src/plugin/mod.rs

// Copyright 2018 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

mod process;
mod vcpu;

use std::fmt::{self, Display};
use std::fs::File;
use std::io;
use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};
use std::os::unix::net::UnixDatagram;
use std::path::Path;
use std::result;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, Barrier};
use std::thread;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

use libc::{
    c_int, c_ulong, fcntl, ioctl, socketpair, AF_UNIX, EAGAIN, EBADF, EDEADLK, EEXIST, EINTR,
    EINVAL, ENOENT, EOVERFLOW, EPERM, FIOCLEX, F_SETPIPE_SZ, MS_NODEV, MS_NOEXEC, MS_NOSUID,
    MS_RDONLY, SIGCHLD, SOCK_SEQPACKET,
};

use protobuf::ProtobufError;
use remain::sorted;

use base::{
    block_signal, clear_signal, drop_capabilities, error, getegid, geteuid, info, pipe,
    register_rt_signal_handler, validate_raw_fd, warn, Error as SysError, Event, Killable,
    MmapError, PollContext, PollToken, Result as SysResult, SignalFd, SignalFdError, SIGRTMIN,
};
use kvm::{Cap, Datamatch, IoeventAddress, Kvm, Vcpu, VcpuExit, Vm};
use minijail::{self, Minijail};
use net_util::{Error as TapError, Tap, TapT};
use vm_memory::GuestMemory;

use self::process::*;
use self::vcpu::*;
use crate::{Config, Executable};

const MAX_DATAGRAM_SIZE: usize = 4096;
const MAX_VCPU_DATAGRAM_SIZE: usize = 0x40000;

/// An error that occurs during the lifetime of a plugin process.
#[sorted]
pub enum Error {
    CloneEvent(SysError),
    CloneVcpuPipe(io::Error),
    CreateEvent(SysError),
    CreateIrqChip(SysError),
    CreateJail(minijail::Error),
    CreateKvm(SysError),
    CreateMainSocket(SysError),
    CreatePIT(SysError),
    CreatePollContext(SysError),
    CreateSignalFd(SignalFdError),
    CreateSocketPair(io::Error),
    CreateTapFd(TapError),
    CreateVcpu(SysError),
    CreateVcpuSocket(SysError),
    CreateVm(SysError),
    DecodeRequest(ProtobufError),
    DropCapabilities(SysError),
    EncodeResponse(ProtobufError),
    Mount(minijail::Error),
    MountDev(minijail::Error),
    MountLib(minijail::Error),
    MountLib64(minijail::Error),
    MountPlugin(minijail::Error),
    MountPluginLib(minijail::Error),
    MountProc(minijail::Error),
    MountRoot(minijail::Error),
    NoRootDir,
    ParsePivotRoot(minijail::Error),
    ParseSeccomp(minijail::Error),
    PluginFailed(i32),
    PluginKill(SysError),
    PluginKilled(i32),
    PluginRunJail(minijail::Error),
    PluginSocketHup,
    PluginSocketPoll(SysError),
    PluginSocketRecv(SysError),
    PluginSocketSend(SysError),
    PluginSpawn(io::Error),
    PluginTimeout,
    PluginWait(SysError),
    Poll(SysError),
    PollContextAdd(SysError),
    RootNotAbsolute,
    RootNotDir,
    SetGidMap(minijail::Error),
    SetUidMap(minijail::Error),
    SigChild {
        pid: u32,
        signo: u32,
        status: i32,
        code: i32,
    },
    SignalFd(SignalFdError),
    SpawnVcpu(io::Error),
    TapEnable(TapError),
    TapOpen(TapError),
    TapSetIp(TapError),
    TapSetMacAddress(TapError),
    TapSetNetmask(TapError),
    ValidateTapFd(SysError),
}

impl Display for Error {
    #[remain::check]
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        use self::Error::*;

        #[sorted]
        match self {
            CloneEvent(e) => write!(f, "failed to clone event: {}", e),
            CloneVcpuPipe(e) => write!(f, "failed to clone vcpu pipe: {}", e),
            CreateEvent(e) => write!(f, "failed to create event: {}", e),
            CreateIrqChip(e) => write!(f, "failed to create kvm irqchip: {}", e),
            CreateJail(e) => write!(f, "failed to create jail: {}", e),
            CreateKvm(e) => write!(f, "error creating Kvm: {}", e),
            CreateMainSocket(e) => write!(f, "error creating main request socket: {}", e),
            CreatePIT(e) => write!(f, "failed to create kvm PIT: {}", e),
            CreatePollContext(e) => write!(f, "failed to create poll context: {}", e),
            CreateSignalFd(e) => write!(f, "failed to create signalfd: {}", e),
            CreateSocketPair(e) => write!(f, "failed to create socket pair: {}", e),
            CreateTapFd(e) => write!(f, "failed to create tap device from raw fd: {}", e),
            CreateVcpu(e) => write!(f, "error creating vcpu: {}", e),
            CreateVcpuSocket(e) => write!(f, "error creating vcpu request socket: {}", e),
            CreateVm(e) => write!(f, "error creating vm: {}", e),
            DecodeRequest(e) => write!(f, "failed to decode plugin request: {}", e),
            DropCapabilities(e) => write!(f, "failed to drop process capabilities: {}", e),
            EncodeResponse(e) => write!(f, "failed to encode plugin response: {}", e),
            Mount(e) | MountDev(e) | MountLib(e) | MountLib64(e) | MountPlugin(e)
            | MountPluginLib(e) | MountProc(e) | MountRoot(e) => {
                write!(f, "failed to mount: {}", e)
            }
            NoRootDir => write!(f, "no root directory for jailed process to pivot root into"),
            ParsePivotRoot(e) => write!(f, "failed to set jail pivot root: {}", e),
            ParseSeccomp(e) => write!(f, "failed to parse jail seccomp filter: {}", e),
            PluginFailed(e) => write!(f, "plugin exited with error: {}", e),
            PluginKill(e) => write!(f, "error sending kill signal to plugin: {}", e),
            PluginKilled(e) => write!(f, "plugin exited with signal {}", e),
            PluginRunJail(e) => write!(f, "failed to run jail: {}", e),
            PluginSocketHup => write!(f, "plugin request socket has been hung up"),
            PluginSocketPoll(e) => write!(f, "failed to poll plugin request sockets: {}", e),
            PluginSocketRecv(e) => write!(f, "failed to recv from plugin request socket: {}", e),
            PluginSocketSend(e) => write!(f, "failed to send to plugin request socket: {}", e),
            PluginSpawn(e) => write!(f, "failed to spawn plugin: {}", e),
            PluginTimeout => write!(f, "plugin did not exit within timeout"),
            PluginWait(e) => write!(f, "error waiting for plugin to exit: {}", e),
            Poll(e) => write!(f, "failed to poll all FDs: {}", e),
            PollContextAdd(e) => write!(f, "failed to add fd to poll context: {}", e),
            RootNotAbsolute => write!(f, "path to the root directory must be absolute"),
            RootNotDir => write!(f, "specified root directory is not a directory"),
            SetGidMap(e) => write!(f, "failed to set gidmap for jail: {}", e),
            SetUidMap(e) => write!(f, "failed to set uidmap for jail: {}", e),
            SigChild {
                pid,
                signo,
                status,
                code,
            } => write!(
                f,
                "process {} died with signal {}, status {}, and code {}",
                pid, signo, status, code
            ),
            SignalFd(e) => write!(f, "failed to read signal fd: {}", e),
            SpawnVcpu(e) => write!(f, "error spawning vcpu thread: {}", e),
            TapEnable(e) => write!(f, "error enabling tap device: {}", e),
            TapOpen(e) => write!(f, "error opening tap device: {}", e),
            TapSetIp(e) => write!(f, "error setting tap ip: {}", e),
            TapSetMacAddress(e) => write!(f, "error setting tap mac address: {}", e),
            TapSetNetmask(e) => write!(f, "error setting tap netmask: {}", e),
            ValidateTapFd(e) => write!(f, "failed to validate raw tap fd: {}", e),
        }
    }
}

type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Error>;

fn new_seqpacket_pair() -> SysResult<(UnixDatagram, UnixDatagram)> {
    let mut fds = [0, 0];
    unsafe {
        let ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET, 0, fds.as_mut_ptr());
        if ret == 0 {
            ioctl(fds[0], FIOCLEX);
            Ok((
                UnixDatagram::from_raw_fd(fds[0]),
                UnixDatagram::from_raw_fd(fds[1]),
            ))
        } else {
            Err(SysError::last())
        }
    }
}

struct VcpuPipe {
    crosvm_read: File,
    plugin_write: File,
    plugin_read: File,
    crosvm_write: File,
}

fn new_pipe_pair() -> SysResult<VcpuPipe> {
    let to_crosvm = pipe(true)?;
    let to_plugin = pipe(true)?;
    // Increasing the pipe size can be a nice-to-have to make sure that
    // messages get across atomically (and made sure that writes don't block),
    // though it's not necessary a hard requirement for things to work.
    let flags = unsafe {
        fcntl(
            to_crosvm.0.as_raw_fd(),
            F_SETPIPE_SZ,
            MAX_VCPU_DATAGRAM_SIZE as c_int,
        )
    };
    if flags < 0 || flags != MAX_VCPU_DATAGRAM_SIZE as i32 {
        warn!(
            "Failed to adjust size of crosvm pipe (result {}): {}",
            flags,
            SysError::last()
        );
    }
    let flags = unsafe {
        fcntl(
            to_plugin.0.as_raw_fd(),
            F_SETPIPE_SZ,
            MAX_VCPU_DATAGRAM_SIZE as c_int,
        )
    };
    if flags < 0 || flags != MAX_VCPU_DATAGRAM_SIZE as i32 {
        warn!(
            "Failed to adjust size of plugin pipe (result {}): {}",
            flags,
            SysError::last()
        );
    }
    Ok(VcpuPipe {
        crosvm_read: to_crosvm.0,
        plugin_write: to_crosvm.1,
        plugin_read: to_plugin.0,
        crosvm_write: to_plugin.1,
    })
}

fn proto_to_sys_err(e: ProtobufError) -> SysError {
    match e {
        ProtobufError::IoError(e) => SysError::new(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(EINVAL)),
        _ => SysError::new(EINVAL),
    }
}

fn io_to_sys_err(e: io::Error) -> SysError {
    SysError::new(e.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(EINVAL))
}

fn mmap_to_sys_err(e: MmapError) -> SysError {
    match e {
        MmapError::SystemCallFailed(e) => e,
        _ => SysError::new(EINVAL),
    }
}

fn create_plugin_jail(root: &Path, log_failures: bool, seccomp_policy: &Path) -> Result<Minijail> {
    // All child jails run in a new user namespace without any users mapped,
    // they run as nobody unless otherwise configured.
    let mut j = Minijail::new().map_err(Error::CreateJail)?;
    j.namespace_pids();
    j.namespace_user();
    j.uidmap(&format!("0 {0} 1", geteuid()))
        .map_err(Error::SetUidMap)?;
    j.gidmap(&format!("0 {0} 1", getegid()))
        .map_err(Error::SetGidMap)?;
    j.namespace_user_disable_setgroups();
    // Don't need any capabilities.
    j.use_caps(0);
    // Create a new mount namespace with an empty root FS.
    j.namespace_vfs();
    j.enter_pivot_root(root).map_err(Error::ParsePivotRoot)?;
    // Run in an empty network namespace.
    j.namespace_net();
    j.no_new_privs();
    // By default we'll prioritize using the pre-compiled .bpf over the .policy
    // file (the .bpf is expected to be compiled using "trap" as the failure
    // behavior instead of the default "kill" behavior).
    // Refer to the code comment for the "seccomp-log-failures"
    // command-line parameter for an explanation about why the |log_failures|
    // flag forces the use of .policy files (and the build-time alternative to
    // this run-time flag).
    let bpf_policy_file = seccomp_policy.with_extension("bpf");
    if bpf_policy_file.exists() && !log_failures {
        j.parse_seccomp_program(&bpf_policy_file)
            .map_err(Error::ParseSeccomp)?;
    } else {
        // Use TSYNC only for the side effect of it using SECCOMP_RET_TRAP,
        // which will correctly kill the entire device process if a worker
        // thread commits a seccomp violation.
        j.set_seccomp_filter_tsync();
        if log_failures {
            j.log_seccomp_filter_failures();
        }
        j.parse_seccomp_filters(&seccomp_policy.with_extension("policy"))
            .map_err(Error::ParseSeccomp)?;
    }
    j.use_seccomp_filter();
    // Don't do init setup.
    j.run_as_init();

    // Create a tmpfs in the plugin's root directory so that we can bind mount it's executable
    // file into it.  The size=67108864 is size=64*1024*1024 or size=64MB.
    j.mount_with_data(
        Path::new("none"),
        Path::new("/"),
        "tmpfs",
        (MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC) as usize,
        "size=67108864",
    )
    .map_err(Error::MountRoot)?;

    // Because we requested to "run as init", minijail will not mount /proc for us even though
    // plugin will be running in its own PID namespace, so we have to mount it ourselves.
    j.mount(
        Path::new("proc"),
        Path::new("/proc"),
        "proc",
        (MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC | MS_RDONLY) as usize,
    )
    .map_err(Error::MountProc)?;

    Ok(j)
}

/// Each `PluginObject` represents one object that was instantiated by the guest using the `Create`
/// request.
///
/// Each such object has an ID associated with it that exists in an ID space shared by every variant
/// of `PluginObject`. This allows all the objects to be indexed in a single map, and allows for a
/// common destroy method.
///

/// In addition to the destory method, each object may have methods specific to its variant type.
/// These variant methods must be done by matching the variant to the expected type for that method.
/// For example, getting the dirty log from a `Memory` object starting with an ID:
///
/// ```ignore
/// match objects.get(&request_id) {
///    Some(&PluginObject::Memory { slot, length }) => vm.get_dirty_log(slot, &mut dirty_log[..]),
///    _ => return Err(SysError::new(ENOENT)),
/// }
/// ```
enum PluginObject {
    IoEvent {
        evt: Event,
        addr: IoeventAddress,
        length: u32,
        datamatch: u64,
    },
    Memory {
        slot: u32,
        length: usize,
    },
    IrqEvent {
        irq_id: u32,
        evt: Event,
    },
}

impl PluginObject {
    fn destroy(self, vm: &mut Vm) -> SysResult<()> {
        match self {
            PluginObject::IoEvent {
                evt,
                addr,
                length,
                datamatch,
            } => match length {
                0 => vm.unregister_ioevent(&evt, addr, Datamatch::AnyLength),
                1 => vm.unregister_ioevent(&evt, addr, Datamatch::U8(Some(datamatch as u8))),
                2 => vm.unregister_ioevent(&evt, addr, Datamatch::U16(Some(datamatch as u16))),
                4 => vm.unregister_ioevent(&evt, addr, Datamatch::U32(Some(datamatch as u32))),
                8 => vm.unregister_ioevent(&evt, addr, Datamatch::U64(Some(datamatch as u64))),
                _ => Err(SysError::new(EINVAL)),
            },
            PluginObject::Memory { slot, .. } => vm.remove_memory_region(slot).and(Ok(())),
            PluginObject::IrqEvent { irq_id, evt } => vm.unregister_irqfd(&evt, irq_id),
        }
    }
}

pub fn run_vcpus(
    kvm: &Kvm,
    vm: &Vm,
    plugin: &Process,
    vcpu_count: u32,
    kill_signaled: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
    exit_evt: &Event,
    vcpu_handles: &mut Vec<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
) -> Result<()> {
    let vcpu_thread_barrier = Arc::new(Barrier::new((vcpu_count) as usize));
    let use_kvm_signals = !kvm.check_extension(Cap::ImmediateExit);

    // If we need to force a vcpu to exit from a VM then a SIGRTMIN signal is sent
    // to that vcpu's thread.  If KVM is running the VM then it'll return -EINTR.
    // An issue is what to do when KVM isn't running the VM (where we could be
    // in the kernel or in the app).
    //
    // If KVM supports "immediate exit" then we set a signal handler that will
    // set the |immediate_exit| flag that tells KVM to return -EINTR before running
    // the VM.
    //
    // If KVM doesn't support immediate exit then we'll block SIGRTMIN in the app
    // and tell KVM to unblock SIGRTMIN before running the VM (at which point a blocked
    // signal might get asserted).  There's overhead to have KVM unblock and re-block
    // SIGRTMIN each time it runs the VM, so this mode should be avoided.

    if use_kvm_signals {
        unsafe {
            extern "C" fn handle_signal() {}
            // Our signal handler does nothing and is trivially async signal safe.
            // We need to install this signal handler even though we do block
            // the signal below, to ensure that this signal will interrupt
            // execution of KVM_RUN (this is implementation issue).
            register_rt_signal_handler(SIGRTMIN() + 0, handle_signal)
                .expect("failed to register vcpu signal handler");
        }
        // We do not really want the signal handler to run...
        block_signal(SIGRTMIN() + 0).expect("failed to block signal");
    } else {
        unsafe {
            extern "C" fn handle_signal() {
                Vcpu::set_local_immediate_exit(true);
            }
            register_rt_signal_handler(SIGRTMIN() + 0, handle_signal)
                .expect("failed to register vcpu signal handler");
        }
    }

    for cpu_id in 0..vcpu_count {
        let kill_signaled = kill_signaled.clone();
        let vcpu_thread_barrier = vcpu_thread_barrier.clone();
        let vcpu_exit_evt = exit_evt.try_clone().map_err(Error::CloneEvent)?;
        let vcpu_plugin = plugin.create_vcpu(cpu_id)?;
        let vcpu = Vcpu::new(cpu_id as c_ulong, kvm, vm).map_err(Error::CreateVcpu)?;

        vcpu_handles.push(
            thread::Builder::new()
                .name(format!("crosvm_vcpu{}", cpu_id))
                .spawn(move || {
                    if use_kvm_signals {
                        // Tell KVM to not block anything when entering kvm run
                        // because we will be using first RT signal to kick the VCPU.
                        vcpu.set_signal_mask(&[])
                            .expect("failed to set up KVM VCPU signal mask");
                    }

                    #[cfg(feature = "chromeos")]
                    if let Err(e) = base::sched::enable_core_scheduling() {
                        error!("Failed to enable core scheduling: {}", e);
                    }

                    let vcpu = vcpu
                        .to_runnable(Some(SIGRTMIN() + 0))
                        .expect("Failed to set thread id");

                    let res = vcpu_plugin.init(&vcpu);
                    vcpu_thread_barrier.wait();
                    if let Err(e) = res {
                        error!("failed to initialize vcpu {}: {}", cpu_id, e);
                    } else {
                        loop {
                            let mut interrupted_by_signal = false;
                            let run_res = vcpu.run();
                            match run_res {
                                Ok(run) => match run {
                                    VcpuExit::IoIn { port, mut size } => {
                                        let mut data = [0; 256];
                                        if size > data.len() {
                                            error!("unsupported IoIn size of {} bytes", size);
                                            size = data.len();
                                        }
                                        vcpu_plugin.io_read(port as u64, &mut data[..size], &vcpu);
                                        if let Err(e) = vcpu.set_data(&data[..size]) {
                                            error!("failed to set return data for IoIn: {}", e);
                                        }
                                    }
                                    VcpuExit::IoOut {
                                        port,
                                        mut size,
                                        data,
                                    } => {
                                        if size > data.len() {
                                            error!("unsupported IoOut size of {} bytes", size);
                                            size = data.len();
                                        }
                                        vcpu_plugin.io_write(port as u64, &data[..size], &vcpu);
                                    }
                                    VcpuExit::MmioRead { address, size } => {
                                        let mut data = [0; 8];
                                        vcpu_plugin.mmio_read(
                                            address as u64,
                                            &mut data[..size],
                                            &vcpu,
                                        );
                                        // Setting data for mmio can not fail.
                                        let _ = vcpu.set_data(&data[..size]);
                                    }
                                    VcpuExit::MmioWrite {
                                        address,
                                        size,
                                        data,
                                    } => {
                                        vcpu_plugin.mmio_write(
                                            address as u64,
                                            &data[..size],
                                            &vcpu,
                                        );
                                    }
                                    VcpuExit::HypervHcall { input, params } => {
                                        let mut data = [0; 8];
                                        vcpu_plugin.hyperv_call(input, params, &mut data, &vcpu);
                                        // Setting data for hyperv call can not fail.
                                        let _ = vcpu.set_data(&data);
                                    }
                                    VcpuExit::HypervSynic {
                                        msr,
                                        control,
                                        evt_page,
                                        msg_page,
                                    } => {
                                        vcpu_plugin
                                            .hyperv_synic(msr, control, evt_page, msg_page, &vcpu);
                                    }
                                    VcpuExit::Hlt => break,
                                    VcpuExit::Shutdown => break,
                                    VcpuExit::InternalError => {
                                        error!("vcpu {} has internal error", cpu_id);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    r => warn!("unexpected vcpu exit: {:?}", r),
                                },
                                Err(e) => match e.errno() {
                                    EINTR => interrupted_by_signal = true,
                                    EAGAIN => {}
                                    _ => {
                                        error!("vcpu hit unknown error: {}", e);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                },
                            }
                            if kill_signaled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                                break;
                            }

                            // Only handle the pause request if kvm reported that it was
                            // interrupted by a signal.  This helps to entire that KVM has had a chance
                            // to finish emulating any IO that may have immediately happened.
                            // If we eagerly check pre_run() then any IO that we
                            // just reported to the plugin won't have been processed yet by KVM.
                            // Not eagerly calling pre_run() also helps to reduce
                            // any overhead from checking if a pause request is pending.
                            // The assumption is that pause requests aren't common
                            // or frequent so it's better to optimize for the non-pause execution paths.
                            if interrupted_by_signal {
                                if use_kvm_signals {
                                    clear_signal(SIGRTMIN() + 0)
                                        .expect("failed to clear pending signal");
                                } else {
                                    vcpu.set_immediate_exit(false);
                                }

                                if let Err(e) = vcpu_plugin.pre_run(&vcpu) {
                                    error!("failed to process pause on vcpu {}: {}", cpu_id, e);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    vcpu_exit_evt
                        .write(1)
                        .expect("failed to signal vcpu exit event");
                })
                .map_err(Error::SpawnVcpu)?,
        );
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[derive(PollToken)]
enum Token {
    Exit,
    ChildSignal,
    Plugin { index: usize },
}

/// Run a VM with a plugin process specified by `cfg`.
///
/// Not every field of `cfg` will be used. In particular, most field that pertain to a specific
/// device are ignored because the plugin is responsible for emulating hardware.
pub fn run_config(cfg: Config) -> Result<()> {
    info!("crosvm starting plugin process");

    // Masking signals is inherently dangerous, since this can persist across clones/execs. Do this
    // before any jailed devices have been spawned, so that we can catch any of them that fail very
    // quickly.
    let sigchld_fd = SignalFd::new(SIGCHLD).map_err(Error::CreateSignalFd)?;

    let jail = if cfg.sandbox {
        // An empty directory for jailed plugin pivot root.
        let root_path = match &cfg.plugin_root {
            Some(dir) => dir,
            None => Path::new(option_env!("DEFAULT_PIVOT_ROOT").unwrap_or("/var/empty")),
        };

        if root_path.is_relative() {
            return Err(Error::RootNotAbsolute);
        }

        if !root_path.exists() {
            return Err(Error::NoRootDir);
        }

        if !root_path.is_dir() {
            return Err(Error::RootNotDir);
        }

        let policy_path = cfg.seccomp_policy_dir.join("plugin");
        let mut jail = create_plugin_jail(root_path, cfg.seccomp_log_failures, &policy_path)?;

        // Update gid map of the jail if caller provided supplemental groups.
        if !cfg.plugin_gid_maps.is_empty() {
            let map = format!("0 {} 1", getegid())
                + &cfg
                    .plugin_gid_maps
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|m| format!(",{} {} {}", m.inner, m.outer, m.count))
                    .collect::<String>();
            jail.gidmap(&map).map_err(Error::SetGidMap)?;
        }

        // Mount minimal set of devices (full, zero, urandom, etc). We can not use
        // jail.mount_dev() here because crosvm may not be running with CAP_SYS_ADMIN.
        let device_names = ["full", "null", "urandom", "zero"];
        for name in &device_names {
            let device = Path::new("/dev").join(&name);
            jail.mount_bind(&device, &device, true)
                .map_err(Error::MountDev)?;
        }

        for bind_mount in &cfg.plugin_mounts {
            jail.mount_bind(&bind_mount.src, &bind_mount.dst, bind_mount.writable)
                .map_err(Error::Mount)?;
        }

        Some(jail)
    } else {
        None
    };

    let mut tap_interfaces: Vec<Tap> = Vec::new();
    if let Some(host_ip) = cfg.host_ip {
        if let Some(netmask) = cfg.netmask {
            if let Some(mac_address) = cfg.mac_address {
                let tap = Tap::new(false, false).map_err(Error::TapOpen)?;
                tap.set_ip_addr(host_ip).map_err(Error::TapSetIp)?;
                tap.set_netmask(netmask).map_err(Error::TapSetNetmask)?;
                tap.set_mac_address(mac_address)
                    .map_err(Error::TapSetMacAddress)?;

                tap.enable().map_err(Error::TapEnable)?;
                tap_interfaces.push(tap);
            }
        }
    }
    for tap_fd in cfg.tap_fd {
        // Safe because we ensure that we get a unique handle to the fd.
        let tap = unsafe {
            Tap::from_raw_fd(validate_raw_fd(tap_fd).map_err(Error::ValidateTapFd)?)
                .map_err(Error::CreateTapFd)?
        };
        tap_interfaces.push(tap);
    }

    let plugin_args: Vec<&str> = cfg.params.iter().map(|s| &s[..]).collect();

    let plugin_path = match cfg.executable_path {
        Some(Executable::Plugin(ref plugin_path)) => plugin_path.as_path(),
        _ => panic!("Executable was not a plugin"),
    };
    let vcpu_count = cfg.vcpu_count.unwrap_or(1) as u32;
    let mem = GuestMemory::new(&[]).unwrap();
    let kvm = Kvm::new().map_err(Error::CreateKvm)?;
    let mut vm = Vm::new(&kvm, mem).map_err(Error::CreateVm)?;
    vm.create_irq_chip().map_err(Error::CreateIrqChip)?;
    vm.create_pit().map_err(Error::CreatePIT)?;

    let mut plugin = Process::new(vcpu_count, plugin_path, &plugin_args, jail)?;
    // Now that the jail for the plugin has been created and we had a chance to adjust gids there,
    // we can drop all our capabilities in case we had any.
    drop_capabilities().map_err(Error::DropCapabilities)?;

    let mut res = Ok(());
    // If Some, we will exit after enough time is passed to shutdown cleanly.
    let mut dying_instant: Option<Instant> = None;
    let duration_to_die = Duration::from_millis(1000);

    let exit_evt = Event::new().map_err(Error::CreateEvent)?;
    let kill_signaled = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
    let mut vcpu_handles = Vec::with_capacity(vcpu_count as usize);

    let poll_ctx =
        PollContext::build_with(&[(&exit_evt, Token::Exit), (&sigchld_fd, Token::ChildSignal)])
            .map_err(Error::PollContextAdd)?;

    let mut sockets_to_drop = Vec::new();
    let mut redo_poll_ctx_sockets = true;
    // In this loop, make every attempt to not return early. If an error is encountered, set `res`
    // to the error, set `dying_instant` to now, and signal the plugin that it will be killed soon.
    // If the plugin cannot be signaled because it is dead of `signal_kill` failed, simply break
    // from the poll loop so that the VCPU threads can be cleaned up.
    'poll: loop {
        // After we have waited long enough, it's time to give up and exit.
        if dying_instant
            .map(|i| i.elapsed() >= duration_to_die)
            .unwrap_or(false)
        {
            break;
        }

        if redo_poll_ctx_sockets {
            for (index, socket) in plugin.sockets().iter().enumerate() {
                poll_ctx
                    .add(socket, Token::Plugin { index })
                    .map_err(Error::PollContextAdd)?;
            }
        }

        let plugin_socket_count = plugin.sockets().len();
        let events = {
            let poll_res = match dying_instant {
                Some(inst) => poll_ctx.wait_timeout(duration_to_die - inst.elapsed()),
                None => poll_ctx.wait(),
            };
            match poll_res {
                Ok(v) => v,
                Err(e) => {
                    // Polling no longer works, time to break and cleanup,
                    if res.is_ok() {
                        res = Err(Error::Poll(e));
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        };
        for event in events.iter_readable() {
            match event.token() {
                Token::Exit => {
                    // No need to check the exit event if we are already doing cleanup.
                    let _ = poll_ctx.delete(&exit_evt);
                    dying_instant.get_or_insert(Instant::now());
                    let sig_res = plugin.signal_kill();
                    if res.is_ok() && sig_res.is_err() {
                        res = sig_res.map_err(Error::PluginKill);
                    }
                }
                Token::ChildSignal => {
                    // Print all available siginfo structs, then exit the loop.
                    loop {
                        match sigchld_fd.read() {
                            Ok(Some(siginfo)) => {
                                // If the plugin process has ended, there is no need to continue
                                // processing plugin connections, so we break early.
                                if siginfo.ssi_pid == plugin.pid() as u32 {
                                    break 'poll;
                                }
                                // Because SIGCHLD is not expected from anything other than the
                                // plugin process, report it as an error.
                                if res.is_ok() {
                                    res = Err(Error::SigChild {
                                        pid: siginfo.ssi_pid,
                                        signo: siginfo.ssi_signo,
                                        status: siginfo.ssi_status,
                                        code: siginfo.ssi_code,
                                    })
                                }
                            }
                            Ok(None) => break, // No more signals to read.
                            Err(e) => {
                                // Something really must be messed up for this to happen, continue
                                // processing connections for a limited time.
                                if res.is_ok() {
                                    res = Err(Error::SignalFd(e));
                                }
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // As we only spawn the plugin process, getting a SIGCHLD can only mean
                    // something went wrong.
                    dying_instant.get_or_insert(Instant::now());
                    let sig_res = plugin.signal_kill();
                    if res.is_ok() && sig_res.is_err() {
                        res = sig_res.map_err(Error::PluginKill);
                    }
                }
                Token::Plugin { index } => {
                    match plugin.handle_socket(index, &kvm, &mut vm, &vcpu_handles, &tap_interfaces)
                    {
                        Ok(_) => {}
                        // A HUP is an expected event for a socket, so don't bother warning about
                        // it.
                        Err(Error::PluginSocketHup) => sockets_to_drop.push(index),
                        // Only one connection out of potentially many is broken. Drop it, but don't
                        // start cleaning up. Because the error isn't returned, we will warn about
                        // it here.
                        Err(e) => {
                            warn!("error handling plugin socket: {}", e);
                            sockets_to_drop.push(index);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if vcpu_handles.is_empty() && dying_instant.is_none() && plugin.is_started() {
            let res = run_vcpus(
                &kvm,
                &vm,
                &plugin,
                vcpu_count,
                &kill_signaled,
                &exit_evt,
                &mut vcpu_handles,
            );
            if let Err(e) = res {
                dying_instant.get_or_insert(Instant::now());
                error!("failed to start vcpus: {}", e);
            }
        }

        redo_poll_ctx_sockets =
            !sockets_to_drop.is_empty() || plugin.sockets().len() != plugin_socket_count;

        // Cleanup all of the sockets that we have determined were disconnected or suffered some
        // other error.
        plugin.drop_sockets(&mut sockets_to_drop);
        sockets_to_drop.clear();

        if redo_poll_ctx_sockets {
            for socket in plugin.sockets() {
                let _ = poll_ctx.delete(socket);
            }
        }
    }

    // vcpu threads MUST see the kill signaled flag, otherwise they may re-enter the VM.
    kill_signaled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
    // Depending on how we ended up here, the plugin process, or a VCPU thread waiting for requests
    // might be stuck. The `signal_kill` call will unstick all the VCPU threads by closing their
    // blocked connections.
    plugin.signal_kill().map_err(Error::PluginKill)?;
    for handle in vcpu_handles {
        match handle.kill(SIGRTMIN() + 0) {
            Ok(_) => {
                if let Err(e) = handle.join() {
                    error!("failed to join vcpu thread: {:?}", e);
                }
            }
            Err(e) => error!("failed to kill vcpu thread: {}", e),
        }
    }

    match plugin.try_wait() {
        // The plugin has run out of time by now
        Ok(ProcessStatus::Running) => Err(Error::PluginTimeout),
        // Return an error discovered earlier in this function.
        Ok(ProcessStatus::Success) => res,
        Ok(ProcessStatus::Fail(code)) => Err(Error::PluginFailed(code)),
        Ok(ProcessStatus::Signal(code)) => Err(Error::PluginKilled(code)),
        Err(e) => Err(Error::PluginWait(e)),
    }
}