README - platform/external/erofs-utils - Git at Google

 erofs-utils
 ===========

 Userspace tools for EROFS filesystem, currently including:

   mkfs.erofs    filesystem formatter
   erofsfuse     FUSE daemon alternative
   dump.erofs    filesystem analyzer
   fsck.erofs    filesystem compatibility & consistency checker as well
                 as extractor


 EROFS filesystem overview
 -------------------------

 EROFS filesystem stands for Enhanced Read-Only File System.  It aims to
 form a generic read-only filesystem solution for various read-only use
 cases instead of just focusing on storage space saving without
 considering any side effects of runtime performance.

 Typically EROFS could be considered in the following use scenarios:
   - Firmwares in performance-sensitive systems, such as system
     partitions of Android smartphones;

   - Mountable immutable images such as container images for effective
     metadata & data access compared with tar, cpio or other local
     filesystems (e.g. ext4, XFS, btrfs, etc.)

   - FSDAX-enabled rootfs for secure containers (Linux 5.15+);

   - Live CDs which need a set of files with another high-performance
     algorithm to optimize startup time; others files for archival
     purposes only are not needed;

   - and more.

 Note that all EROFS metadata is uncompressed by design, so that you
 could take EROFS as a drop-in read-only replacement of ext4, XFS,
 btrfs, etc. without any compression-based dependencies and EROFS can
 bring more effective filesystem accesses to users with reduced
 metadata.

 For more details of EROFS filesystem itself, please refer to:
 https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/next/filesystems/erofs.html

 For more details on how to build erofs-utils, see `docs/INSTALL.md`.

 For more details about filesystem performance, see
 `docs/PERFORMANCE.md`.


 mkfs.erofs
 ----------

 Two main kinds of EROFS images can be generated: (un)compressed images.

  - For uncompressed images, there will be no compressed files in these
    images.  However, an EROFS image can contain files which consist of
    various aligned data blocks and then a tail that is stored inline in
    order to compact images [1].

  - For compressed images, it will try to use the given algorithms first
    for each regular file and see if storage space can be saved with
    compression. If not, it will fall back to an uncompressed file.

 Note that EROFS supports per-file compression configuration, proper
 configuration options need to be enabled to parse compressed files by
 the Linux kernel.

 How to generate EROFS images
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Compression algorithms could be specified with the command-line option
 `-z` to build a compressed EROFS image from a local directory:
  $ mkfs.erofs -zlz4hc foo.erofs.img foo/

 Supported algorithms by the Linux kernel:
  - LZ4 (Linux 5.3+);
  - LZMA (Linux 5.16+);
  - DEFLATE (Linux 6.6+);
  - Zstandard (Linux 6.10+).

 Alternatively, generate an uncompressed EROFS from a local directory:
  $ mkfs.erofs foo.erofs.img foo/

 Additionally, you can specify a higher compression level to get a
 (slightly) smaller image than the default level:
  $ mkfs.erofs -zlz4hc,12 foo.erofs.img foo/

 Multi-threaded support can be explicitly enabled with the ./configure
 option `--enable-multithreading`; otherwise, single-threaded compression
 will be used for now.  It may take more time on multiprocessor platforms
 if multi-threaded support is not enabled.

 Currently, both `-Efragments` (not `-Eall-fragments`) and `-Ededupe`
 don't support multi-threading due to time limitations.

 Reproducible builds
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Reproducible builds are typically used for verification and security,
 ensuring the same binaries/distributions to be reproduced in a
 deterministic way.

 Images generated by the same version of `mkfs.erofs` will be identical
 to previous runs if the same input is specified, and the same options
 are used.

 Specifically, variable timestamps and filesystem UUIDs can result in
 unreproducible EROFS images.  `-T` and `-U` can be used to fix them.

 How to generate EROFS big pcluster images (Linux 5.13+)
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 By default, EROFS formatter compresses data into separate one-block
 (e.g. 4KiB) filesystem physical clusters for outstanding random read
 performance.  In other words, each EROFS filesystem block can be
 independently decompressed.  However, other similar filesystems
 typically compress data into "blocks" of 128KiB or more for much smaller
 images.  Users may prefer smaller images for archiving purposes, even if
 random performance is compromised with those configurations, and even
 worse when using 4KiB blocks.

 In order to fulfill users' needs, big plusters has been introduced
 since Linux 5.13, in which each physical clusters will be more than one
 blocks.

 Specifically, `-C` is used to specify the maximum size of each pcluster
 in bytes:
  $ mkfs.erofs -zlz4hc -C65536 foo.erofs.img foo/

 Thus, in this case, pcluster sizes can be up to 64KiB.

 Note that large pcluster size can degrade random performance (though it
 may improve sequential read performance for typical storage devices), so
 please evaluate carefully in advance.  Alternatively, you can make
 per-(sub)file compression strategies according to file access patterns
 if needed.

 How to generate EROFS images with multiple algorithms
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 It's possible to generate an EROFS image with files in different
 algorithms due to various purposes.  For example, LZMA for archival
 purposes and LZ4 for runtime purposes.

 In order to use alternative algorithms, just specify two or more
 compressing configurations together separated by ':' like below:
     -zlzma:lz4hc,12:lzma,9 -C32768

 Although mkfs still choose the first one by default, you could try to
 write a compress-hints file like below:
     4096  1 .*\.so$
     32768 2 .*\.txt$
     4096    sbin/.*$
     16384 0 .*

 and specify with `--compress-hints=` so that ".so" files will use
 "lz4hc,12" compression with 4k pclusters, ".txt" files will use
 "lzma,9" compression with 32k pclusters, files  under "/sbin" will use
 the default "lzma" compression with 4k plusters and other files will
 use "lzma" compression with 16k pclusters.

 Note that the largest pcluster size should be specified with the "-C"
 option (here 32k pcluster size), otherwise all larger pclusters will be
 limited.

 How to generate well-compressed EROFS images
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Even if EROFS is not designed for such purposes in the beginning, it
 could still produce some smaller images (not always) compared to other
 approaches with better performance (see `docs/PERFORMANCE.md`).  In
 order to build well-compressed EROFS images, try the following options:
  -C1048576                     (5.13+)
  -Eztailpacking                (5.16+)
  -Efragments / -Eall-fragments ( 6.1+);
  -Ededupe                      ( 6.1+).

 Also EROFS uses lz4hc level 9 by default, whereas some other approaches
 use lz4hc level 12 by default.  So please explicitly specify
 `-zlz4hc,12 ` for comparison purposes.

 How to generate legacy EROFS images (Linux 4.19+)
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Decompression inplace and compacted indexes have been introduced in
 Linux v5.3, which are not forward-compatible with older kernels.

 In order to generate _legacy_ EROFS images for old kernels,
 consider adding "-E legacy-compress" to the command line, e.g.

  $ mkfs.erofs -E legacy-compress -zlz4hc foo.erofs.img foo/

 For Linux kernel >= 5.3, legacy EROFS images are _NOT recommended_
 due to runtime performance loss compared with non-legacy images.

 Obsoleted erofs.mkfs
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 There is an original erofs.mkfs version developed by Li Guifu,
 which was replaced by the new erofs-utils implementation.

 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xiang/erofs-utils.git -b obsoleted_mkfs

 PLEASE NOTE: This version is highly _NOT recommended_ now.


 erofsfuse
 ---------

 erofsfuse is introduced to support EROFS format for various platforms
 (including older linux kernels) and new on-disk features iteration.
 It can also be used as an unpacking tool for unprivileged users.

 It supports fixed-sized output decompression *without* any in-place
 I/O or in-place decompression optimization. Also like the other FUSE
 implementations, it suffers from most common performance issues (e.g.
 significant I/O overhead, double caching, etc.)

 Therefore, NEVER use it if performance is the top concern.

 How to mount an EROFS image with erofsfuse
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 As the other FUSE implementations, it's quite easy to mount by using
 erofsfuse, e.g.:
  $ erofsfuse foo.erofs.img foo/

 Alternatively, to make it run in foreground (with debugging level 3):
  $ erofsfuse -f --dbglevel=3 foo.erofs.img foo/

 To debug erofsfuse (also automatically run in foreground):
  $ erofsfuse -d foo.erofs.img foo/

 To unmount an erofsfuse mountpoint as a non-root user:
  $ fusermount -u foo/


 dump.erofs and fsck.erofs
 -------------------------

 dump.erofs and fsck.erofs are used to analyze, check, and extract
 EROFS filesystems. Note that extended attributes and ACLs are still
 unsupported when extracting images with fsck.erofs.

 Note that fragment extraction with fsck.erofs could be slow now and
 it needs to be optimized later.  If you are interested, contribution
 is, as always, welcome.


 Contribution
 ------------

 erofs-utils is a part of EROFS filesystem project, which is completely
 community-driven open source software.  If you have interest in EROFS,
 feel free to send feedback and/or patches to:
   linux-erofs mailing list   <linux-erofs@lists.ozlabs.org>


 Comments
 --------

 [1] According to the EROFS on-disk format, the tail blocks of files
     could be inlined aggressively with their metadata (called
     tail-packing) in order to minimize the extra I/Os and the storage
     space.
	erofs-utils
	===========

	Userspace tools for EROFS filesystem, currently including:

	mkfs.erofs filesystem formatter
	erofsfuse FUSE daemon alternative
	dump.erofs filesystem analyzer
	fsck.erofs filesystem compatibility & consistency checker as well
	as extractor


	EROFS filesystem overview
	-------------------------

	EROFS filesystem stands for Enhanced Read-Only File System. It aims to
	form a generic read-only filesystem solution for various read-only use
	cases instead of just focusing on storage space saving without
	considering any side effects of runtime performance.

	Typically EROFS could be considered in the following use scenarios:
	- Firmwares in performance-sensitive systems, such as system
	partitions of Android smartphones;

	- Mountable immutable images such as container images for effective
	metadata & data access compared with tar, cpio or other local
	filesystems (e.g. ext4, XFS, btrfs, etc.)

	- FSDAX-enabled rootfs for secure containers (Linux 5.15+);

	- Live CDs which need a set of files with another high-performance
	algorithm to optimize startup time; others files for archival
	purposes only are not needed;

	- and more.

	Note that all EROFS metadata is uncompressed by design, so that you
	could take EROFS as a drop-in read-only replacement of ext4, XFS,
	btrfs, etc. without any compression-based dependencies and EROFS can
	bring more effective filesystem accesses to users with reduced
	metadata.

	For more details of EROFS filesystem itself, please refer to:
	https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/next/filesystems/erofs.html

	For more details on how to build erofs-utils, see `docs/INSTALL.md`.

	For more details about filesystem performance, see
	`docs/PERFORMANCE.md`.


	mkfs.erofs
	----------

	Two main kinds of EROFS images can be generated: (un)compressed images.

	- For uncompressed images, there will be no compressed files in these
	images. However, an EROFS image can contain files which consist of
	various aligned data blocks and then a tail that is stored inline in
	order to compact images [1].

	- For compressed images, it will try to use the given algorithms first
	for each regular file and see if storage space can be saved with
	compression. If not, it will fall back to an uncompressed file.

	Note that EROFS supports per-file compression configuration, proper
	configuration options need to be enabled to parse compressed files by
	the Linux kernel.

	How to generate EROFS images
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Compression algorithms could be specified with the command-line option
	`-z` to build a compressed EROFS image from a local directory:
	$ mkfs.erofs -zlz4hc foo.erofs.img foo/

	Supported algorithms by the Linux kernel:
	- LZ4 (Linux 5.3+);
	- LZMA (Linux 5.16+);
	- DEFLATE (Linux 6.6+);
	- Zstandard (Linux 6.10+).

	Alternatively, generate an uncompressed EROFS from a local directory:
	$ mkfs.erofs foo.erofs.img foo/

	Additionally, you can specify a higher compression level to get a
	(slightly) smaller image than the default level:
	$ mkfs.erofs -zlz4hc,12 foo.erofs.img foo/

	Multi-threaded support can be explicitly enabled with the ./configure
	option `--enable-multithreading`; otherwise, single-threaded compression
	will be used for now. It may take more time on multiprocessor platforms
	if multi-threaded support is not enabled.

	Currently, both `-Efragments` (not `-Eall-fragments`) and `-Ededupe`
	don't support multi-threading due to time limitations.

	Reproducible builds
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Reproducible builds are typically used for verification and security,
	ensuring the same binaries/distributions to be reproduced in a
	deterministic way.

	Images generated by the same version of `mkfs.erofs` will be identical
	to previous runs if the same input is specified, and the same options
	are used.

	Specifically, variable timestamps and filesystem UUIDs can result in
	unreproducible EROFS images. `-T` and `-U` can be used to fix them.

	How to generate EROFS big pcluster images (Linux 5.13+)
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	By default, EROFS formatter compresses data into separate one-block
	(e.g. 4KiB) filesystem physical clusters for outstanding random read
	performance. In other words, each EROFS filesystem block can be
	independently decompressed. However, other similar filesystems
	typically compress data into "blocks" of 128KiB or more for much smaller
	images. Users may prefer smaller images for archiving purposes, even if
	random performance is compromised with those configurations, and even
	worse when using 4KiB blocks.

	In order to fulfill users' needs, big plusters has been introduced
	since Linux 5.13, in which each physical clusters will be more than one
	blocks.

	Specifically, `-C` is used to specify the maximum size of each pcluster
	in bytes:
	$ mkfs.erofs -zlz4hc -C65536 foo.erofs.img foo/

	Thus, in this case, pcluster sizes can be up to 64KiB.

	Note that large pcluster size can degrade random performance (though it
	may improve sequential read performance for typical storage devices), so
	please evaluate carefully in advance. Alternatively, you can make
	per-(sub)file compression strategies according to file access patterns
	if needed.

	How to generate EROFS images with multiple algorithms
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	It's possible to generate an EROFS image with files in different
	algorithms due to various purposes. For example, LZMA for archival
	purposes and LZ4 for runtime purposes.

	In order to use alternative algorithms, just specify two or more
	compressing configurations together separated by ':' like below:
	-zlzma:lz4hc,12:lzma,9 -C32768

	Although mkfs still choose the first one by default, you could try to
	write a compress-hints file like below:
	4096 1 .*\.so$
	32768 2 .*\.txt$
	4096 sbin/.*$
	16384 0 .*

	and specify with `--compress-hints=` so that ".so" files will use
	"lz4hc,12" compression with 4k pclusters, ".txt" files will use
	"lzma,9" compression with 32k pclusters, files under "/sbin" will use
	the default "lzma" compression with 4k plusters and other files will
	use "lzma" compression with 16k pclusters.

	Note that the largest pcluster size should be specified with the "-C"
	option (here 32k pcluster size), otherwise all larger pclusters will be
	limited.

	How to generate well-compressed EROFS images
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Even if EROFS is not designed for such purposes in the beginning, it
	could still produce some smaller images (not always) compared to other
	approaches with better performance (see `docs/PERFORMANCE.md`). In
	order to build well-compressed EROFS images, try the following options:
	-C1048576 (5.13+)
	-Eztailpacking (5.16+)
	-Efragments / -Eall-fragments ( 6.1+);
	-Ededupe ( 6.1+).

	Also EROFS uses lz4hc level 9 by default, whereas some other approaches
	use lz4hc level 12 by default. So please explicitly specify
	`-zlz4hc,12 ` for comparison purposes.

	How to generate legacy EROFS images (Linux 4.19+)
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Decompression inplace and compacted indexes have been introduced in
	Linux v5.3, which are not forward-compatible with older kernels.

	In order to generate _legacy_ EROFS images for old kernels,
	consider adding "-E legacy-compress" to the command line, e.g.

	$ mkfs.erofs -E legacy-compress -zlz4hc foo.erofs.img foo/

	For Linux kernel >= 5.3, legacy EROFS images are _NOT recommended_
	due to runtime performance loss compared with non-legacy images.

	Obsoleted erofs.mkfs
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	There is an original erofs.mkfs version developed by Li Guifu,
	which was replaced by the new erofs-utils implementation.

	git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/xiang/erofs-utils.git -b obsoleted_mkfs

	PLEASE NOTE: This version is highly _NOT recommended_ now.


	erofsfuse
	---------

	erofsfuse is introduced to support EROFS format for various platforms
	(including older linux kernels) and new on-disk features iteration.
	It can also be used as an unpacking tool for unprivileged users.

	It supports fixed-sized output decompression without any in-place
	I/O or in-place decompression optimization. Also like the other FUSE
	implementations, it suffers from most common performance issues (e.g.
	significant I/O overhead, double caching, etc.)

	Therefore, NEVER use it if performance is the top concern.

	How to mount an EROFS image with erofsfuse
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	As the other FUSE implementations, it's quite easy to mount by using
	erofsfuse, e.g.:
	$ erofsfuse foo.erofs.img foo/

	Alternatively, to make it run in foreground (with debugging level 3):
	$ erofsfuse -f --dbglevel=3 foo.erofs.img foo/

	To debug erofsfuse (also automatically run in foreground):
	$ erofsfuse -d foo.erofs.img foo/

	To unmount an erofsfuse mountpoint as a non-root user:
	$ fusermount -u foo/


	dump.erofs and fsck.erofs
	-------------------------

	dump.erofs and fsck.erofs are used to analyze, check, and extract
	EROFS filesystems. Note that extended attributes and ACLs are still
	unsupported when extracting images with fsck.erofs.

	Note that fragment extraction with fsck.erofs could be slow now and
	it needs to be optimized later. If you are interested, contribution
	is, as always, welcome.


	Contribution
	------------

	erofs-utils is a part of EROFS filesystem project, which is completely
	community-driven open source software. If you have interest in EROFS,
	feel free to send feedback and/or patches to:
	linux-erofs mailing list <linux-erofs@lists.ozlabs.org>


	Comments
	--------

	[1] According to the EROFS on-disk format, the tail blocks of files
	could be inlined aggressively with their metadata (called
	tail-packing) in order to minimize the extra I/Os and the storage
	space.