tools/execsnoop.py

#!/usr/bin/python
# @lint-avoid-python-3-compatibility-imports
#
# execsnoop Trace new processes via exec() syscalls.
#           For Linux, uses BCC, eBPF. Embedded C.
#
# USAGE: execsnoop [-h] [-T] [-t] [-x] [-q] [-n NAME] [-l LINE]
#                  [--max-args MAX_ARGS]
#
# This currently will print up to a maximum of 19 arguments, plus the process
# name, so 20 fields in total (MAXARG).
#
# This won't catch all new processes: an application may fork() but not exec().
#
# Copyright 2016 Netflix, Inc.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License")
#
# 07-Feb-2016   Brendan Gregg   Created this.

from __future__ import print_function
from bcc import BPF
from bcc.utils import ArgString, printb
import bcc.utils as utils
import argparse
import re
import time
import pwd
from collections import defaultdict
from time import strftime


def parse_uid(user):
    try:
        result = int(user)
    except ValueError:
        try:
            user_info = pwd.getpwnam(user)
        except KeyError:
            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(
                "{0!r} is not valid UID or user entry".format(user))
        else:
            return user_info.pw_uid
    else:
        # Maybe validate if UID < 0 ?
        return result


# arguments
examples = """examples:
    ./execsnoop           # trace all exec() syscalls
    ./execsnoop -x        # include failed exec()s
    ./execsnoop -T        # include time (HH:MM:SS)
    ./execsnoop -U        # include UID
    ./execsnoop -u 1000   # only trace UID 1000
    ./execsnoop -u user   # get user UID and trace only them
    ./execsnoop -t        # include timestamps
    ./execsnoop -q        # add "quotemarks" around arguments
    ./execsnoop -n main   # only print command lines containing "main"
    ./execsnoop -l tpkg   # only print command where arguments contains "tpkg"
    ./execsnoop --cgroupmap ./mappath  # only trace cgroups in this BPF map
"""
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
    description="Trace exec() syscalls",
    formatter_class=argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
    epilog=examples)
parser.add_argument("-T", "--time", action="store_true",
    help="include time column on output (HH:MM:SS)")
parser.add_argument("-t", "--timestamp", action="store_true",
    help="include timestamp on output")
parser.add_argument("-x", "--fails", action="store_true",
    help="include failed exec()s")
parser.add_argument("--cgroupmap",
    help="trace cgroups in this BPF map only")
parser.add_argument("-u", "--uid", type=parse_uid, metavar='USER',
    help="trace this UID only")
parser.add_argument("-q", "--quote", action="store_true",
    help="Add quotemarks (\") around arguments."
    )
parser.add_argument("-n", "--name",
    type=ArgString,
    help="only print commands matching this name (regex), any arg")
parser.add_argument("-l", "--line",
    type=ArgString,
    help="only print commands where arg contains this line (regex)")
parser.add_argument("-U", "--print-uid", action="store_true",
    help="print UID column")
parser.add_argument("--max-args", default="20",
    help="maximum number of arguments parsed and displayed, defaults to 20")
parser.add_argument("--ebpf", action="store_true",
    help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
args = parser.parse_args()

# define BPF program
bpf_text = """
#include <uapi/linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>

#define ARGSIZE  128

enum event_type {
    EVENT_ARG,
    EVENT_RET,
};

struct data_t {
    u32 pid;  // PID as in the userspace term (i.e. task->tgid in kernel)
    u32 ppid; // Parent PID as in the userspace term (i.e task->real_parent->tgid in kernel)
    u32 uid;
    char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
    enum event_type type;
    char argv[ARGSIZE];
    int retval;
};

#if CGROUPSET
BPF_TABLE_PINNED("hash", u64, u64, cgroupset, 1024, "CGROUPPATH");
#endif
BPF_PERF_OUTPUT(events);

static int __submit_arg(struct pt_regs *ctx, void *ptr, struct data_t *data)
{
    bpf_probe_read(data->argv, sizeof(data->argv), ptr);
    events.perf_submit(ctx, data, sizeof(struct data_t));
    return 1;
}

static int submit_arg(struct pt_regs *ctx, void *ptr, struct data_t *data)
{
    const char *argp = NULL;
    bpf_probe_read(&argp, sizeof(argp), ptr);
    if (argp) {
        return __submit_arg(ctx, (void *)(argp), data);
    }
    return 0;
}

int syscall__execve(struct pt_regs *ctx,
    const char __user *filename,
    const char __user *const __user *__argv,
    const char __user *const __user *__envp)
{

    u32 uid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid() & 0xffffffff;

    UID_FILTER

#if CGROUPSET
    u64 cgroupid = bpf_get_current_cgroup_id();
    if (cgroupset.lookup(&cgroupid) == NULL) {
      return 0;
    }
#endif

    // create data here and pass to submit_arg to save stack space (#555)
    struct data_t data = {};
    struct task_struct *task;

    data.pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32;

    task = (struct task_struct *)bpf_get_current_task();
    // Some kernels, like Ubuntu 4.13.0-generic, return 0
    // as the real_parent->tgid.
    // We use the get_ppid function as a fallback in those cases. (#1883)
    data.ppid = task->real_parent->tgid;

    bpf_get_current_comm(&data.comm, sizeof(data.comm));
    data.type = EVENT_ARG;

    __submit_arg(ctx, (void *)filename, &data);

    // skip first arg, as we submitted filename
    #pragma unroll
    for (int i = 1; i < MAXARG; i++) {
        if (submit_arg(ctx, (void *)&__argv[i], &data) == 0)
             goto out;
    }

    // handle truncated argument list
    char ellipsis[] = "...";
    __submit_arg(ctx, (void *)ellipsis, &data);
out:
    return 0;
}

int do_ret_sys_execve(struct pt_regs *ctx)
{
#if CGROUPSET
    u64 cgroupid = bpf_get_current_cgroup_id();
    if (cgroupset.lookup(&cgroupid) == NULL) {
      return 0;
    }
#endif

    struct data_t data = {};
    struct task_struct *task;

    u32 uid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid() & 0xffffffff;
    UID_FILTER

    data.pid = bpf_get_current_pid_tgid() >> 32;
    data.uid = uid;

    task = (struct task_struct *)bpf_get_current_task();
    // Some kernels, like Ubuntu 4.13.0-generic, return 0
    // as the real_parent->tgid.
    // We use the get_ppid function as a fallback in those cases. (#1883)
    data.ppid = task->real_parent->tgid;

    bpf_get_current_comm(&data.comm, sizeof(data.comm));
    data.type = EVENT_RET;
    data.retval = PT_REGS_RC(ctx);
    events.perf_submit(ctx, &data, sizeof(data));

    return 0;
}
"""

bpf_text = bpf_text.replace("MAXARG", args.max_args)

if args.uid:
    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('UID_FILTER',
        'if (uid != %s) { return 0; }' % args.uid)
else:
    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('UID_FILTER', '')
if args.cgroupmap:
    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('CGROUPSET', '1')
    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('CGROUPPATH', args.cgroupmap)
else:
    bpf_text = bpf_text.replace('CGROUPSET', '0')
if args.ebpf:
    print(bpf_text)
    exit()

# initialize BPF
b = BPF(text=bpf_text)
execve_fnname = b.get_syscall_fnname("execve")
b.attach_kprobe(event=execve_fnname, fn_name="syscall__execve")
b.attach_kretprobe(event=execve_fnname, fn_name="do_ret_sys_execve")

# header
if args.time:
    print("%-9s" % ("TIME"), end="")
if args.timestamp:
    print("%-8s" % ("TIME(s)"), end="")
if args.print_uid:
    print("%-6s" % ("UID"), end="")
print("%-16s %-6s %-6s %3s %s" % ("PCOMM", "PID", "PPID", "RET", "ARGS"))

class EventType(object):
    EVENT_ARG = 0
    EVENT_RET = 1

start_ts = time.time()
argv = defaultdict(list)

# This is best-effort PPID matching. Short-lived processes may exit
# before we get a chance to read the PPID.
# This is a fallback for when fetching the PPID from task->real_parent->tgip
# returns 0, which happens in some kernel versions.
def get_ppid(pid):
    try:
        with open("/proc/%d/status" % pid) as status:
            for line in status:
                if line.startswith("PPid:"):
                    return int(line.split()[1])
    except IOError:
        pass
    return 0

# process event
def print_event(cpu, data, size):
    event = b["events"].event(data)
    skip = False

    if event.type == EventType.EVENT_ARG:
        argv[event.pid].append(event.argv)
    elif event.type == EventType.EVENT_RET:
        if event.retval != 0 and not args.fails:
            skip = True
        if args.name and not re.search(bytes(args.name), event.comm):
            skip = True
        if args.line and not re.search(bytes(args.line),
                                       b' '.join(argv[event.pid])):
            skip = True
        if args.quote:
            argv[event.pid] = [
                b"\"" + arg.replace(b"\"", b"\\\"") + b"\""
                for arg in argv[event.pid]
            ]

        if not skip:
            if args.time:
                printb(b"%-9s" % strftime("%H:%M:%S").encode('ascii'), nl="")
            if args.timestamp:
                printb(b"%-8.3f" % (time.time() - start_ts), nl="")
            if args.print_uid:
                printb(b"%-6d" % event.uid, nl="")
            ppid = event.ppid if event.ppid > 0 else get_ppid(event.pid)
            ppid = b"%d" % ppid if ppid > 0 else b"?"
            argv_text = b' '.join(argv[event.pid]).replace(b'\n', b'\\n')
            printb(b"%-16s %-6d %-6s %3d %s" % (event.comm, event.pid,
                   ppid, event.retval, argv_text))
        try:
            del(argv[event.pid])
        except Exception:
            pass


# loop with callback to print_event
b["events"].open_perf_buffer(print_event)
while 1:
    try:
        b.perf_buffer_poll()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        exit()