+#  include <strings.h>   // NOLINT
+#  include <sys/mman.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <unistd.h>    // NOLINT
+#  include <string>
 
 #elif GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
-# define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
-# include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
+#  define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
+#  include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
 
 #elif GTEST_OS_ZOS
-# define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
-# include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
+#  define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
+#  include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
 
 // On z/OS we additionally need strings.h for strcasecmp.
-# include <strings.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <strings.h>   // NOLINT
 
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE  // We are on Windows CE.
 
-# include <windows.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <windows.h>  // NOLINT
 
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS  // We are on Windows proper.
 
-# include <io.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <sys/timeb.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <sys/types.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <sys/stat.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <io.h>         // NOLINT
+#  include <sys/stat.h>   // NOLINT
+#  include <sys/timeb.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <sys/types.h>  // NOLINT
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
 // MinGW has gettimeofday() but not _ftime64().
 // TODO(kenton@google.com): Use autoconf to detect availability of
 //   gettimeofday().
 // TODO(kenton@google.com): There are other ways to get the time on
 //   Windows, like GetTickCount() or GetSystemTimeAsFileTime().  MinGW
 //   supports these.  consider using them instead.
-#  define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
-#  include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
+#    define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
+#    include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
+#  endif                   // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW
 
 // cpplint thinks that the header is already included, so we want to
 // silence it.
-# include <windows.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <windows.h>     // NOLINT
 
 #else
 
 // Assume other platforms have gettimeofday().
 // TODO(kenton@google.com): Use autoconf to detect availability of
 //   gettimeofday().
-# define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
+#  define GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_ 1
 
 // cpplint thinks that the header is already included, so we want to
 // silence it.
-# include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <unistd.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <sys/time.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <unistd.h>    // NOLINT
 
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
-# include <stdexcept>
+#  include <stdexcept>
 #endif
 
 #if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
-# include <arpa/inet.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <netdb.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <arpa/inet.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <netdb.h>      // NOLINT
 #endif
 
 // Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
@@ -439,37 +449,36 @@
 // DO NOT #INCLUDE IT IN A USER PROGRAM.
 
 #ifndef GTEST_SRC_GTEST_INTERNAL_INL_H_
-#define GTEST_SRC_GTEST_INTERNAL_INL_H_
+#  define GTEST_SRC_GTEST_INTERNAL_INL_H_
 
 // GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_ is defined to 1 iff the current translation unit is
 // part of Google Test's implementation; otherwise it's undefined.
-#if !GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
+#  if !GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
 // A user is trying to include this from his code - just say no.
-# error "gtest-internal-inl.h is part of Google Test's internal implementation."
-# error "It must not be included except by Google Test itself."
-#endif  // GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
+#    error \
+        "gtest-internal-inl.h is part of Google Test's internal implementation."
+#    error "It must not be included except by Google Test itself."
+#  endif  // GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
 
-#ifndef _WIN32_WCE
-# include <errno.h>
-#endif  // !_WIN32_WCE
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>  // For strtoll/_strtoul64/malloc/free.
-#include <string.h>  // For memmove.
+#  ifndef _WIN32_WCE
+#    include <errno.h>
+#  endif  // !_WIN32_WCE
+#  include <stddef.h>
+#  include <stdlib.h>  // For strtoll/_strtoul64/malloc/free.
+#  include <string.h>  // For memmove.
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
+#  include <algorithm>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <vector>
 
+#  if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+#    include <arpa/inet.h>  // NOLINT
+#    include <netdb.h>      // NOLINT
+#  endif
 
-#if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
-# include <arpa/inet.h>  // NOLINT
-# include <netdb.h>  // NOLINT
-#endif
-
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-# include <windows.h>  // NOLINT
-#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#    include <windows.h>  // NOLINT
+#  endif                  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 namespace testing {
 
@@ -528,21 +537,21 @@
 //
 // On success, stores the value of the flag in *value, and returns
 // true.  On failure, returns false without changing *value.
-GTEST_API_ bool ParseInt32Flag(
-    const char* str, const char* flag, Int32* value);
+GTEST_API_ bool ParseInt32Flag(const char* str, const char* flag, Int32* value);
 
 // Returns a random seed in range [1, kMaxRandomSeed] based on the
 // given --gtest_random_seed flag value.
 inline int GetRandomSeedFromFlag(Int32 random_seed_flag) {
-  const unsigned int raw_seed = (random_seed_flag == 0) ?
-      static_cast<unsigned int>(GetTimeInMillis()) :
-      static_cast<unsigned int>(random_seed_flag);
+  const unsigned int raw_seed =
+      (random_seed_flag == 0) ? static_cast<unsigned int>(GetTimeInMillis())
+                              : static_cast<unsigned int>(random_seed_flag);
 
   // Normalizes the actual seed to range [1, kMaxRandomSeed] such that
   // it's easy to type.
   const int normalized_seed =
       static_cast<int>((raw_seed - 1U) %
-                       static_cast<unsigned int>(kMaxRandomSeed)) + 1;
+                       static_cast<unsigned int>(kMaxRandomSeed)) +
+      1;
   return normalized_seed;
 }
 
@@ -672,8 +681,8 @@
 // returns true iff the test should be run on this shard. The test id is
 // some arbitrary but unique non-negative integer assigned to each test
 // method. Assumes that 0 <= shard_index < total_shards.
-GTEST_API_ bool ShouldRunTestOnShard(
-    int total_shards, int shard_index, int test_id);
+GTEST_API_ bool ShouldRunTestOnShard(int total_shards, int shard_index,
+                                     int test_id);
 
 // STL container utilities.
 
@@ -685,8 +694,7 @@
   // Solaris has a non-standard signature.
   int count = 0;
   for (typename Container::const_iterator it = c.begin(); it != c.end(); ++it) {
-    if (predicate(*it))
-      ++count;
+    if (predicate(*it)) ++count;
   }
   return count;
 }
@@ -736,10 +744,7 @@
 
 // A function for deleting an object.  Handy for being used as a
 // functor.
-template <typename T>
-static void Delete(T* x) {
-  delete x;
-}
+template <typename T> static void Delete(T* x) { delete x; }
 
 // A predicate that checks the key of a TestProperty against a known key.
 //
@@ -789,21 +794,21 @@
   //
   // This recursive algorithm isn't very efficient, but is clear and
   // works well enough for matching test names, which are short.
-  static bool PatternMatchesString(const char *pattern, const char *str);
+  static bool PatternMatchesString(const char* pattern, const char* str);
 
   // Returns true iff the user-specified filter matches the test case
   // name and the test name.
-  static bool FilterMatchesTest(const std::string &test_case_name,
-                                const std::string &test_name);
+  static bool FilterMatchesTest(const std::string& test_case_name,
+                                const std::string& test_name);
 
-#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   // Function for supporting the gtest_catch_exception flag.
 
   // Returns EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER if Google Test should handle the
   // given SEH exception, or EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH otherwise.
   // This function is useful as an __except condition.
   static int GTestShouldProcessSEH(DWORD exception_code);
-#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   // Returns true if "name" matches the ':' separated list of glob-style
   // filters in "filter".
@@ -873,7 +878,7 @@
 // This is the default global test part result reporter used in UnitTestImpl.
 // This class should only be used by UnitTestImpl.
 class DefaultGlobalTestPartResultReporter
-  : public TestPartResultReporterInterface {
+    : public TestPartResultReporterInterface {
  public:
   explicit DefaultGlobalTestPartResultReporter(UnitTestImpl* unit_test);
   // Implements the TestPartResultReporterInterface. Reports the test part
@@ -1040,8 +1045,7 @@
   //                   this is not a typed or a type-parameterized test.
   //   set_up_tc:      pointer to the function that sets up the test case
   //   tear_down_tc:   pointer to the function that tears down the test case
-  TestCase* GetTestCase(const char* test_case_name,
-                        const char* type_param,
+  TestCase* GetTestCase(const char* test_case_name, const char* type_param,
                         Test::SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
                         Test::TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc);
 
@@ -1068,19 +1072,18 @@
           << "Failed to get the current working directory.";
     }
 
-    GetTestCase(test_info->test_case_name(),
-                test_info->type_param(),
-                set_up_tc,
-                tear_down_tc)->AddTestInfo(test_info);
+    GetTestCase(test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->type_param(), set_up_tc,
+                tear_down_tc)
+        ->AddTestInfo(test_info);
   }
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
+#  if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
   // Returns ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry object used to keep track of
   // value-parameterized tests and instantiate and register them.
   internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry& parameterized_test_registry() {
     return parameterized_test_registry_;
   }
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
+#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 
   // Sets the TestCase object for the test that's currently running.
   void set_current_test_case(TestCase* a_current_test_case) {
@@ -1114,9 +1117,7 @@
   }
 
   // Clears the results of ad-hoc test assertions.
-  void ClearAdHocTestResult() {
-    ad_hoc_test_result_.Clear();
-  }
+  void ClearAdHocTestResult() { ad_hoc_test_result_.Clear(); }
 
   // Adds a TestProperty to the current TestResult object when invoked in a
   // context of a test or a test case, or to the global property set. If the
@@ -1124,10 +1125,7 @@
   // updated.
   void RecordProperty(const TestProperty& test_property);
 
-  enum ReactionToSharding {
-    HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL,
-    IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL
-  };
+  enum ReactionToSharding { HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL, IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL };
 
   // Matches the full name of each test against the user-specified
   // filter to decide whether the test should run, then records the
@@ -1156,7 +1154,7 @@
     return gtest_trace_stack_.get();
   }
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#  if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
   void InitDeathTestSubprocessControlInfo() {
     internal_run_death_test_flag_.reset(ParseInternalRunDeathTestFlag());
   }
@@ -1176,17 +1174,17 @@
   void SuppressTestEventsIfInSubprocess();
 
   friend class ReplaceDeathTestFactory;
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
   // Initializes the event listener performing XML output as specified by
   // UnitTestOptions. Must not be called before InitGoogleTest.
   void ConfigureXmlOutput();
 
-#if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+#  if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
   // Initializes the event listener for streaming test results to a socket.
   // Must not be called before InitGoogleTest.
   void ConfigureStreamingOutput();
-#endif
+#  endif
 
   // Performs initialization dependent upon flag values obtained in
   // ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly.  Is called from InitGoogleTest after the call to
@@ -1255,14 +1253,14 @@
   // shuffled order.
   std::vector<int> test_case_indices_;
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
+#  if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
   // ParameterizedTestRegistry object used to register value-parameterized
   // tests.
   internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry parameterized_test_registry_;
 
   // Indicates whether RegisterParameterizedTests() has been called already.
   bool parameterized_tests_registered_;
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
+#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 
   // Index of the last death test case registered.  Initially -1.
   int last_death_test_case_;
@@ -1315,12 +1313,12 @@
   // How long the test took to run, in milliseconds.
   TimeInMillis elapsed_time_;
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#  if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
   // The decomposed components of the gtest_internal_run_death_test flag,
   // parsed when RUN_ALL_TESTS is called.
   internal::scoped_ptr<InternalRunDeathTestFlag> internal_run_death_test_flag_;
   internal::scoped_ptr<internal::DeathTestFactory> death_test_factory_;
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
   // A per-thread stack of traces created by the SCOPED_TRACE() macro.
   internal::ThreadLocal<std::vector<TraceInfo> > gtest_trace_stack_;
@@ -1338,7 +1336,7 @@
   return UnitTest::GetInstance()->impl();
 }
 
-#if GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE
+#  if GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE
 
 // Internal helper functions for implementing the simple regular
 // expression matcher.
@@ -1352,24 +1350,25 @@
 GTEST_API_ bool AtomMatchesChar(bool escaped, char pattern, char ch);
 GTEST_API_ bool ValidateRegex(const char* regex);
 GTEST_API_ bool MatchRegexAtHead(const char* regex, const char* str);
-GTEST_API_ bool MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead(
-    bool escaped, char ch, char repeat, const char* regex, const char* str);
+GTEST_API_ bool MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead(bool escaped, char ch,
+                                              char repeat, const char* regex,
+                                              const char* str);
 GTEST_API_ bool MatchRegexAnywhere(const char* regex, const char* str);
 
-#endif  // GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE
+#  endif  // GTEST_USES_SIMPLE_RE
 
 // Parses the command line for Google Test flags, without initializing
 // other parts of Google Test.
 GTEST_API_ void ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly(int* argc, char** argv);
 GTEST_API_ void ParseGoogleTestFlagsOnly(int* argc, wchar_t** argv);
 
-#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#  if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 // Returns the message describing the last system error, regardless of the
 // platform.
 GTEST_API_ std::string GetLastErrnoDescription();
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#    if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 // Provides leak-safe Windows kernel handle ownership.
 class AutoHandle {
  public:
@@ -1382,8 +1381,7 @@
   void Reset() { Reset(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE); }
   void Reset(HANDLE handle) {
     if (handle != handle_) {
-      if (handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
-        ::CloseHandle(handle_);
+      if (handle_ != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) ::CloseHandle(handle_);
       handle_ = handle;
     }
   }
@@ -1393,7 +1391,7 @@
 
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(AutoHandle);
 };
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#    endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 // Attempts to parse a string into a positive integer pointed to by the
 // number parameter.  Returns true if that is possible.
@@ -1413,18 +1411,18 @@
   // BiggestConvertible is the largest integer type that system-provided
   // string-to-number conversion routines can return.
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !defined(__GNUC__)
+#    if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !defined(__GNUC__)
 
   // MSVC and C++ Builder define __int64 instead of the standard long long.
   typedef unsigned __int64 BiggestConvertible;
   const BiggestConvertible parsed = _strtoui64(str.c_str(), &end, 10);
 
-# else
+#    else
 
   typedef unsigned long long BiggestConvertible;  // NOLINT
   const BiggestConvertible parsed = strtoull(str.c_str(), &end, 10);
 
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !defined(__GNUC__)
+#    endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !defined(__GNUC__)
 
   const bool parse_success = *end == '\0' && errno == 0;
 
@@ -1439,7 +1437,7 @@
   }
   return false;
 }
-#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#  endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 // TestResult contains some private methods that should be hidden from
 // Google Test user but are required for testing. This class allow our tests
@@ -1465,7 +1463,7 @@
   }
 };
 
-#if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+#  if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
 
 // Streams test results to the given port on the given host machine.
 class StreamingListener : public EmptyTestEventListener {
@@ -1482,9 +1480,7 @@
     virtual void CloseConnection() {}
 
     // Sends a string and a newline to the socket.
-    void SendLn(const string& message) {
-      Send(message + "\n");
-    }
+    void SendLn(const string& message) { Send(message + "\n"); }
   };
 
   // Concrete class for actually writing strings to a socket.
@@ -1496,8 +1492,7 @@
     }
 
     virtual ~SocketWriter() {
-      if (sockfd_ != -1)
-        CloseConnection();
+      if (sockfd_ != -1) CloseConnection();
     }
 
     // Sends a string to the socket.
@@ -1507,9 +1502,8 @@
 
       const int len = static_cast<int>(message.length());
       if (write(sockfd_, message.c_str(), len) != len) {
-        GTEST_LOG_(WARNING)
-            << "stream_result_to: failed to stream to "
-            << host_name_ << ":" << port_num_;
+        GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << "stream_result_to: failed to stream to "
+                            << host_name_ << ":" << port_num_;
       }
     }
 
@@ -1537,10 +1531,14 @@
   static string UrlEncode(const char* str);
 
   StreamingListener(const string& host, const string& port)
-      : socket_writer_(new SocketWriter(host, port)) { Start(); }
+      : socket_writer_(new SocketWriter(host, port)) {
+    Start();
+  }
 
   explicit StreamingListener(AbstractSocketWriter* socket_writer)
-      : socket_writer_(socket_writer) { Start(); }
+      : socket_writer_(socket_writer) {
+    Start();
+  }
 
   void OnTestProgramStart(const UnitTest& /* unit_test */) {
     SendLn("event=TestProgramStart");
@@ -1561,9 +1559,9 @@
   }
 
   void OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test, int /* iteration */) {
-    SendLn("event=TestIterationEnd&passed=" +
-           FormatBool(unit_test.Passed()) + "&elapsed_time=" +
-           StreamableToString(unit_test.elapsed_time()) + "ms");
+    SendLn("event=TestIterationEnd&passed=" + FormatBool(unit_test.Passed()) +
+           "&elapsed_time=" + StreamableToString(unit_test.elapsed_time()) +
+           "ms");
   }
 
   void OnTestCaseStart(const TestCase& test_case) {
@@ -1571,9 +1569,9 @@
   }
 
   void OnTestCaseEnd(const TestCase& test_case) {
-    SendLn("event=TestCaseEnd&passed=" + FormatBool(test_case.Passed())
-           + "&elapsed_time=" + StreamableToString(test_case.elapsed_time())
-           + "ms");
+    SendLn("event=TestCaseEnd&passed=" + FormatBool(test_case.Passed()) +
+           "&elapsed_time=" + StreamableToString(test_case.elapsed_time()) +
+           "ms");
   }
 
   void OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) {
@@ -1582,15 +1580,13 @@
 
   void OnTestEnd(const TestInfo& test_info) {
     SendLn("event=TestEnd&passed=" +
-           FormatBool((test_info.result())->Passed()) +
-           "&elapsed_time=" +
+           FormatBool((test_info.result())->Passed()) + "&elapsed_time=" +
            StreamableToString((test_info.result())->elapsed_time()) + "ms");
   }
 
   void OnTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& test_part_result) {
     const char* file_name = test_part_result.file_name();
-    if (file_name == NULL)
-      file_name = "";
+    if (file_name == NULL) file_name = "";
     SendLn("event=TestPartResult&file=" + UrlEncode(file_name) +
            "&line=" + StreamableToString(test_part_result.line_number()) +
            "&message=" + UrlEncode(test_part_result.message()));
@@ -1611,7 +1607,7 @@
   GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(StreamingListener);
 };  // class StreamingListener
 
-#endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
+#  endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
 
 }  // namespace internal
 }  // namespace testing
@@ -1620,7 +1616,7 @@
 #undef GTEST_IMPLEMENTATION_
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-# define vsnprintf _vsnprintf
+#  define vsnprintf _vsnprintf
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 namespace testing {
@@ -1666,9 +1662,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace internal
 
-static const char* GetDefaultFilter() {
-  return kUniversalFilter;
-}
+static const char* GetDefaultFilter() { return kUniversalFilter; }
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
     also_run_disabled_tests,
@@ -1676,39 +1670,33 @@
     "Run disabled tests too, in addition to the tests normally being run.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
-    break_on_failure,
-    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("break_on_failure", false),
+    break_on_failure, internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("break_on_failure", false),
     "True iff a failed assertion should be a debugger break-point.");
 
-GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
-    catch_exceptions,
-    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("catch_exceptions", true),
-    "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
-    " should catch exceptions and treat them as test failures.");
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(catch_exceptions,
+                   internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("catch_exceptions", true),
+                   "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
+                   " should catch exceptions and treat them as test failures.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
-    color,
-    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("color", "auto"),
+    color, internal::StringFromGTestEnv("color", "auto"),
     "Whether to use colors in the output.  Valid values: yes, no, "
     "and auto.  'auto' means to use colors if the output is "
     "being sent to a terminal and the TERM environment variable "
     "is set to a terminal type that supports colors.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
-    filter,
-    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("filter", GetDefaultFilter()),
+    filter, internal::StringFromGTestEnv("filter", GetDefaultFilter()),
     "A colon-separated list of glob (not regex) patterns "
     "for filtering the tests to run, optionally followed by a "
     "'-' and a : separated list of negative patterns (tests to "
     "exclude).  A test is run if it matches one of the positive "
     "patterns and does not match any of the negative patterns.");
 
-GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(list_tests, false,
-                   "List all tests without running them.");
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(list_tests, false, "List all tests without running them.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
-    output,
-    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("output", ""),
+    output, internal::StringFromGTestEnv("output", ""),
     "A format (currently must be \"xml\"), optionally followed "
     "by a colon and an output file name or directory. A directory "
     "is indicated by a trailing pathname separator. "
@@ -1718,34 +1706,28 @@
     "executable's name and, if necessary, made unique by adding "
     "digits.");
 
-GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
-    print_time,
-    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("print_time", true),
-    "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
-    " should display elapsed time in text output.");
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(print_time, internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("print_time", true),
+                   "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
+                   " should display elapsed time in text output.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_int32_(
-    random_seed,
-    internal::Int32FromGTestEnv("random_seed", 0),
+    random_seed, internal::Int32FromGTestEnv("random_seed", 0),
     "Random number seed to use when shuffling test orders.  Must be in range "
     "[1, 99999], or 0 to use a seed based on the current time.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_int32_(
-    repeat,
-    internal::Int32FromGTestEnv("repeat", 1),
+    repeat, internal::Int32FromGTestEnv("repeat", 1),
     "How many times to repeat each test.  Specify a negative number "
     "for repeating forever.  Useful for shaking out flaky tests.");
 
-GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
-    show_internal_stack_frames, false,
-    "True iff " GTEST_NAME_ " should include internal stack frames when "
-    "printing test failure stack traces.");
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(show_internal_stack_frames, false,
+                   "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
+                   " should include internal stack frames when "
+                   "printing test failure stack traces.");
 
-GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
-    shuffle,
-    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("shuffle", false),
-    "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
-    " should randomize tests' order on every run.");
+GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(shuffle, internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("shuffle", false),
+                   "True iff " GTEST_NAME_
+                   " should randomize tests' order on every run.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_int32_(
     stack_trace_depth,
@@ -1754,15 +1736,13 @@
     "assertion fails.  The valid range is 0 through 100, inclusive.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_string_(
-    stream_result_to,
-    internal::StringFromGTestEnv("stream_result_to", ""),
+    stream_result_to, internal::StringFromGTestEnv("stream_result_to", ""),
     "This flag specifies the host name and the port number on which to stream "
     "test results. Example: \"localhost:555\". The flag is effective only on "
     "Linux.");
 
 GTEST_DEFINE_bool_(
-    throw_on_failure,
-    internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("throw_on_failure", false),
+    throw_on_failure, internal::BoolFromGTestEnv("throw_on_failure", false),
     "When this flag is specified, a failed assertion will throw an exception "
     "if exceptions are enabled or exit the program with a non-zero code "
     "otherwise.");
@@ -1774,10 +1754,9 @@
 // than kMaxRange.
 UInt32 Random::Generate(UInt32 range) {
   // These constants are the same as are used in glibc's rand(3).
-  state_ = (1103515245U*state_ + 12345U) % kMaxRange;
+  state_ = (1103515245U * state_ + 12345U) % kMaxRange;
 
-  GTEST_CHECK_(range > 0)
-      << "Cannot generate a number in the range [0, 0).";
+  GTEST_CHECK_(range > 0) << "Cannot generate a number in the range [0, 0).";
   GTEST_CHECK_(range <= kMaxRange)
       << "Generation of a number in [0, " << range << ") was requested, "
       << "but this can only generate numbers in [0, " << kMaxRange << ").";
@@ -1828,26 +1807,20 @@
 }
 
 // AssertHelper constructor.
-AssertHelper::AssertHelper(TestPartResult::Type type,
-                           const char* file,
-                           int line,
-                           const char* message)
-    : data_(new AssertHelperData(type, file, line, message)) {
-}
+AssertHelper::AssertHelper(TestPartResult::Type type, const char* file,
+                           int line, const char* message)
+    : data_(new AssertHelperData(type, file, line, message)) {}
 
-AssertHelper::~AssertHelper() {
-  delete data_;
-}
+AssertHelper::~AssertHelper() { delete data_; }
 
 // Message assignment, for assertion streaming support.
 void AssertHelper::operator=(const Message& message) const {
-  UnitTest::GetInstance()->
-    AddTestPartResult(data_->type, data_->file, data_->line,
-                      AppendUserMessage(data_->message, message),
-                      UnitTest::GetInstance()->impl()
-                      ->CurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop(1)
-                      // Skips the stack frame for this function itself.
-                      );  // NOLINT
+  UnitTest::GetInstance()->AddTestPartResult(
+      data_->type, data_->file, data_->line,
+      AppendUserMessage(data_->message, message),
+      UnitTest::GetInstance()->impl()->CurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop(1)
+      // Skips the stack frame for this function itself.
+  );  // NOLINT
 }
 
 // Mutex for linked pointers.
@@ -1878,24 +1851,24 @@
   if (gtest_output_flag == NULL) return std::string("");
 
   const char* const colon = strchr(gtest_output_flag, ':');
-  return (colon == NULL) ?
-      std::string(gtest_output_flag) :
-      std::string(gtest_output_flag, colon - gtest_output_flag);
+  return (colon == NULL)
+             ? std::string(gtest_output_flag)
+             : std::string(gtest_output_flag, colon - gtest_output_flag);
 }
 
 // Returns the name of the requested output file, or the default if none
 // was explicitly specified.
 std::string UnitTestOptions::GetAbsolutePathToOutputFile() {
   const char* const gtest_output_flag = GTEST_FLAG(output).c_str();
-  if (gtest_output_flag == NULL)
-    return "";
+  if (gtest_output_flag == NULL) return "";
 
   const char* const colon = strchr(gtest_output_flag, ':');
   if (colon == NULL)
     return internal::FilePath::ConcatPaths(
-        internal::FilePath(
-            UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir()),
-        internal::FilePath(kDefaultOutputFile)).string();
+               internal::FilePath(
+                   UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir()),
+               internal::FilePath(kDefaultOutputFile))
+        .string();
 
   internal::FilePath output_name(colon + 1);
   if (!output_name.IsAbsolutePath())
@@ -1907,8 +1880,7 @@
         internal::FilePath(UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir()),
         internal::FilePath(colon + 1));
 
-  if (!output_name.IsDirectory())
-    return output_name.string();
+  if (!output_name.IsDirectory()) return output_name.string();
 
   internal::FilePath result(internal::FilePath::GenerateUniqueFileName(
       output_name, internal::GetCurrentExecutableName(),
@@ -1921,26 +1893,25 @@
 //
 // This recursive algorithm isn't very efficient, but is clear and
 // works well enough for matching test names, which are short.
-bool UnitTestOptions::PatternMatchesString(const char *pattern,
-                                           const char *str) {
+bool UnitTestOptions::PatternMatchesString(const char* pattern,
+                                           const char* str) {
   switch (*pattern) {
-    case '\0':
-    case ':':  // Either ':' or '\0' marks the end of the pattern.
-      return *str == '\0';
-    case '?':  // Matches any single character.
-      return *str != '\0' && PatternMatchesString(pattern + 1, str + 1);
-    case '*':  // Matches any string (possibly empty) of characters.
-      return (*str != '\0' && PatternMatchesString(pattern, str + 1)) ||
-          PatternMatchesString(pattern + 1, str);
-    default:  // Non-special character.  Matches itself.
-      return *pattern == *str &&
-          PatternMatchesString(pattern + 1, str + 1);
+  case '\0':
+  case ':':  // Either ':' or '\0' marks the end of the pattern.
+    return *str == '\0';
+  case '?':  // Matches any single character.
+    return *str != '\0' && PatternMatchesString(pattern + 1, str + 1);
+  case '*':  // Matches any string (possibly empty) of characters.
+    return (*str != '\0' && PatternMatchesString(pattern, str + 1)) ||
+           PatternMatchesString(pattern + 1, str);
+  default:  // Non-special character.  Matches itself.
+    return *pattern == *str && PatternMatchesString(pattern + 1, str + 1);
   }
 }
 
-bool UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(
-    const std::string& name, const char* filter) {
-  const char *cur_pattern = filter;
+bool UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(const std::string& name,
+                                    const char* filter) {
+  const char* cur_pattern = filter;
   for (;;) {
     if (PatternMatchesString(cur_pattern, name.c_str())) {
       return true;
@@ -1961,8 +1932,8 @@
 
 // Returns true iff the user-specified filter matches the test case
 // name and the test name.
-bool UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(const std::string &test_case_name,
-                                        const std::string &test_name) {
+bool UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(const std::string& test_case_name,
+                                        const std::string& test_name) {
   const std::string& full_name = test_case_name + "." + test_name.c_str();
 
   // Split --gtest_filter at '-', if there is one, to separate into
@@ -2024,8 +1995,7 @@
 // results. Intercepts only failures from the current thread.
 ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter(
     TestPartResultArray* result)
-    : intercept_mode_(INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD),
-      result_(result) {
+    : intercept_mode_(INTERCEPT_ONLY_CURRENT_THREAD), result_(result) {
   Init();
 }
 
@@ -2034,8 +2004,7 @@
 // results.
 ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter::ScopedFakeTestPartResultReporter(
     InterceptMode intercept_mode, TestPartResultArray* result)
-    : intercept_mode_(intercept_mode),
-      result_(result) {
+    : intercept_mode_(intercept_mode), result_(result) {
   Init();
 }
 
@@ -2079,9 +2048,7 @@
 // from user test code.  GetTestTypeId() is guaranteed to always
 // return the same value, as it always calls GetTypeId<>() from the
 // gtest.cc, which is within the Google Test framework.
-TypeId GetTestTypeId() {
-  return GetTypeId<Test>();
-}
+TypeId GetTestTypeId() { return GetTypeId<Test>(); }
 
 // The value of GetTestTypeId() as seen from within the Google Test
 // library.  This is solely for testing GetTestTypeId().
@@ -2094,11 +2061,10 @@
                               const char* /* type_expr */,
                               const char* /* substr_expr */,
                               const TestPartResultArray& results,
-                              TestPartResult::Type type,
-                              const string& substr) {
-  const std::string expected(type == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure ?
-                        "1 fatal failure" :
-                        "1 non-fatal failure");
+                              TestPartResult::Type type, const string& substr) {
+  const std::string expected(type == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure
+                                 ? "1 fatal failure"
+                                 : "1 non-fatal failure");
   Message msg;
   if (results.size() != 1) {
     msg << "Expected: " << expected << "\n"
@@ -2117,10 +2083,10 @@
   }
 
   if (strstr(r.message(), substr.c_str()) == NULL) {
-    return AssertionFailure() << "Expected: " << expected << " containing \""
-                              << substr << "\"\n"
-                              << "  Actual:\n"
-                              << r;
+    return AssertionFailure()
+           << "Expected: " << expected << " containing \"" << substr << "\"\n"
+           << "  Actual:\n"
+           << r;
   }
 
   return AssertionSuccess();
@@ -2129,13 +2095,10 @@
 // The constructor of SingleFailureChecker remembers where to look up
 // test part results, what type of failure we expect, and what
 // substring the failure message should contain.
-SingleFailureChecker:: SingleFailureChecker(
-    const TestPartResultArray* results,
-    TestPartResult::Type type,
-    const string& substr)
-    : results_(results),
-      type_(type),
-      substr_(substr) {}
+SingleFailureChecker::SingleFailureChecker(const TestPartResultArray* results,
+                                           TestPartResult::Type type,
+                                           const string& substr)
+    : results_(results), type_(type), substr_(substr) {}
 
 // The destructor of SingleFailureChecker verifies that the given
 // TestPartResultArray contains exactly one failure that has the given
@@ -2146,7 +2109,8 @@
 }
 
 DefaultGlobalTestPartResultReporter::DefaultGlobalTestPartResultReporter(
-    UnitTestImpl* unit_test) : unit_test_(unit_test) {}
+    UnitTestImpl* unit_test)
+    : unit_test_(unit_test) {}
 
 void DefaultGlobalTestPartResultReporter::ReportTestPartResult(
     const TestPartResult& result) {
@@ -2155,7 +2119,8 @@
 }
 
 DefaultPerThreadTestPartResultReporter::DefaultPerThreadTestPartResultReporter(
-    UnitTestImpl* unit_test) : unit_test_(unit_test) {}
+    UnitTestImpl* unit_test)
+    : unit_test_(unit_test) {}
 
 void DefaultPerThreadTestPartResultReporter::ReportTestPartResult(
     const TestPartResult& result) {
@@ -2266,7 +2231,7 @@
   // Difference between 1970-01-01 and 1601-01-01 in milliseconds.
   // http://analogous.blogspot.com/2005/04/epoch.html
   const TimeInMillis kJavaEpochToWinFileTimeDelta =
-    static_cast<TimeInMillis>(116444736UL) * 100000UL;
+      static_cast<TimeInMillis>(116444736UL) * 100000UL;
   const DWORD kTenthMicrosInMilliSecond = 10000;
 
   SYSTEMTIME now_systime;
@@ -2279,28 +2244,28 @@
     now_int64.LowPart = now_filetime.dwLowDateTime;
     now_int64.HighPart = now_filetime.dwHighDateTime;
     now_int64.QuadPart = (now_int64.QuadPart / kTenthMicrosInMilliSecond) -
-      kJavaEpochToWinFileTimeDelta;
+                         kJavaEpochToWinFileTimeDelta;
     return now_int64.QuadPart;
   }
   return 0;
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_
   __timeb64 now;
 
-# ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  ifdef _MSC_VER
 
   // MSVC 8 deprecates _ftime64(), so we want to suppress warning 4996
   // (deprecated function) there.
   // TODO(kenton@google.com): Use GetTickCount()?  Or use
   //   SystemTimeToFileTime()
-#  pragma warning(push)          // Saves the current warning state.
-#  pragma warning(disable:4996)  // Temporarily disables warning 4996.
+#    pragma warning(push)            // Saves the current warning state.
+#    pragma warning(disable : 4996)  // Temporarily disables warning 4996.
   _ftime64(&now);
-#  pragma warning(pop)           // Restores the warning state.
-# else
+#    pragma warning(pop)             // Restores the warning state.
+#  else
 
   _ftime64(&now);
 
-# endif  // _MSC_VER
+#  endif  // _MSC_VER
 
   return static_cast<TimeInMillis>(now.time) * 1000 + now.millitm;
 #elif GTEST_HAS_GETTIMEOFDAY_
@@ -2308,7 +2273,7 @@
   gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
   return static_cast<TimeInMillis>(now.tv_sec) * 1000 + now.tv_usec / 1000;
 #else
-# error "Don't know how to get the current time on your system."
+#  error "Don't know how to get the current time on your system."
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -2325,11 +2290,9 @@
   if (!ansi) return NULL;
   const int length = strlen(ansi);
   const int unicode_length =
-      MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length,
-                          NULL, 0);
+      MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length, NULL, 0);
   WCHAR* unicode = new WCHAR[unicode_length + 1];
-  MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length,
-                      unicode, unicode_length);
+  MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, ansi, length, unicode, unicode_length);
   unicode[unicode_length] = 0;
   return unicode;
 }
@@ -2338,14 +2301,12 @@
 // memory using new. The caller is responsible for deleting the return
 // value using delete[]. Returns the ANSI string, or NULL if the
 // input is NULL.
-const char* String::Utf16ToAnsi(LPCWSTR utf16_str)  {
+const char* String::Utf16ToAnsi(LPCWSTR utf16_str) {
   if (!utf16_str) return NULL;
   const int ansi_length =
-      WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1,
-                          NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
+      WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
   char* ansi = new char[ansi_length + 1];
-  WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1,
-                      ansi, ansi_length, NULL, NULL);
+  WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, utf16_str, -1, ansi, ansi_length, NULL, NULL);
   ansi[ansi_length] = 0;
   return ansi;
 }
@@ -2357,10 +2318,10 @@
 // Unlike strcmp(), this function can handle NULL argument(s).  A NULL
 // C string is considered different to any non-NULL C string,
 // including the empty string.
-bool String::CStringEquals(const char * lhs, const char * rhs) {
-  if ( lhs == NULL ) return rhs == NULL;
+bool String::CStringEquals(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) {
+  if (lhs == NULL) return rhs == NULL;
 
-  if ( rhs == NULL ) return false;
+  if (rhs == NULL) return false;
 
   return strcmp(lhs, rhs) == 0;
 }
@@ -2371,11 +2332,10 @@
 // encoding, and streams the result to the given Message object.
 static void StreamWideCharsToMessage(const wchar_t* wstr, size_t length,
                                      Message* msg) {
-  for (size_t i = 0; i != length; ) {  // NOLINT
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != length;) {  // NOLINT
     if (wstr[i] != L'\0') {
       *msg << WideStringToUtf8(wstr + i, static_cast<int>(length - i));
-      while (i != length && wstr[i] != L'\0')
-        i++;
+      while (i != length && wstr[i] != L'\0') i++;
     } else {
       *msg << '\0';
       i++;
@@ -2400,17 +2360,17 @@
 
 // These two overloads allow streaming a wide C string to a Message
 // using the UTF-8 encoding.
-Message& Message::operator <<(const wchar_t* wide_c_str) {
+Message& Message::operator<<(const wchar_t* wide_c_str) {
   return *this << internal::String::ShowWideCString(wide_c_str);
 }
-Message& Message::operator <<(wchar_t* wide_c_str) {
+Message& Message::operator<<(wchar_t* wide_c_str) {
   return *this << internal::String::ShowWideCString(wide_c_str);
 }
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
 // Converts the given wide string to a narrow string using the UTF-8
 // encoding, and streams the result to this Message object.
-Message& Message::operator <<(const ::std::wstring& wstr) {
+Message& Message::operator<<(const ::std::wstring& wstr) {
   internal::StreamWideCharsToMessage(wstr.c_str(), wstr.length(), this);
   return *this;
 }
@@ -2419,7 +2379,7 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
 // Converts the given wide string to a narrow string using the UTF-8
 // encoding, and streams the result to this Message object.
-Message& Message::operator <<(const ::wstring& wstr) {
+Message& Message::operator<<(const ::wstring& wstr) {
   internal::StreamWideCharsToMessage(wstr.c_str(), wstr.length(), this);
   return *this;
 }
@@ -2435,28 +2395,22 @@
 // Used in EXPECT_TRUE/FALSE(assertion_result).
 AssertionResult::AssertionResult(const AssertionResult& other)
     : success_(other.success_),
-      message_(other.message_.get() != NULL ?
-               new ::std::string(*other.message_) :
-               static_cast< ::std::string*>(NULL)) {
-}
+      message_(other.message_.get() != NULL
+                   ? new ::std::string(*other.message_)
+                   : static_cast< ::std::string*>(NULL)) {}
 
 // Returns the assertion's negation. Used with EXPECT/ASSERT_FALSE.
 AssertionResult AssertionResult::operator!() const {
   AssertionResult negation(!success_);
-  if (message_.get() != NULL)
-    negation << *message_;
+  if (message_.get() != NULL) negation << *message_;
   return negation;
 }
 
 // Makes a successful assertion result.
-AssertionResult AssertionSuccess() {
-  return AssertionResult(true);
-}
+AssertionResult AssertionSuccess() { return AssertionResult(true); }
 
 // Makes a failed assertion result.
-AssertionResult AssertionFailure() {
-  return AssertionResult(false);
-}
+AssertionResult AssertionFailure() { return AssertionResult(false); }
 
 // Makes a failed assertion result with the given failure message.
 // Deprecated; use AssertionFailure() << message.
@@ -2484,8 +2438,7 @@
 AssertionResult EqFailure(const char* expected_expression,
                           const char* actual_expression,
                           const std::string& expected_value,
-                          const std::string& actual_value,
-                          bool ignoring_case) {
+                          const std::string& actual_value, bool ignoring_case) {
   Message msg;
   msg << "Value of: " << actual_expression;
   if (actual_value != actual_expression) {
@@ -2505,47 +2458,38 @@
 
 // Constructs a failure message for Boolean assertions such as EXPECT_TRUE.
 std::string GetBoolAssertionFailureMessage(
-    const AssertionResult& assertion_result,
-    const char* expression_text,
-    const char* actual_predicate_value,
-    const char* expected_predicate_value) {
+    const AssertionResult& assertion_result, const char* expression_text,
+    const char* actual_predicate_value, const char* expected_predicate_value) {
   const char* actual_message = assertion_result.message();
   Message msg;
   msg << "Value of: " << expression_text
       << "\n  Actual: " << actual_predicate_value;
-  if (actual_message[0] != '\0')
-    msg << " (" << actual_message << ")";
+  if (actual_message[0] != '\0') msg << " (" << actual_message << ")";
   msg << "\nExpected: " << expected_predicate_value;
   return msg.GetString();
 }
 
 // Helper function for implementing ASSERT_NEAR.
-AssertionResult DoubleNearPredFormat(const char* expr1,
-                                     const char* expr2,
-                                     const char* abs_error_expr,
-                                     double val1,
-                                     double val2,
-                                     double abs_error) {
+AssertionResult DoubleNearPredFormat(const char* expr1, const char* expr2,
+                                     const char* abs_error_expr, double val1,
+                                     double val2, double abs_error) {
   const double diff = fabs(val1 - val2);
   if (diff <= abs_error) return AssertionSuccess();
 
   // TODO(wan): do not print the value of an expression if it's
   // already a literal.
   return AssertionFailure()
-      << "The difference between " << expr1 << " and " << expr2
-      << " is " << diff << ", which exceeds " << abs_error_expr << ", where\n"
-      << expr1 << " evaluates to " << val1 << ",\n"
-      << expr2 << " evaluates to " << val2 << ", and\n"
-      << abs_error_expr << " evaluates to " << abs_error << ".";
+         << "The difference between " << expr1 << " and " << expr2 << " is "
+         << diff << ", which exceeds " << abs_error_expr << ", where\n"
+         << expr1 << " evaluates to " << val1 << ",\n"
+         << expr2 << " evaluates to " << val2 << ", and\n"
+         << abs_error_expr << " evaluates to " << abs_error << ".";
 }
 
-
 // Helper template for implementing FloatLE() and DoubleLE().
 template <typename RawType>
-AssertionResult FloatingPointLE(const char* expr1,
-                                const char* expr2,
-                                RawType val1,
-                                RawType val2) {
+AssertionResult FloatingPointLE(const char* expr1, const char* expr2,
+                                RawType val1, RawType val2) {
   // Returns success if val1 is less than val2,
   if (val1 < val2) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
@@ -2570,24 +2514,24 @@
           << val2;
 
   return AssertionFailure()
-      << "Expected: (" << expr1 << ") <= (" << expr2 << ")\n"
-      << "  Actual: " << StringStreamToString(&val1_ss) << " vs "
-      << StringStreamToString(&val2_ss);
+         << "Expected: (" << expr1 << ") <= (" << expr2 << ")\n"
+         << "  Actual: " << StringStreamToString(&val1_ss) << " vs "
+         << StringStreamToString(&val2_ss);
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
 
 // Asserts that val1 is less than, or almost equal to, val2.  Fails
 // otherwise.  In particular, it fails if either val1 or val2 is NaN.
-AssertionResult FloatLE(const char* expr1, const char* expr2,
-                        float val1, float val2) {
+AssertionResult FloatLE(const char* expr1, const char* expr2, float val1,
+                        float val2) {
   return internal::FloatingPointLE<float>(expr1, expr2, val1, val2);
 }
 
 // Asserts that val1 is less than, or almost equal to, val2.  Fails
 // otherwise.  In particular, it fails if either val1 or val2 is NaN.
-AssertionResult DoubleLE(const char* expr1, const char* expr2,
-                         double val1, double val2) {
+AssertionResult DoubleLE(const char* expr1, const char* expr2, double val1,
+                         double val2) {
   return internal::FloatingPointLE<double>(expr1, expr2, val1, val2);
 }
 
@@ -2596,35 +2540,32 @@
 // The helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_EQ with int or enum
 // arguments.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperEQ(const char* expected_expression,
-                            const char* actual_expression,
-                            BiggestInt expected,
+                            const char* actual_expression, BiggestInt expected,
                             BiggestInt actual) {
   if (expected == actual) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   }
 
-  return EqFailure(expected_expression,
-                   actual_expression,
+  return EqFailure(expected_expression, actual_expression,
                    FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(expected, actual),
-                   FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(actual, expected),
-                   false);
+                   FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(actual, expected), false);
 }
 
 // A macro for implementing the helper functions needed to implement
 // ASSERT_?? and EXPECT_?? with integer or enum arguments.  It is here
 // just to avoid copy-and-paste of similar code.
-#define GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(op_name, op)\
-AssertionResult CmpHelper##op_name(const char* expr1, const char* expr2, \
-                                   BiggestInt val1, BiggestInt val2) {\
-  if (val1 op val2) {\
-    return AssertionSuccess();\
-  } else {\
-    return AssertionFailure() \
-        << "Expected: (" << expr1 << ") " #op " (" << expr2\
-        << "), actual: " << FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(val1, val2)\
-        << " vs " << FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(val2, val1);\
-  }\
-}
+#define GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(op_name, op)                                    \
+  AssertionResult CmpHelper##op_name(const char* expr1, const char* expr2,     \
+                                     BiggestInt val1, BiggestInt val2) {       \
+    if (val1 op val2) {                                                        \
+      return AssertionSuccess();                                               \
+    } else {                                                                   \
+      return AssertionFailure()                                                \
+             << "Expected: (" << expr1 << ") " #op " (" << expr2               \
+             << "), actual: " << FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(val1, val2) \
+             << " vs " << FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(val2, val1);       \
+    }                                                                          \
+  }
 
 // Implements the helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_NE with int or
 // enum arguments.
@@ -2634,74 +2575,63 @@
 GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(LE, <=)
 // Implements the helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_LT with int or
 // enum arguments.
-GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(LT, < )
+GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(LT, <)
 // Implements the helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_GE with int or
 // enum arguments.
 GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(GE, >=)
 // Implements the helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_GT with int or
 // enum arguments.
-GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(GT, > )
+GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_(GT, >)
 
 #undef GTEST_IMPL_CMP_HELPER_
 
 // The helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_STREQ.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperSTREQ(const char* expected_expression,
                                const char* actual_expression,
-                               const char* expected,
-                               const char* actual) {
+                               const char* expected, const char* actual) {
   if (String::CStringEquals(expected, actual)) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   }
 
-  return EqFailure(expected_expression,
-                   actual_expression,
-                   PrintToString(expected),
-                   PrintToString(actual),
-                   false);
+  return EqFailure(expected_expression, actual_expression,
+                   PrintToString(expected), PrintToString(actual), false);
 }
 
 // The helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_STRCASEEQ.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperSTRCASEEQ(const char* expected_expression,
                                    const char* actual_expression,
-                                   const char* expected,
-                                   const char* actual) {
+                                   const char* expected, const char* actual) {
   if (String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(expected, actual)) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   }
 
-  return EqFailure(expected_expression,
-                   actual_expression,
-                   PrintToString(expected),
-                   PrintToString(actual),
-                   true);
+  return EqFailure(expected_expression, actual_expression,
+                   PrintToString(expected), PrintToString(actual), true);
 }
 
 // The helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_STRNE.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperSTRNE(const char* s1_expression,
-                               const char* s2_expression,
-                               const char* s1,
+                               const char* s2_expression, const char* s1,
                                const char* s2) {
   if (!String::CStringEquals(s1, s2)) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   } else {
-    return AssertionFailure() << "Expected: (" << s1_expression << ") != ("
-                              << s2_expression << "), actual: \""
-                              << s1 << "\" vs \"" << s2 << "\"";
+    return AssertionFailure()
+           << "Expected: (" << s1_expression << ") != (" << s2_expression
+           << "), actual: \"" << s1 << "\" vs \"" << s2 << "\"";
   }
 }
 
 // The helper function for {ASSERT|EXPECT}_STRCASENE.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperSTRCASENE(const char* s1_expression,
-                                   const char* s2_expression,
-                                   const char* s1,
+                                   const char* s2_expression, const char* s1,
                                    const char* s2) {
   if (!String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(s1, s2)) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   } else {
     return AssertionFailure()
-        << "Expected: (" << s1_expression << ") != ("
-        << s2_expression << ") (ignoring case), actual: \""
-        << s1 << "\" vs \"" << s2 << "\"";
+           << "Expected: (" << s1_expression << ") != (" << s2_expression
+           << ") (ignoring case), actual: \"" << s1 << "\" vs \"" << s2 << "\"";
   }
 }
 
@@ -2716,23 +2646,20 @@
 // only.
 
 bool IsSubstringPred(const char* needle, const char* haystack) {
-  if (needle == NULL || haystack == NULL)
-    return needle == haystack;
+  if (needle == NULL || haystack == NULL) return needle == haystack;
 
   return strstr(haystack, needle) != NULL;
 }
 
 bool IsSubstringPred(const wchar_t* needle, const wchar_t* haystack) {
-  if (needle == NULL || haystack == NULL)
-    return needle == haystack;
+  if (needle == NULL || haystack == NULL) return needle == haystack;
 
   return wcsstr(haystack, needle) != NULL;
 }
 
 // StringType here can be either ::std::string or ::std::wstring.
 template <typename StringType>
-bool IsSubstringPred(const StringType& needle,
-                     const StringType& haystack) {
+bool IsSubstringPred(const StringType& needle, const StringType& haystack) {
   return haystack.find(needle) != StringType::npos;
 }
 
@@ -2741,21 +2668,22 @@
 // StringType here can be const char*, const wchar_t*, ::std::string,
 // or ::std::wstring.
 template <typename StringType>
-AssertionResult IsSubstringImpl(
-    bool expected_to_be_substring,
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const StringType& needle, const StringType& haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsSubstringImpl(bool expected_to_be_substring,
+                                const char* needle_expr,
+                                const char* haystack_expr,
+                                const StringType& needle,
+                                const StringType& haystack) {
   if (IsSubstringPred(needle, haystack) == expected_to_be_substring)
     return AssertionSuccess();
 
   const bool is_wide_string = sizeof(needle[0]) > 1;
   const char* const begin_string_quote = is_wide_string ? "L\"" : "\"";
   return AssertionFailure()
-      << "Value of: " << needle_expr << "\n"
-      << "  Actual: " << begin_string_quote << needle << "\"\n"
-      << "Expected: " << (expected_to_be_substring ? "" : "not ")
-      << "a substring of " << haystack_expr << "\n"
-      << "Which is: " << begin_string_quote << haystack << "\"";
+         << "Value of: " << needle_expr << "\n"
+         << "  Actual: " << begin_string_quote << needle << "\"\n"
+         << "Expected: " << (expected_to_be_substring ? "" : "not ")
+         << "a substring of " << haystack_expr << "\n"
+         << "Which is: " << begin_string_quote << haystack << "\"";
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -2764,52 +2692,52 @@
 // substring of haystack (NULL is considered a substring of itself
 // only), and return an appropriate error message when they fail.
 
-AssertionResult IsSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const char* needle, const char* haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsSubstring(const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
+                            const char* needle, const char* haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(true, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
-AssertionResult IsSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const wchar_t* needle, const wchar_t* haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsSubstring(const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
+                            const wchar_t* needle, const wchar_t* haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(true, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
-AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const char* needle, const char* haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(const char* needle_expr,
+                               const char* haystack_expr, const char* needle,
+                               const char* haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(false, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
-AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const wchar_t* needle, const wchar_t* haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(const char* needle_expr,
+                               const char* haystack_expr, const wchar_t* needle,
+                               const wchar_t* haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(false, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
-AssertionResult IsSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const ::std::string& needle, const ::std::string& haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsSubstring(const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
+                            const ::std::string& needle,
+                            const ::std::string& haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(true, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
-AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const ::std::string& needle, const ::std::string& haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(const char* needle_expr,
+                               const char* haystack_expr,
+                               const ::std::string& needle,
+                               const ::std::string& haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(false, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
-AssertionResult IsSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const ::std::wstring& needle, const ::std::wstring& haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsSubstring(const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
+                            const ::std::wstring& needle,
+                            const ::std::wstring& haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(true, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 
-AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(
-    const char* needle_expr, const char* haystack_expr,
-    const ::std::wstring& needle, const ::std::wstring& haystack) {
+AssertionResult IsNotSubstring(const char* needle_expr,
+                               const char* haystack_expr,
+                               const ::std::wstring& needle,
+                               const ::std::wstring& haystack) {
   return IsSubstringImpl(false, needle_expr, haystack_expr, needle, haystack);
 }
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
@@ -2821,43 +2749,42 @@
 namespace {
 
 // Helper function for IsHRESULT{SuccessFailure} predicates
-AssertionResult HRESULTFailureHelper(const char* expr,
-                                     const char* expected,
+AssertionResult HRESULTFailureHelper(const char* expr, const char* expected,
                                      long hr) {  // NOLINT
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
   // Windows CE doesn't support FormatMessage.
   const char error_text[] = "";
 
-# else
+#  else
 
   // Looks up the human-readable system message for the HRESULT code
   // and since we're not passing any params to FormatMessage, we don't
   // want inserts expanded.
-  const DWORD kFlags = FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
-                       FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS;
+  const DWORD kFlags =
+      FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS;
   const DWORD kBufSize = 4096;
   // Gets the system's human readable message string for this HRESULT.
-  char error_text[kBufSize] = { '\0' };
+  char error_text[kBufSize] = {'\0'};
   DWORD message_length = ::FormatMessageA(kFlags,
-                                          0,  // no source, we're asking system
+                                          0,   // no source, we're asking system
                                           hr,  // the error
-                                          0,  // no line width restrictions
+                                          0,   // no line width restrictions
                                           error_text,  // output buffer
-                                          kBufSize,  // buf size
+                                          kBufSize,    // buf size
                                           NULL);  // no arguments for inserts
   // Trims tailing white space (FormatMessage leaves a trailing CR-LF)
   for (; message_length && IsSpace(error_text[message_length - 1]);
-          --message_length) {
+       --message_length) {
     error_text[message_length - 1] = '\0';
   }
 
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
   const std::string error_hex("0x" + String::FormatHexInt(hr));
   return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
-      << "Expected: " << expr << " " << expected << ".\n"
-      << "  Actual: " << error_hex << " " << error_text << "\n";
+         << "Expected: " << expr << " " << expected << ".\n"
+         << "  Actual: " << error_hex << " " << error_text << "\n";
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -2891,16 +2818,16 @@
 //  17 - 21 bits       11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
 
 // The maximum code-point a one-byte UTF-8 sequence can represent.
-const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint1 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) <<  7) - 1;
+const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint1 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) << 7) - 1;
 
 // The maximum code-point a two-byte UTF-8 sequence can represent.
 const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint2 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) << (5 + 6)) - 1;
 
 // The maximum code-point a three-byte UTF-8 sequence can represent.
-const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint3 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) << (4 + 2*6)) - 1;
+const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint3 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) << (4 + 2 * 6)) - 1;
 
 // The maximum code-point a four-byte UTF-8 sequence can represent.
-const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint4 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) << (3 + 3*6)) - 1;
+const UInt32 kMaxCodePoint4 = (static_cast<UInt32>(1) << (3 + 3 * 6)) - 1;
 
 // Chops off the n lowest bits from a bit pattern.  Returns the n
 // lowest bits.  As a side effect, the original bit pattern will be
@@ -2925,7 +2852,7 @@
   char str[5];  // Big enough for the largest valid code point.
   if (code_point <= kMaxCodePoint1) {
     str[1] = '\0';
-    str[0] = static_cast<char>(code_point);                          // 0xxxxxxx
+    str[0] = static_cast<char>(code_point);  // 0xxxxxxx
   } else if (code_point <= kMaxCodePoint2) {
     str[2] = '\0';
     str[1] = static_cast<char>(0x80 | ChopLowBits(&code_point, 6));  // 10xxxxxx
@@ -2953,19 +2880,20 @@
 // and thus should be combined into a single Unicode code point
 // using CreateCodePointFromUtf16SurrogatePair.
 inline bool IsUtf16SurrogatePair(wchar_t first, wchar_t second) {
-  return sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 &&
-      (first & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 && (second & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00;
+  return sizeof(wchar_t) == 2 && (first & 0xFC00) == 0xD800 &&
+         (second & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00;
 }
 
 // Creates a Unicode code point from UTF16 surrogate pair.
 inline UInt32 CreateCodePointFromUtf16SurrogatePair(wchar_t first,
                                                     wchar_t second) {
   const UInt32 mask = (1 << 10) - 1;
-  return (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2) ?
-      (((first & mask) << 10) | (second & mask)) + 0x10000 :
-      // This function should not be called when the condition is
-      // false, but we provide a sensible default in case it is.
-      static_cast<UInt32>(first);
+  return (sizeof(wchar_t) == 2)
+             ? (((first & mask) << 10) | (second & mask)) + 0x10000
+             :
+             // This function should not be called when the condition is
+             // false, but we provide a sensible default in case it is.
+             static_cast<UInt32>(first);
 }
 
 // Converts a wide string to a narrow string in UTF-8 encoding.
@@ -2982,8 +2910,7 @@
 // and contains invalid UTF-16 surrogate pairs, values in those pairs
 // will be encoded as individual Unicode characters from Basic Normal Plane.
 std::string WideStringToUtf8(const wchar_t* str, int num_chars) {
-  if (num_chars == -1)
-    num_chars = static_cast<int>(wcslen(str));
+  if (num_chars == -1) num_chars = static_cast<int>(wcslen(str));
 
   ::std::stringstream stream;
   for (int i = 0; i < num_chars; ++i) {
@@ -2992,8 +2919,8 @@
     if (str[i] == L'\0') {
       break;
     } else if (i + 1 < num_chars && IsUtf16SurrogatePair(str[i], str[i + 1])) {
-      unicode_code_point = CreateCodePointFromUtf16SurrogatePair(str[i],
-                                                                 str[i + 1]);
+      unicode_code_point =
+          CreateCodePointFromUtf16SurrogatePair(str[i], str[i + 1]);
       i++;
     } else {
       unicode_code_point = static_cast<UInt32>(str[i]);
@@ -3006,8 +2933,8 @@
 
 // Converts a wide C string to an std::string using the UTF-8 encoding.
 // NULL will be converted to "(null)".
-std::string String::ShowWideCString(const wchar_t * wide_c_str) {
-  if (wide_c_str == NULL)  return "(null)";
+std::string String::ShowWideCString(const wchar_t* wide_c_str) {
+  if (wide_c_str == NULL) return "(null)";
 
   return internal::WideStringToUtf8(wide_c_str, -1);
 }
@@ -3018,7 +2945,7 @@
 // Unlike wcscmp(), this function can handle NULL argument(s).  A NULL
 // C string is considered different to any non-NULL C string,
 // including the empty string.
-bool String::WideCStringEquals(const wchar_t * lhs, const wchar_t * rhs) {
+bool String::WideCStringEquals(const wchar_t* lhs, const wchar_t* rhs) {
   if (lhs == NULL) return rhs == NULL;
 
   if (rhs == NULL) return false;
@@ -3029,32 +2956,26 @@
 // Helper function for *_STREQ on wide strings.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperSTREQ(const char* expected_expression,
                                const char* actual_expression,
-                               const wchar_t* expected,
-                               const wchar_t* actual) {
+                               const wchar_t* expected, const wchar_t* actual) {
   if (String::WideCStringEquals(expected, actual)) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   }
 
-  return EqFailure(expected_expression,
-                   actual_expression,
-                   PrintToString(expected),
-                   PrintToString(actual),
-                   false);
+  return EqFailure(expected_expression, actual_expression,
+                   PrintToString(expected), PrintToString(actual), false);
 }
 
 // Helper function for *_STRNE on wide strings.
 AssertionResult CmpHelperSTRNE(const char* s1_expression,
-                               const char* s2_expression,
-                               const wchar_t* s1,
+                               const char* s2_expression, const wchar_t* s1,
                                const wchar_t* s2) {
   if (!String::WideCStringEquals(s1, s2)) {
     return AssertionSuccess();
   }
 
-  return AssertionFailure() << "Expected: (" << s1_expression << ") != ("
-                            << s2_expression << "), actual: "
-                            << PrintToString(s1)
-                            << " vs " << PrintToString(s2);
+  return AssertionFailure()
+         << "Expected: (" << s1_expression << ") != (" << s2_expression
+         << "), actual: " << PrintToString(s1) << " vs " << PrintToString(s2);
 }
 
 // Compares two C strings, ignoring case.  Returns true iff they have
@@ -3063,26 +2984,24 @@
 // Unlike strcasecmp(), this function can handle NULL argument(s).  A
 // NULL C string is considered different to any non-NULL C string,
 // including the empty string.
-bool String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(const char * lhs, const char * rhs) {
-  if (lhs == NULL)
-    return rhs == NULL;
-  if (rhs == NULL)
-    return false;
+bool String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) {
+  if (lhs == NULL) return rhs == NULL;
+  if (rhs == NULL) return false;
   return posix::StrCaseCmp(lhs, rhs) == 0;
 }
 
-  // Compares two wide C strings, ignoring case.  Returns true iff they
-  // have the same content.
-  //
-  // Unlike wcscasecmp(), this function can handle NULL argument(s).
-  // A NULL C string is considered different to any non-NULL wide C string,
-  // including the empty string.
-  // NB: The implementations on different platforms slightly differ.
-  // On windows, this method uses _wcsicmp which compares according to LC_CTYPE
-  // environment variable. On GNU platform this method uses wcscasecmp
-  // which compares according to LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
-  // On MacOS X, it uses towlower, which also uses LC_CTYPE category of the
-  // current locale.
+// Compares two wide C strings, ignoring case.  Returns true iff they
+// have the same content.
+//
+// Unlike wcscasecmp(), this function can handle NULL argument(s).
+// A NULL C string is considered different to any non-NULL wide C string,
+// including the empty string.
+// NB: The implementations on different platforms slightly differ.
+// On windows, this method uses _wcsicmp which compares according to LC_CTYPE
+// environment variable. On GNU platform this method uses wcscasecmp
+// which compares according to LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
+// On MacOS X, it uses towlower, which also uses LC_CTYPE category of the
+// current locale.
 bool String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(const wchar_t* lhs,
                                               const wchar_t* rhs) {
   if (lhs == NULL) return rhs == NULL;
@@ -3107,8 +3026,8 @@
 
 // Returns true iff str ends with the given suffix, ignoring case.
 // Any string is considered to end with an empty suffix.
-bool String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive(
-    const std::string& str, const std::string& suffix) {
+bool String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive(const std::string& str,
+                                     const std::string& suffix) {
   const size_t str_len = str.length();
   const size_t suffix_len = suffix.length();
   return (str_len >= suffix_len) &&
@@ -3175,21 +3094,16 @@
 // class TestResult
 
 // Creates an empty TestResult.
-TestResult::TestResult()
-    : death_test_count_(0),
-      elapsed_time_(0) {
-}
+TestResult::TestResult() : death_test_count_(0), elapsed_time_(0) {}
 
 // D'tor.
-TestResult::~TestResult() {
-}
+TestResult::~TestResult() {}
 
 // Returns the i-th test part result among all the results. i can
 // range from 0 to total_part_count() - 1. If i is not in that range,
 // aborts the program.
 const TestPartResult& TestResult::GetTestPartResult(int i) const {
-  if (i < 0 || i >= total_part_count())
-    internal::posix::Abort();
+  if (i < 0 || i >= total_part_count()) internal::posix::Abort();
   return test_part_results_.at(i);
 }
 
@@ -3197,15 +3111,12 @@
 // test_property_count() - 1. If i is not in that range, aborts the
 // program.
 const TestProperty& TestResult::GetTestProperty(int i) const {
-  if (i < 0 || i >= test_property_count())
-    internal::posix::Abort();
+  if (i < 0 || i >= test_property_count()) internal::posix::Abort();
   return test_properties_.at(i);
 }
 
 // Clears the test part results.
-void TestResult::ClearTestPartResults() {
-  test_part_results_.clear();
-}
+void TestResult::ClearTestPartResults() { test_part_results_.clear(); }
 
 // Adds a test part result to the list.
 void TestResult::AddTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& test_part_result) {
@@ -3234,36 +3145,17 @@
 // The list of reserved attributes used in the <testsuites> element of XML
 // output.
 static const char* const kReservedTestSuitesAttributes[] = {
-  "disabled",
-  "errors",
-  "failures",
-  "name",
-  "random_seed",
-  "tests",
-  "time",
-  "timestamp"
-};
+    "disabled",    "errors", "failures", "name",
+    "random_seed", "tests",  "time",     "timestamp"};
 
 // The list of reserved attributes used in the <testsuite> element of XML
 // output.
 static const char* const kReservedTestSuiteAttributes[] = {
-  "disabled",
-  "errors",
-  "failures",
-  "name",
-  "tests",
-  "time"
-};
+    "disabled", "errors", "failures", "name", "tests", "time"};
 
 // The list of reserved attributes used in the <testcase> element of XML output.
 static const char* const kReservedTestCaseAttributes[] = {
-  "classname",
-  "name",
-  "status",
-  "time",
-  "type_param",
-  "value_param"
-};
+    "classname", "name", "status", "time", "type_param", "value_param"};
 
 template <int kSize>
 std::vector<std::string> ArrayAsVector(const char* const (&array)[kSize]) {
@@ -3302,7 +3194,7 @@
 bool ValidateTestPropertyName(const std::string& property_name,
                               const std::vector<std::string>& reserved_names) {
   if (std::find(reserved_names.begin(), reserved_names.end(), property_name) !=
-          reserved_names.end()) {
+      reserved_names.end()) {
     ADD_FAILURE() << "Reserved key used in RecordProperty(): " << property_name
                   << " (" << FormatWordList(reserved_names)
                   << " are reserved by " << GTEST_NAME_ << ")";
@@ -3330,8 +3222,7 @@
 // Returns true iff the test failed.
 bool TestResult::Failed() const {
   for (int i = 0; i < total_part_count(); ++i) {
-    if (GetTestPartResult(i).failed())
-      return true;
+    if (GetTestPartResult(i).failed()) return true;
   }
   return false;
 }
@@ -3372,26 +3263,20 @@
 // Creates a Test object.
 
 // The c'tor saves the values of all Google Test flags.
-Test::Test()
-    : gtest_flag_saver_(new internal::GTestFlagSaver) {
-}
+Test::Test() : gtest_flag_saver_(new internal::GTestFlagSaver) {}
 
 // The d'tor restores the values of all Google Test flags.
-Test::~Test() {
-  delete gtest_flag_saver_;
-}
+Test::~Test() { delete gtest_flag_saver_; }
 
 // Sets up the test fixture.
 //
 // A sub-class may override this.
-void Test::SetUp() {
-}
+void Test::SetUp() {}
 
 // Tears down the test fixture.
 //
 // A sub-class may override this.
-void Test::TearDown() {
-}
+void Test::TearDown() {}
 
 // Allows user supplied key value pairs to be recorded for later output.
 void Test::RecordProperty(const std::string& key, const std::string& value) {
@@ -3416,7 +3301,7 @@
       NULL,  // No info about the source file where the exception occurred.
       -1,    // We have no info on which line caused the exception.
       message,
-      "");   // No stack trace, either.
+      "");  // No stack trace, either.
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
@@ -3474,8 +3359,8 @@
           << "All tests in the same test case must use the same test fixture\n"
           << "class.  However, in test case "
           << this_test_info->test_case_name() << ",\n"
-          << "you defined test " << first_test_name
-          << " and test " << this_test_name << "\n"
+          << "you defined test " << first_test_name << " and test "
+          << this_test_name << "\n"
           << "using two different test fixture classes.  This can happen if\n"
           << "the two classes are from different namespaces or translation\n"
           << "units and have the same name.  You should probably rename one\n"
@@ -3496,8 +3381,8 @@
 static std::string* FormatSehExceptionMessage(DWORD exception_code,
                                               const char* location) {
   Message message;
-  message << "SEH exception with code 0x" << std::setbase(16) <<
-    exception_code << std::setbase(10) << " thrown in " << location << ".";
+  message << "SEH exception with code 0x" << std::setbase(16) << exception_code
+          << std::setbase(10) << " thrown in " << location << ".";
 
   return new std::string(message.GetString());
 }
@@ -3540,8 +3425,8 @@
 // exceptions in the same function.  Therefore, we provide a separate
 // wrapper function for handling SEH exceptions.)
 template <class T, typename Result>
-Result HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-    T* object, Result (T::*method)(), const char* location) {
+Result HandleSehExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(T* object, Result (T::*method)(),
+                                              const char* location) {
 #if GTEST_HAS_SEH
   __try {
     return (object->*method)();
@@ -3550,8 +3435,8 @@
     // We create the exception message on the heap because VC++ prohibits
     // creation of objects with destructors on stack in functions using __try
     // (see error C2712).
-    std::string* exception_message = FormatSehExceptionMessage(
-        GetExceptionCode(), location);
+    std::string* exception_message =
+        FormatSehExceptionMessage(GetExceptionCode(), location);
     internal::ReportFailureInUnknownLocation(TestPartResult::kFatalFailure,
                                              *exception_message);
     delete exception_message;
@@ -3567,8 +3452,8 @@
 // exceptions, if they are supported; returns the 0-value for type
 // Result in case of an SEH exception.
 template <class T, typename Result>
-Result HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-    T* object, Result (T::*method)(), const char* location) {
+Result HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(T* object, Result (T::*method)(),
+                                           const char* location) {
   // NOTE: The user code can affect the way in which Google Test handles
   // exceptions by setting GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions), but only before
   // RUN_ALL_TESTS() starts. It is technically possible to check the flag
@@ -3631,16 +3516,16 @@
   // We will run the test only if SetUp() was successful.
   if (!HasFatalFailure()) {
     impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
-    internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-        this, &Test::TestBody, "the test body");
+    internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(this, &Test::TestBody,
+                                                  "the test body");
   }
 
   // However, we want to clean up as much as possible.  Hence we will
   // always call TearDown(), even if SetUp() or the test body has
   // failed.
   impl->os_stack_trace_getter()->UponLeavingGTest();
-  internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-      this, &Test::TearDown, "TearDown()");
+  internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(this, &Test::TearDown,
+                                                "TearDown()");
 }
 
 // Returns true iff the current test has a fatal failure.
@@ -3650,8 +3535,9 @@
 
 // Returns true iff the current test has a non-fatal failure.
 bool Test::HasNonfatalFailure() {
-  return internal::GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_result()->
-      HasNonfatalFailure();
+  return internal::GetUnitTestImpl()
+      ->current_test_result()
+      ->HasNonfatalFailure();
 }
 
 // class TestInfo
@@ -3659,10 +3545,8 @@
 // Constructs a TestInfo object. It assumes ownership of the test factory
 // object.
 TestInfo::TestInfo(const std::string& a_test_case_name,
-                   const std::string& a_name,
-                   const char* a_type_param,
-                   const char* a_value_param,
-                   internal::TypeId fixture_class_id,
+                   const std::string& a_name, const char* a_type_param,
+                   const char* a_value_param, internal::TypeId fixture_class_id,
                    internal::TestFactoryBase* factory)
     : test_case_name_(a_test_case_name),
       name_(a_name),
@@ -3697,25 +3581,22 @@
 //   factory:          pointer to the factory that creates a test object.
 //                     The newly created TestInfo instance will assume
 //                     ownership of the factory object.
-TestInfo* MakeAndRegisterTestInfo(
-    const char* test_case_name,
-    const char* name,
-    const char* type_param,
-    const char* value_param,
-    TypeId fixture_class_id,
-    SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
-    TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc,
-    TestFactoryBase* factory) {
-  TestInfo* const test_info =
-      new TestInfo(test_case_name, name, type_param, value_param,
-                   fixture_class_id, factory);
+TestInfo* MakeAndRegisterTestInfo(const char* test_case_name, const char* name,
+                                  const char* type_param,
+                                  const char* value_param,
+                                  TypeId fixture_class_id,
+                                  SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
+                                  TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc,
+                                  TestFactoryBase* factory) {
+  TestInfo* const test_info = new TestInfo(
+      test_case_name, name, type_param, value_param, fixture_class_id, factory);
   GetUnitTestImpl()->AddTestInfo(set_up_tc, tear_down_tc, test_info);
   return test_info;
 }
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
-void ReportInvalidTestCaseType(const char* test_case_name,
-                               const char* file, int line) {
+void ReportInvalidTestCaseType(const char* test_case_name, const char* file,
+                               int line) {
   Message errors;
   errors
       << "Attempted redefinition of test case " << test_case_name << ".\n"
@@ -3749,11 +3630,10 @@
   // Constructor.
   //
   // TestNameIs has NO default constructor.
-  explicit TestNameIs(const char* name)
-      : name_(name) {}
+  explicit TestNameIs(const char* name) : name_(name) {}
 
   // Returns true iff the test name of test_info matches name_.
-  bool operator()(const TestInfo * test_info) const {
+  bool operator()(const TestInfo* test_info) const {
     return test_info && test_info->name() == name_;
   }
 
@@ -3879,8 +3759,7 @@
       set_up_tc_(set_up_tc),
       tear_down_tc_(tear_down_tc),
       should_run_(false),
-      elapsed_time_(0) {
-}
+      elapsed_time_(0) {}
 
 // Destructor of TestCase.
 TestCase::~TestCase() {
@@ -3904,7 +3783,7 @@
 
 // Adds a test to this test case.  Will delete the test upon
 // destruction of the TestCase object.
-void TestCase::AddTestInfo(TestInfo * test_info) {
+void TestCase::AddTestInfo(TestInfo* test_info) {
   test_info_list_.push_back(test_info);
   test_indices_.push_back(static_cast<int>(test_indices_.size()));
 }
@@ -3960,11 +3839,10 @@
 //
 // FormatCountableNoun(1, "formula", "formuli") returns "1 formula".
 // FormatCountableNoun(5, "book", "books") returns "5 books".
-static std::string FormatCountableNoun(int count,
-                                       const char * singular_form,
-                                       const char * plural_form) {
+static std::string FormatCountableNoun(int count, const char* singular_form,
+                                       const char* plural_form) {
   return internal::StreamableToString(count) + " " +
-      (count == 1 ? singular_form : plural_form);
+         (count == 1 ? singular_form : plural_form);
 }
 
 // Formats the count of tests.
@@ -3981,20 +3859,20 @@
 // representation.  Both kNonFatalFailure and kFatalFailure are translated
 // to "Failure", as the user usually doesn't care about the difference
 // between the two when viewing the test result.
-static const char * TestPartResultTypeToString(TestPartResult::Type type) {
+static const char* TestPartResultTypeToString(TestPartResult::Type type) {
   switch (type) {
-    case TestPartResult::kSuccess:
-      return "Success";
+  case TestPartResult::kSuccess:
+    return "Success";
 
-    case TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure:
-    case TestPartResult::kFatalFailure:
+  case TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure:
+  case TestPartResult::kFatalFailure:
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-      return "error: ";
+    return "error: ";
 #else
-      return "Failure\n";
+    return "Failure\n";
 #endif
-    default:
-      return "Unknown result type";
+  default:
+    return "Unknown result type";
   }
 }
 
@@ -4003,17 +3881,18 @@
 // Prints a TestPartResult to an std::string.
 static std::string PrintTestPartResultToString(
     const TestPartResult& test_part_result) {
-  return (Message()
-          << internal::FormatFileLocation(test_part_result.file_name(),
-                                          test_part_result.line_number())
-          << " " << TestPartResultTypeToString(test_part_result.type())
-          << test_part_result.message()).GetString();
+  return (Message() << internal::FormatFileLocation(
+                           test_part_result.file_name(),
+                           test_part_result.line_number())
+                    << " "
+                    << TestPartResultTypeToString(test_part_result.type())
+                    << test_part_result.message())
+      .GetString();
 }
 
 // Prints a TestPartResult.
 static void PrintTestPartResult(const TestPartResult& test_part_result) {
-  const std::string& result =
-      PrintTestPartResultToString(test_part_result);
+  const std::string& result = PrintTestPartResultToString(test_part_result);
   printf("%s\n", result.c_str());
   fflush(stdout);
   // If the test program runs in Visual Studio or a debugger, the
@@ -4031,22 +3910,21 @@
 
 // class PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter
 
-enum GTestColor {
-  COLOR_DEFAULT,
-  COLOR_RED,
-  COLOR_GREEN,
-  COLOR_YELLOW
-};
+enum GTestColor { COLOR_DEFAULT, COLOR_RED, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_YELLOW };
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
 // Returns the character attribute for the given color.
 WORD GetColorAttribute(GTestColor color) {
   switch (color) {
-    case COLOR_RED:    return FOREGROUND_RED;
-    case COLOR_GREEN:  return FOREGROUND_GREEN;
-    case COLOR_YELLOW: return FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN;
-    default:           return 0;
+  case COLOR_RED:
+    return FOREGROUND_RED;
+  case COLOR_GREEN:
+    return FOREGROUND_GREEN;
+  case COLOR_YELLOW:
+    return FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN;
+  default:
+    return 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -4056,10 +3934,14 @@
 // an invalid input.
 const char* GetAnsiColorCode(GTestColor color) {
   switch (color) {
-    case COLOR_RED:     return "1";
-    case COLOR_GREEN:   return "2";
-    case COLOR_YELLOW:  return "3";
-    default:            return NULL;
+  case COLOR_RED:
+    return "1";
+  case COLOR_GREEN:
+    return "2";
+  case COLOR_YELLOW:
+    return "3";
+  default:
+    return NULL;
   };
 }
 
@@ -4090,9 +3972,9 @@
   }
 
   return String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(gtest_color, "yes") ||
-      String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(gtest_color, "true") ||
-      String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(gtest_color, "t") ||
-      String::CStringEquals(gtest_color, "1");
+         String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(gtest_color, "true") ||
+         String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(gtest_color, "t") ||
+         String::CStringEquals(gtest_color, "1");
   // We take "yes", "true", "t", and "1" as meaning "yes".  If the
   // value is neither one of these nor "auto", we treat it as "no" to
   // be conservative.
@@ -4161,8 +4043,7 @@
     printf(", where ");
     if (type_param != NULL) {
       printf("%s = %s", kTypeParamLabel, type_param);
-      if (value_param != NULL)
-        printf(" and ");
+      if (value_param != NULL) printf(" and ");
     }
     if (value_param != NULL) {
       printf("%s = %s", kValueParamLabel, value_param);
@@ -4176,7 +4057,7 @@
 class PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter : public TestEventListener {
  public:
   PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter() {}
-  static void PrintTestName(const char * test_case, const char * test) {
+  static void PrintTestName(const char* test_case, const char* test) {
     printf("%s.%s", test_case, test);
   }
 
@@ -4199,7 +4080,7 @@
   static void PrintFailedTests(const UnitTest& unit_test);
 };
 
-  // Fired before each iteration of tests starts.
+// Fired before each iteration of tests starts.
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestIterationStart(
     const UnitTest& unit_test, int iteration) {
   if (GTEST_FLAG(repeat) != 1)
@@ -4210,14 +4091,12 @@
   // Prints the filter if it's not *.  This reminds the user that some
   // tests may be skipped.
   if (!String::CStringEquals(filter, kUniversalFilter)) {
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_YELLOW,
-                  "Note: %s filter = %s\n", GTEST_NAME_, filter);
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_YELLOW, "Note: %s filter = %s\n", GTEST_NAME_, filter);
   }
 
   if (internal::ShouldShard(kTestTotalShards, kTestShardIndex, false)) {
     const Int32 shard_index = Int32FromEnvOrDie(kTestShardIndex, -1);
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_YELLOW,
-                  "Note: This is test shard %d of %s.\n",
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_YELLOW, "Note: This is test shard %d of %s.\n",
                   static_cast<int>(shard_index) + 1,
                   internal::posix::GetEnv(kTestTotalShards));
   }
@@ -4228,7 +4107,7 @@
                   unit_test.random_seed());
   }
 
-  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[==========] ");
+  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[==========] ");
   printf("Running %s from %s.\n",
          FormatTestCount(unit_test.test_to_run_count()).c_str(),
          FormatTestCaseCount(unit_test.test_case_to_run_count()).c_str());
@@ -4237,7 +4116,7 @@
 
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart(
     const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) {
-  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[----------] ");
+  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[----------] ");
   printf("Global test environment set-up.\n");
   fflush(stdout);
 }
@@ -4256,7 +4135,7 @@
 }
 
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestStart(const TestInfo& test_info) {
-  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[ RUN      ] ");
+  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[ RUN      ] ");
   PrintTestName(test_info.test_case_name(), test_info.name());
   printf("\n");
   fflush(stdout);
@@ -4266,8 +4145,7 @@
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestPartResult(
     const TestPartResult& result) {
   // If the test part succeeded, we don't need to do anything.
-  if (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess)
-    return;
+  if (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess) return;
 
   // Print failure message from the assertion (e.g. expected this and got that).
   PrintTestPartResult(result);
@@ -4281,12 +4159,12 @@
     ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "[  FAILED  ] ");
   }
   PrintTestName(test_info.test_case_name(), test_info.name());
-  if (test_info.result()->Failed())
-    PrintFullTestCommentIfPresent(test_info);
+  if (test_info.result()->Failed()) PrintFullTestCommentIfPresent(test_info);
 
   if (GTEST_FLAG(print_time)) {
-    printf(" (%s ms)\n", internal::StreamableToString(
-           test_info.result()->elapsed_time()).c_str());
+    printf(" (%s ms)\n",
+           internal::StreamableToString(test_info.result()->elapsed_time())
+               .c_str());
   } else {
     printf("\n");
   }
@@ -4299,15 +4177,14 @@
   const std::string counts =
       FormatCountableNoun(test_case.test_to_run_count(), "test", "tests");
   ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[----------] ");
-  printf("%s from %s (%s ms total)\n\n",
-         counts.c_str(), test_case.name(),
+  printf("%s from %s (%s ms total)\n\n", counts.c_str(), test_case.name(),
          internal::StreamableToString(test_case.elapsed_time()).c_str());
   fflush(stdout);
 }
 
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnEnvironmentsTearDownStart(
     const UnitTest& /*unit_test*/) {
-  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[----------] ");
+  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[----------] ");
   printf("Global test environment tear-down\n");
   fflush(stdout);
 }
@@ -4339,7 +4216,7 @@
 
 void PrettyUnitTestResultPrinter::OnTestIterationEnd(const UnitTest& unit_test,
                                                      int /*iteration*/) {
-  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[==========] ");
+  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[==========] ");
   printf("%s from %s ran.",
          FormatTestCount(unit_test.test_to_run_count()).c_str(),
          FormatTestCaseCount(unit_test.test_case_to_run_count()).c_str());
@@ -4348,17 +4225,17 @@
            internal::StreamableToString(unit_test.elapsed_time()).c_str());
   }
   printf("\n");
-  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN,  "[  PASSED  ] ");
+  ColoredPrintf(COLOR_GREEN, "[  PASSED  ] ");
   printf("%s.\n", FormatTestCount(unit_test.successful_test_count()).c_str());
 
   int num_failures = unit_test.failed_test_count();
   if (!unit_test.Passed()) {
     const int failed_test_count = unit_test.failed_test_count();
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED,  "[  FAILED  ] ");
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, "[  FAILED  ] ");
     printf("%s, listed below:\n", FormatTestCount(failed_test_count).c_str());
     PrintFailedTests(unit_test);
     printf("\n%2d FAILED %s\n", num_failures,
-                        num_failures == 1 ? "TEST" : "TESTS");
+           num_failures == 1 ? "TEST" : "TESTS");
   }
 
   int num_disabled = unit_test.reportable_disabled_test_count();
@@ -4366,9 +4243,7 @@
     if (!num_failures) {
       printf("\n");  // Add a spacer if no FAILURE banner is displayed.
     }
-    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_YELLOW,
-                  "  YOU HAVE %d DISABLED %s\n\n",
-                  num_disabled,
+    ColoredPrintf(COLOR_YELLOW, "  YOU HAVE %d DISABLED %s\n\n", num_disabled,
                   num_disabled == 1 ? "TEST" : "TESTS");
   }
   // Ensure that Google Test output is printed before, e.g., heapchecker output.
@@ -4384,7 +4259,7 @@
  public:
   TestEventRepeater() : forwarding_enabled_(true) {}
   virtual ~TestEventRepeater();
-  void Append(TestEventListener *listener);
+  void Append(TestEventListener* listener);
   TestEventListener* Release(TestEventListener* listener);
 
   // Controls whether events will be forwarded to listeners_. Set to false
@@ -4420,12 +4295,12 @@
   ForEach(listeners_, Delete<TestEventListener>);
 }
 
-void TestEventRepeater::Append(TestEventListener *listener) {
+void TestEventRepeater::Append(TestEventListener* listener) {
   listeners_.push_back(listener);
 }
 
 // TODO(vladl@google.com): Factor the search functionality into Vector::Find.
-TestEventListener* TestEventRepeater::Release(TestEventListener *listener) {
+TestEventListener* TestEventRepeater::Release(TestEventListener* listener) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < listeners_.size(); ++i) {
     if (listeners_[i] == listener) {
       listeners_.erase(listeners_.begin() + i);
@@ -4438,24 +4313,24 @@
 
 // Since most methods are very similar, use macros to reduce boilerplate.
 // This defines a member that forwards the call to all listeners.
-#define GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(Name, Type) \
-void TestEventRepeater::Name(const Type& parameter) { \
-  if (forwarding_enabled_) { \
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < listeners_.size(); i++) { \
-      listeners_[i]->Name(parameter); \
-    } \
-  } \
-}
+#define GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(Name, Type)              \
+  void TestEventRepeater::Name(const Type& parameter) { \
+    if (forwarding_enabled_) {                          \
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < listeners_.size(); i++) {  \
+        listeners_[i]->Name(parameter);                 \
+      }                                                 \
+    }                                                   \
+  }
 // This defines a member that forwards the call to all listeners in reverse
 // order.
-#define GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(Name, Type) \
-void TestEventRepeater::Name(const Type& parameter) { \
-  if (forwarding_enabled_) { \
-    for (int i = static_cast<int>(listeners_.size()) - 1; i >= 0; i--) { \
-      listeners_[i]->Name(parameter); \
-    } \
-  } \
-}
+#define GTEST_REVERSE_REPEATER_METHOD_(Name, Type)                         \
+  void TestEventRepeater::Name(const Type& parameter) {                    \
+    if (forwarding_enabled_) {                                             \
+      for (int i = static_cast<int>(listeners_.size()) - 1; i >= 0; i--) { \
+        listeners_[i]->Name(parameter);                                    \
+      }                                                                    \
+    }                                                                      \
+  }
 
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnTestProgramStart, UnitTest)
 GTEST_REPEATER_METHOD_(OnEnvironmentsSetUpStart, UnitTest)
@@ -4596,9 +4471,7 @@
     //   3. To interpret the meaning of errno in a thread-safe way,
     //      we need the strerror_r() function, which is not available on
     //      Windows.
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "Unable to open file \"%s\"\n",
-            output_file_.c_str());
+    fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open file \"%s\"\n", output_file_.c_str());
     fflush(stderr);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
@@ -4620,43 +4493,43 @@
 // most invalid characters can be retained using character references.
 // TODO(wan): It might be nice to have a minimally invasive, human-readable
 // escaping scheme for invalid characters, rather than dropping them.
-std::string XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::EscapeXml(
-    const std::string& str, bool is_attribute) {
+std::string XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::EscapeXml(const std::string& str,
+                                                bool is_attribute) {
   Message m;
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i) {
     const char ch = str[i];
     switch (ch) {
-      case '<':
-        m << "&lt;";
-        break;
-      case '>':
-        m << "&gt;";
-        break;
-      case '&':
-        m << "&amp;";
-        break;
-      case '\'':
-        if (is_attribute)
-          m << "&apos;";
+    case '<':
+      m << "&lt;";
+      break;
+    case '>':
+      m << "&gt;";
+      break;
+    case '&':
+      m << "&amp;";
+      break;
+    case '\'':
+      if (is_attribute)
+        m << "&apos;";
+      else
+        m << '\'';
+      break;
+    case '"':
+      if (is_attribute)
+        m << "&quot;";
+      else
+        m << '"';
+      break;
+    default:
+      if (IsValidXmlCharacter(ch)) {
+        if (is_attribute && IsNormalizableWhitespace(ch))
+          m << "&#x" << String::FormatByte(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))
+            << ";";
         else
-          m << '\'';
-        break;
-      case '"':
-        if (is_attribute)
-          m << "&quot;";
-        else
-          m << '"';
-        break;
-      default:
-        if (IsValidXmlCharacter(ch)) {
-          if (is_attribute && IsNormalizableWhitespace(ch))
-            m << "&#x" << String::FormatByte(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))
-              << ";";
-          else
-            m << ch;
-        }
-        break;
+          m << ch;
+      }
+      break;
     }
   }
 
@@ -4671,8 +4544,7 @@
   std::string output;
   output.reserve(str.size());
   for (std::string::const_iterator it = str.begin(); it != str.end(); ++it)
-    if (IsValidXmlCharacter(*it))
-      output.push_back(*it);
+    if (IsValidXmlCharacter(*it)) output.push_back(*it);
 
   return output;
 }
@@ -4696,7 +4568,7 @@
 // Formats the given time in milliseconds as seconds.
 std::string FormatTimeInMillisAsSeconds(TimeInMillis ms) {
   ::std::stringstream ss;
-  ss << ms/1000.0;
+  ss << ms / 1000.0;
   return ss.str();
 }
 
@@ -4706,24 +4578,23 @@
   // Using non-reentrant version as localtime_r is not portable.
   time_t seconds = static_cast<time_t>(ms / 1000);
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# pragma warning(push)          // Saves the current warning state.
-# pragma warning(disable:4996)  // Temporarily disables warning 4996
-                                // (function or variable may be unsafe).
+#  pragma warning(push)            // Saves the current warning state.
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4996)  // Temporarily disables warning 4996
+                                   // (function or variable may be unsafe).
   const struct tm* const time_struct = localtime(&seconds);  // NOLINT
-# pragma warning(pop)           // Restores the warning state again.
+#  pragma warning(pop)  // Restores the warning state again.
 #else
   const struct tm* const time_struct = localtime(&seconds);  // NOLINT
 #endif
-  if (time_struct == NULL)
-    return "";  // Invalid ms value
+  if (time_struct == NULL) return "";  // Invalid ms value
 
   // YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ss
   return StreamableToString(time_struct->tm_year + 1900) + "-" +
-      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_mon + 1) + "-" +
-      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_mday) + "T" +
-      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_hour) + ":" +
-      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_min) + ":" +
-      String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_sec);
+         String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_mon + 1) + "-" +
+         String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_mday) + "T" +
+         String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_hour) + ":" +
+         String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_min) + ":" +
+         String::FormatIntWidth2(time_struct->tm_sec);
 }
 
 // Streams an XML CDATA section, escaping invalid CDATA sequences as needed.
@@ -4734,8 +4605,8 @@
   for (;;) {
     const char* const next_segment = strstr(segment, "]]>");
     if (next_segment != NULL) {
-      stream->write(
-          segment, static_cast<std::streamsize>(next_segment - segment));
+      stream->write(segment,
+                    static_cast<std::streamsize>(next_segment - segment));
       *stream << "]]>]]&gt;<![CDATA[";
       segment = next_segment + strlen("]]>");
     } else {
@@ -4747,15 +4618,13 @@
 }
 
 void XmlUnitTestResultPrinter::OutputXmlAttribute(
-    std::ostream* stream,
-    const std::string& element_name,
-    const std::string& name,
-    const std::string& value) {
+    std::ostream* stream, const std::string& element_name,
+    const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
   const std::vector<std::string>& allowed_names =
       GetReservedAttributesForElement(element_name);
 
   GTEST_CHECK_(std::find(allowed_names.begin(), allowed_names.end(), name) !=
-                   allowed_names.end())
+               allowed_names.end())
       << "Attribute " << name << " is not allowed for element <" << element_name
       << ">.";
 
@@ -4799,8 +4668,7 @@
           part.file_name(), part.line_number());
       const string summary = location + "\n" + part.summary();
       *stream << "      <failure message=\""
-              << EscapeXmlAttribute(summary.c_str())
-              << "\" type=\"\">";
+              << EscapeXmlAttribute(summary.c_str()) << "\" type=\"\">";
       const string detail = location + "\n" + part.message();
       OutputXmlCDataSection(stream, RemoveInvalidXmlCharacters(detail).c_str());
       *stream << "</failure>\n";
@@ -4886,7 +4754,7 @@
   for (int i = 0; i < result.test_property_count(); ++i) {
     const TestProperty& property = result.GetTestProperty(i);
     attributes << " " << property.key() << "="
-        << "\"" << EscapeXmlAttribute(property.value()) << "\"";
+               << "\"" << EscapeXmlAttribute(property.value()) << "\"";
   }
   return attributes.GetString();
 }
@@ -4905,15 +4773,15 @@
   result.reserve(strlen(str) + 1);
   for (char ch = *str; ch != '\0'; ch = *++str) {
     switch (ch) {
-      case '%':
-      case '=':
-      case '&':
-      case '\n':
-        result.append("%" + String::FormatByte(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)));
-        break;
-      default:
-        result.push_back(ch);
-        break;
+    case '%':
+    case '=':
+    case '&':
+    case '\n':
+      result.append("%" + String::FormatByte(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)));
+      break;
+    default:
+      result.push_back(ch);
+      break;
     }
   }
   return result;
@@ -4925,14 +4793,14 @@
 
   addrinfo hints;
   memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
-  hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;    // To allow both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
+  hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;  // To allow both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
   hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
   addrinfo* servinfo = NULL;
 
   // Use the getaddrinfo() to get a linked list of IP addresses for
   // the given host name.
-  const int error_num = getaddrinfo(
-      host_name_.c_str(), port_num_.c_str(), &hints, &servinfo);
+  const int error_num =
+      getaddrinfo(host_name_.c_str(), port_num_.c_str(), &hints, &servinfo);
   if (error_num != 0) {
     GTEST_LOG_(WARNING) << "stream_result_to: getaddrinfo() failed: "
                         << gai_strerror(error_num);
@@ -4941,8 +4809,8 @@
   // Loop through all the results and connect to the first we can.
   for (addrinfo* cur_addr = servinfo; sockfd_ == -1 && cur_addr != NULL;
        cur_addr = cur_addr->ai_next) {
-    sockfd_ = socket(
-        cur_addr->ai_family, cur_addr->ai_socktype, cur_addr->ai_protocol);
+    sockfd_ = socket(cur_addr->ai_family, cur_addr->ai_socktype,
+                     cur_addr->ai_protocol);
     if (sockfd_ != -1) {
       // Connect the client socket to the server socket.
       if (connect(sockfd_, cur_addr->ai_addr, cur_addr->ai_addrlen) == -1) {
@@ -4978,12 +4846,10 @@
 }
 
 // Pops the info pushed by the c'tor.
-ScopedTrace::~ScopedTrace()
-    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(&UnitTest::mutex_) {
+ScopedTrace::~ScopedTrace() GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(&UnitTest::mutex_) {
   UnitTest::GetInstance()->PopGTestTrace();
 }
 
-
 // class OsStackTraceGetter
 
 // Returns the current OS stack trace as an std::string.  Parameters:
@@ -4999,12 +4865,9 @@
   return "";
 }
 
-void OsStackTraceGetter::UponLeavingGTest()
-    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
-}
+void OsStackTraceGetter::UponLeavingGTest() GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {}
 
-const char* const
-OsStackTraceGetter::kElidedFramesMarker =
+const char* const OsStackTraceGetter::kElidedFramesMarker =
     "... " GTEST_NAME_ " internal frames ...";
 
 // A helper class that creates the premature-exit file in its
@@ -5043,8 +4906,7 @@
 TestEventListeners::TestEventListeners()
     : repeater_(new internal::TestEventRepeater()),
       default_result_printer_(NULL),
-      default_xml_generator_(NULL) {
-}
+      default_xml_generator_(NULL) {}
 
 TestEventListeners::~TestEventListeners() { delete repeater_; }
 
@@ -5082,8 +4944,7 @@
     // list.
     delete Release(default_result_printer_);
     default_result_printer_ = listener;
-    if (listener != NULL)
-      Append(listener);
+    if (listener != NULL) Append(listener);
   }
 }
 
@@ -5098,8 +4959,7 @@
     // list.
     delete Release(default_xml_generator_);
     default_xml_generator_ = listener;
-    if (listener != NULL)
-      Append(listener);
+    if (listener != NULL) Append(listener);
   }
 }
 
@@ -5196,7 +5056,7 @@
 // Gets the time of the test program start, in ms from the start of the
 // UNIX epoch.
 internal::TimeInMillis UnitTest::start_timestamp() const {
-    return impl()->start_timestamp();
+  return impl()->start_timestamp();
 }
 
 // Gets the elapsed time, in milliseconds.
@@ -5231,9 +5091,7 @@
 
 // Returns the list of event listeners that can be used to track events
 // inside Google Test.
-TestEventListeners& UnitTest::listeners() {
-  return *impl()->listeners();
-}
+TestEventListeners& UnitTest::listeners() { return *impl()->listeners(); }
 
 // Registers and returns a global test environment.  When a test
 // program is run, all global test environments will be set-up in the
@@ -5258,12 +5116,11 @@
 // assertion macros (e.g. ASSERT_TRUE, EXPECT_EQ, etc) eventually call
 // this to report their results.  The user code should use the
 // assertion macros instead of calling this directly.
-void UnitTest::AddTestPartResult(
-    TestPartResult::Type result_type,
-    const char* file_name,
-    int line_number,
-    const std::string& message,
-    const std::string& os_stack_trace) GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+void UnitTest::AddTestPartResult(TestPartResult::Type result_type,
+                                 const char* file_name, int line_number,
+                                 const std::string& message,
+                                 const std::string& os_stack_trace)
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
   Message msg;
   msg << message;
 
@@ -5271,11 +5128,12 @@
   if (impl_->gtest_trace_stack().size() > 0) {
     msg << "\n" << GTEST_NAME_ << " trace:";
 
-    for (int i = static_cast<int>(impl_->gtest_trace_stack().size());
-         i > 0; --i) {
+    for (int i = static_cast<int>(impl_->gtest_trace_stack().size()); i > 0;
+         --i) {
       const internal::TraceInfo& trace = impl_->gtest_trace_stack()[i - 1];
-      msg << "\n" << internal::FormatFileLocation(trace.file, trace.line)
-          << " " << trace.message;
+      msg << "\n"
+          << internal::FormatFileLocation(trace.file, trace.line) << " "
+          << trace.message;
     }
   }
 
@@ -5283,11 +5141,10 @@
     msg << internal::kStackTraceMarker << os_stack_trace;
   }
 
-  const TestPartResult result =
-    TestPartResult(result_type, file_name, line_number,
-                   msg.GetString().c_str());
-  impl_->GetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread()->
-      ReportTestPartResult(result);
+  const TestPartResult result = TestPartResult(
+      result_type, file_name, line_number, msg.GetString().c_str());
+  impl_->GetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread()->ReportTestPartResult(
+      result);
 
   if (result_type != TestPartResult::kSuccess) {
     // gtest_break_on_failure takes precedence over
@@ -5361,8 +5218,9 @@
   // that understands the premature-exit-file protocol to report the
   // test as having failed.
   const internal::ScopedPrematureExitFile premature_exit_file(
-      in_death_test_child_process ?
-      NULL : internal::posix::GetEnv("TEST_PREMATURE_EXIT_FILE"));
+      in_death_test_child_process
+          ? NULL
+          : internal::posix::GetEnv("TEST_PREMATURE_EXIT_FILE"));
 
   // Captures the value of GTEST_FLAG(catch_exceptions).  This value will be
   // used for the duration of the program.
@@ -5374,20 +5232,20 @@
   // process. In either case the user does not want to see pop-up dialogs
   // about crashes - they are expected.
   if (impl()->catch_exceptions() || in_death_test_child_process) {
-# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
     // SetErrorMode doesn't exist on CE.
     SetErrorMode(SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS | SEM_NOALIGNMENTFAULTEXCEPT |
                  SEM_NOGPFAULTERRORBOX | SEM_NOOPENFILEERRORBOX);
-# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
-# if (defined(_MSC_VER) || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW) && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  if (defined(_MSC_VER) || GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MINGW) && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
     // Death test children can be terminated with _abort().  On Windows,
     // _abort() can show a dialog with a warning message.  This forces the
     // abort message to go to stderr instead.
     _set_error_mode(_OUT_TO_STDERR);
-# endif
+#  endif
 
-# if _MSC_VER >= 1400 && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  if _MSC_VER >= 1400 && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
     // In the debug version, Visual Studio pops up a separate dialog
     // offering a choice to debug the aborted program. We need to suppress
     // this dialog or it will pop up for every EXPECT/ASSERT_DEATH statement
@@ -5403,14 +5261,15 @@
       _set_abort_behavior(
           0x0,                                    // Clear the following flags:
           _WRITE_ABORT_MSG | _CALL_REPORTFAULT);  // pop-up window, core dump.
-# endif
+#  endif
   }
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_SEH
 
   return internal::HandleExceptionsInMethodIfSupported(
-      impl(),
-      &internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests,
-      "auxiliary test code (environments or event listeners)") ? 0 : 1;
+             impl(), &internal::UnitTestImpl::RunAllTests,
+             "auxiliary test code (environments or event listeners)")
+             ? 0
+             : 1;
 }
 
 // Returns the working directory when the first TEST() or TEST_F() was
@@ -5441,22 +5300,17 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 // Returns ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry object used to keep track of
 // value-parameterized tests and instantiate and register them.
-internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry&
-    UnitTest::parameterized_test_registry()
-        GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+internal::ParameterizedTestCaseRegistry& UnitTest::parameterized_test_registry()
+    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
   return impl_->parameterized_test_registry();
 }
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_PARAM_TEST
 
 // Creates an empty UnitTest.
-UnitTest::UnitTest() {
-  impl_ = new internal::UnitTestImpl(this);
-}
+UnitTest::UnitTest() { impl_ = new internal::UnitTestImpl(this); }
 
 // Destructor of UnitTest.
-UnitTest::~UnitTest() {
-  delete impl_;
-}
+UnitTest::~UnitTest() { delete impl_; }
 
 // Pushes a trace defined by SCOPED_TRACE() on to the per-thread
 // Google Test trace stack.
@@ -5467,8 +5321,7 @@
 }
 
 // Pops a trace from the per-thread Google Test trace stack.
-void UnitTest::PopGTestTrace()
-    GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
+void UnitTest::PopGTestTrace() GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
   internal::MutexLock lock(&mutex_);
   impl_->gtest_trace_stack().pop_back();
 }
@@ -5478,12 +5331,12 @@
 UnitTestImpl::UnitTestImpl(UnitTest* parent)
     : parent_(parent),
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# pragma warning(push)                    // Saves the current warning state.
-# pragma warning(disable:4355)            // Temporarily disables warning 4355
-                                         // (using this in initializer).
+#  pragma warning(push)            // Saves the current warning state.
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4355)  // Temporarily disables warning 4355
+                                   // (using this in initializer).
       default_global_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
       default_per_thread_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
-# pragma warning(pop)                     // Restores the warning state again.
+#  pragma warning(pop)  // Restores the warning state again.
 #else
       default_global_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
       default_per_thread_test_part_result_reporter_(this),
@@ -5503,7 +5356,7 @@
       os_stack_trace_getter_(NULL),
       post_flag_parse_init_performed_(false),
       random_seed_(0),  // Will be overridden by the flag before first use.
-      random_(0),  // Will be reseeded before first use.
+      random_(0),       // Will be reseeded before first use.
       start_timestamp_(0),
       elapsed_time_(0),
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
@@ -5577,8 +5430,8 @@
   if (!target.empty()) {
     const size_t pos = target.find(':');
     if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-      listeners()->Append(new StreamingListener(target.substr(0, pos),
-                                                target.substr(pos+1)));
+      listeners()->Append(
+          new StreamingListener(target.substr(0, pos), target.substr(pos + 1)));
     } else {
       printf("WARNING: unrecognized streaming target \"%s\" ignored.\n",
              target.c_str());
@@ -5630,8 +5483,7 @@
 class TestCaseNameIs {
  public:
   // Constructor.
-  explicit TestCaseNameIs(const std::string& name)
-      : name_(name) {}
+  explicit TestCaseNameIs(const std::string& name) : name_(name) {}
 
   // Returns true iff the name of test_case matches name_.
   bool operator()(const TestCase* test_case) const {
@@ -5659,12 +5511,10 @@
                                     Test::SetUpTestCaseFunc set_up_tc,
                                     Test::TearDownTestCaseFunc tear_down_tc) {
   // Can we find a TestCase with the given name?
-  const std::vector<TestCase*>::const_iterator test_case =
-      std::find_if(test_cases_.begin(), test_cases_.end(),
-                   TestCaseNameIs(test_case_name));
+  const std::vector<TestCase*>::const_iterator test_case = std::find_if(
+      test_cases_.begin(), test_cases_.end(), TestCaseNameIs(test_case_name));
 
-  if (test_case != test_cases_.end())
-    return *test_case;
+  if (test_case != test_cases_.end()) return *test_case;
 
   // No.  Let's create one.
   TestCase* const new_test_case =
@@ -5713,8 +5563,7 @@
   }
 
   // Do not run any test if the --help flag was specified.
-  if (g_help_flag)
-    return true;
+  if (g_help_flag) return true;
 
   // Repeats the call to the post-flag parsing initialization in case the
   // user didn't call InitGoogleTest.
@@ -5738,9 +5587,9 @@
 
   // Compares the full test names with the filter to decide which
   // tests to run.
-  const bool has_tests_to_run = FilterTests(should_shard
-                                              ? HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL
-                                              : IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL) > 0;
+  const bool has_tests_to_run =
+      FilterTests(should_shard ? HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL
+                               : IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL) > 0;
 
   // Lists the tests and exits if the --gtest_list_tests flag was specified.
   if (GTEST_FLAG(list_tests)) {
@@ -5749,8 +5598,8 @@
     return true;
   }
 
-  random_seed_ = GTEST_FLAG(shuffle) ?
-      GetRandomSeedFromFlag(GTEST_FLAG(random_seed)) : 0;
+  random_seed_ =
+      GTEST_FLAG(shuffle) ? GetRandomSeedFromFlag(GTEST_FLAG(random_seed)) : 0;
 
   // True iff at least one test has failed.
   bool failed = false;
@@ -5862,8 +5711,7 @@
 // an error and exits. If in_subprocess_for_death_test, sharding is
 // disabled because it must only be applied to the original test
 // process. Otherwise, we could filter out death tests we intended to execute.
-bool ShouldShard(const char* total_shards_env,
-                 const char* shard_index_env,
+bool ShouldShard(const char* total_shards_env, const char* shard_index_env,
                  bool in_subprocess_for_death_test) {
   if (in_subprocess_for_death_test) {
     return false;
@@ -5875,27 +5723,27 @@
   if (total_shards == -1 && shard_index == -1) {
     return false;
   } else if (total_shards == -1 && shard_index != -1) {
-    const Message msg = Message()
-      << "Invalid environment variables: you have "
-      << kTestShardIndex << " = " << shard_index
-      << ", but have left " << kTestTotalShards << " unset.\n";
+    const Message msg = Message() << "Invalid environment variables: you have "
+                                  << kTestShardIndex << " = " << shard_index
+                                  << ", but have left " << kTestTotalShards
+                                  << " unset.\n";
     ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, msg.GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   } else if (total_shards != -1 && shard_index == -1) {
     const Message msg = Message()
-      << "Invalid environment variables: you have "
-      << kTestTotalShards << " = " << total_shards
-      << ", but have left " << kTestShardIndex << " unset.\n";
+                        << "Invalid environment variables: you have "
+                        << kTestTotalShards << " = " << total_shards
+                        << ", but have left " << kTestShardIndex << " unset.\n";
     ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, msg.GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   } else if (shard_index < 0 || shard_index >= total_shards) {
-    const Message msg = Message()
-      << "Invalid environment variables: we require 0 <= "
-      << kTestShardIndex << " < " << kTestTotalShards
-      << ", but you have " << kTestShardIndex << "=" << shard_index
-      << ", " << kTestTotalShards << "=" << total_shards << ".\n";
+    const Message msg =
+        Message() << "Invalid environment variables: we require 0 <= "
+                  << kTestShardIndex << " < " << kTestTotalShards
+                  << ", but you have " << kTestShardIndex << "=" << shard_index
+                  << ", " << kTestTotalShards << "=" << total_shards << ".\n";
     ColoredPrintf(COLOR_RED, msg.GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
@@ -5937,10 +5785,12 @@
 // http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide.
 // Returns the number of tests that should run.
 int UnitTestImpl::FilterTests(ReactionToSharding shard_tests) {
-  const Int32 total_shards = shard_tests == HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL ?
-      Int32FromEnvOrDie(kTestTotalShards, -1) : -1;
-  const Int32 shard_index = shard_tests == HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL ?
-      Int32FromEnvOrDie(kTestShardIndex, -1) : -1;
+  const Int32 total_shards = shard_tests == HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL
+                                 ? Int32FromEnvOrDie(kTestTotalShards, -1)
+                                 : -1;
+  const Int32 shard_index = shard_tests == HONOR_SHARDING_PROTOCOL
+                                ? Int32FromEnvOrDie(kTestShardIndex, -1)
+                                : -1;
 
   // num_runnable_tests are the number of tests that will
   // run across all shards (i.e., match filter and are not disabled).
@@ -5950,7 +5800,7 @@
   int num_selected_tests = 0;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < test_cases_.size(); i++) {
     TestCase* const test_case = test_cases_[i];
-    const std::string &test_case_name = test_case->name();
+    const std::string& test_case_name = test_case->name();
     test_case->set_should_run(false);
 
     for (size_t j = 0; j < test_case->test_info_list().size(); j++) {
@@ -5958,26 +5808,24 @@
       const std::string test_name(test_info->name());
       // A test is disabled if test case name or test name matches
       // kDisableTestFilter.
-      const bool is_disabled =
-          internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(test_case_name,
-                                                   kDisableTestFilter) ||
-          internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(test_name,
-                                                   kDisableTestFilter);
+      const bool is_disabled = internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(
+                                   test_case_name, kDisableTestFilter) ||
+                               internal::UnitTestOptions::MatchesFilter(
+                                   test_name, kDisableTestFilter);
       test_info->is_disabled_ = is_disabled;
 
-      const bool matches_filter =
-          internal::UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(test_case_name,
-                                                       test_name);
+      const bool matches_filter = internal::UnitTestOptions::FilterMatchesTest(
+          test_case_name, test_name);
       test_info->matches_filter_ = matches_filter;
 
       const bool is_runnable =
           (GTEST_FLAG(also_run_disabled_tests) || !is_disabled) &&
           matches_filter;
 
-      const bool is_selected = is_runnable &&
+      const bool is_selected =
+          is_runnable &&
           (shard_tests == IGNORE_SHARDING_PROTOCOL ||
-           ShouldRunTestOnShard(total_shards, shard_index,
-                                num_runnable_tests));
+           ShouldRunTestOnShard(total_shards, shard_index, num_runnable_tests));
 
       num_runnable_tests += is_runnable;
       num_selected_tests += is_selected;
@@ -6021,8 +5869,7 @@
     bool printed_test_case_name = false;
 
     for (size_t j = 0; j < test_case->test_info_list().size(); j++) {
-      const TestInfo* const test_info =
-          test_case->test_info_list()[j];
+      const TestInfo* const test_info = test_case->test_info_list()[j];
       if (test_info->matches_filter_) {
         if (!printed_test_case_name) {
           printed_test_case_name = true;
@@ -6076,8 +5923,8 @@
 // Returns the TestResult for the test that's currently running, or
 // the TestResult for the ad hoc test if no test is running.
 TestResult* UnitTestImpl::current_test_result() {
-  return current_test_info_ ?
-      &(current_test_info_->result_) : &ad_hoc_test_result_;
+  return current_test_info_ ? &(current_test_info_->result_)
+                            : &ad_hoc_test_result_;
 }
 
 // Shuffles all test cases, and the tests within each test case,
@@ -6127,7 +5974,7 @@
 // suppress unreachable code warnings.
 namespace {
 class ClassUniqueToAlwaysTrue {};
-}
+}  // namespace
 
 bool IsTrue(bool condition) { return condition; }
 
@@ -6135,8 +5982,7 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
   // This condition is always false so AlwaysTrue() never actually throws,
   // but it makes the compiler think that it may throw.
-  if (IsTrue(false))
-    throw ClassUniqueToAlwaysTrue();
+  if (IsTrue(false)) throw ClassUniqueToAlwaysTrue();
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
   return true;
 }
@@ -6158,8 +6004,7 @@
 // part can be omitted.
 //
 // Returns the value of the flag, or NULL if the parsing failed.
-const char* ParseFlagValue(const char* str,
-                           const char* flag,
+const char* ParseFlagValue(const char* str, const char* flag,
                            bool def_optional) {
   // str and flag must not be NULL.
   if (str == NULL || flag == NULL) return NULL;
@@ -6221,8 +6066,8 @@
   if (value_str == NULL) return false;
 
   // Sets *value to the value of the flag.
-  return ParseInt32(Message() << "The value of flag --" << flag,
-                    value_str, value);
+  return ParseInt32(Message() << "The value of flag --" << flag, value_str,
+                    value);
 }
 
 // Parses a string for a string flag, in the form of
@@ -6249,8 +6094,7 @@
 // GTEST_INTERNAL_PREFIX_ followed by "internal_" are considered Google Test
 // internal flags and do not trigger the help message.
 static bool HasGoogleTestFlagPrefix(const char* str) {
-  return (SkipPrefix("--", &str) ||
-          SkipPrefix("-", &str) ||
+  return (SkipPrefix("--", &str) || SkipPrefix("-", &str) ||
           SkipPrefix("/", &str)) &&
          !SkipPrefix(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "internal_", &str) &&
          (SkipPrefix(GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_, &str) ||
@@ -6303,68 +6147,92 @@
 }
 
 static const char kColorEncodedHelpMessage[] =
-"This program contains tests written using " GTEST_NAME_ ". You can use the\n"
-"following command line flags to control its behavior:\n"
-"\n"
-"Test Selection:\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "list_tests@D\n"
-"      List the names of all tests instead of running them. The name of\n"
-"      TEST(Foo, Bar) is \"Foo.Bar\".\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "filter=@YPOSTIVE_PATTERNS"
+    "This program contains tests written using " GTEST_NAME_
+    ". You can use the\n"
+    "following command line flags to control its behavior:\n"
+    "\n"
+    "Test Selection:\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "list_tests@D\n"
+    "      List the names of all tests instead of running them. The name of\n"
+    "      TEST(Foo, Bar) is \"Foo.Bar\".\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "filter=@YPOSTIVE_PATTERNS"
     "[@G-@YNEGATIVE_PATTERNS]@D\n"
-"      Run only the tests whose name matches one of the positive patterns but\n"
-"      none of the negative patterns. '?' matches any single character; '*'\n"
-"      matches any substring; ':' separates two patterns.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "also_run_disabled_tests@D\n"
-"      Run all disabled tests too.\n"
-"\n"
-"Test Execution:\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "repeat=@Y[COUNT]@D\n"
-"      Run the tests repeatedly; use a negative count to repeat forever.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "shuffle@D\n"
-"      Randomize tests' orders on every iteration.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "random_seed=@Y[NUMBER]@D\n"
-"      Random number seed to use for shuffling test orders (between 1 and\n"
-"      99999, or 0 to use a seed based on the current time).\n"
-"\n"
-"Test Output:\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "color=@Y(@Gyes@Y|@Gno@Y|@Gauto@Y)@D\n"
-"      Enable/disable colored output. The default is @Gauto@D.\n"
-"  -@G-" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "print_time=0@D\n"
-"      Don't print the elapsed time of each test.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "output=xml@Y[@G:@YDIRECTORY_PATH@G"
-    GTEST_PATH_SEP_ "@Y|@G:@YFILE_PATH]@D\n"
-"      Generate an XML report in the given directory or with the given file\n"
-"      name. @YFILE_PATH@D defaults to @Gtest_details.xml@D.\n"
+    "      Run only the tests whose name matches one of the positive patterns "
+    "but\n"
+    "      none of the negative patterns. '?' matches any single character; "
+    "'*'\n"
+    "      matches any substring; ':' separates two patterns.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "also_run_disabled_tests@D\n"
+    "      Run all disabled tests too.\n"
+    "\n"
+    "Test Execution:\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "repeat=@Y[COUNT]@D\n"
+    "      Run the tests repeatedly; use a negative count to repeat forever.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "shuffle@D\n"
+    "      Randomize tests' orders on every iteration.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "random_seed=@Y[NUMBER]@D\n"
+    "      Random number seed to use for shuffling test orders (between 1 and\n"
+    "      99999, or 0 to use a seed based on the current time).\n"
+    "\n"
+    "Test Output:\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "color=@Y(@Gyes@Y|@Gno@Y|@Gauto@Y)@D\n"
+    "      Enable/disable colored output. The default is @Gauto@D.\n"
+    "  -@G-" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "print_time=0@D\n"
+    "      Don't print the elapsed time of each test.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "output=xml@Y[@G:@YDIRECTORY_PATH@G" GTEST_PATH_SEP_
+    "@Y|@G:@YFILE_PATH]@D\n"
+    "      Generate an XML report in the given directory or with the given "
+    "file\n"
+    "      name. @YFILE_PATH@D defaults to @Gtest_details.xml@D.\n"
 #if GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "stream_result_to=@YHOST@G:@YPORT@D\n"
-"      Stream test results to the given server.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "stream_result_to=@YHOST@G:@YPORT@D\n"
+    "      Stream test results to the given server.\n"
 #endif  // GTEST_CAN_STREAM_RESULTS_
-"\n"
-"Assertion Behavior:\n"
+    "\n"
+    "Assertion Behavior:\n"
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "death_test_style=@Y(@Gfast@Y|@Gthreadsafe@Y)@D\n"
-"      Set the default death test style.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "death_test_style=@Y(@Gfast@Y|@Gthreadsafe@Y)@D\n"
+    "      Set the default death test style.\n"
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "break_on_failure@D\n"
-"      Turn assertion failures into debugger break-points.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "throw_on_failure@D\n"
-"      Turn assertion failures into C++ exceptions.\n"
-"  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "catch_exceptions=0@D\n"
-"      Do not report exceptions as test failures. Instead, allow them\n"
-"      to crash the program or throw a pop-up (on Windows).\n"
-"\n"
-"Except for @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ "list_tests@D, you can alternatively set "
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "break_on_failure@D\n"
+    "      Turn assertion failures into debugger break-points.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "throw_on_failure@D\n"
+    "      Turn assertion failures into C++ exceptions.\n"
+    "  @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "catch_exceptions=0@D\n"
+    "      Do not report exceptions as test failures. Instead, allow them\n"
+    "      to crash the program or throw a pop-up (on Windows).\n"
+    "\n"
+    "Except for @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "list_tests@D, you can alternatively set "
     "the corresponding\n"
-"environment variable of a flag (all letters in upper-case). For example, to\n"
-"disable colored text output, you can either specify @G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
+    "environment variable of a flag (all letters in upper-case). For example, "
+    "to\n"
+    "disable colored text output, you can either specify "
+    "@G--" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_
     "color=no@D or set\n"
-"the @G" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_ "COLOR@D environment variable to @Gno@D.\n"
-"\n"
-"For more information, please read the " GTEST_NAME_ " documentation at\n"
-"@G" GTEST_PROJECT_URL_ "@D. If you find a bug in " GTEST_NAME_ "\n"
-"(not one in your own code or tests), please report it to\n"
-"@G<" GTEST_DEV_EMAIL_ ">@D.\n";
+    "the @G" GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_UPPER_
+    "COLOR@D environment variable to @Gno@D.\n"
+    "\n"
+    "For more information, please read the " GTEST_NAME_
+    " documentation at\n"
+    "@G" GTEST_PROJECT_URL_ "@D. If you find a bug in " GTEST_NAME_
+    "\n"
+    "(not one in your own code or tests), please report it to\n"
+    "@G<" GTEST_DEV_EMAIL_ ">@D.\n";
 
 // Parses the command line for Google Test flags, without initializing
 // other parts of Google Test.  The type parameter CharType can be
@@ -6405,8 +6273,7 @@
         ParseStringFlag(arg, kStreamResultToFlag,
                         &GTEST_FLAG(stream_result_to)) ||
         ParseBoolFlag(arg, kThrowOnFailureFlag,
-                      &GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure))
-        ) {
+                      &GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure))) {
       // Yes.  Shift the remainder of the argv list left by one.  Note
       // that argv has (*argc + 1) elements, the last one always being
       // NULL.  The following loop moves the trailing NULL element as
@@ -6530,37 +6397,35 @@
 //
 // This file implements death tests.
 
-
 #if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
-# if GTEST_OS_MAC
-#  include <crt_externs.h>
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
+#  if GTEST_OS_MAC
+#    include <crt_externs.h>
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
 
-# include <errno.h>
-# include <fcntl.h>
-# include <limits.h>
+#  include <errno.h>
+#  include <fcntl.h>
+#  include <limits.h>
 
-# if GTEST_OS_LINUX
-#  include <signal.h>
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
+#  if GTEST_OS_LINUX
+#    include <signal.h>
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
 
-# include <stdarg.h>
+#  include <stdarg.h>
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-#  include <windows.h>
-# else
-#  include <sys/mman.h>
-#  include <sys/wait.h>
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#    include <windows.h>
+#  else
+#    include <sys/mman.h>
+#    include <sys/wait.h>
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
-# if GTEST_OS_QNX
-#  include <spawn.h>
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
+#  if GTEST_OS_QNX
+#    include <spawn.h>
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
 
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
-
 // Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
 // implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
 // included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
@@ -6622,50 +6487,48 @@
 // tests.  IMPORTANT: This is an internal utility.  Using it may break the
 // implementation of death tests.  User code MUST NOT use it.
 bool InDeathTestChild() {
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   // On Windows, death tests are thread-safe regardless of the value of the
   // death_test_style flag.
   return !GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).empty();
 
-# else
+#  else
 
   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe")
     return !GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).empty();
   else
     return g_in_fast_death_test_child;
-#endif
+#  endif
 }
 
 }  // namespace internal
 
 // ExitedWithCode constructor.
-ExitedWithCode::ExitedWithCode(int exit_code) : exit_code_(exit_code) {
-}
+ExitedWithCode::ExitedWithCode(int exit_code) : exit_code_(exit_code) {}
 
 // ExitedWithCode function-call operator.
 bool ExitedWithCode::operator()(int exit_status) const {
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   return exit_status == exit_code_;
 
-# else
+#  else
 
   return WIFEXITED(exit_status) && WEXITSTATUS(exit_status) == exit_code_;
 
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 }
 
-# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 // KilledBySignal constructor.
-KilledBySignal::KilledBySignal(int signum) : signum_(signum) {
-}
+KilledBySignal::KilledBySignal(int signum) : signum_(signum) {}
 
 // KilledBySignal function-call operator.
 bool KilledBySignal::operator()(int exit_status) const {
   return WIFSIGNALED(exit_status) && WTERMSIG(exit_status) == signum_;
 }
-# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 namespace internal {
 
@@ -6676,23 +6539,23 @@
 static std::string ExitSummary(int exit_code) {
   Message m;
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   m << "Exited with exit status " << exit_code;
 
-# else
+#  else
 
   if (WIFEXITED(exit_code)) {
     m << "Exited with exit status " << WEXITSTATUS(exit_code);
   } else if (WIFSIGNALED(exit_code)) {
     m << "Terminated by signal " << WTERMSIG(exit_code);
   }
-#  ifdef WCOREDUMP
+#    ifdef WCOREDUMP
   if (WCOREDUMP(exit_code)) {
     m << " (core dumped)";
   }
-#  endif
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#    endif
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   return m.GetString();
 }
@@ -6703,7 +6566,7 @@
   return !ExitedWithCode(0)(exit_status);
 }
 
-# if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 // Generates a textual failure message when a death test finds more than
 // one thread running, or cannot determine the number of threads, prior
 // to executing the given statement.  It is the responsibility of the
@@ -6718,7 +6581,7 @@
     msg << "detected " << thread_count << " threads.";
   return msg.GetString();
 }
-# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 // Flag characters for reporting a death test that did not die.
 static const char kDeathTestLived = 'L';
@@ -6763,15 +6626,15 @@
 
 // A replacement for CHECK that calls DeathTestAbort if the assertion
 // fails.
-# define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(expression) \
-  do { \
-    if (!::testing::internal::IsTrue(expression)) { \
-      DeathTestAbort( \
-          ::std::string("CHECK failed: File ") + __FILE__ +  ", line " \
-          + ::testing::internal::StreamableToString(__LINE__) + ": " \
-          + #expression); \
-    } \
-  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
+#  define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(expression)                              \
+    do {                                                                   \
+      if (!::testing::internal::IsTrue(expression)) {                      \
+        DeathTestAbort(::std::string("CHECK failed: File ") + __FILE__ +   \
+                       ", line " +                                         \
+                       ::testing::internal::StreamableToString(__LINE__) + \
+                       ": " + #expression);                                \
+      }                                                                    \
+    } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
 
 // This macro is similar to GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_, but it is meant for
 // evaluating any system call that fulfills two conditions: it must return
@@ -6780,23 +6643,23 @@
 // evaluates the expression as long as it evaluates to -1 and sets
 // errno to EINTR.  If the expression evaluates to -1 but errno is
 // something other than EINTR, DeathTestAbort is called.
-# define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(expression) \
-  do { \
-    int gtest_retval; \
-    do { \
-      gtest_retval = (expression); \
-    } while (gtest_retval == -1 && errno == EINTR); \
-    if (gtest_retval == -1) { \
-      DeathTestAbort( \
-          ::std::string("CHECK failed: File ") + __FILE__ + ", line " \
-          + ::testing::internal::StreamableToString(__LINE__) + ": " \
-          + #expression + " != -1"); \
-    } \
-  } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
+#  define GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(expression)                      \
+    do {                                                                   \
+      int gtest_retval;                                                    \
+      do {                                                                 \
+        gtest_retval = (expression);                                       \
+      } while (gtest_retval == -1 && errno == EINTR);                      \
+      if (gtest_retval == -1) {                                            \
+        DeathTestAbort(::std::string("CHECK failed: File ") + __FILE__ +   \
+                       ", line " +                                         \
+                       ::testing::internal::StreamableToString(__LINE__) + \
+                       ": " + #expression + " != -1");                     \
+      }                                                                    \
+    } while (::testing::internal::AlwaysFalse())
 
 // Returns the message describing the last system error in errno.
 std::string GetLastErrnoDescription() {
-    return errno == 0 ? "" : posix::StrError(errno);
+  return errno == 0 ? "" : posix::StrError(errno);
 }
 
 // This is called from a death test parent process to read a failure
@@ -6829,17 +6692,18 @@
 DeathTest::DeathTest() {
   TestInfo* const info = GetUnitTestImpl()->current_test_info();
   if (info == NULL) {
-    DeathTestAbort("Cannot run a death test outside of a TEST or "
-                   "TEST_F construct");
+    DeathTestAbort(
+        "Cannot run a death test outside of a TEST or "
+        "TEST_F construct");
   }
 }
 
 // Creates and returns a death test by dispatching to the current
 // death test factory.
-bool DeathTest::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex,
-                       const char* file, int line, DeathTest** test) {
-  return GetUnitTestImpl()->death_test_factory()->Create(
-      statement, regex, file, line, test);
+bool DeathTest::Create(const char* statement, const RE* regex, const char* file,
+                       int line, DeathTest** test) {
+  return GetUnitTestImpl()->death_test_factory()->Create(statement, regex, file,
+                                                         line, test);
 }
 
 const char* DeathTest::LastMessage() {
@@ -6932,22 +6796,22 @@
     set_outcome(DIED);
   } else if (bytes_read == 1) {
     switch (flag) {
-      case kDeathTestReturned:
-        set_outcome(RETURNED);
-        break;
-      case kDeathTestThrew:
-        set_outcome(THREW);
-        break;
-      case kDeathTestLived:
-        set_outcome(LIVED);
-        break;
-      case kDeathTestInternalError:
-        FailFromInternalError(read_fd());  // Does not return.
-        break;
-      default:
-        GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Death test child process reported "
-                          << "unexpected status byte ("
-                          << static_cast<unsigned int>(flag) << ")";
+    case kDeathTestReturned:
+      set_outcome(RETURNED);
+      break;
+    case kDeathTestThrew:
+      set_outcome(THREW);
+      break;
+    case kDeathTestLived:
+      set_outcome(LIVED);
+      break;
+    case kDeathTestInternalError:
+      FailFromInternalError(read_fd());  // Does not return.
+      break;
+    default:
+      GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Death test child process reported "
+                        << "unexpected status byte ("
+                        << static_cast<unsigned int>(flag) << ")";
     }
   } else {
     GTEST_LOG_(FATAL) << "Read from death test child process failed: "
@@ -6965,9 +6829,11 @@
   // The parent process considers the death test to be a failure if
   // it finds any data in our pipe.  So, here we write a single flag byte
   // to the pipe, then exit.
-  const char status_ch =
-      reason == TEST_DID_NOT_DIE ? kDeathTestLived :
-      reason == TEST_THREW_EXCEPTION ? kDeathTestThrew : kDeathTestReturned;
+  const char status_ch = reason == TEST_DID_NOT_DIE
+                             ? kDeathTestLived
+                             : reason == TEST_THREW_EXCEPTION
+                                   ? kDeathTestThrew
+                                   : kDeathTestReturned;
 
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(posix::Write(write_fd(), &status_ch, 1));
   // We are leaking the descriptor here because on some platforms (i.e.,
@@ -6986,7 +6852,7 @@
 // much easier.
 static ::std::string FormatDeathTestOutput(const ::std::string& output) {
   ::std::string ret;
-  for (size_t at = 0; ; ) {
+  for (size_t at = 0;;) {
     const size_t line_end = output.find('\n', at);
     ret += "[  DEATH   ] ";
     if (line_end == ::std::string::npos) {
@@ -7022,8 +6888,7 @@
 // first failing condition, in the order given above, is the one that is
 // reported. Also sets the last death test message string.
 bool DeathTestImpl::Passed(bool status_ok) {
-  if (!spawned())
-    return false;
+  if (!spawned()) return false;
 
   const std::string error_message = GetCapturedStderr();
 
@@ -7032,45 +6897,50 @@
 
   buffer << "Death test: " << statement() << "\n";
   switch (outcome()) {
-    case LIVED:
-      buffer << "    Result: failed to die.\n"
-             << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
-      break;
-    case THREW:
-      buffer << "    Result: threw an exception.\n"
-             << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
-      break;
-    case RETURNED:
-      buffer << "    Result: illegal return in test statement.\n"
-             << " Error msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
-      break;
-    case DIED:
-      if (status_ok) {
-        const bool matched = RE::PartialMatch(error_message.c_str(), *regex());
-        if (matched) {
-          success = true;
-        } else {
-          buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected error.\n"
-                 << "  Expected: " << regex()->pattern() << "\n"
-                 << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
-        }
+  case LIVED:
+    buffer << "    Result: failed to die.\n"
+           << " Error msg:\n"
+           << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
+    break;
+  case THREW:
+    buffer << "    Result: threw an exception.\n"
+           << " Error msg:\n"
+           << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
+    break;
+  case RETURNED:
+    buffer << "    Result: illegal return in test statement.\n"
+           << " Error msg:\n"
+           << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
+    break;
+  case DIED:
+    if (status_ok) {
+      const bool matched = RE::PartialMatch(error_message.c_str(), *regex());
+      if (matched) {
+        success = true;
       } else {
-        buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected exit code:\n"
-               << "            " << ExitSummary(status()) << "\n"
-               << "Actual msg:\n" << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
+        buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected error.\n"
+               << "  Expected: " << regex()->pattern() << "\n"
+               << "Actual msg:\n"
+               << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
       }
-      break;
-    case IN_PROGRESS:
-    default:
-      GTEST_LOG_(FATAL)
-          << "DeathTest::Passed somehow called before conclusion of test";
+    } else {
+      buffer << "    Result: died but not with expected exit code:\n"
+             << "            " << ExitSummary(status()) << "\n"
+             << "Actual msg:\n"
+             << FormatDeathTestOutput(error_message);
+    }
+    break;
+  case IN_PROGRESS:
+  default:
+    GTEST_LOG_(FATAL)
+        << "DeathTest::Passed somehow called before conclusion of test";
   }
 
   DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(buffer.GetString());
   return success;
 }
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 // WindowsDeathTest implements death tests on Windows. Due to the
 // specifics of starting new processes on Windows, death tests there are
 // always threadsafe, and Google Test considers the
@@ -7101,9 +6971,7 @@
 //
 class WindowsDeathTest : public DeathTestImpl {
  public:
-  WindowsDeathTest(const char* a_statement,
-                   const RE* a_regex,
-                   const char* file,
+  WindowsDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex, const char* file,
                    int line)
       : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) {}
 
@@ -7131,21 +6999,19 @@
 // status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
 // outcome data member.
 int WindowsDeathTest::Wait() {
-  if (!spawned())
-    return 0;
+  if (!spawned()) return 0;
 
   // Wait until the child either signals that it has acquired the write end
   // of the pipe or it dies.
-  const HANDLE wait_handles[2] = { child_handle_.Get(), event_handle_.Get() };
-  switch (::WaitForMultipleObjects(2,
-                                   wait_handles,
+  const HANDLE wait_handles[2] = {child_handle_.Get(), event_handle_.Get()};
+  switch (::WaitForMultipleObjects(2, wait_handles,
                                    FALSE,  // Waits for any of the handles.
                                    INFINITE)) {
-    case WAIT_OBJECT_0:
-    case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1:
-      break;
-    default:
-      GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(false);  // Should not get here.
+  case WAIT_OBJECT_0:
+  case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1:
+    break;
+  default:
+    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(false);  // Should not get here.
   }
 
   // The child has acquired the write end of the pipe or exited.
@@ -7159,9 +7025,8 @@
   // returns immediately if the child has already exited, regardless of
   // whether previous calls to WaitForMultipleObjects synchronized on this
   // handle or not.
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
-      WAIT_OBJECT_0 == ::WaitForSingleObject(child_handle_.Get(),
-                                             INFINITE));
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(WAIT_OBJECT_0 ==
+                          ::WaitForSingleObject(child_handle_.Get(), INFINITE));
   DWORD status_code;
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
       ::GetExitCodeProcess(child_handle_.Get(), &status_code) != FALSE);
@@ -7191,15 +7056,15 @@
 
   // WindowsDeathTest uses an anonymous pipe to communicate results of
   // a death test.
-  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable = {
-    sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES), NULL, TRUE };
+  SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES handles_are_inheritable = {sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES),
+                                                 NULL, TRUE};
   HANDLE read_handle, write_handle;
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
-      ::CreatePipe(&read_handle, &write_handle, &handles_are_inheritable,
-                   0)  // Default buffer size.
-      != FALSE);
-  set_read_fd(::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(read_handle),
-                                O_RDONLY));
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::CreatePipe(&read_handle, &write_handle,
+                                       &handles_are_inheritable,
+                                       0)  // Default buffer size.
+                          != FALSE);
+  set_read_fd(
+      ::_open_osfhandle(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(read_handle), O_RDONLY));
   write_handle_.Reset(write_handle);
   event_handle_.Reset(::CreateEvent(
       &handles_are_inheritable,
@@ -7207,29 +7072,26 @@
       FALSE,   // The initial state is non-signalled.
       NULL));  // The even is unnamed.
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(event_handle_.Get() != NULL);
-  const std::string filter_flag =
-      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kFilterFlag + "=" +
-      info->test_case_name() + "." + info->name();
+  const std::string filter_flag = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ +
+                                  kFilterFlag + "=" + info->test_case_name() +
+                                  "." + info->name();
   const std::string internal_flag =
-      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag +
-      "=" + file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|" +
+      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag + "=" +
+      file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|" +
       StreamableToString(death_test_index) + "|" +
       StreamableToString(static_cast<unsigned int>(::GetCurrentProcessId())) +
       // size_t has the same width as pointers on both 32-bit and 64-bit
       // Windows platforms.
       // See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/tcxf1dw6.aspx.
-      "|" + StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(write_handle)) +
-      "|" + StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(event_handle_.Get()));
+      "|" + StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(write_handle)) + "|" +
+      StreamableToString(reinterpret_cast<size_t>(event_handle_.Get()));
 
   char executable_path[_MAX_PATH + 1];  // NOLINT
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
-      _MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(NULL,
-                                            executable_path,
-                                            _MAX_PATH));
+      _MAX_PATH + 1 != ::GetModuleFileNameA(NULL, executable_path, _MAX_PATH));
 
-  std::string command_line =
-      std::string(::GetCommandLineA()) + " " + filter_flag + " \"" +
-      internal_flag + "\"";
+  std::string command_line = std::string(::GetCommandLineA()) + " " +
+                             filter_flag + " \"" + internal_flag + "\"";
 
   DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("");
 
@@ -7246,23 +7108,22 @@
   startup_info.hStdError = ::GetStdHandle(STD_ERROR_HANDLE);
 
   PROCESS_INFORMATION process_info;
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(::CreateProcessA(
-      executable_path,
-      const_cast<char*>(command_line.c_str()),
-      NULL,   // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
-      NULL,   // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
-      TRUE,   // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
-      0x0,    // Default creation flags.
-      NULL,   // Inherit the parent's environment.
-      UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(),
-      &startup_info,
-      &process_info) != FALSE);
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
+      ::CreateProcessA(
+          executable_path, const_cast<char*>(command_line.c_str()),
+          NULL,  // Retuned process handle is not inheritable.
+          NULL,  // Retuned thread handle is not inheritable.
+          TRUE,  // Child inherits all inheritable handles (for write_handle_).
+          0x0,   // Default creation flags.
+          NULL,  // Inherit the parent's environment.
+          UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir(), &startup_info,
+          &process_info) != FALSE);
   child_handle_.Reset(process_info.hProcess);
   ::CloseHandle(process_info.hThread);
   set_spawned(true);
   return OVERSEE_TEST;
 }
-# else  // We are not on Windows.
+#  else  // We are not on Windows.
 
 // ForkingDeathTest provides implementations for most of the abstract
 // methods of the DeathTest interface.  Only the AssumeRole method is
@@ -7284,15 +7145,13 @@
 
 // Constructs a ForkingDeathTest.
 ForkingDeathTest::ForkingDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex)
-    : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex),
-      child_pid_(-1) {}
+    : DeathTestImpl(a_statement, a_regex), child_pid_(-1) {}
 
 // Waits for the child in a death test to exit, returning its exit
 // status, or 0 if no child process exists.  As a side effect, sets the
 // outcome data member.
 int ForkingDeathTest::Wait() {
-  if (!spawned())
-    return 0;
+  if (!spawned()) return 0;
 
   ReadAndInterpretStatusByte();
 
@@ -7306,8 +7165,8 @@
 // in the child process.
 class NoExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
  public:
-  NoExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex) :
-      ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex) { }
+  NoExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex)
+      : ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex) {}
   virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
 };
 
@@ -7361,10 +7220,11 @@
 // only this specific death test to be run.
 class ExecDeathTest : public ForkingDeathTest {
  public:
-  ExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex,
-                const char* file, int line) :
-      ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) { }
+  ExecDeathTest(const char* a_statement, const RE* a_regex, const char* file,
+                int line)
+      : ForkingDeathTest(a_statement, a_regex), file_(file), line_(line) {}
   virtual TestRole AssumeRole();
+
  private:
   static ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>
   GetArgvsForDeathTestChildProcess() {
@@ -7380,9 +7240,7 @@
 // Utility class for accumulating command-line arguments.
 class Arguments {
  public:
-  Arguments() {
-    args_.push_back(NULL);
-  }
+  Arguments() { args_.push_back(NULL); }
 
   ~Arguments() {
     for (std::vector<char*>::iterator i = args_.begin(); i != args_.end();
@@ -7397,14 +7255,11 @@
   template <typename Str>
   void AddArguments(const ::std::vector<Str>& arguments) {
     for (typename ::std::vector<Str>::const_iterator i = arguments.begin();
-         i != arguments.end();
-         ++i) {
+         i != arguments.end(); ++i) {
       args_.insert(args_.end() - 1, posix::StrDup(i->c_str()));
     }
   }
-  char* const* Argv() {
-    return &args_[0];
-  }
+  char* const* Argv() { return &args_[0]; }
 
  private:
   std::vector<char*> args_;
@@ -7417,21 +7272,21 @@
   int close_fd;       // File descriptor to close; the read end of a pipe
 };
 
-#  if GTEST_OS_MAC
+#    if GTEST_OS_MAC
 inline char** GetEnviron() {
   // When Google Test is built as a framework on MacOS X, the environ variable
   // is unavailable. Apple's documentation (man environ) recommends using
   // _NSGetEnviron() instead.
   return *_NSGetEnviron();
 }
-#  else
+#    else
 // Some POSIX platforms expect you to declare environ. extern "C" makes
 // it reside in the global namespace.
 extern "C" char** environ;
 inline char** GetEnviron() { return environ; }
-#  endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
+#    endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
 
-#  if !GTEST_OS_QNX
+#    if !GTEST_OS_QNX
 // The main function for a threadsafe-style death test child process.
 // This function is called in a clone()-ed process and thus must avoid
 // any potentially unsafe operations like malloc or libc functions.
@@ -7446,8 +7301,8 @@
       UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir();
   // We can safely call chdir() as it's a direct system call.
   if (chdir(original_dir) != 0) {
-    DeathTestAbort(std::string("chdir(\"") + original_dir + "\") failed: " +
-                   GetLastErrnoDescription());
+    DeathTestAbort(std::string("chdir(\"") + original_dir +
+                   "\") failed: " + GetLastErrnoDescription());
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
@@ -7458,11 +7313,10 @@
   // one path separator.
   execve(args->argv[0], args->argv, GetEnviron());
   DeathTestAbort(std::string("execve(") + args->argv[0] + ", ...) in " +
-                 original_dir + " failed: " +
-                 GetLastErrnoDescription());
+                 original_dir + " failed: " + GetLastErrnoDescription());
   return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
-#  endif  // !GTEST_OS_QNX
+#    endif  // !GTEST_OS_QNX
 
 // Two utility routines that together determine the direction the stack
 // grows.
@@ -7494,10 +7348,10 @@
 // spawn(2) there instead.  The function dies with an error message if
 // anything goes wrong.
 static pid_t ExecDeathTestSpawnChild(char* const* argv, int close_fd) {
-  ExecDeathTestArgs args = { argv, close_fd };
+  ExecDeathTestArgs args = {argv, close_fd};
   pid_t child_pid = -1;
 
-#  if GTEST_OS_QNX
+#    if GTEST_OS_QNX
   // Obtains the current directory and sets it to be closed in the child
   // process.
   const int cwd_fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
@@ -7510,16 +7364,16 @@
       UnitTest::GetInstance()->original_working_dir();
   // We can safely call chdir() as it's a direct system call.
   if (chdir(original_dir) != 0) {
-    DeathTestAbort(std::string("chdir(\"") + original_dir + "\") failed: " +
-                   GetLastErrnoDescription());
+    DeathTestAbort(std::string("chdir(\"") + original_dir +
+                   "\") failed: " + GetLastErrnoDescription());
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
   int fd_flags;
   // Set close_fd to be closed after spawn.
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(fd_flags = fcntl(close_fd, F_GETFD));
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(fcntl(close_fd, F_SETFD,
-                                        fd_flags | FD_CLOEXEC));
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(
+      fcntl(close_fd, F_SETFD, fd_flags | FD_CLOEXEC));
   struct inheritance inherit = {0};
   // spawn is a system call.
   child_pid = spawn(args.argv[0], 0, NULL, &inherit, args.argv, GetEnviron());
@@ -7527,8 +7381,8 @@
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fchdir(cwd_fd) != -1);
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(close(cwd_fd));
 
-#  else   // GTEST_OS_QNX
-#   if GTEST_OS_LINUX
+#    else  // GTEST_OS_QNX
+#      if GTEST_OS_LINUX
   // When a SIGPROF signal is received while fork() or clone() are executing,
   // the process may hang. To avoid this, we ignore SIGPROF here and re-enable
   // it after the call to fork()/clone() is complete.
@@ -7537,11 +7391,11 @@
   memset(&ignore_sigprof_action, 0, sizeof(ignore_sigprof_action));
   sigemptyset(&ignore_sigprof_action.sa_mask);
   ignore_sigprof_action.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
-  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(sigaction(
-      SIGPROF, &ignore_sigprof_action, &saved_sigprof_action));
-#   endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
+  GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(
+      sigaction(SIGPROF, &ignore_sigprof_action, &saved_sigprof_action));
+#      endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
 
-#   if GTEST_HAS_CLONE
+#      if GTEST_HAS_CLONE
   const bool use_fork = GTEST_FLAG(death_test_use_fork);
 
   if (!use_fork) {
@@ -7561,27 +7415,28 @@
     const size_t kMaxStackAlignment = 64;
     void* const stack_top =
         static_cast<char*>(stack) +
-            (stack_grows_down ? stack_size - kMaxStackAlignment : 0);
-    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(stack_size > kMaxStackAlignment &&
+        (stack_grows_down ? stack_size - kMaxStackAlignment : 0);
+    GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(
+        stack_size > kMaxStackAlignment &&
         reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(stack_top) % kMaxStackAlignment == 0);
 
     child_pid = clone(&ExecDeathTestChildMain, stack_top, SIGCHLD, &args);
 
     GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(munmap(stack, stack_size) != -1);
   }
-#   else
+#      else
   const bool use_fork = true;
-#   endif  // GTEST_HAS_CLONE
+#      endif  // GTEST_HAS_CLONE
 
   if (use_fork && (child_pid = fork()) == 0) {
-      ExecDeathTestChildMain(&args);
-      _exit(0);
+    ExecDeathTestChildMain(&args);
+    _exit(0);
   }
-#  endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
-#  if GTEST_OS_LINUX
+#    endif    // GTEST_OS_QNX
+#    if GTEST_OS_LINUX
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_SYSCALL_(
       sigaction(SIGPROF, &saved_sigprof_action, NULL));
-#  endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
+#    endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX
 
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(child_pid != -1);
   return child_pid;
@@ -7609,14 +7464,14 @@
   // it be closed when the child process does an exec:
   GTEST_DEATH_TEST_CHECK_(fcntl(pipe_fd[1], F_SETFD, 0) != -1);
 
-  const std::string filter_flag =
-      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kFilterFlag + "="
-      + info->test_case_name() + "." + info->name();
-  const std::string internal_flag =
-      std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ + kInternalRunDeathTestFlag + "="
-      + file_ + "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|"
-      + StreamableToString(death_test_index) + "|"
-      + StreamableToString(pipe_fd[1]);
+  const std::string filter_flag = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ +
+                                  kFilterFlag + "=" + info->test_case_name() +
+                                  "." + info->name();
+  const std::string internal_flag = std::string("--") + GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ +
+                                    kInternalRunDeathTestFlag + "=" + file_ +
+                                    "|" + StreamableToString(line_) + "|" +
+                                    StreamableToString(death_test_index) + "|" +
+                                    StreamableToString(pipe_fd[1]);
   Arguments args;
   args.AddArguments(GetArgvsForDeathTestChildProcess());
   args.AddArgument(filter_flag.c_str());
@@ -7637,7 +7492,7 @@
   return OVERSEE_TEST;
 }
 
-# endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // !GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 // Creates a concrete DeathTest-derived class that depends on the
 // --gtest_death_test_style flag, and sets the pointer pointed to
@@ -7650,15 +7505,15 @@
   UnitTestImpl* const impl = GetUnitTestImpl();
   const InternalRunDeathTestFlag* const flag =
       impl->internal_run_death_test_flag();
-  const int death_test_index = impl->current_test_info()
-      ->increment_death_test_count();
+  const int death_test_index =
+      impl->current_test_info()->increment_death_test_count();
 
   if (flag != NULL) {
     if (death_test_index > flag->index()) {
       DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(
-          "Death test count (" + StreamableToString(death_test_index)
-          + ") somehow exceeded expected maximum ("
-          + StreamableToString(flag->index()) + ")");
+          "Death test count (" + StreamableToString(death_test_index) +
+          ") somehow exceeded expected maximum (" +
+          StreamableToString(flag->index()) + ")");
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -7669,14 +7524,14 @@
     }
   }
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe" ||
       GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "fast") {
     *test = new WindowsDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
   }
 
-# else
+#  else
 
   if (GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) == "threadsafe") {
     *test = new ExecDeathTest(statement, regex, file, line);
@@ -7684,12 +7539,12 @@
     *test = new NoExecDeathTest(statement, regex);
   }
 
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   else {  // NOLINT - this is more readable than unbalanced brackets inside #if.
-    DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message(
-        "Unknown death test style \"" + GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style)
-        + "\" encountered");
+    DeathTest::set_last_death_test_message("Unknown death test style \"" +
+                                           GTEST_FLAG(death_test_style) +
+                                           "\" encountered");
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -7716,7 +7571,7 @@
   dest->swap(parsed);
 }
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 // Recreates the pipe and event handles from the provided parameters,
 // signals the event, and returns a file descriptor wrapped around the pipe
 // handle. This function is called in the child process only.
@@ -7724,8 +7579,8 @@
                             size_t write_handle_as_size_t,
                             size_t event_handle_as_size_t) {
   AutoHandle parent_process_handle(::OpenProcess(PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE,
-                                                   FALSE,  // Non-inheritable.
-                                                   parent_process_id));
+                                                 FALSE,  // Non-inheritable.
+                                                 parent_process_id));
   if (parent_process_handle.Get() == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
     DeathTestAbort("Unable to open parent process " +
                    StreamableToString(parent_process_id));
@@ -7735,8 +7590,7 @@
   // compile-time assertion when available.
   GTEST_CHECK_(sizeof(HANDLE) <= sizeof(size_t));
 
-  const HANDLE write_handle =
-      reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(write_handle_as_size_t);
+  const HANDLE write_handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(write_handle_as_size_t);
   HANDLE dup_write_handle;
 
   // The newly initialized handle is accessible only in in the parent
@@ -7758,9 +7612,7 @@
   HANDLE dup_event_handle;
 
   if (!::DuplicateHandle(parent_process_handle.Get(), event_handle,
-                         ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_event_handle,
-                         0x0,
-                         FALSE,
+                         ::GetCurrentProcess(), &dup_event_handle, 0x0, FALSE,
                          DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)) {
     DeathTestAbort("Unable to duplicate the event handle " +
                    StreamableToString(event_handle_as_size_t) +
@@ -7782,7 +7634,7 @@
 
   return write_fd;
 }
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
 // Returns a newly created InternalRunDeathTestFlag object with fields
 // initialized from the GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test) flag if
@@ -7798,35 +7650,32 @@
   SplitString(GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test).c_str(), '|', &fields);
   int write_fd = -1;
 
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   unsigned int parent_process_id = 0;
   size_t write_handle_as_size_t = 0;
   size_t event_handle_as_size_t = 0;
 
-  if (fields.size() != 6
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &parent_process_id)
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[4], &write_handle_as_size_t)
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[5], &event_handle_as_size_t)) {
+  if (fields.size() != 6 || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line) ||
+      !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index) ||
+      !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &parent_process_id) ||
+      !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[4], &write_handle_as_size_t) ||
+      !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[5], &event_handle_as_size_t)) {
     DeathTestAbort("Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: " +
                    GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test));
   }
-  write_fd = GetStatusFileDescriptor(parent_process_id,
-                                     write_handle_as_size_t,
+  write_fd = GetStatusFileDescriptor(parent_process_id, write_handle_as_size_t,
                                      event_handle_as_size_t);
-# else
+#  else
 
-  if (fields.size() != 4
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line)
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index)
-      || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &write_fd)) {
-    DeathTestAbort("Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: "
-        + GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test));
+  if (fields.size() != 4 || !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[1], &line) ||
+      !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[2], &index) ||
+      !ParseNaturalNumber(fields[3], &write_fd)) {
+    DeathTestAbort("Bad --gtest_internal_run_death_test flag: " +
+                   GTEST_FLAG(internal_run_death_test));
   }
 
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
   return new InternalRunDeathTestFlag(fields[0], line, index, write_fd);
 }
@@ -7867,33 +7716,31 @@
 //
 // Authors: keith.ray@gmail.com (Keith Ray)
 
-
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
-# include <windows.h>
+#  include <windows.h>
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-# include <direct.h>
-# include <io.h>
+#  include <direct.h>
+#  include <io.h>
 #elif GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
 // Symbian OpenC has PATH_MAX in sys/syslimits.h
-# include <sys/syslimits.h>
+#  include <sys/syslimits.h>
 #else
-# include <limits.h>
-# include <climits>  // Some Linux distributions define PATH_MAX here.
-#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  include <limits.h>
+#  include <climits>  // Some Linux distributions define PATH_MAX here.
+#endif                // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-# define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _MAX_PATH
+#  define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _MAX_PATH
 #elif defined(PATH_MAX)
-# define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ PATH_MAX
+#  define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ PATH_MAX
 #elif defined(_XOPEN_PATH_MAX)
-# define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _XOPEN_PATH_MAX
+#  define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _XOPEN_PATH_MAX
 #else
-# define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _POSIX_PATH_MAX
+#  define GTEST_PATH_MAX_ _POSIX_PATH_MAX
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
 
-
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
 
@@ -7906,16 +7753,16 @@
 const char kAlternatePathSeparator = '/';
 const char kPathSeparatorString[] = "\\";
 const char kAlternatePathSeparatorString[] = "/";
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 // Windows CE doesn't have a current directory. You should not use
 // the current directory in tests on Windows CE, but this at least
 // provides a reasonable fallback.
 const char kCurrentDirectoryString[] = "\\";
 // Windows CE doesn't define INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES
 const DWORD kInvalidFileAttributes = 0xffffffff;
-# else
+#  else
 const char kCurrentDirectoryString[] = ".\\";
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
+#  endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 #else
 const char kPathSeparator = '/';
 const char kPathSeparatorString[] = "/";
@@ -7938,10 +7785,10 @@
   // something reasonable.
   return FilePath(kCurrentDirectoryString);
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-  char cwd[GTEST_PATH_MAX_ + 1] = { '\0' };
+  char cwd[GTEST_PATH_MAX_ + 1] = {'\0'};
   return FilePath(_getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) == NULL ? "" : cwd);
 #else
-  char cwd[GTEST_PATH_MAX_ + 1] = { '\0' };
+  char cwd[GTEST_PATH_MAX_ + 1] = {'\0'};
   return FilePath(getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) == NULL ? "" : cwd);
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 }
@@ -7953,8 +7800,8 @@
 FilePath FilePath::RemoveExtension(const char* extension) const {
   const std::string dot_extension = std::string(".") + extension;
   if (String::EndsWithCaseInsensitive(pathname_, dot_extension)) {
-    return FilePath(pathname_.substr(
-        0, pathname_.length() - dot_extension.length()));
+    return FilePath(
+        pathname_.substr(0, pathname_.length() - dot_extension.length()));
   }
   return *this;
 }
@@ -7967,8 +7814,7 @@
 #if GTEST_HAS_ALT_PATH_SEP_
   const char* const last_alt_sep = strrchr(c_str(), kAlternatePathSeparator);
   // Comparing two pointers of which only one is NULL is undefined.
-  if (last_alt_sep != NULL &&
-      (last_sep == NULL || last_alt_sep > last_sep)) {
+  if (last_alt_sep != NULL && (last_sep == NULL || last_alt_sep > last_sep)) {
     return last_alt_sep;
   }
 #endif
@@ -8010,15 +7856,14 @@
 // than zero (e.g., 12), returns "dir/test_12.xml".
 // On Windows platform, uses \ as the separator rather than /.
 FilePath FilePath::MakeFileName(const FilePath& directory,
-                                const FilePath& base_name,
-                                int number,
+                                const FilePath& base_name, int number,
                                 const char* extension) {
   std::string file;
   if (number == 0) {
     file = base_name.string() + "." + extension;
   } else {
-    file = base_name.string() + "_" + StreamableToString(number)
-        + "." + extension;
+    file =
+        base_name.string() + "_" + StreamableToString(number) + "." + extension;
   }
   return ConcatPaths(directory, FilePath(file));
 }
@@ -8027,8 +7872,7 @@
 // On Windows, uses \ as the separator rather than /.
 FilePath FilePath::ConcatPaths(const FilePath& directory,
                                const FilePath& relative_path) {
-  if (directory.IsEmpty())
-    return relative_path;
+  if (directory.IsEmpty()) return relative_path;
   const FilePath dir(directory.RemoveTrailingPathSeparator());
   return FilePath(dir.string() + kPathSeparator + relative_path.string());
 }
@@ -8039,7 +7883,7 @@
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
   LPCWSTR unicode = String::AnsiToUtf16(pathname_.c_str());
   const DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributes(unicode);
-  delete [] unicode;
+  delete[] unicode;
   return attributes != kInvalidFileAttributes;
 #else
   posix::StatStruct file_stat;
@@ -8054,8 +7898,8 @@
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   // Don't strip off trailing separator if path is a root directory on
   // Windows (like "C:\\").
-  const FilePath& path(IsRootDirectory() ? *this :
-                                           RemoveTrailingPathSeparator());
+  const FilePath& path(IsRootDirectory() ? *this
+                                         : RemoveTrailingPathSeparator());
 #else
   const FilePath& path(*this);
 #endif
@@ -8063,15 +7907,15 @@
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
   LPCWSTR unicode = String::AnsiToUtf16(path.c_str());
   const DWORD attributes = GetFileAttributes(unicode);
-  delete [] unicode;
+  delete[] unicode;
   if ((attributes != kInvalidFileAttributes) &&
       (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)) {
     result = true;
   }
 #else
   posix::StatStruct file_stat;
-  result = posix::Stat(path.c_str(), &file_stat) == 0 &&
-      posix::IsDir(file_stat);
+  result =
+      posix::Stat(path.c_str(), &file_stat) == 0 && posix::IsDir(file_stat);
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
   return result;
@@ -8095,10 +7939,9 @@
   const char* const name = pathname_.c_str();
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   return pathname_.length() >= 3 &&
-     ((name[0] >= 'a' && name[0] <= 'z') ||
-      (name[0] >= 'A' && name[0] <= 'Z')) &&
-     name[1] == ':' &&
-     IsPathSeparator(name[2]);
+         ((name[0] >= 'a' && name[0] <= 'z') ||
+          (name[0] >= 'A' && name[0] <= 'Z')) &&
+         name[1] == ':' && IsPathSeparator(name[2]);
 #else
   return IsPathSeparator(name[0]);
 #endif
@@ -8156,7 +7999,7 @@
   FilePath removed_sep(this->RemoveTrailingPathSeparator());
   LPCWSTR unicode = String::AnsiToUtf16(removed_sep.c_str());
   int result = CreateDirectory(unicode, NULL) ? 0 : -1;
-  delete [] unicode;
+  delete[] unicode;
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
   int result = _mkdir(pathname_.c_str());
 #else
@@ -8173,9 +8016,8 @@
 // name, otherwise return the name string unmodified.
 // On Windows platform, uses \ as the separator, other platforms use /.
 FilePath FilePath::RemoveTrailingPathSeparator() const {
-  return IsDirectory()
-      ? FilePath(pathname_.substr(0, pathname_.length() - 1))
-      : *this;
+  return IsDirectory() ? FilePath(pathname_.substr(0, pathname_.length() - 1))
+                       : *this;
 }
 
 // Removes any redundant separators that might be in the pathname.
@@ -8202,8 +8044,7 @@
         *dest_ptr = kPathSeparator;
       }
 #endif
-      while (IsPathSeparator(*src))
-        src++;
+      while (IsPathSeparator(*src)) src++;
     }
     dest_ptr++;
   }
@@ -8245,33 +8086,31 @@
 //
 // Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
 
-
 #include <limits.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 #if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
-# include <windows.h>  // For TerminateProcess()
+#  include <windows.h>  // For TerminateProcess()
 #elif GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-# include <io.h>
-# include <sys/stat.h>
+#  include <io.h>
+#  include <sys/stat.h>
 #else
-# include <unistd.h>
+#  include <unistd.h>
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
 
 #if GTEST_OS_MAC
-# include <mach/mach_init.h>
-# include <mach/task.h>
-# include <mach/vm_map.h>
+#  include <mach/mach_init.h>
+#  include <mach/task.h>
+#  include <mach/vm_map.h>
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_MAC
 
 #if GTEST_OS_QNX
-# include <devctl.h>
-# include <sys/procfs.h>
+#  include <devctl.h>
+#  include <sys/procfs.h>
 #endif  // GTEST_OS_QNX
 
-
 // Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
 // implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
 // included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
@@ -8304,8 +8143,7 @@
   if (status == KERN_SUCCESS) {
     // task_threads allocates resources in thread_list and we need to free them
     // to avoid leaks.
-    vm_deallocate(task,
-                  reinterpret_cast<vm_address_t>(thread_list),
+    vm_deallocate(task, reinterpret_cast<vm_address_t>(thread_list),
                   sizeof(thread_t) * thread_count);
     return static_cast<size_t>(thread_count);
   } else {
@@ -8425,7 +8263,7 @@
 bool IsAsciiWhiteSpace(char ch) { return IsInSet(ch, " \f\n\r\t\v"); }
 bool IsAsciiWordChar(char ch) {
   return ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'z') || ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z') ||
-      ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') || ch == '_';
+         ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9') || ch == '_';
 }
 
 // Returns true iff "\\c" is a supported escape sequence.
@@ -8438,17 +8276,28 @@
 bool AtomMatchesChar(bool escaped, char pattern_char, char ch) {
   if (escaped) {  // "\\p" where p is pattern_char.
     switch (pattern_char) {
-      case 'd': return IsAsciiDigit(ch);
-      case 'D': return !IsAsciiDigit(ch);
-      case 'f': return ch == '\f';
-      case 'n': return ch == '\n';
-      case 'r': return ch == '\r';
-      case 's': return IsAsciiWhiteSpace(ch);
-      case 'S': return !IsAsciiWhiteSpace(ch);
-      case 't': return ch == '\t';
-      case 'v': return ch == '\v';
-      case 'w': return IsAsciiWordChar(ch);
-      case 'W': return !IsAsciiWordChar(ch);
+    case 'd':
+      return IsAsciiDigit(ch);
+    case 'D':
+      return !IsAsciiDigit(ch);
+    case 'f':
+      return ch == '\f';
+    case 'n':
+      return ch == '\n';
+    case 'r':
+      return ch == '\r';
+    case 's':
+      return IsAsciiWhiteSpace(ch);
+    case 'S':
+      return !IsAsciiWhiteSpace(ch);
+    case 't':
+      return ch == '\t';
+    case 'v':
+      return ch == '\v';
+    case 'w':
+      return IsAsciiWordChar(ch);
+    case 'W':
+      return !IsAsciiWordChar(ch);
     }
     return IsAsciiPunct(pattern_char) && pattern_char == ch;
   }
@@ -8459,7 +8308,8 @@
 // Helper function used by ValidateRegex() to format error messages.
 std::string FormatRegexSyntaxError(const char* regex, int index) {
   return (Message() << "Syntax error at index " << index
-          << " in simple regular expression \"" << regex << "\": ").GetString();
+                    << " in simple regular expression \"" << regex << "\": ")
+      .GetString();
 }
 
 // Generates non-fatal failures and returns false if regex is invalid;
@@ -8504,12 +8354,12 @@
                       << "'$' can only appear at the end.";
         is_valid = false;
       } else if (IsInSet(ch, "()[]{}|")) {
-        ADD_FAILURE() << FormatRegexSyntaxError(regex, i)
-                      << "'" << ch << "' is unsupported.";
+        ADD_FAILURE() << FormatRegexSyntaxError(regex, i) << "'" << ch
+                      << "' is unsupported.";
         is_valid = false;
       } else if (IsRepeat(ch) && !prev_repeatable) {
-        ADD_FAILURE() << FormatRegexSyntaxError(regex, i)
-                      << "'" << ch << "' can only follow a repeatable token.";
+        ADD_FAILURE() << FormatRegexSyntaxError(regex, i) << "'" << ch
+                      << "' can only follow a repeatable token.";
         is_valid = false;
       }
 
@@ -8527,12 +8377,10 @@
 // characters to be indexable by size_t, in which case the test will
 // probably time out anyway.  We are fine with this limitation as
 // std::string has it too.
-bool MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead(
-    bool escaped, char c, char repeat, const char* regex,
-    const char* str) {
+bool MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead(bool escaped, char c, char repeat,
+                                   const char* regex, const char* str) {
   const size_t min_count = (repeat == '+') ? 1 : 0;
-  const size_t max_count = (repeat == '?') ? 1 :
-      static_cast<size_t>(-1) - 1;
+  const size_t max_count = (repeat == '?') ? 1 : static_cast<size_t>(-1) - 1;
   // We cannot call numeric_limits::max() as it conflicts with the
   // max() macro on Windows.
 
@@ -8545,8 +8393,7 @@
       // greedy match.
       return true;
     }
-    if (str[i] == '\0' || !AtomMatchesChar(escaped, c, str[i]))
-      return false;
+    if (str[i] == '\0' || !AtomMatchesChar(escaped, c, str[i])) return false;
   }
   return false;
 }
@@ -8560,25 +8407,23 @@
 
   // "$" only matches the end of a string.  Note that regex being
   // valid guarantees that there's nothing after "$" in it.
-  if (*regex == '$')
-    return *str == '\0';
+  if (*regex == '$') return *str == '\0';
 
   // Is the first thing in regex an escape sequence?
   const bool escaped = *regex == '\\';
-  if (escaped)
-    ++regex;
+  if (escaped) ++regex;
   if (IsRepeat(regex[1])) {
     // MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead() calls MatchRegexAtHead(), so
     // here's an indirect recursion.  It terminates as the regex gets
     // shorter in each recursion.
-    return MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead(
-        escaped, regex[0], regex[1], regex + 2, str);
+    return MatchRepetitionAndRegexAtHead(escaped, regex[0], regex[1], regex + 2,
+                                         str);
   } else {
     // regex isn't empty, isn't "$", and doesn't start with a
     // repetition.  We match the first atom of regex with the first
     // character of str and recurse.
     return (*str != '\0') && AtomMatchesChar(escaped, *regex, *str) &&
-        MatchRegexAtHead(regex + 1, str + 1);
+           MatchRegexAtHead(regex + 1, str + 1);
   }
 }
 
@@ -8591,16 +8436,13 @@
 // exponential with respect to the regex length + the string length,
 // but usually it's must faster (often close to linear).
 bool MatchRegexAnywhere(const char* regex, const char* str) {
-  if (regex == NULL || str == NULL)
-    return false;
+  if (regex == NULL || str == NULL) return false;
 
-  if (*regex == '^')
-    return MatchRegexAtHead(regex + 1, str);
+  if (*regex == '^') return MatchRegexAtHead(regex + 1, str);
 
   // A successful match can be anywhere in str.
   do {
-    if (MatchRegexAtHead(regex, str))
-      return true;
+    if (MatchRegexAtHead(regex, str)) return true;
   } while (*str++ != '\0');
   return false;
 }
@@ -8681,8 +8523,8 @@
 // FormatFileLocation in order to contrast the two functions.
 // Note that FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation() does NOT append colon
 // to the file location it produces, unlike FormatFileLocation().
-GTEST_API_ ::std::string FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation(
-    const char* file, int line) {
+GTEST_API_ ::std::string FormatCompilerIndependentFileLocation(const char* file,
+                                                               int line) {
   const std::string file_name(file == NULL ? kUnknownFile : file);
 
   if (line < 0)
@@ -8691,15 +8533,17 @@
     return file_name + ":" + StreamableToString(line);
 }
 
-
 GTestLog::GTestLog(GTestLogSeverity severity, const char* file, int line)
     : severity_(severity) {
   const char* const marker =
-      severity == GTEST_INFO ?    "[  INFO ]" :
-      severity == GTEST_WARNING ? "[WARNING]" :
-      severity == GTEST_ERROR ?   "[ ERROR ]" : "[ FATAL ]";
-  GetStream() << ::std::endl << marker << " "
-              << FormatFileLocation(file, line).c_str() << ": ";
+      severity == GTEST_INFO
+          ? "[  INFO ]"
+          : severity == GTEST_WARNING
+                ? "[WARNING]"
+                : severity == GTEST_ERROR ? "[ ERROR ]" : "[ FATAL ]";
+  GetStream() << ::std::endl
+              << marker << " " << FormatFileLocation(file, line).c_str()
+              << ": ";
 }
 
 // Flushes the buffers and, if severity is GTEST_FATAL, aborts the program.
@@ -8713,8 +8557,8 @@
 // Disable Microsoft deprecation warnings for POSIX functions called from
 // this class (creat, dup, dup2, and close)
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# pragma warning(push)
-# pragma warning(disable: 4996)
+#  pragma warning(push)
+#  pragma warning(disable : 4996)
 #endif  // _MSC_VER
 
 #if GTEST_HAS_STREAM_REDIRECTION
@@ -8724,27 +8568,26 @@
  public:
   // The ctor redirects the stream to a temporary file.
   explicit CapturedStream(int fd) : fd_(fd), uncaptured_fd_(dup(fd)) {
-# if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
-    char temp_dir_path[MAX_PATH + 1] = { '\0' };  // NOLINT
-    char temp_file_path[MAX_PATH + 1] = { '\0' };  // NOLINT
+#  if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+    char temp_dir_path[MAX_PATH + 1] = {'\0'};   // NOLINT
+    char temp_file_path[MAX_PATH + 1] = {'\0'};  // NOLINT
 
     ::GetTempPathA(sizeof(temp_dir_path), temp_dir_path);
-    const UINT success = ::GetTempFileNameA(temp_dir_path,
-                                            "gtest_redir",
+    const UINT success = ::GetTempFileNameA(temp_dir_path, "gtest_redir",
                                             0,  // Generate unique file name.
                                             temp_file_path);
     GTEST_CHECK_(success != 0)
         << "Unable to create a temporary file in " << temp_dir_path;
     const int captured_fd = creat(temp_file_path, _S_IREAD | _S_IWRITE);
-    GTEST_CHECK_(captured_fd != -1) << "Unable to open temporary file "
-                                    << temp_file_path;
+    GTEST_CHECK_(captured_fd != -1)
+        << "Unable to open temporary file " << temp_file_path;
     filename_ = temp_file_path;
-# else
+#  else
     // There's no guarantee that a test has write access to the current
     // directory, so we create the temporary file in the /tmp directory
     // instead. We use /tmp on most systems, and /sdcard on Android.
     // That's because Android doesn't have /tmp.
-#  if GTEST_OS_LINUX_ANDROID
+#    if GTEST_OS_LINUX_ANDROID
     // Note: Android applications are expected to call the framework's
     // Context.getExternalStorageDirectory() method through JNI to get
     // the location of the world-writable SD Card directory. However,
@@ -8760,20 +8603,18 @@
     // other OEM-customized locations. Never rely on these, and always
     // use /sdcard.
     char name_template[] = "/sdcard/gtest_captured_stream.XXXXXX";
-#  else
+#    else
     char name_template[] = "/tmp/captured_stream.XXXXXX";
-#  endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX_ANDROID
+#    endif  // GTEST_OS_LINUX_ANDROID
     const int captured_fd = mkstemp(name_template);
     filename_ = name_template;
-# endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#  endif    // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
     fflush(NULL);
     dup2(captured_fd, fd_);
     close(captured_fd);
   }
 
-  ~CapturedStream() {
-    remove(filename_.c_str());
-  }
+  ~CapturedStream() { remove(filename_.c_str()); }
 
   std::string GetCapturedString() {
     if (uncaptured_fd_ != -1) {
@@ -8824,7 +8665,8 @@
   // Keeps reading the file until we cannot read further or the
   // pre-determined file size is reached.
   do {
-    bytes_last_read = fread(buffer+bytes_read, 1, file_size-bytes_read, file);
+    bytes_last_read =
+        fread(buffer + bytes_read, 1, file_size - bytes_read, file);
     bytes_read += bytes_last_read;
   } while (bytes_last_read > 0 && bytes_read < file_size);
 
@@ -8834,9 +8676,9 @@
   return content;
 }
 
-# ifdef _MSC_VER
-#  pragma warning(pop)
-# endif  // _MSC_VER
+#  ifdef _MSC_VER
+#    pragma warning(pop)
+#  endif  // _MSC_VER
 
 static CapturedStream* g_captured_stderr = NULL;
 static CapturedStream* g_captured_stdout = NULL;
@@ -8888,11 +8730,10 @@
 ::std::vector<testing::internal::string> g_argvs;
 
 static const ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>* g_injected_test_argvs =
-                                        NULL;  // Owned.
+    NULL;  // Owned.
 
 void SetInjectableArgvs(const ::std::vector<testing::internal::string>* argvs) {
-  if (g_injected_test_argvs != argvs)
-    delete g_injected_test_argvs;
+  if (g_injected_test_argvs != argvs) delete g_injected_test_argvs;
   g_injected_test_argvs = argvs;
 }
 
@@ -8955,7 +8796,7 @@
       // LONG_MAX or LONG_MIN when the input overflows.)
       result != long_value
       // The parsed value overflows as an Int32.
-      ) {
+  ) {
     Message msg;
     msg << "WARNING: " << src_text
         << " is expected to be a 32-bit integer, but actually"
@@ -8976,8 +8817,7 @@
 bool BoolFromGTestEnv(const char* flag, bool default_value) {
   const std::string env_var = FlagToEnvVar(flag);
   const char* const string_value = posix::GetEnv(env_var.c_str());
-  return string_value == NULL ?
-      default_value : strcmp(string_value, "0") != 0;
+  return string_value == NULL ? default_value : strcmp(string_value, "0") != 0;
 }
 
 // Reads and returns a 32-bit integer stored in the environment
@@ -8992,8 +8832,8 @@
   }
 
   Int32 result = default_value;
-  if (!ParseInt32(Message() << "Environment variable " << env_var,
-                  string_value, &result)) {
+  if (!ParseInt32(Message() << "Environment variable " << env_var, string_value,
+                  &result)) {
     printf("The default value %s is used.\n",
            (Message() << default_value).GetString().c_str());
     fflush(stdout);
@@ -9105,7 +8945,7 @@
     PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, 0, kChunkSize, os);
     *os << " ... ";
     // Rounds up to 2-byte boundary.
-    const size_t resume_pos = (count - kChunkSize + 1)/2*2;
+    const size_t resume_pos = (count - kChunkSize + 1) / 2 * 2;
     PrintByteSegmentInObjectTo(obj_bytes, resume_pos, count - resume_pos, os);
   }
   *os << ">";
@@ -9134,18 +8974,12 @@
 //   - as is if it's a printable ASCII (e.g. 'a', '2', ' '),
 //   - as a hexidecimal escape sequence (e.g. '\x7F'), or
 //   - as a special escape sequence (e.g. '\r', '\n').
-enum CharFormat {
-  kAsIs,
-  kHexEscape,
-  kSpecialEscape
-};
+enum CharFormat { kAsIs, kHexEscape, kSpecialEscape };
 
 // Returns true if c is a printable ASCII character.  We test the
 // value of c directly instead of calling isprint(), which is buggy on
 // Windows Mobile.
-inline bool IsPrintableAscii(wchar_t c) {
-  return 0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7E;
-}
+inline bool IsPrintableAscii(wchar_t c) { return 0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7E; }
 
 // Prints a wide or narrow char c as a character literal without the
 // quotes, escaping it when necessary; returns how c was formatted.
@@ -9154,44 +8988,44 @@
 template <typename UnsignedChar, typename Char>
 static CharFormat PrintAsCharLiteralTo(Char c, ostream* os) {
   switch (static_cast<wchar_t>(c)) {
-    case L'\0':
-      *os << "\\0";
-      break;
-    case L'\'':
-      *os << "\\'";
-      break;
-    case L'\\':
-      *os << "\\\\";
-      break;
-    case L'\a':
-      *os << "\\a";
-      break;
-    case L'\b':
-      *os << "\\b";
-      break;
-    case L'\f':
-      *os << "\\f";
-      break;
-    case L'\n':
-      *os << "\\n";
-      break;
-    case L'\r':
-      *os << "\\r";
-      break;
-    case L'\t':
-      *os << "\\t";
-      break;
-    case L'\v':
-      *os << "\\v";
-      break;
-    default:
-      if (IsPrintableAscii(c)) {
-        *os << static_cast<char>(c);
-        return kAsIs;
-      } else {
-        *os << "\\x" + String::FormatHexInt(static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c));
-        return kHexEscape;
-      }
+  case L'\0':
+    *os << "\\0";
+    break;
+  case L'\'':
+    *os << "\\'";
+    break;
+  case L'\\':
+    *os << "\\\\";
+    break;
+  case L'\a':
+    *os << "\\a";
+    break;
+  case L'\b':
+    *os << "\\b";
+    break;
+  case L'\f':
+    *os << "\\f";
+    break;
+  case L'\n':
+    *os << "\\n";
+    break;
+  case L'\r':
+    *os << "\\r";
+    break;
+  case L'\t':
+    *os << "\\t";
+    break;
+  case L'\v':
+    *os << "\\v";
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (IsPrintableAscii(c)) {
+      *os << static_cast<char>(c);
+      return kAsIs;
+    } else {
+      *os << "\\x" + String::FormatHexInt(static_cast<UnsignedChar>(c));
+      return kHexEscape;
+    }
   }
   return kSpecialEscape;
 }
@@ -9200,14 +9034,14 @@
 // necessary; returns how c was formatted.
 static CharFormat PrintAsStringLiteralTo(wchar_t c, ostream* os) {
   switch (c) {
-    case L'\'':
-      *os << "'";
-      return kAsIs;
-    case L'"':
-      *os << "\\\"";
-      return kSpecialEscape;
-    default:
-      return PrintAsCharLiteralTo<wchar_t>(c, os);
+  case L'\'':
+    *os << "'";
+    return kAsIs;
+  case L'"':
+    *os << "\\\"";
+    return kSpecialEscape;
+  default:
+    return PrintAsCharLiteralTo<wchar_t>(c, os);
   }
 }
 
@@ -9232,8 +9066,7 @@
   // To aid user debugging, we also print c's code in decimal, unless
   // it's 0 (in which case c was printed as '\\0', making the code
   // obvious).
-  if (c == 0)
-    return;
+  if (c == 0) return;
   *os << " (" << static_cast<int>(c);
 
   // For more convenience, we print c's code again in hexidecimal,
@@ -9256,17 +9089,15 @@
 
 // Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
 // code otherwise and also as its code.  L'\0' is printed as "L'\\0'".
-void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ostream* os) {
-  PrintCharAndCodeTo<wchar_t>(wc, os);
-}
+void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ostream* os) { PrintCharAndCodeTo<wchar_t>(wc, os); }
 
 // Prints the given array of characters to the ostream.  CharType must be either
 // char or wchar_t.
 // The array starts at begin, the length is len, it may include '\0' characters
 // and may not be NUL-terminated.
 template <typename CharType>
-static void PrintCharsAsStringTo(
-    const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
+static void PrintCharsAsStringTo(const CharType* begin, size_t len,
+                                 ostream* os) {
   const char* const kQuoteBegin = sizeof(CharType) == 1 ? "\"" : "L\"";
   *os << kQuoteBegin;
   bool is_previous_hex = false;
@@ -9286,8 +9117,8 @@
 // Prints a (const) char/wchar_t array of 'len' elements, starting at address
 // 'begin'.  CharType must be either char or wchar_t.
 template <typename CharType>
-static void UniversalPrintCharArray(
-    const CharType* begin, size_t len, ostream* os) {
+static void UniversalPrintCharArray(const CharType* begin, size_t len,
+                                    ostream* os) {
   // The code
   //   const char kFoo[] = "foo";
   // generates an array of 4, not 3, elements, with the last one being '\0'.
@@ -9407,7 +9238,6 @@
 //
 // The Google C++ Testing Framework (Google Test)
 
-
 // Indicates that this translation unit is part of Google Test's
 // implementation.  It must come before gtest-internal-inl.h is
 // included, or there will be a compiler error.  This trick is to
@@ -9424,18 +9254,19 @@
 // in it.
 std::string TestPartResult::ExtractSummary(const char* message) {
   const char* const stack_trace = strstr(message, internal::kStackTraceMarker);
-  return stack_trace == NULL ? message :
-      std::string(message, stack_trace);
+  return stack_trace == NULL ? message : std::string(message, stack_trace);
 }
 
 // Prints a TestPartResult object.
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const TestPartResult& result) {
-  return os
-      << result.file_name() << ":" << result.line_number() << ": "
-      << (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess ? "Success" :
-          result.type() == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure ? "Fatal failure" :
-          "Non-fatal failure") << ":\n"
-      << result.message() << std::endl;
+  return os << result.file_name() << ":" << result.line_number() << ": "
+            << (result.type() == TestPartResult::kSuccess
+                    ? "Success"
+                    : result.type() == TestPartResult::kFatalFailure
+                          ? "Fatal failure"
+                          : "Non-fatal failure")
+            << ":\n"
+            << result.message() << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Appends a TestPartResult to the array.
@@ -9462,8 +9293,8 @@
 
 HasNewFatalFailureHelper::HasNewFatalFailureHelper()
     : has_new_fatal_failure_(false),
-      original_reporter_(GetUnitTestImpl()->
-                         GetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread()) {
+      original_reporter_(
+          GetUnitTestImpl()->GetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread()) {
   GetUnitTestImpl()->SetTestPartResultReporterForCurrentThread(this);
 }
 
@@ -9474,8 +9305,7 @@
 
 void HasNewFatalFailureHelper::ReportTestPartResult(
     const TestPartResult& result) {
-  if (result.fatally_failed())
-    has_new_fatal_failure_ = true;
+  if (result.fatally_failed()) has_new_fatal_failure_ = true;
   original_reporter_->ReportTestPartResult(result);
 }
 
@@ -9513,7 +9343,6 @@
 //
 // Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
 
-
 namespace testing {
 namespace internal {
 
@@ -9522,8 +9351,7 @@
 // Skips to the first non-space char in str. Returns an empty string if str
 // contains only whitespace characters.
 static const char* SkipSpaces(const char* str) {
-  while (IsSpace(*str))
-    str++;
+  while (IsSpace(*str)) str++;
   return str;
 }
 
@@ -9551,8 +9379,7 @@
 
     bool found = false;
     for (DefinedTestIter it = defined_test_names_.begin();
-         it != defined_test_names_.end();
-         ++it) {
+         it != defined_test_names_.end(); ++it) {
       if (name == *it) {
         found = true;
         break;
@@ -9568,8 +9395,7 @@
   }
 
   for (DefinedTestIter it = defined_test_names_.begin();
-       it != defined_test_names_.end();
-       ++it) {
+       it != defined_test_names_.end(); ++it) {
     if (tests.count(*it) == 0) {
       errors << "You forgot to list test " << *it << ".\n";
     }
@@ -9667,7 +9493,6 @@
 //
 // This file implements cardinalities.
 
-
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <ostream>  // NOLINT
 #include <sstream>
@@ -9681,8 +9506,7 @@
 class BetweenCardinalityImpl : public CardinalityInterface {
  public:
   BetweenCardinalityImpl(int min, int max)
-      : min_(min >= 0 ? min : 0),
-        max_(max >= min_ ? max : min_) {
+      : min_(min >= 0 ? min : 0), max_(max >= min_ ? max : min_) {
     std::stringstream ss;
     if (min < 0) {
       ss << "The invocation lower bound must be >= 0, "
@@ -9694,8 +9518,7 @@
       internal::Expect(false, __FILE__, __LINE__, ss.str());
     } else if (min > max) {
       ss << "The invocation upper bound (" << max
-         << ") must be >= the invocation lower bound (" << min
-         << ").";
+         << ") must be >= the invocation lower bound (" << min << ").";
       internal::Expect(false, __FILE__, __LINE__, ss.str());
     }
   }
@@ -9822,7 +9645,6 @@
 // Mock.  They are subject to change without notice, so please DO NOT
 // USE THEM IN USER CODE.
 
-
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <ostream>  // NOLINT
 #include <string>
@@ -9841,12 +9663,11 @@
     // We don't care about the current locale as the input is
     // guaranteed to be a valid C++ identifier name.
     const bool starts_new_word = IsUpper(*p) ||
-        (!IsAlpha(prev_char) && IsLower(*p)) ||
-        (!IsDigit(prev_char) && IsDigit(*p));
+                                 (!IsAlpha(prev_char) && IsLower(*p)) ||
+                                 (!IsDigit(prev_char) && IsDigit(*p));
 
     if (IsAlNum(*p)) {
-      if (starts_new_word && result != "")
-        result += ' ';
+      if (starts_new_word && result != "") result += ' ';
       result += ToLower(*p);
     }
   }
@@ -9860,12 +9681,9 @@
  public:
   virtual void ReportFailure(FailureType type, const char* file, int line,
                              const string& message) {
-    AssertHelper(type == kFatal ?
-                 TestPartResult::kFatalFailure :
-                 TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
-                 file,
-                 line,
-                 message.c_str()) = Message();
+    AssertHelper(type == kFatal ? TestPartResult::kFatalFailure
+                                : TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
+                 file, line, message.c_str()) = Message();
     if (type == kFatal) {
       posix::Abort();
     }
@@ -9911,11 +9729,9 @@
 // stack_frames_to_skip is treated as 0, since we don't know which
 // function calls will be inlined by the compiler and need to be
 // conservative.
-GTEST_API_ void Log(LogSeverity severity,
-                    const string& message,
+GTEST_API_ void Log(LogSeverity severity, const string& message,
                     int stack_frames_to_skip) {
-  if (!LogIsVisible(severity))
-    return;
+  if (!LogIsVisible(severity)) return;
 
   // Ensures that logs from different threads don't interleave.
   MutexLock l(&g_log_mutex);
@@ -9947,8 +9763,8 @@
       std::cout << "\n";
     }
     std::cout << "Stack trace:\n"
-         << ::testing::internal::GetCurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop(
-             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance(), actual_to_skip);
+              << ::testing::internal::GetCurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop(
+                     ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance(), actual_to_skip);
   }
   std::cout << ::std::flush;
 }
@@ -9991,7 +9807,6 @@
 // This file implements Matcher<const string&>, Matcher<string>, and
 // utilities for defining matchers.
 
-
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
@@ -10038,9 +9853,7 @@
 }
 
 // Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
-  *this = Eq(s);
-}
+Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
 
 // Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
 Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const char* s) {
@@ -10048,9 +9861,7 @@
 }
 
 // Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
-Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(StringPiece s) {
-  *this = Eq(s.ToString());
-}
+Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(StringPiece s) { *this = Eq(s.ToString()); }
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
 
 namespace internal {
@@ -10059,18 +9870,18 @@
 // the joined string.
 GTEST_API_ string JoinAsTuple(const Strings& fields) {
   switch (fields.size()) {
-    case 0:
-      return "";
-    case 1:
-      return fields[0];
-    default:
-      string result = "(" + fields[0];
-      for (size_t i = 1; i < fields.size(); i++) {
-        result += ", ";
-        result += fields[i];
-      }
-      result += ")";
-      return result;
+  case 0:
+    return "";
+  case 1:
+    return fields[0];
+  default:
+    string result = "(" + fields[0];
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < fields.size(); i++) {
+      result += ", ";
+      result += fields[i];
+    }
+    result += ")";
+    return result;
   }
 }
 
@@ -10083,8 +9894,7 @@
                                            const char* matcher_name,
                                            const Strings& param_values) {
   string result = ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(matcher_name);
-  if (param_values.size() >= 1)
-    result += " " + JoinAsTuple(param_values);
+  if (param_values.size() >= 1) result += " " + JoinAsTuple(param_values);
   return negation ? "not (" + result + ")" : result;
 }
 
@@ -10155,8 +9965,7 @@
   explicit MaxBipartiteMatchState(const MatchMatrix& graph)
       : graph_(&graph),
         left_(graph_->LhsSize(), kUnused),
-        right_(graph_->RhsSize(), kUnused) {
-  }
+        right_(graph_->RhsSize(), kUnused) {}
 
   // Returns the edges of a maximal match, each in the form {left, right}.
   ElementMatcherPairs Compute() {
@@ -10213,10 +10022,8 @@
   //
   bool TryAugment(size_t ilhs, ::std::vector<char>* seen) {
     for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < graph_->RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
-      if ((*seen)[irhs])
-        continue;
-      if (!graph_->HasEdge(ilhs, irhs))
-        continue;
+      if ((*seen)[irhs]) continue;
+      if (!graph_->HasEdge(ilhs, irhs)) continue;
       // There's an available edge from ilhs to irhs.
       (*seen)[irhs] = 1;
       // Next a search is performed to determine whether
@@ -10259,8 +10066,7 @@
 
 const size_t MaxBipartiteMatchState::kUnused;
 
-GTEST_API_ ElementMatcherPairs
-FindMaxBipartiteMatching(const MatchMatrix& g) {
+GTEST_API_ ElementMatcherPairs FindMaxBipartiteMatching(const MatchMatrix& g) {
   return MaxBipartiteMatchState(g).Compute();
 }
 
@@ -10269,7 +10075,7 @@
   typedef ElementMatcherPairs::const_iterator Iter;
   ::std::ostream& os = *stream;
   os << "{";
-  const char *sep = "";
+  const char* sep = "";
   for (Iter it = pairs.begin(); it != pairs.end(); ++it) {
     os << sep << "\n  ("
        << "element #" << it->first << ", "
@@ -10300,7 +10106,7 @@
 
   if (matches.size() > 1) {
     if (listener->IsInterested()) {
-      const char *sep = "where:\n";
+      const char* sep = "where:\n";
       for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matches.size(); ++mi) {
         *listener << sep << " - element #" << matches[mi].first
                   << " is matched by matcher #" << matches[mi].second;
@@ -10336,7 +10142,7 @@
 
 string MatchMatrix::DebugString() const {
   ::std::stringstream ss;
-  const char *sep = "";
+  const char* sep = "";
   for (size_t i = 0; i < LhsSize(); ++i) {
     ss << sep;
     for (size_t j = 0; j < RhsSize(); ++j) {
@@ -10375,8 +10181,8 @@
     return;
   }
   if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
-    *os << "doesn't have " << Elements(1)
-        << ", or has " << Elements(1) << " that ";
+    *os << "doesn't have " << Elements(1) << ", or has " << Elements(1)
+        << " that ";
     matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeNegationTo(os);
     return;
   }
@@ -10396,10 +10202,9 @@
 // Returns false, writing an explanation to 'listener', if and only
 // if the success criteria are not met.
 bool UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::
-VerifyAllElementsAndMatchersAreMatched(
-    const ::std::vector<string>& element_printouts,
-    const MatchMatrix& matrix,
-    MatchResultListener* listener) const {
+    VerifyAllElementsAndMatchersAreMatched(
+        const ::std::vector<string>& element_printouts,
+        const MatchMatrix& matrix, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
   bool result = true;
   ::std::vector<char> element_matched(matrix.LhsSize(), 0);
   ::std::vector<char> matcher_matched(matrix.RhsSize(), 0);
@@ -10416,8 +10221,7 @@
     const char* sep =
         "where the following matchers don't match any elements:\n";
     for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matcher_matched.size(); ++mi) {
-      if (matcher_matched[mi])
-        continue;
+      if (matcher_matched[mi]) continue;
       result = false;
       if (listener->IsInterested()) {
         *listener << sep << "matcher #" << mi << ": ";
@@ -10435,8 +10239,7 @@
       outer_sep = "\nand ";
     }
     for (size_t ei = 0; ei < element_matched.size(); ++ei) {
-      if (element_matched[ei])
-        continue;
+      if (element_matched[ei]) continue;
       result = false;
       if (listener->IsInterested()) {
         *listener << outer_sep << sep << "element #" << ei << ": "
@@ -10487,7 +10290,6 @@
 // This file implements the spec builder syntax (ON_CALL and
 // EXPECT_CALL).
 
-
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <iostream>  // NOLINT
 #include <map>
@@ -10495,7 +10297,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #if GTEST_OS_CYGWIN || GTEST_OS_LINUX || GTEST_OS_MAC
-# include <unistd.h>  // NOLINT
+#  include <unistd.h>  // NOLINT
 #endif
 
 namespace testing {
@@ -10515,8 +10317,7 @@
 }
 
 // Constructs an ExpectationBase object.
-ExpectationBase::ExpectationBase(const char* a_file,
-                                 int a_line,
+ExpectationBase::ExpectationBase(const char* a_file, int a_line,
                                  const string& a_source_text)
     : file_(a_file),
       line_(a_line),
@@ -10609,11 +10410,12 @@
 
   // Describes the state of the expectation (e.g. is it satisfied?
   // is it active?).
-  *os << " - " << (IsOverSaturated() ? "over-saturated" :
-                   IsSaturated() ? "saturated" :
-                   IsSatisfied() ? "satisfied" : "unsatisfied")
-      << " and "
-      << (is_retired() ? "retired" : "active");
+  *os << " - "
+      << (IsOverSaturated()
+              ? "over-saturated"
+              : IsSaturated() ? "saturated"
+                              : IsSatisfied() ? "satisfied" : "unsatisfied")
+      << " and " << (is_retired() ? "retired" : "active");
 }
 
 // Checks the action count (i.e. the number of WillOnce() and
@@ -10656,13 +10458,12 @@
 
     ::std::stringstream ss;
     DescribeLocationTo(&ss);
-    ss << "Too " << (too_many ? "many" : "few")
-       << " actions specified in " << source_text() << "...\n"
+    ss << "Too " << (too_many ? "many" : "few") << " actions specified in "
+       << source_text() << "...\n"
        << "Expected to be ";
     cardinality().DescribeTo(&ss);
-    ss << ", but has " << (too_many ? "" : "only ")
-       << action_count << " WillOnce()"
-       << (action_count == 1 ? "" : "s");
+    ss << ", but has " << (too_many ? "" : "only ") << action_count
+       << " WillOnce()" << (action_count == 1 ? "" : "s");
     if (repeated_action_specified_) {
       ss << " and a WillRepeatedly()";
     }
@@ -10696,14 +10497,14 @@
 // manner specified by 'reaction'.
 void ReportUninterestingCall(CallReaction reaction, const string& msg) {
   switch (reaction) {
-    case kAllow:
-      Log(kInfo, msg, 3);
-      break;
-    case kWarn:
-      Log(kWarning, msg, 3);
-      break;
-    default:  // FAIL
-      Expect(false, NULL, -1, msg);
+  case kAllow:
+    Log(kInfo, msg, 3);
+    break;
+  case kWarn:
+    Log(kWarning, msg, 3);
+    break;
+  default:  // FAIL
+    Expect(false, NULL, -1, msg);
   }
 }
 
@@ -10796,12 +10597,14 @@
         // If the user allows this uninteresting call, we print it
         // only when he wants informational messages.
         reaction == kAllow ? LogIsVisible(kInfo) :
-        // If the user wants this to be a warning, we print it only
-        // when he wants to see warnings.
-        reaction == kWarn ? LogIsVisible(kWarning) :
-        // Otherwise, the user wants this to be an error, and we
-        // should always print detailed information in the error.
-        true;
+                           // If the user wants this to be a warning, we print
+                           // it only when he wants to see warnings.
+            reaction == kWarn
+                ? LogIsVisible(kWarning)
+                :
+                // Otherwise, the user wants this to be an error, and we
+                // should always print detailed information in the error.
+                true;
 
     if (!need_to_report_uninteresting_call) {
       // Perform the action without printing the call information.
@@ -10817,8 +10620,7 @@
         this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str());
 
     // Prints the function result.
-    if (result != NULL)
-      result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
+    if (result != NULL) result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
 
     ReportUninterestingCall(reaction, ss.str());
     return result;
@@ -10833,9 +10635,8 @@
   // The UntypedFindMatchingExpectation() function acquires and
   // releases g_gmock_mutex.
   const ExpectationBase* const untyped_expectation =
-      this->UntypedFindMatchingExpectation(
-          untyped_args, &untyped_action, &is_excessive,
-          &ss, &why);
+      this->UntypedFindMatchingExpectation(untyped_args, &untyped_action,
+                                           &is_excessive, &ss, &why);
   const bool found = untyped_expectation != NULL;
 
   // True iff we need to print the call's arguments and return value.
@@ -10845,10 +10646,9 @@
       !found || is_excessive || LogIsVisible(kInfo);
   if (!need_to_report_call) {
     // Perform the action without printing the call information.
-    return
-        untyped_action == NULL ?
-        this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "") :
-        this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
+    return untyped_action == NULL
+               ? this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "")
+               : this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
   }
 
   ss << "    Function call: " << Name();
@@ -10861,11 +10661,10 @@
   }
 
   const UntypedActionResultHolderBase* const result =
-      untyped_action == NULL ?
-      this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str()) :
-      this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
-  if (result != NULL)
-    result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
+      untyped_action == NULL
+          ? this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str())
+          : this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
+  if (result != NULL) result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
   ss << "\n" << why.str();
 
   if (!found) {
@@ -10873,8 +10672,8 @@
     Expect(false, NULL, -1, ss.str());
   } else if (is_excessive) {
     // We had an upper-bound violation and the failure message is in ss.
-    Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(),
-           untyped_expectation->line(), ss.str());
+    Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(), untyped_expectation->line(),
+           ss.str());
   } else {
     // We had an expected call and the matching expectation is
     // described in ss.
@@ -10887,8 +10686,7 @@
 // Returns an Expectation object that references and co-owns exp,
 // which must be an expectation on this mock function.
 Expectation UntypedFunctionMockerBase::GetHandleOf(ExpectationBase* exp) {
-  for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it =
-           untyped_expectations_.begin();
+  for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it = untyped_expectations_.begin();
        it != untyped_expectations_.end(); ++it) {
     if (it->get() == exp) {
       return Expectation(*it);
@@ -10908,8 +10706,7 @@
     GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
   g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
   bool expectations_met = true;
-  for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it =
-           untyped_expectations_.begin();
+  for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it = untyped_expectations_.begin();
        it != untyped_expectations_.end(); ++it) {
     ExpectationBase* const untyped_expectation = it->get();
     if (untyped_expectation->IsOverSaturated()) {
@@ -10920,15 +10717,15 @@
     } else if (!untyped_expectation->IsSatisfied()) {
       expectations_met = false;
       ::std::stringstream ss;
-      ss  << "Actual function call count doesn't match "
-          << untyped_expectation->source_text() << "...\n";
+      ss << "Actual function call count doesn't match "
+         << untyped_expectation->source_text() << "...\n";
       // No need to show the source file location of the expectation
       // in the description, as the Expect() call that follows already
       // takes care of it.
       untyped_expectation->MaybeDescribeExtraMatcherTo(&ss);
       untyped_expectation->DescribeCallCountTo(&ss);
-      Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(),
-             untyped_expectation->line(), ss.str());
+      Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(), untyped_expectation->line(),
+             ss.str());
     }
   }
 
@@ -10970,7 +10767,7 @@
   int first_used_line;
   ::std::string first_used_test_case;
   ::std::string first_used_test;
-  bool leakable;  // true iff it's OK to leak the object.
+  bool leakable;                     // true iff it's OK to leak the object.
   FunctionMockers function_mockers;  // All registered methods of the object.
 };
 
@@ -10991,8 +10788,7 @@
     // "using ::std::cout;" doesn't work with Symbian's STLport, where cout is
     // a macro.
 
-    if (!GMOCK_FLAG(catch_leaked_mocks))
-      return;
+    if (!GMOCK_FLAG(catch_leaked_mocks)) return;
 
     int leaked_count = 0;
     for (StateMap::const_iterator it = states_.begin(); it != states_.end();
@@ -11009,16 +10805,16 @@
       std::cout << " ERROR: this mock object";
       if (state.first_used_test != "") {
         std::cout << " (used in test " << state.first_used_test_case << "."
-             << state.first_used_test << ")";
+                  << state.first_used_test << ")";
       }
       std::cout << " should be deleted but never is. Its address is @"
-           << it->first << ".";
+                << it->first << ".";
       leaked_count++;
     }
     if (leaked_count > 0) {
-      std::cout << "\nERROR: " << leaked_count
-           << " leaked mock " << (leaked_count == 1 ? "object" : "objects")
-           << " found at program exit.\n";
+      std::cout << "\nERROR: " << leaked_count << " leaked mock "
+                << (leaked_count == 1 ? "object" : "objects")
+                << " found at program exit.\n";
       std::cout.flush();
       ::std::cerr.flush();
       // RUN_ALL_TESTS() has already returned when this destructor is
@@ -11085,11 +10881,11 @@
 // Returns the reaction Google Mock will have on uninteresting calls
 // made on the given mock object.
 internal::CallReaction Mock::GetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(
-    const void* mock_obj)
-        GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
+    const void* mock_obj) GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
   internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
-  return (g_uninteresting_call_reaction.count(mock_obj) == 0) ?
-      internal::kDefault : g_uninteresting_call_reaction[mock_obj];
+  return (g_uninteresting_call_reaction.count(mock_obj) == 0)
+             ? internal::kDefault
+             : g_uninteresting_call_reaction[mock_obj];
 }
 
 // Tells Google Mock to ignore mock_obj when checking for leaked mock
@@ -11234,8 +11030,8 @@
 void Sequence::AddExpectation(const Expectation& expectation) const {
   if (*last_expectation_ != expectation) {
     if (last_expectation_->expectation_base() != NULL) {
-      expectation.expectation_base()->immediate_prerequisites_
-          += *last_expectation_;
+      expectation.expectation_base()->immediate_prerequisites_ +=
+          *last_expectation_;
     }
     *last_expectation_ = expectation;
   }
@@ -11292,7 +11088,6 @@
 //
 // Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
 
-
 namespace testing {
 
 // TODO(wan@google.com): support using environment variables to
@@ -11316,8 +11111,7 @@
 // "=value" part can be omitted.
 //
 // Returns the value of the flag, or NULL if the parsing failed.
-static const char* ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(const char* str,
-                                            const char* flag,
+static const char* ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(const char* str, const char* flag,
                                             bool def_optional) {
   // str and flag must not be NULL.
   if (str == NULL || flag == NULL) return NULL;
diff --git a/test/grisu-test.cc b/test/grisu-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79a1319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/grisu-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - Grisu tests
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "gtest.h"
+
+static bool reported_skipped;
+
+#undef TEST
+#define TEST(test_fixture, test_name)        \
+  void test_fixture##test_name();            \
+  GTEST_TEST(test_fixture, test_name) {      \
+    if (FMT_USE_GRISU) {                     \
+      test_fixture##test_name();             \
+    } else if (!reported_skipped) {          \
+      reported_skipped = true;               \
+      fmt::print("Skipping Grisu tests.\n"); \
+    }                                        \
+  }                                          \
+  void test_fixture##test_name()
+
+TEST(GrisuTest, NaN) {
+  auto nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+  EXPECT_EQ("nan", fmt::format("{}", nan));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-nan", fmt::format("{}", -nan));
+}
+
+TEST(GrisuTest, Inf) {
+  auto inf = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
+  EXPECT_EQ("inf", fmt::format("{}", inf));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-inf", fmt::format("{}", -inf));
+}
+
+TEST(GrisuTest, Zero) { EXPECT_EQ("0.0", fmt::format("{}", 0.0)); }
+
+TEST(GrisuTest, Round) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.9156918820264798e-56",
+            fmt::format("{}", 1.9156918820264798e-56));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.0000", fmt::format("{:.4f}", 7.2809479766055470e-15));
+}
+
+TEST(GrisuTest, Prettify) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.0001", fmt::format("{}", 1e-4));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1e-05", fmt::format("{}", 1e-5));
+  EXPECT_EQ("9.999e-05", fmt::format("{}", 9.999e-5));
+  EXPECT_EQ("10000000000.0", fmt::format("{}", 1e10));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1e+11", fmt::format("{}", 1e11));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12340000000.0", fmt::format("{}", 1234e7));
+  EXPECT_EQ("12.34", fmt::format("{}", 1234e-2));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.001234", fmt::format("{}", 1234e-6));
+}
+
+TEST(GrisuTest, ZeroPrecision) { EXPECT_EQ("1", fmt::format("{:.0}", 1.0)); }
diff --git a/test/gtest-extra-test.cc b/test/gtest-extra-test.cc
index 43088db..3f8fd5e 100644
--- a/test/gtest-extra-test.cc
+++ b/test/gtest-extra-test.cc
@@ -7,23 +7,22 @@
 
 #include "gtest-extra.h"
 
-#include <cstring>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <stdexcept>
 #include <gtest/gtest-spi.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
-# include <crtdbg.h>  // for _CrtSetReportMode
-#endif  // _WIN32
+#  include <crtdbg.h>  // for _CrtSetReportMode
+#endif                 // _WIN32
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-using testing::internal::scoped_ptr;
-
 namespace {
 
 // This is used to suppress coverity warnings about untrusted values.
-std::string sanitize(const std::string &s) {
+std::string sanitize(const std::string& s) {
   std::string result;
   for (std::string::const_iterator i = s.begin(), end = s.end(); i != end; ++i)
     result.push_back(static_cast<char>(*i & 0xff));
@@ -53,11 +52,9 @@
 
 void do_nothing() {}
 
-void throw_exception() {
-  throw std::runtime_error("test");
-}
+FMT_NORETURN void throw_exception() { throw std::runtime_error("test"); }
 
-void throw_system_error() {
+FMT_NORETURN void throw_system_error() {
   throw fmt::system_error(EDOM, "test");
 }
 
@@ -72,43 +69,50 @@
 // Tests that when EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR fails, it evaluates its message argument
 // exactly once.
 TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, FailedEXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR) {
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
-      EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(throw_system_error(), EDOM, p_++), "01234");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(throw_system_error(), EDOM, p_++),
+                          "01234");
   EXPECT_EQ(s_ + 1, p_);
 }
 
 // Tests that when EXPECT_WRITE fails, it evaluates its message argument
 // exactly once.
 TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, FailedEXPECT_WRITE) {
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
-      EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), p_++), "01234");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), p_++),
+                          "01234");
   EXPECT_EQ(s_ + 1, p_);
 }
 
 // Tests that assertion arguments are evaluated exactly once.
 TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, ExceptionTests) {
   // successful EXPECT_THROW_MSG
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG({  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    throw_exception();
-  }, std::exception, (b_++, "test"));
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
+      {  // NOLINT
+        a_++;
+        throw_exception();
+      },
+      std::exception, (b_++, "test"));
   EXPECT_EQ(1, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(1, b_);
 
   // failed EXPECT_THROW_MSG, throws different type
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG({  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    throw_exception();
-  }, std::logic_error, (b_++, "test")), "throws a different type");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
+                              {  // NOLINT
+                                a_++;
+                                throw_exception();
+                              },
+                              std::logic_error, (b_++, "test")),
+                          "throws a different type");
   EXPECT_EQ(2, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(2, b_);
 
   // failed EXPECT_THROW_MSG, throws an exception with different message
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG({  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    throw_exception();
-  }, std::exception, (b_++, "other")),
-      "throws an exception with a different message");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
+                              {  // NOLINT
+                                a_++;
+                                throw_exception();
+                              },
+                              std::exception, (b_++, "other")),
+                          "throws an exception with a different message");
   EXPECT_EQ(3, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(3, b_);
 
@@ -121,33 +125,40 @@
 
 TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, SystemErrorTests) {
   // successful EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR({  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    throw_system_error();
-  }, EDOM, (b_++, "test"));
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
+      {  // NOLINT
+        a_++;
+        throw_system_error();
+      },
+      EDOM, (b_++, "test"));
   EXPECT_EQ(1, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(1, b_);
 
   // failed EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR, throws different type
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR({  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    throw_exception();
-  }, EDOM, (b_++, "test")), "throws a different type");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
+                              {  // NOLINT
+                                a_++;
+                                throw_exception();
+                              },
+                              EDOM, (b_++, "test")),
+                          "throws a different type");
   EXPECT_EQ(2, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(2, b_);
 
   // failed EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR, throws an exception with different message
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR({  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    throw_system_error();
-  }, EDOM, (b_++, "other")),
-      "throws an exception with a different message");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
+                              {  // NOLINT
+                                a_++;
+                                throw_system_error();
+                              },
+                              EDOM, (b_++, "other")),
+                          "throws an exception with a different message");
   EXPECT_EQ(3, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(3, b_);
 
   // failed EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR, throws nothing
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
-      EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(a_++, EDOM, (b_++, "test")), "throws nothing");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(a_++, EDOM, (b_++, "test")),
+                          "throws nothing");
   EXPECT_EQ(4, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(4, b_);
 }
@@ -155,18 +166,23 @@
 // Tests that assertion arguments are evaluated exactly once.
 TEST_F(SingleEvaluationTest, WriteTests) {
   // successful EXPECT_WRITE
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, {  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    std::printf("test");
-  }, (b_++, "test"));
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
+               {  // NOLINT
+                 a_++;
+                 std::printf("test");
+               },
+               (b_++, "test"));
   EXPECT_EQ(1, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(1, b_);
 
   // failed EXPECT_WRITE
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, {  // NOLINT
-    a_++;
-    std::printf("test");
-  }, (b_++, "other")), "Actual: test");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
+                                       {  // NOLINT
+                                         a_++;
+                                         std::printf("test");
+                                       },
+                                       (b_++, "other")),
+                          "Actual: test");
   EXPECT_EQ(2, a_);
   EXPECT_EQ(2, b_);
 }
@@ -179,8 +195,8 @@
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(throw runtime_error(""), runtime_error, "");
   EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG(n++, runtime_error, ""), "");
   EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG(throw 1, runtime_error, ""), "");
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
-      throw runtime_error("a"), runtime_error, "b"), "");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
+      EXPECT_THROW_MSG(throw runtime_error("a"), runtime_error, "b"), "");
 }
 
 // Tests that the compiler will not complain about unreachable code in the
@@ -190,8 +206,9 @@
   EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(throw fmt::system_error(EDOM, "test"), EDOM, "test");
   EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(n++, EDOM, ""), "");
   EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(throw 1, EDOM, ""), "");
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
-      throw fmt::system_error(EDOM, "aaa"), EDOM, "bbb"), "");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
+      EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(throw fmt::system_error(EDOM, "aaa"), EDOM, "bbb"),
+      "");
 }
 
 TEST(AssertionSyntaxTest, ExceptionAssertionBehavesLikeSingleStatement) {
@@ -268,10 +285,9 @@
   EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, do_nothing(), "");
   EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), "test");
   EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, std::fprintf(stderr, "test"), "test");
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
-      EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("that"), "this"),
-      "Expected: this\n"
-      "  Actual: that");
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("that"), "this"),
+                          "Expected: this\n"
+                          "  Actual: that");
 }
 
 TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, EXPECT_THROW_MSG) {
@@ -279,7 +295,8 @@
       << "unexpected failure";
   EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
       EXPECT_THROW_MSG(throw_exception(), std::exception, "other")
-      << "expected failure", "expected failure");
+          << "expected failure",
+      "expected failure");
 }
 
 TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR) {
@@ -287,15 +304,15 @@
       << "unexpected failure";
   EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
       EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(throw_system_error(), EDOM, "other")
-      << "expected failure", "expected failure");
+          << "expected failure",
+      "expected failure");
 }
 
 TEST(StreamingAssertionsTest, EXPECT_WRITE) {
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), "test")
-      << "unexpected failure";
-  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
-      EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), "other")
-      << "expected failure", "expected failure");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), "test") << "unexpected failure";
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, std::printf("test"), "other")
+                              << "expected failure",
+                          "expected failure");
 }
 
 TEST(UtilTest, FormatSystemError) {
@@ -340,10 +357,10 @@
   // Put a character in a file buffer.
   EXPECT_EQ('x', fputc('x', f.get()));
   FMT_POSIX(close(write_fd));
-  scoped_ptr<OutputRedirect> redir{FMT_NULL};
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(redir.reset(new OutputRedirect(f.get())),
-      EBADF, "cannot flush stream");
-  redir.reset(FMT_NULL);
+  std::unique_ptr<OutputRedirect> redir{nullptr};
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(redir.reset(new OutputRedirect(f.get())), EBADF,
+                               "cannot flush stream");
+  redir.reset(nullptr);
   write_copy.dup2(write_fd);  // "undo" close or dtor will fail
 }
 
@@ -352,9 +369,10 @@
   int fd = (f.fileno)();
   file copy = file::dup(fd);
   FMT_POSIX(close(fd));
-  scoped_ptr<OutputRedirect> redir{FMT_NULL};
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(redir.reset(new OutputRedirect(f.get())),
-      EBADF, fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", fd));
+  std::unique_ptr<OutputRedirect> redir{nullptr};
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(
+      redir.reset(new OutputRedirect(f.get())), EBADF,
+      fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", fd));
   copy.dup2(fd);  // "undo" close or dtor will fail
 }
 
@@ -383,8 +401,8 @@
   // Put a character in a file buffer.
   EXPECT_EQ('x', fputc('x', f.get()));
   FMT_POSIX(close(write_fd));
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(redir.restore_and_read(),
-      EBADF, "cannot flush stream");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(redir.restore_and_read(), EBADF,
+                               "cannot flush stream");
   write_copy.dup2(write_fd);  // "undo" close or dtor will fail
 }
 
@@ -394,18 +412,20 @@
   int write_fd = write_end.descriptor();
   file write_copy = write_end.dup(write_fd);
   buffered_file f = write_end.fdopen("w");
-  scoped_ptr<OutputRedirect> redir(new OutputRedirect(f.get()));
+  std::unique_ptr<OutputRedirect> redir(new OutputRedirect(f.get()));
   // Put a character in a file buffer.
   EXPECT_EQ('x', fputc('x', f.get()));
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, {
-      // The close function must be called inside EXPECT_WRITE, otherwise
-      // the system may recycle closed file descriptor when redirecting the
-      // output in EXPECT_STDERR and the second close will break output
-      // redirection.
-      FMT_POSIX(close(write_fd));
-      SUPPRESS_ASSERT(redir.reset(FMT_NULL));
-  }, format_system_error(EBADF, "cannot flush stream"));
-  write_copy.dup2(write_fd); // "undo" close or dtor of buffered_file will fail
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
+               {
+                 // The close function must be called inside EXPECT_WRITE,
+                 // otherwise the system may recycle closed file descriptor when
+                 // redirecting the output in EXPECT_STDERR and the second close
+                 // will break output redirection.
+                 FMT_POSIX(close(write_fd));
+                 SUPPRESS_ASSERT(redir.reset(nullptr));
+               },
+               format_system_error(EBADF, "cannot flush stream"));
+  write_copy.dup2(write_fd);  // "undo" close or dtor of buffered_file will fail
 }
 
 #endif  // FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
diff --git a/test/gtest-extra.cc b/test/gtest-extra.cc
index 2e5ea3e..ae89e71 100644
--- a/test/gtest-extra.cc
+++ b/test/gtest-extra.cc
@@ -12,25 +12,23 @@
 using fmt::file;
 
 void OutputRedirect::flush() {
-#if EOF != -1
-# error "FMT_RETRY assumes return value of -1 indicating failure"
-#endif
+#  if EOF != -1
+#    error "FMT_RETRY assumes return value of -1 indicating failure"
+#  endif
   int result = 0;
   FMT_RETRY(result, fflush(file_));
-  if (result != 0)
-    throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot flush stream");
+  if (result != 0) throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot flush stream");
 }
 
 void OutputRedirect::restore() {
-  if (original_.descriptor() == -1)
-    return;  // Already restored.
+  if (original_.descriptor() == -1) return;  // Already restored.
   flush();
   // Restore the original file.
   original_.dup2(FMT_POSIX(fileno(file_)));
   original_.close();
 }
 
-OutputRedirect::OutputRedirect(FILE *f) : file_(f) {
+OutputRedirect::OutputRedirect(FILE* f) : file_(f) {
   flush();
   int fd = FMT_POSIX(fileno(f));
   // Create a file object referring to the original file.
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@
 OutputRedirect::~OutputRedirect() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
   try {
     restore();
-  } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+  } catch (const std::exception& e) {
     std::fputs(e.what(), stderr);
   }
 }
@@ -56,8 +54,7 @@
 
   // Read everything from the pipe.
   std::string content;
-  if (read_end_.descriptor() == -1)
-    return content;  // Already read.
+  if (read_end_.descriptor() == -1) return content;  // Already read.
   enum { BUFFER_SIZE = 4096 };
   char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
   std::size_t count = 0;
@@ -69,7 +66,7 @@
   return content;
 }
 
-std::string read(file &f, std::size_t count) {
+std::string read(file& f, std::size_t count) {
   std::string buffer(count, '\0');
   std::size_t n = 0, offset = 0;
   do {
diff --git a/test/gtest-extra.h b/test/gtest-extra.h
index 61e262e..4a69336 100644
--- a/test/gtest-extra.h
+++ b/test/gtest-extra.h
@@ -14,58 +14,56 @@
 #include "fmt/core.h"
 
 #ifndef FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
-# define FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS 0
+#  define FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS 0
 #endif
 
 #if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
-# include "fmt/posix.h"
+#  include "fmt/posix.h"
 #endif
 
 #define FMT_TEST_THROW_(statement, expected_exception, expected_message, fail) \
-  GTEST_AMBIGUOUS_ELSE_BLOCKER_ \
-  if (::testing::AssertionResult gtest_ar = ::testing::AssertionSuccess()) { \
-    std::string gtest_expected_message = expected_message; \
-    bool gtest_caught_expected = false; \
-    try { \
-      GTEST_SUPPRESS_UNREACHABLE_CODE_WARNING_BELOW_(statement); \
-    } \
-    catch (expected_exception const& e) { \
-      if (gtest_expected_message != e.what()) { \
-        gtest_ar \
-          << #statement " throws an exception with a different message.\n" \
-          << "Expected: " << gtest_expected_message << "\n" \
-          << "  Actual: " << e.what(); \
-        goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__); \
-      } \
-      gtest_caught_expected = true; \
-    } \
-    catch (...) { \
-      gtest_ar << \
-          "Expected: " #statement " throws an exception of type " \
-          #expected_exception ".\n  Actual: it throws a different type."; \
-      goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__); \
-    } \
-    if (!gtest_caught_expected) { \
-      gtest_ar << \
-          "Expected: " #statement " throws an exception of type " \
-          #expected_exception ".\n  Actual: it throws nothing."; \
-      goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__); \
-    } \
-  } else \
-    GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__): \
-      fail(gtest_ar.failure_message())
+  GTEST_AMBIGUOUS_ELSE_BLOCKER_                                                \
+  if (::testing::AssertionResult gtest_ar = ::testing::AssertionSuccess()) {   \
+    std::string gtest_expected_message = expected_message;                     \
+    bool gtest_caught_expected = false;                                        \
+    try {                                                                      \
+      GTEST_SUPPRESS_UNREACHABLE_CODE_WARNING_BELOW_(statement);               \
+    } catch (expected_exception const& e) {                                    \
+      if (gtest_expected_message != e.what()) {                                \
+        gtest_ar << #statement                                                 \
+            " throws an exception with a different message.\n"                 \
+                 << "Expected: " << gtest_expected_message << "\n"             \
+                 << "  Actual: " << e.what();                                  \
+        goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__);            \
+      }                                                                        \
+      gtest_caught_expected = true;                                            \
+    } catch (...) {                                                            \
+      gtest_ar << "Expected: " #statement                                      \
+                  " throws an exception of type " #expected_exception          \
+                  ".\n  Actual: it throws a different type.";                  \
+      goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__);              \
+    }                                                                          \
+    if (!gtest_caught_expected) {                                              \
+      gtest_ar << "Expected: " #statement                                      \
+                  " throws an exception of type " #expected_exception          \
+                  ".\n  Actual: it throws nothing.";                           \
+      goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__);              \
+    }                                                                          \
+  } else                                                                       \
+    GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__)                      \
+        : fail(gtest_ar.failure_message())
 
 // Tests that the statement throws the expected exception and the exception's
 // what() method returns expected message.
 #define EXPECT_THROW_MSG(statement, expected_exception, expected_message) \
-  FMT_TEST_THROW_(statement, expected_exception, \
-      expected_message, GTEST_NONFATAL_FAILURE_)
+  FMT_TEST_THROW_(statement, expected_exception, expected_message,        \
+                  GTEST_NONFATAL_FAILURE_)
 
 std::string format_system_error(int error_code, fmt::string_view message);
 
 #define EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(statement, error_code, message) \
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(statement, fmt::system_error, \
-      format_system_error(error_code, message))
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(statement, fmt::system_error,            \
+                   format_system_error(error_code, message))
 
 #if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
 
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@
 // The output it can handle is limited by the pipe capacity.
 class OutputRedirect {
  private:
-  FILE *file_;
+  FILE* file_;
   fmt::file original_;  // Original file passed to redirector.
   fmt::file read_end_;  // Read end of the pipe where the output is redirected.
 
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@
   void restore();
 
  public:
-  explicit OutputRedirect(FILE *file);
+  explicit OutputRedirect(FILE* file);
   ~OutputRedirect() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
 
   // Restores the original file, reads output from the pipe into a string
@@ -91,29 +89,28 @@
   std::string restore_and_read();
 };
 
-#define FMT_TEST_WRITE_(statement, expected_output, file, fail) \
-  GTEST_AMBIGUOUS_ELSE_BLOCKER_ \
-  if (::testing::AssertionResult gtest_ar = ::testing::AssertionSuccess()) { \
-    std::string gtest_expected_output = expected_output; \
-    OutputRedirect gtest_redir(file); \
-    GTEST_SUPPRESS_UNREACHABLE_CODE_WARNING_BELOW_(statement); \
-    std::string gtest_output = gtest_redir.restore_and_read(); \
-    if (gtest_output != gtest_expected_output) { \
-      gtest_ar \
-        << #statement " produces different output.\n" \
-        << "Expected: " << gtest_expected_output << "\n" \
-        << "  Actual: " << gtest_output; \
-      goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__); \
-    } \
-  } else \
-    GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__): \
-      fail(gtest_ar.failure_message())
+#  define FMT_TEST_WRITE_(statement, expected_output, file, fail)              \
+    GTEST_AMBIGUOUS_ELSE_BLOCKER_                                              \
+    if (::testing::AssertionResult gtest_ar = ::testing::AssertionSuccess()) { \
+      std::string gtest_expected_output = expected_output;                     \
+      OutputRedirect gtest_redir(file);                                        \
+      GTEST_SUPPRESS_UNREACHABLE_CODE_WARNING_BELOW_(statement);               \
+      std::string gtest_output = gtest_redir.restore_and_read();               \
+      if (gtest_output != gtest_expected_output) {                             \
+        gtest_ar << #statement " produces different output.\n"                 \
+                 << "Expected: " << gtest_expected_output << "\n"              \
+                 << "  Actual: " << gtest_output;                              \
+        goto GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__);            \
+      }                                                                        \
+    } else                                                                     \
+      GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gtest_label_testthrow_, __LINE__)                    \
+          : fail(gtest_ar.failure_message())
 
 // Tests that the statement writes the expected output to file.
-#define EXPECT_WRITE(file, statement, expected_output) \
+#  define EXPECT_WRITE(file, statement, expected_output) \
     FMT_TEST_WRITE_(statement, expected_output, file, GTEST_NONFATAL_FAILURE_)
 
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  ifdef _MSC_VER
 
 // Suppresses Windows assertions on invalid file descriptors, making
 // POSIX functions return proper error codes instead of crashing on Windows.
@@ -122,40 +119,43 @@
   _invalid_parameter_handler original_handler_;
   int original_report_mode_;
 
-  static void handle_invalid_parameter(const wchar_t *,
-      const wchar_t *, const wchar_t *, unsigned , uintptr_t) {}
+  static void handle_invalid_parameter(const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*,
+                                       const wchar_t*, unsigned, uintptr_t) {}
 
  public:
   SuppressAssert()
-  : original_handler_(_set_invalid_parameter_handler(handle_invalid_parameter)),
-    original_report_mode_(_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ASSERT, 0)) {
-  }
+      : original_handler_(
+            _set_invalid_parameter_handler(handle_invalid_parameter)),
+        original_report_mode_(_CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ASSERT, 0)) {}
   ~SuppressAssert() {
     _set_invalid_parameter_handler(original_handler_);
     _CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ASSERT, original_report_mode_);
   }
 };
 
-# define SUPPRESS_ASSERT(statement) { SuppressAssert sa; statement; }
-#else
-# define SUPPRESS_ASSERT(statement) statement
-#endif  // _MSC_VER
+#    define SUPPRESS_ASSERT(statement) \
+      {                                \
+        SuppressAssert sa;             \
+        statement;                     \
+      }
+#  else
+#    define SUPPRESS_ASSERT(statement) statement
+#  endif  // _MSC_VER
 
-#define EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(statement, error_code, message) \
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(SUPPRESS_ASSERT(statement), error_code, message)
+#  define EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(statement, error_code, message) \
+    EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(SUPPRESS_ASSERT(statement), error_code, message)
 
 // Attempts to read count characters from a file.
-std::string read(fmt::file &f, std::size_t count);
+std::string read(fmt::file& f, std::size_t count);
 
-#define EXPECT_READ(file, expected_content) \
-  EXPECT_EQ(expected_content, read(file, std::strlen(expected_content)))
+#  define EXPECT_READ(file, expected_content) \
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected_content, read(file, std::strlen(expected_content)))
 
 #endif  // FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
 
-template <typename Mock>
-struct ScopedMock : testing::StrictMock<Mock> {
+template <typename Mock> struct ScopedMock : testing::StrictMock<Mock> {
   ScopedMock() { Mock::instance = this; }
-  ~ScopedMock() { Mock::instance = FMT_NULL; }
+  ~ScopedMock() { Mock::instance = nullptr; }
 };
 
 #endif  // FMT_GTEST_EXTRA_H_
diff --git a/test/locale-test.cc b/test/locale-test.cc
index 83b0f31..37d4687 100644
--- a/test/locale-test.cc
+++ b/test/locale-test.cc
@@ -8,12 +8,25 @@
 #include "fmt/locale.h"
 #include "gmock.h"
 
-template <typename Char>
-struct numpunct : std::numpunct<Char> {
+#ifndef FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
+template <typename Char> struct numpunct : std::numpunct<Char> {
  protected:
+  Char do_decimal_point() const FMT_OVERRIDE { return '?'; }
   Char do_thousands_sep() const FMT_OVERRIDE { return '~'; }
 };
 
+TEST(LocaleTest, DoubleDecimalPoint) {
+  std::locale loc(std::locale(), new numpunct<char>());
+  EXPECT_EQ("1?23", fmt::format(loc, "{:n}", 1.23));
+  // Test with Grisu disabled.
+  fmt::memory_buffer buf;
+  fmt::internal::writer w(buf, fmt::internal::locale_ref(loc));
+  auto specs = fmt::format_specs();
+  specs.type = 'n';
+  w.write_double<double, false>(1.23, specs);
+  EXPECT_EQ(fmt::to_string(buf), "1?23");
+}
+
 TEST(LocaleTest, Format) {
   std::locale loc(std::locale(), new numpunct<char>());
   EXPECT_EQ("1,234,567", fmt::format(std::locale(), "{:n}", 1234567));
@@ -31,4 +44,9 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(L"1~234~567", fmt::format(loc, L"{:n}", 1234567));
   fmt::format_arg_store<fmt::wformat_context, int> as{1234567};
   EXPECT_EQ(L"1~234~567", fmt::vformat(loc, L"{:n}", fmt::wformat_args(as)));
+  auto sep =
+      std::use_facet<std::numpunct<wchar_t>>(std::locale("C")).thousands_sep();
+  auto result = sep == ',' ? L"1,234,567" : L"1234567";
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, fmt::format(std::locale("C"), L"{:n}", 1234567));
 }
+#endif  // FMT_STATIC_THOUSANDS_SEPARATOR
diff --git a/test/mock-allocator.h b/test/mock-allocator.h
index 65ee6ab..1dd2dad 100644
--- a/test/mock-allocator.h
+++ b/test/mock-allocator.h
@@ -8,53 +8,51 @@
 #ifndef FMT_MOCK_ALLOCATOR_H_
 #define FMT_MOCK_ALLOCATOR_H_
 
-#include "gmock.h"
 #include "fmt/format.h"
+#include "gmock.h"
 
-template <typename T>
-class mock_allocator {
+template <typename T> class mock_allocator {
  public:
   mock_allocator() {}
-  mock_allocator(const mock_allocator &) {}
+  mock_allocator(const mock_allocator&) {}
   typedef T value_type;
-  MOCK_METHOD1_T(allocate, T* (std::size_t n));
-  MOCK_METHOD2_T(deallocate, void (T* p, std::size_t n));
+  MOCK_METHOD1_T(allocate, T*(std::size_t n));
+  MOCK_METHOD2_T(deallocate, void(T* p, std::size_t n));
 };
 
-template <typename Allocator>
-class allocator_ref {
+template <typename Allocator> class allocator_ref {
  private:
-  Allocator *alloc_;
+  Allocator* alloc_;
 
-  void move(allocator_ref &other) {
+  void move(allocator_ref& other) {
     alloc_ = other.alloc_;
-    other.alloc_ = FMT_NULL;
+    other.alloc_ = nullptr;
   }
 
  public:
   typedef typename Allocator::value_type value_type;
 
-  explicit allocator_ref(Allocator *alloc = FMT_NULL) : alloc_(alloc) {}
+  explicit allocator_ref(Allocator* alloc = nullptr) : alloc_(alloc) {}
 
-  allocator_ref(const allocator_ref &other) : alloc_(other.alloc_) {}
-  allocator_ref(allocator_ref &&other) { move(other); }
+  allocator_ref(const allocator_ref& other) : alloc_(other.alloc_) {}
+  allocator_ref(allocator_ref&& other) { move(other); }
 
-  allocator_ref& operator=(allocator_ref &&other) {
+  allocator_ref& operator=(allocator_ref&& other) {
     assert(this != &other);
     move(other);
     return *this;
   }
 
-  allocator_ref& operator=(const allocator_ref &other) {
+  allocator_ref& operator=(const allocator_ref& other) {
     alloc_ = other.alloc_;
     return *this;
   }
 
  public:
-  Allocator *get() const { return alloc_; }
+  Allocator* get() const { return alloc_; }
 
   value_type* allocate(std::size_t n) {
-    return fmt::internal::allocate(*alloc_, n);
+    return std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(*alloc_, n);
   }
   void deallocate(value_type* p, std::size_t n) { alloc_->deallocate(p, n); }
 };
diff --git a/test/ostream-test.cc b/test/ostream-test.cc
index b93fedc..fb88ad4 100644
--- a/test/ostream-test.cc
+++ b/test/ostream-test.cc
@@ -6,6 +6,21 @@
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
 
 #define FMT_STRING_ALIAS 1
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+struct test {};
+
+// Test that there is no issues with specializations when fmt/ostream.h is
+// included after fmt/format.h.
+namespace fmt {
+template <> struct formatter<test> : formatter<int> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format(const test&, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    return formatter<int>::format(42, ctx);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace fmt
+
 #include "fmt/ostream.h"
 
 #include <sstream>
@@ -16,51 +31,56 @@
 using fmt::format;
 using fmt::format_error;
 
-static std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
+static std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Date& d) {
   os << d.year() << '-' << d.month() << '-' << d.day();
   return os;
 }
 
-static std::wostream &operator<<(std::wostream &os, const Date &d) {
+static std::wostream& operator<<(std::wostream& os, const Date& d) {
   os << d.year() << L'-' << d.month() << L'-' << d.day();
   return os;
 }
 
-enum TestEnum {};
-static std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, TestEnum) {
-  return os << "TestEnum";
+// Make sure that overloaded comma operators do no harm to is_streamable.
+struct type_with_comma_op {};
+template <typename T> void operator,(type_with_comma_op, const T&);
+template <typename T> type_with_comma_op operator<<(T&, const Date&);
+
+enum streamable_enum {};
+static std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, streamable_enum) {
+  return os << "streamable_enum";
 }
 
-static std::wostream &operator<<(std::wostream &os, TestEnum) {
-  return os << L"TestEnum";
+static std::wostream& operator<<(std::wostream& os, streamable_enum) {
+  return os << L"streamable_enum";
 }
 
-enum TestEnum2 {A};
+enum unstreamable_enum {};
 
 TEST(OStreamTest, Enum) {
-  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::convert_to_int<TestEnum, char>::value));
-  EXPECT_EQ("TestEnum", fmt::format("{}", TestEnum()));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", A));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::convert_to_int<TestEnum, wchar_t>::value));
-  EXPECT_EQ(L"TestEnum", fmt::format(L"{}", TestEnum()));
-  EXPECT_EQ(L"0", fmt::format(L"{}", A));
+  EXPECT_EQ("streamable_enum", fmt::format("{}", streamable_enum()));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", unstreamable_enum()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"streamable_enum", fmt::format(L"{}", streamable_enum()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"0", fmt::format(L"{}", unstreamable_enum()));
 }
 
-typedef fmt::back_insert_range<fmt::internal::buffer> range;
+using range = fmt::internal::buffer_range<char>;
 
-struct test_arg_formatter: fmt::arg_formatter<range> {
-  test_arg_formatter(fmt::format_context &ctx, fmt::format_specs &s)
-    : fmt::arg_formatter<range>(ctx, &s) {}
+struct test_arg_formatter : fmt::arg_formatter<range> {
+  fmt::format_parse_context parse_ctx;
+  test_arg_formatter(fmt::format_context& ctx, fmt::format_specs& s)
+      : fmt::arg_formatter<range>(ctx, &parse_ctx, &s), parse_ctx("") {}
 };
 
 TEST(OStreamTest, CustomArg) {
   fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
-  fmt::internal::buffer &base = buffer;
-  fmt::format_context ctx(std::back_inserter(base), "", fmt::format_args());
+  fmt::internal::buffer<char>& base = buffer;
+  fmt::format_context ctx(std::back_inserter(base), fmt::format_args());
   fmt::format_specs spec;
   test_arg_formatter af(ctx, spec);
-  visit(af, fmt::internal::make_arg<fmt::format_context>(TestEnum()));
-  EXPECT_EQ("TestEnum", std::string(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+  fmt::visit_format_arg(
+      af, fmt::internal::make_arg<fmt::format_context>(streamable_enum()));
+  EXPECT_EQ("streamable_enum", std::string(buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
 }
 
 TEST(OStreamTest, Format) {
@@ -75,20 +95,20 @@
 TEST(OStreamTest, FormatSpecs) {
   EXPECT_EQ("def  ", format("{0:<5}", TestString("def")));
   EXPECT_EQ("  def", format("{0:>5}", TestString("def")));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", TestString("def")),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", TestString("def")), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
   EXPECT_EQ(" def ", format("{0:^5}", TestString("def")));
   EXPECT_EQ("def**", format("{0:*<5}", TestString("def")));
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", TestString()),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", TestString()),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", TestString()),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", TestString()),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", TestString()),
-      format_error, "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", TestString()), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", TestString()), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", TestString()), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", TestString()), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", TestString()), format_error,
+                   "format specifier requires numeric argument");
   EXPECT_EQ("test         ", format("{0:13}", TestString("test")));
   EXPECT_EQ("test         ", format("{0:{1}}", TestString("test"), 13));
   EXPECT_EQ("te", format("{0:.2}", TestString("test")));
@@ -96,7 +116,7 @@
 }
 
 struct EmptyTest {};
-static std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, EmptyTest) {
+static std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, EmptyTest) {
   return os << "";
 }
 
@@ -116,7 +136,7 @@
 TEST(OStreamTest, WriteToOStream) {
   std::ostringstream os;
   fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
-  const char *foo = "foo";
+  const char* foo = "foo";
   buffer.append(foo, foo + std::strlen(foo));
   fmt::internal::write(os, buffer);
   EXPECT_EQ("foo", os.str());
@@ -125,28 +145,27 @@
 TEST(OStreamTest, WriteToOStreamMaxSize) {
   std::size_t max_size = std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max();
   std::streamsize max_streamsize = std::numeric_limits<std::streamsize>::max();
-  if (max_size <= fmt::internal::to_unsigned(max_streamsize))
-    return;
+  if (max_size <= fmt::internal::to_unsigned(max_streamsize)) return;
 
-  struct test_buffer : fmt::internal::buffer {
+  struct test_buffer : fmt::internal::buffer<char> {
     explicit test_buffer(std::size_t size) { resize(size); }
     void grow(std::size_t) {}
   } buffer(max_size);
 
   struct mock_streambuf : std::streambuf {
-    MOCK_METHOD2(xsputn, std::streamsize (const void *s, std::streamsize n));
-    std::streamsize xsputn(const char *s, std::streamsize n) {
-      const void *v = s;
+    MOCK_METHOD2(xsputn, std::streamsize(const void* s, std::streamsize n));
+    std::streamsize xsputn(const char* s, std::streamsize n) {
+      const void* v = s;
       return xsputn(v, n);
     }
   } streambuf;
 
   struct test_ostream : std::ostream {
-    explicit test_ostream(mock_streambuf &buffer) : std::ostream(&buffer) {}
+    explicit test_ostream(mock_streambuf& buffer) : std::ostream(&buffer) {}
   } os(streambuf);
 
   testing::InSequence sequence;
-  const char *data = FMT_NULL;
+  const char* data = nullptr;
   typedef std::make_unsigned<std::streamsize>::type ustreamsize;
   ustreamsize size = max_size;
   do {
@@ -167,17 +186,39 @@
 #if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
 TEST(OStreamTest, ConstexprString) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42", format(fmt("{}"), std::string("42")));
+  EXPECT_EQ("a string", format(fmt("{0}"), TestString("a string")));
 }
 #endif
 
 namespace fmt_test {
 struct ABC {};
 
-template <typename Output> Output &operator<<(Output &out, ABC) {
+template <typename Output> Output& operator<<(Output& out, ABC) {
   out << "ABC";
   return out;
 }
-} // namespace fmt_test
+}  // namespace fmt_test
+
+template <typename T> struct TestTemplate {};
+
+template <typename T>
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, TestTemplate<T>) {
+  return os << 1;
+}
+
+namespace fmt {
+template <typename T> struct formatter<TestTemplate<T>> : formatter<int> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  typename FormatContext::iterator format(TestTemplate<T>, FormatContext& ctx) {
+    return formatter<int>::format(2, ctx);
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace fmt
+
+#if !FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407
+TEST(OStreamTest, Template) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("2", fmt::format("{}", TestTemplate<int>()));
+}
 
 TEST(FormatTest, FormatToN) {
   char buffer[4];
@@ -191,6 +232,7 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer + 3, result.out);
   EXPECT_EQ("xABx", fmt::string_view(buffer, 4));
 }
+#endif
 
 #if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
 TEST(FormatTest, UDL) {
diff --git a/test/posix-mock-test.cc b/test/posix-mock-test.cc
index 8b0e14e..58e015a 100644
--- a/test/posix-mock-test.cc
+++ b/test/posix-mock-test.cc
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 // For the license information refer to format.h.
 
 // Disable bogus MSVC warnings.
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-# define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#ifndef _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#  define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
 #endif
 
 #include "posix-mock.h"
@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <climits>
+#include <memory>
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-# include <io.h>
-# undef max
-# undef ERROR
+#  include <io.h>
+#  undef max
+#  undef ERROR
 #endif
 
 #include "gmock.h"
@@ -31,10 +32,9 @@
 using fmt::error_code;
 using fmt::file;
 
-using testing::internal::scoped_ptr;
 using testing::_;
-using testing::StrEq;
 using testing::Return;
+using testing::StrEq;
 
 namespace {
 int open_count;
@@ -53,24 +53,24 @@
 bool sysconf_error;
 
 enum FStatSimulation { NONE, MAX_SIZE, ERROR } fstat_sim;
-}
+}  // namespace
 
 #define EMULATE_EINTR(func, error_result) \
-  if (func##_count != 0) { \
-    if (func##_count++ != 3) { \
-      errno = EINTR; \
-      return error_result; \
-    } \
+  if (func##_count != 0) {                \
+    if (func##_count++ != 3) {            \
+      errno = EINTR;                      \
+      return error_result;                \
+    }                                     \
   }
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
-int test::open(const char *path, int oflag, int mode) {
+int test::open(const char* path, int oflag, int mode) {
   EMULATE_EINTR(open, -1);
   return ::open(path, oflag, mode);
 }
 #else
-errno_t test::sopen_s(
-    int* pfh, const char *filename, int oflag, int shflag, int pmode) {
+errno_t test::sopen_s(int* pfh, const char* filename, int oflag, int shflag,
+                      int pmode) {
   EMULATE_EINTR(open, EINTR);
   return _sopen_s(pfh, filename, oflag, shflag, pmode);
 }
@@ -80,8 +80,7 @@
 
 long test::sysconf(int name) {
   long result = ::sysconf(name);
-  if (!sysconf_error)
-    return result;
+  if (!sysconf_error) return result;
   // Simulate an error.
   errno = EINVAL;
   return -1;
@@ -89,10 +88,9 @@
 
 static off_t max_file_size() { return std::numeric_limits<off_t>::max(); }
 
-int test::fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf) {
+int test::fstat(int fd, struct stat* buf) {
   int result = ::fstat(fd, buf);
-  if (fstat_sim == MAX_SIZE)
-    buf->st_size = max_file_size();
+  if (fstat_sim == MAX_SIZE) buf->st_size = max_file_size();
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -132,18 +130,18 @@
   return ::FMT_POSIX(dup2(fildes, fildes2));
 }
 
-FILE *test::fdopen(int fildes, const char *mode) {
-  EMULATE_EINTR(fdopen, FMT_NULL);
+FILE* test::fdopen(int fildes, const char* mode) {
+  EMULATE_EINTR(fdopen, nullptr);
   return ::FMT_POSIX(fdopen(fildes, mode));
 }
 
-test::ssize_t test::read(int fildes, void *buf, test::size_t nbyte) {
+test::ssize_t test::read(int fildes, void* buf, test::size_t nbyte) {
   read_nbyte = nbyte;
   EMULATE_EINTR(read, -1);
   return ::FMT_POSIX(read(fildes, buf, nbyte));
 }
 
-test::ssize_t test::write(int fildes, const void *buf, test::size_t nbyte) {
+test::ssize_t test::write(int fildes, const void* buf, test::size_t nbyte) {
   write_nbyte = nbyte;
   EMULATE_EINTR(write, -1);
   return ::FMT_POSIX(write(fildes, buf, nbyte));
@@ -155,23 +153,23 @@
   return ::pipe(fildes);
 }
 #else
-int test::pipe(int *pfds, unsigned psize, int textmode) {
+int test::pipe(int* pfds, unsigned psize, int textmode) {
   EMULATE_EINTR(pipe, -1);
   return _pipe(pfds, psize, textmode);
 }
 #endif
 
-FILE *test::fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) {
-  EMULATE_EINTR(fopen, FMT_NULL);
+FILE* test::fopen(const char* filename, const char* mode) {
+  EMULATE_EINTR(fopen, nullptr);
   return ::fopen(filename, mode);
 }
 
-int test::fclose(FILE *stream) {
+int test::fclose(FILE* stream) {
   EMULATE_EINTR(fclose, EOF);
   return ::fclose(stream);
 }
 
-int (test::fileno)(FILE *stream) {
+int(test::fileno)(FILE* stream) {
   EMULATE_EINTR(fileno, -1);
 #ifdef fileno
   return FMT_POSIX(fileno(stream));
@@ -181,18 +179,18 @@
 }
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
-# define EXPECT_RETRY(statement, func, message) \
-    func##_count = 1; \
-    statement; \
-    EXPECT_EQ(4, func##_count); \
+#  define EXPECT_RETRY(statement, func, message) \
+    func##_count = 1;                            \
+    statement;                                   \
+    EXPECT_EQ(4, func##_count);                  \
     func##_count = 0;
-# define EXPECT_EQ_POSIX(expected, actual) EXPECT_EQ(expected, actual)
+#  define EXPECT_EQ_POSIX(expected, actual) EXPECT_EQ(expected, actual)
 #else
-# define EXPECT_RETRY(statement, func, message) \
-    func##_count = 1; \
+#  define EXPECT_RETRY(statement, func, message)    \
+    func##_count = 1;                               \
     EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(statement, EINTR, message); \
     func##_count = 0;
-# define EXPECT_EQ_POSIX(expected, actual)
+#  define EXPECT_EQ_POSIX(expected, actual)
 #endif
 
 static void write_file(fmt::cstring_view filename, fmt::string_view content) {
@@ -208,17 +206,17 @@
 #else
   EXPECT_EQ(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE), fmt::getpagesize());
   sysconf_error = true;
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
-      fmt::getpagesize(), EINVAL, "cannot get memory page size");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(fmt::getpagesize(), EINVAL,
+                      "cannot get memory page size");
   sysconf_error = false;
 #endif
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, OpenRetry) {
   write_file("test", "there must be something here");
-  scoped_ptr<file> f{FMT_NULL};
-  EXPECT_RETRY(f.reset(new file("test", file::RDONLY)),
-               open, "cannot open file test");
+  std::unique_ptr<file> f{nullptr};
+  EXPECT_RETRY(f.reset(new file("test", file::RDONLY)), open,
+               "cannot open file test");
 #ifndef _WIN32
   char c = 0;
   f->read(&c, 1);
@@ -228,14 +226,16 @@
 TEST(FileTest, CloseNoRetryInDtor) {
   file read_end, write_end;
   file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
-  scoped_ptr<file> f(new file(std::move(read_end)));
+  std::unique_ptr<file> f(new file(std::move(read_end)));
   int saved_close_count = 0;
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, {
-    close_count = 1;
-    f.reset(FMT_NULL);
-    saved_close_count = close_count;
-    close_count = 0;
-  }, format_system_error(EINTR, "cannot close file") + "\n");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
+               {
+                 close_count = 1;
+                 f.reset(nullptr);
+                 saved_close_count = close_count;
+                 close_count = 0;
+               },
+               format_system_error(EINTR, "cannot close file") + "\n");
   EXPECT_EQ(2, saved_close_count);
 }
 
@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(content.size(), static_cast<unsigned long long>(f.size()));
 #ifdef _WIN32
   fmt::memory_buffer message;
-  fmt::internal::format_windows_error(
-      message, ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "cannot get file size");
+  fmt::internal::format_windows_error(message, ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED,
+                                      "cannot get file size");
   fstat_sim = ERROR;
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(f.size(), fmt::windows_error, fmt::to_string(message));
   fstat_sim = NONE;
@@ -284,8 +284,8 @@
   write_end.close();
   char buffer[SIZE];
   std::size_t count = 0;
-  EXPECT_RETRY(count = read_end.read(buffer, SIZE),
-      read, "cannot read from file");
+  EXPECT_RETRY(count = read_end.read(buffer, SIZE), read,
+               "cannot read from file");
   EXPECT_EQ_POSIX(static_cast<std::streamsize>(SIZE), count);
 }
 
@@ -294,8 +294,8 @@
   file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
   enum { SIZE = 4 };
   std::size_t count = 0;
-  EXPECT_RETRY(count = write_end.write("test", SIZE),
-      write, "cannot write to file");
+  EXPECT_RETRY(count = write_end.write("test", SIZE), write,
+               "cannot write to file");
   write_end.close();
 #ifndef _WIN32
   EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<std::streamsize>(SIZE), count);
@@ -312,8 +312,7 @@
   file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
   char c;
   std::size_t size = UINT_MAX;
-  if (sizeof(unsigned) != sizeof(std::size_t))
-    ++size;
+  if (sizeof(unsigned) != sizeof(std::size_t)) ++size;
   read_count = 1;
   read_nbyte = 0;
   EXPECT_THROW(read_end.read(&c, size), fmt::system_error);
@@ -326,8 +325,7 @@
   file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
   char c;
   std::size_t size = UINT_MAX;
-  if (sizeof(unsigned) != sizeof(std::size_t))
-    ++size;
+  if (sizeof(unsigned) != sizeof(std::size_t)) ++size;
   write_count = 1;
   write_nbyte = 0;
   EXPECT_THROW(write_end.write(&c, size), fmt::system_error);
@@ -339,7 +337,8 @@
 TEST(FileTest, DupNoRetry) {
   int stdout_fd = FMT_POSIX(fileno(stdout));
   dup_count = 1;
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(file::dup(stdout_fd), EINTR,
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
+      file::dup(stdout_fd), EINTR,
       fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", stdout_fd));
   dup_count = 0;
 }
@@ -348,8 +347,8 @@
   int stdout_fd = FMT_POSIX(fileno(stdout));
   file f1 = file::dup(stdout_fd), f2 = file::dup(stdout_fd);
   EXPECT_RETRY(f1.dup2(f2.descriptor()), dup2,
-      fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}",
-      f1.descriptor(), f2.descriptor()));
+               fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}",
+                           f1.descriptor(), f2.descriptor()));
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, Dup2NoExceptRetry) {
@@ -369,8 +368,8 @@
 TEST(FileTest, PipeNoRetry) {
   file read_end, write_end;
   pipe_count = 1;
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(
-      file::pipe(read_end, write_end), EINTR, "cannot create pipe");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(file::pipe(read_end, write_end), EINTR,
+                      "cannot create pipe");
   pipe_count = 0;
 }
 
@@ -378,16 +377,16 @@
   file read_end, write_end;
   file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
   fdopen_count = 1;
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(read_end.fdopen("r"),
-      EINTR, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(read_end.fdopen("r"), EINTR,
+                      "cannot associate stream with file descriptor");
   fdopen_count = 0;
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, OpenRetry) {
   write_file("test", "there must be something here");
-  scoped_ptr<buffered_file> f{FMT_NULL};
-  EXPECT_RETRY(f.reset(new buffered_file("test", "r")),
-               fopen, "cannot open file test");
+  std::unique_ptr<buffered_file> f{nullptr};
+  EXPECT_RETRY(f.reset(new buffered_file("test", "r")), fopen,
+               "cannot open file test");
 #ifndef _WIN32
   char c = 0;
   if (fread(&c, 1, 1, f->get()) < 1)
@@ -398,14 +397,16 @@
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, CloseNoRetryInDtor) {
   file read_end, write_end;
   file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
-  scoped_ptr<buffered_file> f(new buffered_file(read_end.fdopen("r")));
+  std::unique_ptr<buffered_file> f(new buffered_file(read_end.fdopen("r")));
   int saved_fclose_count = 0;
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, {
-    fclose_count = 1;
-    f.reset(FMT_NULL);
-    saved_fclose_count = fclose_count;
-    fclose_count = 0;
-  }, format_system_error(EINTR, "cannot close file") + "\n");
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
+               {
+                 fclose_count = 1;
+                 f.reset(nullptr);
+                 saved_fclose_count = fclose_count;
+                 fclose_count = 0;
+               },
+               format_system_error(EINTR, "cannot close file") + "\n");
   EXPECT_EQ(2, saved_fclose_count);
 }
 
@@ -430,38 +431,42 @@
 }
 
 struct TestMock {
-  static TestMock *instance;
-} *TestMock::instance;
+  static TestMock* instance;
+} * TestMock::instance;
 
 TEST(ScopedMock, Scope) {
   {
     ScopedMock<TestMock> mock;
     EXPECT_EQ(&mock, TestMock::instance);
-    TestMock &copy = mock;
+    TestMock& copy = mock;
     static_cast<void>(copy);
   }
-  EXPECT_EQ(FMT_NULL, TestMock::instance);
+  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, TestMock::instance);
 }
 
 #ifdef FMT_LOCALE
 
-typedef fmt::Locale::Type LocaleType;
+typedef fmt::Locale::type LocaleType;
 
 struct LocaleMock {
-  static LocaleMock *instance;
-  MOCK_METHOD3(newlocale, LocaleType (int category_mask, const char *locale,
-                                      LocaleType base));
-  MOCK_METHOD1(freelocale, void (LocaleType locale));
+  static LocaleMock* instance;
+  MOCK_METHOD3(newlocale, LocaleType(int category_mask, const char* locale,
+                                     LocaleType base));
+  MOCK_METHOD1(freelocale, void(LocaleType locale));
 
-  MOCK_METHOD3(strtod_l, double (const char *nptr, char **endptr,
-                                 LocaleType locale));
-} *LocaleMock::instance;
+  MOCK_METHOD3(strtod_l,
+               double(const char* nptr, char** endptr, LocaleType locale));
+} * LocaleMock::instance;
 
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-# pragma warning(push)
-# pragma warning(disable: 4273)
+#  ifdef _MSC_VER
+#    pragma warning(push)
+#    pragma warning(disable : 4273)
+#    ifdef __clang__
+#      pragma clang diagnostic push
+#      pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Winconsistent-dllimport"
+#    endif
 
-_locale_t _create_locale(int category, const char *locale) {
+_locale_t _create_locale(int category, const char* locale) {
   return LocaleMock::instance->newlocale(category, locale, 0);
 }
 
@@ -469,38 +474,44 @@
   LocaleMock::instance->freelocale(locale);
 }
 
-double _strtod_l(const char *nptr, char **endptr, _locale_t locale) {
+double _strtod_l(const char* nptr, char** endptr, _locale_t locale) {
   return LocaleMock::instance->strtod_l(nptr, endptr, locale);
 }
-# pragma warning(pop)
-#endif
+#    ifdef __clang__
+#      pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#    endif
+#    pragma warning(pop)
+#  endif
 
-#if defined(__THROW) && FMT_GCC_VERSION > 0 && FMT_GCC_VERSION <= 408
-#define FMT_LOCALE_THROW __THROW
-#else
-#define FMT_LOCALE_THROW
-#endif
+#  if defined(__THROW) && FMT_GCC_VERSION > 0 && FMT_GCC_VERSION <= 408
+#    define FMT_LOCALE_THROW __THROW
+#  else
+#    define FMT_LOCALE_THROW
+#  endif
 
-LocaleType newlocale(int category_mask, const char *locale, LocaleType base) FMT_LOCALE_THROW {
+LocaleType newlocale(int category_mask, const char* locale,
+                     LocaleType base) FMT_LOCALE_THROW {
   return LocaleMock::instance->newlocale(category_mask, locale, base);
 }
 
-#if defined(__APPLE__) || (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version < 1200002)
+#  if defined(__APPLE__) || \
+      (defined(__FreeBSD__) && __FreeBSD_version < 1200002)
 typedef int FreeLocaleResult;
-#else
+#  else
 typedef void FreeLocaleResult;
-#endif
+#  endif
 
 FreeLocaleResult freelocale(LocaleType locale) FMT_LOCALE_THROW {
   LocaleMock::instance->freelocale(locale);
   return FreeLocaleResult();
 }
 
-double strtod_l(const char *nptr, char **endptr, LocaleType locale) FMT_LOCALE_THROW {
+double strtod_l(const char* nptr, char** endptr,
+                LocaleType locale) FMT_LOCALE_THROW {
   return LocaleMock::instance->strtod_l(nptr, endptr, locale);
 }
 
-#undef FMT_LOCALE_THROW
+#  undef FMT_LOCALE_THROW
 
 TEST(LocaleTest, LocaleMock) {
   ScopedMock<LocaleMock> mock;
@@ -510,12 +521,12 @@
 }
 
 TEST(LocaleTest, Locale) {
-#ifndef LC_NUMERIC_MASK
+#  ifndef LC_NUMERIC_MASK
   enum { LC_NUMERIC_MASK = LC_NUMERIC };
-#endif
+#  endif
   ScopedMock<LocaleMock> mock;
   LocaleType impl = reinterpret_cast<LocaleType>(42);
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, StrEq("C"), FMT_NULL))
+  EXPECT_CALL(mock, newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, StrEq("C"), nullptr))
       .WillOnce(Return(impl));
   EXPECT_CALL(mock, freelocale(impl));
   fmt::Locale locale;
@@ -528,7 +539,7 @@
       .WillOnce(Return(reinterpret_cast<LocaleType>(42)));
   EXPECT_CALL(mock, freelocale(_));
   fmt::Locale locale;
-  const char *str = "4.2";
+  const char* str = "4.2";
   char end = 'x';
   EXPECT_CALL(mock, strtod_l(str, _, locale.get()))
       .WillOnce(testing::DoAll(testing::SetArgPointee<1>(&end), Return(777)));
diff --git a/test/posix-mock.h b/test/posix-mock.h
index 9a4c68f..028aeee 100644
--- a/test/posix-mock.h
+++ b/test/posix-mock.h
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-# include <windows.h>
+#  include <windows.h>
 #else
-# include <sys/param.h>  // for FreeBSD version
-# include <sys/types.h>  // for ssize_t
+#  include <sys/param.h>  // for FreeBSD version
+#  include <sys/types.h>  // for ssize_t
 #endif
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@
 // Size type for read and write.
 typedef size_t size_t;
 typedef ssize_t ssize_t;
-int open(const char *path, int oflag, int mode);
-int fstat(int fd, struct stat *buf);
+int open(const char* path, int oflag, int mode);
+int fstat(int fd, struct stat* buf);
 #else
 typedef unsigned size_t;
 typedef int ssize_t;
-errno_t sopen_s(
-    int* pfh, const char *filename, int oflag, int shflag, int pmode);
+errno_t sopen_s(int* pfh, const char* filename, int oflag, int shflag,
+                int pmode);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
@@ -48,20 +48,20 @@
 int dup(int fildes);
 int dup2(int fildes, int fildes2);
 
-FILE *fdopen(int fildes, const char *mode);
+FILE* fdopen(int fildes, const char* mode);
 
-ssize_t read(int fildes, void *buf, size_t nbyte);
-ssize_t write(int fildes, const void *buf, size_t nbyte);
+ssize_t read(int fildes, void* buf, size_t nbyte);
+ssize_t write(int fildes, const void* buf, size_t nbyte);
 
 #ifndef _WIN32
 int pipe(int fildes[2]);
 #else
-int pipe(int *pfds, unsigned psize, int textmode);
+int pipe(int* pfds, unsigned psize, int textmode);
 #endif
 
-FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);
-int fclose(FILE *stream);
-int (fileno)(FILE *stream);
+FILE* fopen(const char* filename, const char* mode);
+int fclose(FILE* stream);
+int(fileno)(FILE* stream);
 }  // namespace test
 
 #define FMT_SYSTEM(call) test::call
diff --git a/test/posix-test.cc b/test/posix-test.cc
index fbd4568..133a922 100644
--- a/test/posix-test.cc
+++ b/test/posix-test.cc
@@ -7,21 +7,20 @@
 
 #include <cstdlib>  // std::exit
 #include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
 
 #include "fmt/posix.h"
 #include "gtest-extra.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 #ifdef fileno
-# undef fileno
+#  undef fileno
 #endif
 
 using fmt::buffered_file;
 using fmt::error_code;
 using fmt::file;
 
-using testing::internal::scoped_ptr;
-
 // Checks if the file is open by reading one character from it.
 static bool isopen(int fd) {
   char buffer;
@@ -45,9 +44,9 @@
 }
 
 // Attempts to write a string to a file.
-static void write(file &f, fmt::string_view s) {
+static void write(file& f, fmt::string_view s) {
   std::size_t num_chars_left = s.size();
-  const char *ptr = s.data();
+  const char* ptr = s.data();
   do {
     std::size_t count = f.write(ptr, num_chars_left);
     ptr += count;
@@ -59,26 +58,26 @@
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, DefaultCtor) {
   buffered_file f;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(f.get() == FMT_NULL);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f.get() == nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, MoveCtor) {
   buffered_file bf = open_buffered_file();
-  FILE *fp = bf.get();
-  EXPECT_TRUE(fp != FMT_NULL);
+  FILE* fp = bf.get();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fp != nullptr);
   buffered_file bf2(std::move(bf));
   EXPECT_EQ(fp, bf2.get());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(bf.get() == FMT_NULL);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(bf.get() == nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, MoveAssignment) {
   buffered_file bf = open_buffered_file();
-  FILE *fp = bf.get();
-  EXPECT_TRUE(fp != FMT_NULL);
+  FILE* fp = bf.get();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(fp != nullptr);
   buffered_file bf2;
   bf2 = std::move(bf);
   EXPECT_EQ(fp, bf2.get());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(bf.get() == FMT_NULL);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(bf.get() == nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, MoveAssignmentClosesFile) {
@@ -90,13 +89,13 @@
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, MoveFromTemporaryInCtor) {
-  FILE *fp = FMT_NULL;
+  FILE* fp = nullptr;
   buffered_file f(open_buffered_file(&fp));
   EXPECT_EQ(fp, f.get());
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, MoveFromTemporaryInAssignment) {
-  FILE *fp = FMT_NULL;
+  FILE* fp = nullptr;
   buffered_file f;
   f = open_buffered_file(&fp);
   EXPECT_EQ(fp, f.get());
@@ -119,22 +118,24 @@
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, CloseErrorInDtor) {
-  scoped_ptr<buffered_file> f(new buffered_file(open_buffered_file()));
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, {
-      // The close function must be called inside EXPECT_WRITE, otherwise
-      // the system may recycle closed file descriptor when redirecting the
-      // output in EXPECT_STDERR and the second close will break output
-      // redirection.
-      FMT_POSIX(close(f->fileno()));
-      SUPPRESS_ASSERT(f.reset(FMT_NULL));
-  }, format_system_error(EBADF, "cannot close file") + "\n");
+  std::unique_ptr<buffered_file> f(new buffered_file(open_buffered_file()));
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
+               {
+                 // The close function must be called inside EXPECT_WRITE,
+                 // otherwise the system may recycle closed file descriptor when
+                 // redirecting the output in EXPECT_STDERR and the second close
+                 // will break output redirection.
+                 FMT_POSIX(close(f->fileno()));
+                 SUPPRESS_ASSERT(f.reset(nullptr));
+               },
+               format_system_error(EBADF, "cannot close file") + "\n");
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, Close) {
   buffered_file f = open_buffered_file();
   int fd = f.fileno();
   f.close();
-  EXPECT_TRUE(f.get() == FMT_NULL);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f.get() == nullptr);
   EXPECT_TRUE(isclosed(fd));
 }
 
@@ -142,7 +143,7 @@
   buffered_file f = open_buffered_file();
   FMT_POSIX(close(f.fileno()));
   EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(f.close(), EBADF, "cannot close file");
-  EXPECT_TRUE(f.get() == FMT_NULL);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(f.get() == nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(BufferedFileTest, Fileno) {
@@ -150,13 +151,15 @@
 #ifndef __COVERITY__
   // fileno on a null FILE pointer either crashes or returns an error.
   // Disable Coverity because this is intentional.
-  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED({
-    try {
-      f.fileno();
-    } catch (const fmt::system_error&) {
-      std::exit(1);
-    }
-  }, "");
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        try {
+          f.fileno();
+        } catch (const fmt::system_error&) {
+          std::exit(1);
+        }
+      },
+      "");
 #endif
   f = open_buffered_file();
   EXPECT_TRUE(f.fileno() != -1);
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, OpenBufferedFileInCtor) {
-  FILE *fp = safe_fopen("test-file", "w");
+  FILE* fp = safe_fopen("test-file", "w");
   std::fputs(FILE_CONTENT, fp);
   std::fclose(fp);
   file f("test-file", file::RDONLY);
@@ -178,8 +181,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, OpenBufferedFileError) {
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(file("nonexistent", file::RDONLY),
-      ENOENT, "cannot open file nonexistent");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR(file("nonexistent", file::RDONLY), ENOENT,
+                      "cannot open file nonexistent");
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, MoveCtor) {
@@ -209,7 +212,7 @@
   EXPECT_TRUE(isclosed(old_fd));
 }
 
-static file OpenBufferedFile(int &fd) {
+static file OpenBufferedFile(int& fd) {
   file f = open_file();
   fd = f.descriptor();
   return f;
@@ -246,15 +249,17 @@
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, CloseErrorInDtor) {
-  scoped_ptr<file> f(new file(open_file()));
-  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr, {
-      // The close function must be called inside EXPECT_WRITE, otherwise
-      // the system may recycle closed file descriptor when redirecting the
-      // output in EXPECT_STDERR and the second close will break output
-      // redirection.
-      FMT_POSIX(close(f->descriptor()));
-      SUPPRESS_ASSERT(f.reset(FMT_NULL));
-  }, format_system_error(EBADF, "cannot close file") + "\n");
+  std::unique_ptr<file> f(new file(open_file()));
+  EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
+               {
+                 // The close function must be called inside EXPECT_WRITE,
+                 // otherwise the system may recycle closed file descriptor when
+                 // redirecting the output in EXPECT_STDERR and the second close
+                 // will break output redirection.
+                 FMT_POSIX(close(f->descriptor()));
+                 SUPPRESS_ASSERT(f.reset(nullptr));
+               },
+               format_system_error(EBADF, "cannot close file") + "\n");
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, Close) {
@@ -310,8 +315,8 @@
 #ifndef __COVERITY__
 TEST(FileTest, DupError) {
   int value = -1;
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(file::dup(value),
-      EBADF, "cannot duplicate file descriptor -1");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(file::dup(value), EBADF,
+                               "cannot duplicate file descriptor -1");
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -325,8 +330,9 @@
 
 TEST(FileTest, Dup2Error) {
   file f = open_file();
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(f.dup2(-1), EBADF,
-    fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to -1", f.descriptor()));
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(
+      f.dup2(-1), EBADF,
+      fmt::format("cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to -1", f.descriptor()));
 }
 
 TEST(FileTest, Dup2NoExcept) {
@@ -364,8 +370,8 @@
 
 TEST(FileTest, FdopenError) {
   file f;
-  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(
-      f.fdopen("r"), EBADF, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor");
+  EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR_NOASSERT(f.fdopen("r"), EBADF,
+                               "cannot associate stream with file descriptor");
 }
 
 #ifdef FMT_LOCALE
diff --git a/test/printf-test.cc b/test/printf-test.cc
index cc62b91..aa25a59 100644
--- a/test/printf-test.cc
+++ b/test/printf-test.cc
@@ -35,17 +35,17 @@
 // A wrapper around fmt::sprintf to workaround bogus warnings about invalid
 // format strings in MSVC.
 template <typename... Args>
-std::string test_sprintf(fmt::string_view format, const Args &... args) {
+std::string test_sprintf(fmt::string_view format, const Args&... args) {
   return fmt::sprintf(format, args...);
 }
 template <typename... Args>
-std::wstring test_sprintf(fmt::wstring_view format, const Args &... args) {
+std::wstring test_sprintf(fmt::wstring_view format, const Args&... args) {
   return fmt::sprintf(format, args...);
 }
 
-#define EXPECT_PRINTF(expected_output, format, arg) \
+#define EXPECT_PRINTF(expected_output, format, arg)     \
   EXPECT_EQ(expected_output, test_sprintf(format, arg)) \
-    << "format: " << format; \
+      << "format: " << format;                          \
   EXPECT_EQ(expected_output, fmt::sprintf(make_positional(format), arg))
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, NoArgs) {
@@ -69,11 +69,10 @@
 TEST(PrintfTest, PositionalArgs) {
   EXPECT_EQ("42", test_sprintf("%1$d", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("before 42", test_sprintf("before %1$d", 42));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42 after", test_sprintf("%1$d after",42));
+  EXPECT_EQ("42 after", test_sprintf("%1$d after", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("before 42 after", test_sprintf("before %1$d after", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("answer = 42", test_sprintf("%1$s = %2$d", "answer", 42));
-  EXPECT_EQ("42 is the answer",
-      test_sprintf("%2$d is the %1$s", "answer", 42));
+  EXPECT_EQ("42 is the answer", test_sprintf("%2$d is the %1$s", "answer", 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("abracadabra", test_sprintf("%1$s%2$s%1$s", "abra", "cad"));
 }
 
@@ -82,46 +81,46 @@
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, NumberIsTooBigInArgIndex) {
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$", BIG_NUM)),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$d", BIG_NUM)),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$", BIG_NUM)), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$d", BIG_NUM)), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, SwitchArgIndexing) {
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%1$d%", 1, 2),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%1$d%", 1, 2), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%1$d%{}d", BIG_NUM), 1, 2),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%1$d%d", 1, 2),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+                   format_error, "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%1$d%d", 1, 2), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%d%1$", 1, 2),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%d%{}$d", BIG_NUM), 1, 2),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%d%1$d", 1, 2),
-      format_error, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%d%1$", 1, 2), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%d%{}$d", BIG_NUM), 1, 2), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%d%1$d", 1, 2), format_error,
+                   "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
 
   // Indexing errors override width errors.
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%d%1${}d", BIG_NUM), 1, 2),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+                   format_error, "number is too big");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%1$d%{}d", BIG_NUM), 1, 2),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+                   format_error, "number is too big");
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, InvalidArgIndex) {
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%0$d", 42), format_error,
-      "argument index out of range");
+                   "argument index out of range");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%2$d", 42), format_error,
-      "argument index out of range");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$d", INT_MAX), 42),
-      format_error, "argument index out of range");
+                   "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$d", INT_MAX), 42), format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%2$", 42),
-      format_error, "argument index out of range");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$d", BIG_NUM), 42),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%2$", 42), format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}$d", BIG_NUM), 42), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, DefaultAlignRight) {
@@ -175,8 +174,8 @@
 
   EXPECT_PRINTF("0x42", "%#x", 0x42);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("0X42", "%#X", 0x42);
-  EXPECT_PRINTF(
-        fmt::format("0x{:x}", static_cast<unsigned>(-0x42)), "%#x", -0x42);
+  EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("0x{:x}", static_cast<unsigned>(-0x42)), "%#x",
+                -0x42);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("0", "%#x", 0);
 
   EXPECT_PRINTF("0x0042", "%#06x", 0x42);
@@ -208,23 +207,23 @@
 
   // Width cannot be specified twice.
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%5-5d", 42), format_error,
-      "invalid type specifier");
+                   "invalid type specifier");
 
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}d", BIG_NUM), 42),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
-  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%1${}d", BIG_NUM), 42),
-      format_error, "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%{}d", BIG_NUM), 42), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf(format("%1${}d", BIG_NUM), 42), format_error,
+                   "number is too big");
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, DynamicWidth) {
   EXPECT_EQ("   42", test_sprintf("%*d", 5, 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("42   ", test_sprintf("%*d", -5, 42));
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%*d", 5.0, 42), format_error,
-      "width is not integer");
+                   "width is not integer");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%*d"), format_error,
-      "argument index out of range");
+                   "argument index out of range");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%*d", BIG_NUM, 42), format_error,
-      "number is too big");
+                   "number is too big");
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, IntPrecision) {
@@ -253,8 +252,7 @@
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%.3e", 1234.5678);
   EXPECT_PRINTF(buffer, "%.3e", 1234.5678);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("1234.568", "%.3f", 1234.5678);
-  safe_sprintf(buffer, "%.3g", 1234.5678);
-  EXPECT_PRINTF(buffer, "%.3g", 1234.5678);
+  EXPECT_PRINTF("1.23e+03", "%.3g", 1234.5678);
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%.3a", 1234.5678);
   EXPECT_PRINTF(buffer, "%.3a", 1234.5678);
 }
@@ -267,24 +265,22 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("00042", test_sprintf("%.*d", 5, 42));
   EXPECT_EQ("42", test_sprintf("%.*d", -5, 42));
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%.*d", 5.0, 42), format_error,
-      "precision is not integer");
+                   "precision is not integer");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%.*d"), format_error,
-      "argument index out of range");
+                   "argument index out of range");
   EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%.*d", BIG_NUM, 42), format_error,
-      "number is too big");
+                   "number is too big");
   if (sizeof(long long) != sizeof(int)) {
     long long prec = static_cast<long long>(INT_MIN) - 1;
     EXPECT_THROW_MSG(test_sprintf("%.*d", prec, 42), format_error,
-        "number is too big");
- }
+                     "number is too big");
+  }
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-struct make_signed { typedef T type; };
+template <typename T> struct make_signed { typedef T type; };
 
 #define SPECIALIZE_MAKE_SIGNED(T, S) \
-  template <> \
-  struct make_signed<T> { typedef S type; }
+  template <> struct make_signed<T> { typedef S type; }
 
 SPECIALIZE_MAKE_SIGNED(char, signed char);
 SPECIALIZE_MAKE_SIGNED(unsigned char, signed char);
@@ -295,7 +291,7 @@
 
 // Test length format specifier ``length_spec``.
 template <typename T, typename U>
-void TestLength(const char *length_spec, U value) {
+void TestLength(const char* length_spec, U value) {
   long long signed_value = 0;
   unsigned long long unsigned_value = 0;
   // Apply integer promotion to the argument.
@@ -335,8 +331,7 @@
   EXPECT_PRINTF(os.str(), fmt::format("%{}X", length_spec), value);
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-void TestLength(const char *length_spec) {
+template <typename T> void TestLength(const char* length_spec) {
   T min = std::numeric_limits<T>::min(), max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
   TestLength<T>(length_spec, 42);
   TestLength<T>(length_spec, -42);
@@ -372,8 +367,8 @@
   TestLength<std::size_t>("z");
   TestLength<std::ptrdiff_t>("t");
   long double max = std::numeric_limits<long double>::max();
-  EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{}", max), "%g", max);
-  EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{}", max), "%Lg", max);
+  EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{:.6}", max), "%g", max);
+  EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{:.6}", max), "%Lg", max);
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, Bool) {
@@ -411,6 +406,8 @@
   EXPECT_PRINTF(buffer, "%E", 392.65);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("392.65", "%g", 392.65);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("392.65", "%G", 392.65);
+  EXPECT_PRINTF("392", "%g", 392.0);
+  EXPECT_PRINTF("392", "%G", 392.0);
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%a", -392.65);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:a}", -392.65));
   safe_sprintf(buffer, "%A", -392.65);
@@ -430,42 +427,42 @@
   EXPECT_PRINTF("x", "%c", 'x');
   int max = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
   EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{}", static_cast<char>(max)), "%c", max);
-  //EXPECT_PRINTF("x", "%lc", L'x');
+  // EXPECT_PRINTF("x", "%lc", L'x');
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"x", L"%c", L'x');
   EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format(L"{}", static_cast<wchar_t>(max)), L"%c", max);
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, String) {
   EXPECT_PRINTF("abc", "%s", "abc");
-  const char *null_str = FMT_NULL;
+  const char* null_str = nullptr;
   EXPECT_PRINTF("(null)", "%s", null_str);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("    (null)", "%10s", null_str);
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"abc", L"%s", L"abc");
-  const wchar_t *null_wstr = FMT_NULL;
+  const wchar_t* null_wstr = nullptr;
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"(null)", L"%s", null_wstr);
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"    (null)", L"%10s", null_wstr);
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, Pointer) {
   int n;
-  void *p = &n;
+  void* p = &n;
   EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{}", p), "%p", p);
-  p = FMT_NULL;
+  p = nullptr;
   EXPECT_PRINTF("(nil)", "%p", p);
   EXPECT_PRINTF("     (nil)", "%10p", p);
-  const char *s = "test";
+  const char* s = "test";
   EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format("{:p}", s), "%p", s);
-  const char *null_str = FMT_NULL;
+  const char* null_str = nullptr;
   EXPECT_PRINTF("(nil)", "%p", null_str);
 
   p = &n;
   EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format(L"{}", p), L"%p", p);
-  p = FMT_NULL;
+  p = nullptr;
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"(nil)", L"%p", p);
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"     (nil)", L"%10p", p);
-  const wchar_t *w = L"test";
+  const wchar_t* w = L"test";
   EXPECT_PRINTF(fmt::format(L"{:p}", w), L"%p", w);
-  const wchar_t *null_wstr = FMT_NULL;
+  const wchar_t* null_wstr = nullptr;
   EXPECT_PRINTF(L"(nil)", L"%p", null_wstr);
 }
 
@@ -475,14 +472,12 @@
 
 enum E { A = 42 };
 
-TEST(PrintfTest, Enum) {
-  EXPECT_PRINTF("42", "%d", A);
-}
+TEST(PrintfTest, Enum) { EXPECT_PRINTF("42", "%d", A); }
 
 #if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
 TEST(PrintfTest, Examples) {
-  const char *weekday = "Thursday";
-  const char *month = "August";
+  const char* weekday = "Thursday";
+  const char* month = "August";
   int day = 21;
   EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::printf("%1$s, %3$d %2$s", weekday, month, day),
                "Thursday, 21 August");
@@ -496,9 +491,7 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-TEST(PrintfTest, WideString) {
-  EXPECT_EQ(L"abc", fmt::sprintf(L"%s", L"abc"));
-}
+TEST(PrintfTest, WideString) { EXPECT_EQ(L"abc", fmt::sprintf(L"%s", L"abc")); }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, PrintfCustom) {
   EXPECT_EQ("abc", test_sprintf("%s", TestString("abc")));
@@ -520,7 +513,7 @@
   EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::vfprintf(std::cout, "%d", args), "42");
 }
 
-template<typename... Args>
+template <typename... Args>
 void check_format_string_regression(fmt::string_view s, const Args&... args) {
   fmt::sprintf(s, args...);
 }
@@ -529,41 +522,91 @@
   check_format_string_regression("%c%s", 'x', "");
 }
 
+TEST(PrintfTest, FixedLargeExponent) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("1000000000000000000000", fmt::sprintf("%.*f", -13, 1e21));
+}
+
 TEST(PrintfTest, VSPrintfMakeArgsExample) {
-  fmt::format_arg_store<fmt::printf_context, int, const char *> as{
-      42, "something"};
+  fmt::format_arg_store<fmt::printf_context, int, const char*> as{42,
+                                                                  "something"};
   fmt::basic_format_args<fmt::printf_context> args(as);
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      "[42] something happened", fmt::vsprintf("[%d] %s happened", args));
+  EXPECT_EQ("[42] something happened", fmt::vsprintf("[%d] %s happened", args));
   auto as2 = fmt::make_printf_args(42, "something");
   fmt::basic_format_args<fmt::printf_context> args2(as2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      "[42] something happened", fmt::vsprintf("[%d] %s happened", args2));
-  //the older gcc versions can't cast the return value
-#if !defined(__GNUC__) || (__GNUC__ > 4) 
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      "[42] something happened",
-      fmt::vsprintf(
-          "[%d] %s happened", fmt::make_printf_args(42, "something")));
+  EXPECT_EQ("[42] something happened",
+            fmt::vsprintf("[%d] %s happened", args2));
+  // The older gcc versions can't cast the return value.
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) || (__GNUC__ > 4)
+  EXPECT_EQ("[42] something happened",
+            fmt::vsprintf("[%d] %s happened",
+                          {fmt::make_printf_args(42, "something")}));
 #endif
 }
 
 TEST(PrintfTest, VSPrintfMakeWArgsExample) {
-  fmt::format_arg_store<fmt::wprintf_context, int, const wchar_t *> as{
-     42, L"something"};
+  fmt::format_arg_store<fmt::wprintf_context, int, const wchar_t*> as{
+      42, L"something"};
   fmt::basic_format_args<fmt::wprintf_context> args(as);
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-     L"[42] something happened",
-     fmt::vsprintf(L"[%d] %s happened", args));
-  auto  as2 = fmt::make_wprintf_args(42, L"something");
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"[42] something happened",
+            fmt::vsprintf(L"[%d] %s happened", args));
+  auto as2 = fmt::make_wprintf_args(42, L"something");
   fmt::basic_format_args<fmt::wprintf_context> args2(as2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      L"[42] something happened", fmt::vsprintf(L"[%d] %s happened", args2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"[42] something happened",
+            fmt::vsprintf(L"[%d] %s happened", args2));
   // the older gcc versions can't cast the return value
 #if !defined(__GNUC__) || (__GNUC__ > 4)
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      L"[42] something happened",
-      fmt::vsprintf(
-          L"[%d] %s happened", fmt::make_wprintf_args(42, L"something")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(L"[42] something happened",
+            fmt::vsprintf(L"[%d] %s happened",
+                          {fmt::make_wprintf_args(42, L"something")}));
 #endif
 }
+
+typedef fmt::printf_arg_formatter<fmt::internal::buffer_range<char>>
+    formatter_t;
+typedef fmt::basic_printf_context<formatter_t::iterator, char> context_t;
+
+// A custom printf argument formatter that doesn't print `-` for floating-point
+// values rounded to 0.
+class custom_printf_arg_formatter : public formatter_t {
+ public:
+  using formatter_t::iterator;
+
+  custom_printf_arg_formatter(formatter_t::iterator iter,
+                              formatter_t::format_specs& specs, context_t& ctx)
+      : formatter_t(iter, specs, ctx) {}
+
+  using formatter_t::operator();
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VER > 0 && FMT_MSC_VER <= 1804
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value){
+#else
+  iterator operator()(double value) {
+#endif
+      // Comparing a float to 0.0 is safe.
+      if (round(value * pow(10, specs()->precision)) == 0.0) value = 0;
+  return formatter_t::operator()(value);
+}
+}
+;
+
+typedef fmt::basic_format_args<context_t> format_args_t;
+
+std::string custom_vformat(fmt::string_view format_str, format_args_t args) {
+  fmt::memory_buffer buffer;
+  fmt::vprintf<custom_printf_arg_formatter>(buffer, format_str, args);
+  return std::string(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+std::string custom_format(const char* format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  auto va = fmt::make_printf_args(args...);
+  return custom_vformat(format_str, {va});
+}
+
+TEST(PrintfTest, CustomFormat) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.00", custom_format("%.2f", -.00001));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0.00", custom_format("%.2f", .00001));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1.00", custom_format("%.2f", 1.00001));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-1.00", custom_format("%.2f", -1.00001));
+}
diff --git a/test/ranges-test.cc b/test/ranges-test.cc
index 77b4ced..7d4b6d2 100644
--- a/test/ranges-test.cc
+++ b/test/ranges-test.cc
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@
 #if (__cplusplus > 201402L) || \
     (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
 
-#include "fmt/ranges.h"
-#include "gtest.h"
+#  include "fmt/ranges.h"
+#  include "gtest.h"
 
-#include <vector>
-#include <array>
-#include <map>
-#include <string>
+#  include <array>
+#  include <map>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <vector>
 
 TEST(RangesTest, FormatVector) {
   std::vector<int32_t> iv{1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11};
@@ -39,21 +39,20 @@
 }
 
 TEST(RangesTest, FormatPair) {
-  std::pair<int64_t, float> pa1{42, 3.14159265358979f};
-  EXPECT_EQ("(42, 3.14159)", fmt::format("{}", pa1));
+  std::pair<int64_t, float> pa1{42, 1.5f};
+  EXPECT_EQ("(42, 1.5)", fmt::format("{}", pa1));
 }
 
 TEST(RangesTest, FormatTuple) {
-  std::tuple<int64_t, float, std::string, char> tu1{42, 3.14159265358979f,
-                                              "this is tuple", 'i'};
-  EXPECT_EQ("(42, 3.14159, \"this is tuple\", 'i')", fmt::format("{}", tu1));
+  std::tuple<int64_t, float, std::string, char> tu1{42, 1.5f, "this is tuple",
+                                                    'i'};
+  EXPECT_EQ("(42, 1.5, \"this is tuple\", 'i')", fmt::format("{}", tu1));
 }
 
 struct my_struct {
   int32_t i;
   std::string str;  // can throw
-  template <std::size_t N>
-  decltype(auto) get() const noexcept {
+  template <std::size_t N> decltype(auto) get() const noexcept {
     if constexpr (N == 0)
       return i;
     else if constexpr (N == 1)
@@ -61,8 +60,7 @@
   }
 };
 
-template <std::size_t N>
-decltype(auto) get(const my_struct& s) noexcept {
+template <std::size_t N> decltype(auto) get(const my_struct& s) noexcept {
   return s.get<N>();
 }
 
@@ -71,8 +69,7 @@
 template <>
 struct tuple_size<my_struct> : std::integral_constant<std::size_t, 2> {};
 
-template <std::size_t N>
-struct tuple_element<N, my_struct> {
+template <std::size_t N> struct tuple_element<N, my_struct> {
   using type = decltype(std::declval<my_struct>().get<N>());
 };
 
@@ -83,5 +80,23 @@
   EXPECT_EQ("(13, \"my struct\")", fmt::format("{}", mst));
 }
 
+TEST(RangesTest, FormatTo) {
+  char buf[10];
+  auto end = fmt::format_to(buf, "{}", std::vector{1, 2, 3});
+  *end = '\0';
+  EXPECT_STREQ(buf, "{1, 2, 3}");
+}
+
+struct path_like {
+  const path_like* begin() const;
+  const path_like* end() const;
+
+  operator std::string() const;
+};
+
+TEST(RangesTest, PathLike) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE((fmt::is_range<path_like, char>::value));
+}
+
 #endif  // (__cplusplus > 201402L) || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >
         // 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
diff --git a/test/scan-test.cc b/test/scan-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b49fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/scan-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - scanning API test
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2019 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include <time.h>
+#include <climits>
+
+#include "gmock.h"
+#include "gtest-extra.h"
+#include "scan.h"
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadText) {
+  fmt::string_view s = "foo";
+  auto end = fmt::scan(s, "foo");
+  EXPECT_EQ(end, s.end());
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::scan("fob", "foo"), fmt::format_error, "invalid input");
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadInt) {
+  int n = 0;
+  fmt::scan("42", "{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(n, 42);
+  fmt::scan("-42", "{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(n, -42);
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadLongLong) {
+  long long n = 0;
+  fmt::scan("42", "{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(n, 42);
+  fmt::scan("-42", "{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(n, -42);
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadUInt) {
+  unsigned n = 0;
+  fmt::scan("42", "{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(n, 42);
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::scan("-42", "{}", n), fmt::format_error,
+                   "invalid input");
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadULongLong) {
+  unsigned long long n = 0;
+  fmt::scan("42", "{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(n, 42);
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::scan("-42", "{}", n), fmt::format_error,
+                   "invalid input");
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadString) {
+  std::string s;
+  fmt::scan("foo", "{}", s);
+  EXPECT_EQ(s, "foo");
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadStringView) {
+  fmt::string_view s;
+  fmt::scan("foo", "{}", s);
+  EXPECT_EQ(s, "foo");
+}
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+namespace fmt {
+template <> struct scanner<tm> {
+  std::string format;
+
+  scan_parse_context::iterator parse(scan_parse_context& ctx) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    if (it != ctx.end() && *it == ':') ++it;
+    auto end = it;
+    while (end != ctx.end() && *end != '}') ++end;
+    format.reserve(internal::to_unsigned(end - it + 1));
+    format.append(it, end);
+    format.push_back('\0');
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <class ScanContext>
+  typename ScanContext::iterator scan(tm& t, ScanContext& ctx) {
+    auto result = strptime(ctx.begin(), format.c_str(), &t);
+    if (!result) throw format_error("failed to parse time");
+    return result;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace fmt
+
+TEST(ScanTest, ReadCustom) {
+  const char* input = "Date: 1985-10-25";
+  auto t = tm();
+  fmt::scan(input, "Date: {0:%Y-%m-%d}", t);
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.tm_year, 85);
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.tm_mon, 9);
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.tm_mday, 25);
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(ScanTest, InvalidFormat) {
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::scan("", "{}"), fmt::format_error,
+                   "argument index out of range");
+  EXPECT_THROW_MSG(fmt::scan("", "{"), fmt::format_error,
+                   "invalid format string");
+}
+
+TEST(ScanTest, Example) {
+  std::string key;
+  int value;
+  fmt::scan("answer = 42", "{} = {}", key, value);
+  EXPECT_EQ(key, "answer");
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 42);
+}
diff --git a/test/scan.h b/test/scan.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ace84f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/scan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - scanning API proof of concept
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2019 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#include <array>
+
+#include "fmt/format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+template <typename T, typename Char = char> struct scanner {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled scanner.
+  scanner() = delete;
+};
+
+class scan_parse_context {
+ private:
+  string_view format_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = string_view::iterator;
+
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR scan_parse_context(string_view format)
+      : format_(format) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator begin() const { return format_.begin(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator end() const { return format_.end(); }
+
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    format_.remove_prefix(internal::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+};
+
+struct scan_context {
+ private:
+  string_view input_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = const char*;
+
+  explicit scan_context(string_view input) : input_(input) {}
+
+  iterator begin() const { return input_.data(); }
+  iterator end() const { return begin() + input_.size(); }
+
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    input_.remove_prefix(internal::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+enum class scan_type {
+  none_type,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  string_type,
+  string_view_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+struct custom_scan_arg {
+  void* value;
+  void (*scan)(void* arg, scan_parse_context& parse_ctx, scan_context& ctx);
+};
+
+class scan_arg {
+ public:
+  scan_type type;
+  union {
+    int* int_value;
+    unsigned* uint_value;
+    long long* long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long* ulong_long_value;
+    std::string* string;
+    fmt::string_view* string_view;
+    custom_scan_arg custom;
+    // TODO: more types
+  };
+
+  scan_arg() : type(scan_type::none_type) {}
+  scan_arg(int& value) : type(scan_type::int_type), int_value(&value) {}
+  scan_arg(unsigned& value) : type(scan_type::uint_type), uint_value(&value) {}
+  scan_arg(long long& value)
+      : type(scan_type::long_long_type), long_long_value(&value) {}
+  scan_arg(unsigned long long& value)
+      : type(scan_type::ulong_long_type), ulong_long_value(&value) {}
+  scan_arg(std::string& value) : type(scan_type::string_type), string(&value) {}
+  scan_arg(fmt::string_view& value)
+      : type(scan_type::string_view_type), string_view(&value) {}
+  template <typename T> scan_arg(T& value) : type(scan_type::custom_type) {
+    custom.value = &value;
+    custom.scan = scan_custom_arg<T>;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  template <typename T>
+  static void scan_custom_arg(void* arg, scan_parse_context& parse_ctx,
+                              scan_context& ctx) {
+    scanner<T> s;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(s.parse(parse_ctx));
+    ctx.advance_to(s.scan(*static_cast<T*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+struct scan_args {
+  int size;
+  const internal::scan_arg* data;
+
+  template <size_t N>
+  scan_args(const std::array<internal::scan_arg, N>& store)
+      : size(N), data(store.data()) {
+    static_assert(N < INT_MAX, "too many arguments");
+  }
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+struct scan_handler : error_handler {
+ private:
+  scan_parse_context parse_ctx_;
+  scan_context scan_ctx_;
+  scan_args args_;
+  int next_arg_id_;
+  scan_arg arg_;
+
+  template <typename T = unsigned> T read_uint() {
+    T value = 0;
+    auto it = scan_ctx_.begin(), end = scan_ctx_.end();
+    while (it != end) {
+      char c = *it++;
+      if (c < '0' || c > '9') on_error("invalid input");
+      // TODO: check overflow
+      value = value * 10 + (c - '0');
+    }
+    scan_ctx_.advance_to(it);
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T = int> T read_int() {
+    T value = 0;
+    auto it = scan_ctx_.begin(), end = scan_ctx_.end();
+    bool negative = it != end && *it == '-';
+    if (negative) ++it;
+    scan_ctx_.advance_to(it);
+    value = read_uint<typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type>();
+    if (negative) value = -value;
+    return value;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  scan_handler(string_view format, string_view input, scan_args args)
+      : parse_ctx_(format), scan_ctx_(input), args_(args), next_arg_id_(0) {}
+
+  const char* pos() const { return scan_ctx_.begin(); }
+
+  void on_text(const char* begin, const char* end) {
+    auto size = end - begin;
+    auto it = scan_ctx_.begin();
+    if (it + size > scan_ctx_.end() ||
+        !std::equal(begin, end, make_checked(it, size))) {
+      on_error("invalid input");
+    }
+    scan_ctx_.advance_to(it + size);
+  }
+
+  void on_arg_id() { on_arg_id(next_arg_id_++); }
+  void on_arg_id(int id) {
+    if (id >= args_.size) on_error("argument index out of range");
+    arg_ = args_.data[id];
+  }
+  void on_arg_id(string_view) { on_error("invalid format"); }
+
+  void on_replacement_field(const char*) {
+    auto it = scan_ctx_.begin(), end = scan_ctx_.end();
+    switch (arg_.type) {
+    case scan_type::int_type:
+      *arg_.int_value = read_int();
+      break;
+    case scan_type::uint_type:
+      *arg_.uint_value = read_uint();
+      break;
+    case scan_type::long_long_type:
+      *arg_.long_long_value = read_int<long long>();
+      break;
+    case scan_type::ulong_long_type:
+      *arg_.ulong_long_value = read_uint<unsigned long long>();
+      break;
+    case scan_type::string_type:
+      while (it != end && *it != ' ') arg_.string->push_back(*it++);
+      scan_ctx_.advance_to(it);
+      break;
+    case scan_type::string_view_type: {
+      auto s = it;
+      while (it != end && *it != ' ') ++it;
+      *arg_.string_view = fmt::string_view(s, it - s);
+      scan_ctx_.advance_to(it);
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      assert(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  const char* on_format_specs(const char* begin, const char*) {
+    if (arg_.type != scan_type::custom_type) return begin;
+    parse_ctx_.advance_to(begin);
+    arg_.custom.scan(arg_.custom.value, parse_ctx_, scan_ctx_);
+    return parse_ctx_.begin();
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename... Args>
+std::array<internal::scan_arg, sizeof...(Args)> make_scan_args(Args&... args) {
+  return {{args...}};
+}
+
+string_view::iterator vscan(string_view input, string_view format_str,
+                            scan_args args) {
+  internal::scan_handler h(format_str, input, args);
+  internal::parse_format_string<false>(format_str, h);
+  return input.begin() + (h.pos() - &*input.begin());
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+string_view::iterator scan(string_view input, string_view format_str,
+                           Args&... args) {
+  return vscan(input, format_str, make_scan_args(args...));
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
diff --git a/test/std-format-test.cc b/test/std-format-test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fd60d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/std-format-test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+#include <format>
+#include "gtest.h"
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Escaping) {
+  using namespace std;
+  string s = format("{0}-{{", 8);  // s == "8-{"
+  EXPECT_EQ(s, "8-{");
+}
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Indexing) {
+  using namespace std;
+  string s0 = format("{} to {}", "a", "b");    // OK: automatic indexing
+  string s1 = format("{1} to {0}", "a", "b");  // OK: manual indexing
+  EXPECT_EQ(s0, "a to b");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s1, "b to a");
+  // Error: mixing automatic and manual indexing
+  EXPECT_THROW(string s2 = format("{0} to {}", "a", "b"), std::format_error);
+  // Error: mixing automatic and manual indexing
+  EXPECT_THROW(string s3 = format("{} to {1}", "a", "b"), std::format_error);
+}
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Alignment) {
+  using namespace std;
+  char c = 120;
+  string s0 = format("{:6}", 42);     // s0 == "    42"
+  string s1 = format("{:6}", 'x');    // s1 == "x     "
+  string s2 = format("{:*<6}", 'x');  // s2 == "x*****"
+  string s3 = format("{:*>6}", 'x');  // s3 == "*****x"
+  string s4 = format("{:*^6}", 'x');  // s4 == "**x***"
+  // Error: '=' with charT and no integer presentation type
+  EXPECT_THROW(string s5 = format("{:=6}", 'x'), std::format_error);
+  string s6 = format("{:6d}", c);       // s6 == "   120"
+  string s7 = format("{:=+06d}", c);    // s7 == "+00120"
+  string s8 = format("{:0=#6x}", 0xa);  // s8 == "0x000a"
+  string s9 = format("{:6}", true);     // s9 == "true  "
+  EXPECT_EQ(s0, "    42");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s1, "x     ");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s2, "x*****");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s3, "*****x");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s4, "**x***");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s6, "   120");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s7, "+00120");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s8, "0x000a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s9, "true  ");
+}
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Float) {
+  using namespace std;
+  double inf = numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
+  double nan = numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+  string s0 = format("{0:} {0:+} {0:-} {0: }", 1);   // s0 == "1 +1 1  1"
+  string s1 = format("{0:} {0:+} {0:-} {0: }", -1);  // s1 == "-1 -1 -1 -1"
+  string s2 =
+      format("{0:} {0:+} {0:-} {0: }", inf);  // s2 == "inf +inf inf  inf"
+  string s3 =
+      format("{0:} {0:+} {0:-} {0: }", nan);  // s3 == "nan +nan nan  nan"
+  EXPECT_EQ(s0, "1 +1 1  1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s1, "-1 -1 -1 -1");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s2, "inf +inf inf  inf");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s3, "nan +nan nan  nan");
+}
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Int) {
+  using namespace std;
+  string s0 = format("{}", 42);                       // s0 == "42"
+  string s1 = format("{0:b} {0:d} {0:o} {0:x}", 42);  // s1 == "101010 42 52 2a"
+  string s2 = format("{0:#x} {0:#X}", 42);            // s2 == "0x2a 0X2A"
+  string s3 = format("{:n}", 1234);  // s3 == "1,234" (depends on the locale)
+  EXPECT_EQ(s0, "42");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s1, "101010 42 52 2a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s2, "0x2a 0X2A");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s3, "1,234");
+}
+
+#include <format>
+
+enum color { red, green, blue };
+
+const char* color_names[] = {"red", "green", "blue"};
+
+template <> struct std::formatter<color> : std::formatter<const char*> {
+  auto format(color c, format_context& ctx) {
+    return formatter<const char*>::format(color_names[c], ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+struct err {};
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Formatter) {
+  std::string s0 = std::format("{}", 42);  // OK: library-provided formatter
+  // std::string s1 = std::format("{}", L"foo"); // Ill-formed: disabled
+  // formatter
+  std::string s2 = std::format("{}", red);  // OK: user-provided formatter
+  // std::string s3 = std::format("{}", err{});  // Ill-formed: disabled
+  // formatter
+  EXPECT_EQ(s0, "42");
+  EXPECT_EQ(s2, "red");
+}
+
+struct S {
+  int value;
+};
+
+template <> struct std::formatter<S> {
+  size_t width_arg_id = 0;
+
+  // Parses a width argument id in the format { <digit> }.
+  constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context& ctx) {
+    auto iter = ctx.begin();
+    // auto get_char = [&]() { return iter != ctx.end() ? *iter : 0; };
+    auto get_char = [&]() { return iter != ctx.end() ? *iter : '\0'; };
+    if (get_char() != '{') return iter;
+    ++iter;
+    char c = get_char();
+    if (!isdigit(c) || (++iter, get_char()) != '}')
+      throw format_error("invalid format");
+    width_arg_id = c - '0';
+    ctx.check_arg_id(width_arg_id);
+    return ++iter;
+  }
+
+  // Formats S with width given by the argument width_arg_id.
+  auto format(S s, format_context& ctx) {
+    int width = visit_format_arg(
+        [](auto value) -> int {
+          using type = decltype(value);
+          if constexpr (!is_integral_v<type> || is_same_v<type, bool>)
+            throw format_error("width is not integral");
+          // else if (value < 0 || value > numeric_limits<int>::max())
+          else if (fmt::internal::is_negative(value) ||
+                   value > numeric_limits<int>::max())
+            throw format_error("invalid width");
+          else
+            return static_cast<int>(value);
+        },
+        ctx.arg(width_arg_id));
+    return format_to(ctx.out(), "{0:{1}}", s.value, width);
+  }
+};
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Parsing) {
+  std::string s = std::format("{0:{1}}", S{42}, 10);  // s == "        42"
+  EXPECT_EQ(s, "        42");
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+template <> struct std::formatter<__int128_t> : std::formatter<long long> {
+  auto format(__int128_t n, format_context& ctx) {
+    // Format as a long long since we only want to check if it is possible to
+    // specialize formatter for __int128_t.
+    return formatter<long long>::format(static_cast<long long>(n), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+TEST(StdFormatTest, Int128) {
+  __int128_t n = 42;
+  auto s = std::format("{}", n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(s, "42");
+}
+#endif  // FMT_USE_INT128
diff --git a/test/test-assert.h b/test/test-assert.h
index c816155..034a4ce 100644
--- a/test/test-assert.h
+++ b/test/test-assert.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 class assertion_failure : public std::logic_error {
  public:
-  explicit assertion_failure(const char *message) : std::logic_error(message) {}
+  explicit assertion_failure(const char* message) : std::logic_error(message) {}
 };
 
 #define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) \
diff --git a/test/test-main.cc b/test/test-main.cc
index bc0be76..d911131 100644
--- a/test/test-main.cc
+++ b/test/test-main.cc
@@ -9,23 +9,23 @@
 #include "gtest.h"
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
-# include <windows.h>
+#  include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# include <crtdbg.h>
+#  include <crtdbg.h>
 #else
-# define _CrtSetReportFile(a, b)
-# define _CrtSetReportMode(a, b)
+#  define _CrtSetReportFile(a, b)
+#  define _CrtSetReportMode(a, b)
 #endif
 
-int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 #ifdef _WIN32
   // Don't display any error dialogs. This also suppresses message boxes
   // on assertion failures in MinGW where _set_error_mode/CrtSetReportMode
   // doesn't help.
   SetErrorMode(SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS | SEM_NOGPFAULTERRORBOX |
-    SEM_NOOPENFILEERRORBOX);
+               SEM_NOOPENFILEERRORBOX);
 #endif
   // Disable message boxes on assertion failures.
   _CrtSetReportMode(_CRT_ERROR, _CRTDBG_MODE_FILE | _CRTDBG_MODE_DEBUG);
diff --git a/test/time-test.cc b/test/time-test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 686d387..0000000
--- a/test/time-test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-// Formatting library for C++ - time formatting tests
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
-// All rights reserved.
-//
-// For the license information refer to format.h.
-
-#ifdef WIN32
-#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
-#endif
-
-#include "gmock.h"
-#include "fmt/locale.h"
-#include "fmt/time.h"
-
-TEST(TimeTest, Format) {
-  std::tm tm = std::tm();
-  tm.tm_year = 116;
-  tm.tm_mon  = 3;
-  tm.tm_mday = 25;
-  EXPECT_EQ("The date is 2016-04-25.",
-            fmt::format("The date is {:%Y-%m-%d}.", tm));
-}
-
-TEST(TimeTest, GrowBuffer) {
-  std::string s = "{:";
-  for (int i = 0; i < 30; ++i)
-    s += "%c";
-  s += "}\n";
-  std::time_t t = std::time(FMT_NULL);
-  fmt::format(s, *std::localtime(&t));
-}
-
-TEST(TimeTest, FormatToEmptyContainer) {
-  std::string s;
-  auto time = std::tm();
-  time.tm_sec = 42;
-  fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(s), "{:%S}", time);
-  EXPECT_EQ(s, "42");
-}
-
-TEST(TimeTest, EmptyResult) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("", fmt::format("{}", std::tm()));
-}
-
-static bool EqualTime(const std::tm &lhs, const std::tm &rhs) {
-  return lhs.tm_sec == rhs.tm_sec &&
-         lhs.tm_min == rhs.tm_min &&
-         lhs.tm_hour == rhs.tm_hour &&
-         lhs.tm_mday == rhs.tm_mday &&
-         lhs.tm_mon == rhs.tm_mon &&
-         lhs.tm_year == rhs.tm_year &&
-         lhs.tm_wday == rhs.tm_wday &&
-         lhs.tm_yday == rhs.tm_yday &&
-         lhs.tm_isdst == rhs.tm_isdst;
-}
-
-TEST(TimeTest, LocalTime) {
-  std::time_t t = std::time(FMT_NULL);
-  std::tm tm = *std::localtime(&t);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(EqualTime(tm, fmt::localtime(t)));
-}
-
-TEST(TimeTest, GMTime) {
-  std::time_t t = std::time(FMT_NULL);
-  std::tm tm = *std::gmtime(&t);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(EqualTime(tm, fmt::gmtime(t)));
-}
diff --git a/test/util.cc b/test/util.cc
index 12270bc..329f654 100644
--- a/test/util.cc
+++ b/test/util.cc
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include "util.h"
 #include <cstring>
 
-void increment(char *s) {
+void increment(char* s) {
   for (int i = static_cast<int>(std::strlen(s)) - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
     if (s[i] != '9') {
       ++s[i];
@@ -30,15 +30,14 @@
 #endif
 }
 
-const char *const FILE_CONTENT = "Don't panic!";
+const char* const FILE_CONTENT = "Don't panic!";
 
-fmt::buffered_file open_buffered_file(FILE **fp) {
+fmt::buffered_file open_buffered_file(FILE** fp) {
   fmt::file read_end, write_end;
   fmt::file::pipe(read_end, write_end);
   write_end.write(FILE_CONTENT, std::strlen(FILE_CONTENT));
   write_end.close();
   fmt::buffered_file f = read_end.fdopen("r");
-  if (fp)
-    *fp = f.get();
+  if (fp) *fp = f.get();
   return f;
 }
diff --git a/test/util.h b/test/util.h
index 2b068d9..7aa9da2 100644
--- a/test/util.h
+++ b/test/util.h
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@
 
 #include "fmt/posix.h"
 
-enum {BUFFER_SIZE = 256};
+enum { BUFFER_SIZE = 256 };
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-# define FMT_VSNPRINTF vsprintf_s
+#  define FMT_VSNPRINTF vsprintf_s
 #else
-# define FMT_VSNPRINTF vsnprintf
+#  define FMT_VSNPRINTF vsnprintf
 #endif
 
 template <std::size_t SIZE>
-void safe_sprintf(char (&buffer)[SIZE], const char *format, ...) {
+void safe_sprintf(char (&buffer)[SIZE], const char* format, ...) {
   std::va_list args;
   va_start(args, format);
   FMT_VSNPRINTF(buffer, SIZE, format, args);
@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@
 }
 
 // Increment a number in a string.
-void increment(char *s);
+void increment(char* s);
 
 std::string get_system_error(int error_code);
 
-extern const char *const FILE_CONTENT;
+extern const char* const FILE_CONTENT;
 
 // Opens a buffered file for reading.
-fmt::buffered_file open_buffered_file(FILE **fp = FMT_NULL);
+fmt::buffered_file open_buffered_file(FILE** fp = nullptr);
 
-inline FILE *safe_fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode) {
+inline FILE* safe_fopen(const char* filename, const char* mode) {
 #if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
   // Fix MSVC warning about "unsafe" fopen.
-  FILE *f = 0;
+  FILE* f = 0;
   errno = fopen_s(&f, filename, mode);
   return f;
 #else
@@ -48,34 +48,33 @@
 #endif
 }
 
-template <typename Char>
-class BasicTestString {
+template <typename Char> class BasicTestString {
  private:
   std::basic_string<Char> value_;
 
   static const Char EMPTY[];
 
  public:
-  explicit BasicTestString(const Char *value = EMPTY) : value_(value) {}
+  explicit BasicTestString(const Char* value = EMPTY) : value_(value) {}
 
-  const std::basic_string<Char> &value() const { return value_; }
+  const std::basic_string<Char>& value() const { return value_; }
 };
 
-template <typename Char>
-const Char BasicTestString<Char>::EMPTY[] = {0};
+template <typename Char> const Char BasicTestString<Char>::EMPTY[] = {0};
 
 typedef BasicTestString<char> TestString;
 typedef BasicTestString<wchar_t> TestWString;
 
 template <typename Char>
-std::basic_ostream<Char> &operator<<(
-    std::basic_ostream<Char> &os, const BasicTestString<Char> &s) {
+std::basic_ostream<Char>& operator<<(std::basic_ostream<Char>& os,
+                                     const BasicTestString<Char>& s) {
   os << s.value();
   return os;
 }
 
 class Date {
   int year_, month_, day_;
+
  public:
   Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}