Merge "Revert "Introduce a number of MSA instructions for MIPS64""
diff --git a/build/Android.cpplint.mk b/build/Android.cpplint.mk
index d09f290..f924a85 100644
--- a/build/Android.cpplint.mk
+++ b/build/Android.cpplint.mk
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 ART_CPPLINT_FLAGS := --quiet --root=$(ANDROID_BUILD_TOP)
 ART_CPPLINT_INGORED := \
     runtime/elf.h \
-    runtime/openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h
+    runtime/openjdkjvmti/include/jvmti.h
 
 # This:
 #  1) Gets a list of all .h & .cc files in the art directory.
diff --git a/compiler/compiler.h b/compiler/compiler.h
index 2ca0b77..908d366 100644
--- a/compiler/compiler.h
+++ b/compiler/compiler.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
   class JitCodeCache;
 }
 namespace mirror {
+  class ClassLoader;
   class DexCache;
 }
 
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@
                                   InvokeType invoke_type,
                                   uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                   uint32_t method_idx,
-                                  jobject class_loader,
+                                  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                                   const DexFile& dex_file,
                                   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache) const = 0;
 
diff --git a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
index d4f6545..76aeaa5 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.cc
@@ -284,16 +284,13 @@
   }
   uint32_t method_idx = is_range ? inst->VRegB_3rc() : inst->VRegB_35c();
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(unit_.GetClassLoader())));
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = unit_.GetClassLinker();
   ArtMethod* resolved_method = class_linker->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::kForceICCECheck>(
       GetDexFile(),
       method_idx,
       unit_.GetDexCache(),
-      class_loader,
+      unit_.GetClassLoader(),
       /* referrer */ nullptr,
       kVirtual);
 
@@ -330,7 +327,7 @@
     InvokeType invoke_type ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
     uint16_t class_def_idx,
     uint32_t method_idx,
-    jobject class_loader,
+    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
     const DexFile& dex_file,
     DexToDexCompilationLevel dex_to_dex_compilation_level) {
   DCHECK(driver != nullptr);
diff --git a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.h b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.h
index 0a00d45..00c596d 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/dex_to_dex_compiler.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define ART_COMPILER_DEX_DEX_TO_DEX_COMPILER_H_
 
 #include "dex_file.h"
+#include "handle.h"
 #include "invoke_type.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -25,6 +26,10 @@
 class CompiledMethod;
 class CompilerDriver;
 
+namespace mirror {
+class ClassLoader;
+}  // namespace mirror
+
 namespace optimizer {
 
 enum class DexToDexCompilationLevel {
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@
                               InvokeType invoke_type,
                               uint16_t class_def_idx,
                               uint32_t method_idx,
-                              jobject class_loader,
+                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                               const DexFile& dex_file,
                               DexToDexCompilationLevel dex_to_dex_compilation_level);
 
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
index f296851..5823306 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
@@ -31,17 +31,12 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-inline mirror::ClassLoader* CompilerDriver::GetClassLoader(const ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
-                                                           const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit) {
-  return soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(mUnit->GetClassLoader()).Ptr();
-}
-
 inline mirror::Class* CompilerDriver::ResolveClass(
     const ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, dex::TypeIndex cls_index,
     const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit) {
   DCHECK_EQ(dex_cache->GetDexFile(), mUnit->GetDexFile());
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), mUnit->GetClassLoader().Get());
   mirror::Class* cls = mUnit->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(
       *mUnit->GetDexFile(), cls_index, dex_cache, class_loader);
   DCHECK_EQ(cls == nullptr, soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
@@ -56,7 +51,7 @@
     const ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit) {
   DCHECK_EQ(dex_cache->GetDexFile(), mUnit->GetDexFile());
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), mUnit->GetClassLoader().Get());
   const DexFile::MethodId& referrer_method_id =
       mUnit->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(mUnit->GetDexMethodIndex());
   return ResolveClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, referrer_method_id.class_idx_, mUnit);
@@ -87,7 +82,7 @@
     const ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit,
     uint32_t field_idx, bool is_static) {
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), mUnit->GetClassLoader().Get());
   return ResolveFieldWithDexFile(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, mUnit->GetDexFile(), field_idx,
                                  is_static);
 }
@@ -139,7 +134,7 @@
     ScopedObjectAccess& soa, Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit,
     uint32_t method_idx, InvokeType invoke_type, bool check_incompatible_class_change) {
-  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), GetClassLoader(soa, mUnit));
+  DCHECK_EQ(class_loader.Get(), mUnit->GetClassLoader().Get());
   ArtMethod* resolved_method =
       check_incompatible_class_change
           ? mUnit->GetClassLinker()->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::kForceICCECheck>(
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index caab5fb..9950987 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@
                           InvokeType invoke_type,
                           uint16_t class_def_idx,
                           uint32_t method_idx,
-                          jobject class_loader,
+                          Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                           const DexFile& dex_file,
                           optimizer::DexToDexCompilationLevel dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
                           bool compilation_enabled,
@@ -622,9 +622,6 @@
       // Look-up the ArtMethod associated with this code_item (if any)
       // -- It is later used to lookup any [optimization] annotations for this method.
       ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
-      StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-      Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle(hs.NewHandle(
-          soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
 
       // TODO: Lookup annotation from DexFile directly without resolving method.
       ArtMethod* method =
@@ -632,7 +629,7 @@
               dex_file,
               method_idx,
               dex_cache,
-              class_loader_handle,
+              class_loader,
               /* referrer */ nullptr,
               invoke_type);
 
@@ -679,9 +676,14 @@
 
     if (compile) {
       // NOTE: if compiler declines to compile this method, it will return null.
-      compiled_method = driver->GetCompiler()->Compile(code_item, access_flags, invoke_type,
-                                                       class_def_idx, method_idx, class_loader,
-                                                       dex_file, dex_cache);
+      compiled_method = driver->GetCompiler()->Compile(code_item,
+                                                       access_flags,
+                                                       invoke_type,
+                                                       class_def_idx,
+                                                       method_idx,
+                                                       class_loader,
+                                                       dex_file,
+                                                       dex_cache);
     }
     if (compiled_method == nullptr &&
         dex_to_dex_compilation_level != optimizer::DexToDexCompilationLevel::kDontDexToDexCompile) {
@@ -728,12 +730,14 @@
   uint32_t method_idx = method->GetDexMethodIndex();
   uint32_t access_flags = method->GetAccessFlags();
   InvokeType invoke_type = method->GetInvokeType();
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
+  StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDexCache()));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(
+      hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClassLoader()));
   {
     ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
     ScopedLocalRef<jobject> local_class_loader(
-        soa.Env(), soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClassLoader()));
+        soa.Env(), soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(class_loader.Get()));
     jclass_loader = soa.Env()->NewGlobalRef(local_class_loader.get());
     // Find the dex_file
     dex_file = method->GetDexFile();
@@ -767,7 +771,7 @@
                 invoke_type,
                 class_def_idx,
                 method_idx,
-                jclass_loader,
+                class_loader,
                 *dex_file,
                 dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
                 true,
@@ -793,7 +797,7 @@
                   invoke_type,
                   class_def_idx,
                   method_idx,
-                  jclass_loader,
+                  class_loader,
                   *dex_file,
                   dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
                   true,
@@ -1073,22 +1077,30 @@
 
 class ResolveCatchBlockExceptionsClassVisitor : public ClassVisitor {
  public:
-  explicit ResolveCatchBlockExceptionsClassVisitor(
-      std::set<std::pair<dex::TypeIndex, const DexFile*>>& exceptions_to_resolve)
-     : exceptions_to_resolve_(exceptions_to_resolve) {}
+  ResolveCatchBlockExceptionsClassVisitor() : classes_() {}
 
   virtual bool operator()(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> c) OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const auto pointer_size = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize();
-    for (auto& m : c->GetMethods(pointer_size)) {
-      ResolveExceptionsForMethod(&m);
-    }
+    classes_.push_back(c);
     return true;
   }
 
- private:
-  void ResolveExceptionsForMethod(ArtMethod* method_handle)
+  void FindExceptionTypesToResolve(
+      std::set<std::pair<dex::TypeIndex, const DexFile*>>* exceptions_to_resolve)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_handle->GetCodeItem();
+    const auto pointer_size = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize();
+    for (ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass : classes_) {
+      for (ArtMethod& method : klass->GetMethods(pointer_size)) {
+        FindExceptionTypesToResolveForMethod(&method, exceptions_to_resolve);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void FindExceptionTypesToResolveForMethod(
+      ArtMethod* method,
+      std::set<std::pair<dex::TypeIndex, const DexFile*>>* exceptions_to_resolve)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method->GetCodeItem();
     if (code_item == nullptr) {
       return;  // native or abstract method
     }
@@ -1108,9 +1120,9 @@
         dex::TypeIndex encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx =
             dex::TypeIndex(DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&encoded_catch_handler_list));
         // Add to set of types to resolve if not already in the dex cache resolved types
-        if (!method_handle->IsResolvedTypeIdx(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx)) {
-          exceptions_to_resolve_.emplace(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx,
-                                         method_handle->GetDexFile());
+        if (!method->IsResolvedTypeIdx(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx)) {
+          exceptions_to_resolve->emplace(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx,
+                                         method->GetDexFile());
         }
         // ignore address associated with catch handler
         DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&encoded_catch_handler_list);
@@ -1122,7 +1134,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  std::set<std::pair<dex::TypeIndex, const DexFile*>>& exceptions_to_resolve_;
+  std::vector<ObjPtr<mirror::Class>> classes_;
 };
 
 class RecordImageClassesVisitor : public ClassVisitor {
@@ -1176,8 +1188,14 @@
       hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindSystemClass(self, "Ljava/lang/Throwable;")));
   do {
     unresolved_exception_types.clear();
-    ResolveCatchBlockExceptionsClassVisitor visitor(unresolved_exception_types);
-    class_linker->VisitClasses(&visitor);
+    {
+      // Thread suspension is not allowed while ResolveCatchBlockExceptionsClassVisitor
+      // is using a std::vector<ObjPtr<mirror::Class>>.
+      ScopedAssertNoThreadSuspension ants(__FUNCTION__);
+      ResolveCatchBlockExceptionsClassVisitor visitor;
+      class_linker->VisitClasses(&visitor);
+      visitor.FindExceptionTypesToResolve(&unresolved_exception_types);
+    }
     for (const auto& exception_type : unresolved_exception_types) {
       dex::TypeIndex exception_type_idx = exception_type.first;
       const DexFile* dex_file = exception_type.second;
@@ -1428,19 +1446,14 @@
   dex_to_dex_references_.back().GetMethodIndexes().SetBit(method_ref.dex_method_index);
 }
 
-bool CompilerDriver::CanAccessTypeWithoutChecks(uint32_t referrer_idx,
-                                                Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                                dex::TypeIndex type_idx) {
-  // Get type from dex cache assuming it was populated by the verifier
-  mirror::Class* resolved_class = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
+bool CompilerDriver::CanAccessTypeWithoutChecks(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> referrer_class,
+                                                ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved_class) {
   if (resolved_class == nullptr) {
     stats_->TypeNeedsAccessCheck();
     return false;  // Unknown class needs access checks.
   }
-  const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(referrer_idx);
   bool is_accessible = resolved_class->IsPublic();  // Public classes are always accessible.
   if (!is_accessible) {
-    mirror::Class* referrer_class = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(method_id.class_idx_);
     if (referrer_class == nullptr) {
       stats_->TypeNeedsAccessCheck();
       return false;  // Incomplete referrer knowledge needs access check.
@@ -1457,12 +1470,9 @@
   return is_accessible;
 }
 
-bool CompilerDriver::CanAccessInstantiableTypeWithoutChecks(uint32_t referrer_idx,
-                                                            Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                                            dex::TypeIndex type_idx,
+bool CompilerDriver::CanAccessInstantiableTypeWithoutChecks(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> referrer_class,
+                                                            ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved_class,
                                                             bool* finalizable) {
-  // Get type from dex cache assuming it was populated by the verifier.
-  mirror::Class* resolved_class = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
   if (resolved_class == nullptr) {
     stats_->TypeNeedsAccessCheck();
     // Be conservative.
@@ -1470,10 +1480,8 @@
     return false;  // Unknown class needs access checks.
   }
   *finalizable = resolved_class->IsFinalizable();
-  const DexFile::MethodId& method_id = dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(referrer_idx);
   bool is_accessible = resolved_class->IsPublic();  // Public classes are always accessible.
   if (!is_accessible) {
-    mirror::Class* referrer_class = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(method_id.class_idx_);
     if (referrer_class == nullptr) {
       stats_->TypeNeedsAccessCheck();
       return false;  // Incomplete referrer knowledge needs access check.
@@ -1517,9 +1525,7 @@
   mirror::Class* referrer_class;
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(mUnit->GetDexCache());
   {
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle(
-        hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(mUnit->GetClassLoader())));
+    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_handle = mUnit->GetClassLoader();
     resolved_field = ResolveField(soa, dex_cache, class_loader_handle, mUnit, field_idx, false);
     referrer_class = resolved_field != nullptr
         ? ResolveCompilingMethodsClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader_handle, mUnit) : nullptr;
@@ -2666,10 +2672,18 @@
         continue;
       }
       previous_direct_method_idx = method_idx;
-      CompileMethod(soa.Self(), driver, it.GetMethodCodeItem(), it.GetMethodAccessFlags(),
-                    it.GetMethodInvokeType(class_def), class_def_index,
-                    method_idx, jclass_loader, dex_file, dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
-                    compilation_enabled, dex_cache);
+      CompileMethod(soa.Self(),
+                    driver,
+                    it.GetMethodCodeItem(),
+                    it.GetMethodAccessFlags(),
+                    it.GetMethodInvokeType(class_def),
+                    class_def_index,
+                    method_idx,
+                    class_loader,
+                    dex_file,
+                    dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
+                    compilation_enabled,
+                    dex_cache);
       it.Next();
     }
     // Compile virtual methods
@@ -2683,10 +2697,17 @@
         continue;
       }
       previous_virtual_method_idx = method_idx;
-      CompileMethod(soa.Self(), driver, it.GetMethodCodeItem(), it.GetMethodAccessFlags(),
-                    it.GetMethodInvokeType(class_def), class_def_index,
-                    method_idx, jclass_loader, dex_file, dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
-                    compilation_enabled, dex_cache);
+      CompileMethod(soa.Self(),
+                    driver, it.GetMethodCodeItem(),
+                    it.GetMethodAccessFlags(),
+                    it.GetMethodInvokeType(class_def),
+                    class_def_index,
+                    method_idx,
+                    class_loader,
+                    dex_file,
+                    dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
+                    compilation_enabled,
+                    dex_cache);
       it.Next();
     }
     DCHECK(!it.HasNext());
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
index 6ba1692..cbde587 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
@@ -187,16 +187,14 @@
       REQUIRES(!requires_constructor_barrier_lock_);
 
   // Are runtime access checks necessary in the compiled code?
-  bool CanAccessTypeWithoutChecks(uint32_t referrer_idx,
-                                  Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                  dex::TypeIndex type_idx)
+  bool CanAccessTypeWithoutChecks(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> referrer_class,
+                                  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved_class)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Are runtime access and instantiable checks necessary in the code?
   // out_is_finalizable is set to whether the type is finalizable.
-  bool CanAccessInstantiableTypeWithoutChecks(uint32_t referrer_idx,
-                                              Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                              dex::TypeIndex type_idx,
+  bool CanAccessInstantiableTypeWithoutChecks(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> referrer_class,
+                                              ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved_class,
                                               bool* out_is_finalizable)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -374,10 +372,6 @@
                                       uint32_t field_idx)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  mirror::ClassLoader* GetClassLoader(const ScopedObjectAccess& soa,
-                                      const DexCompilationUnit* mUnit)
-    REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
  private:
   void PreCompile(jobject class_loader,
                   const std::vector<const DexFile*>& dex_files,
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
index 316117f..35aa1ee 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
 };
 
 // Disabled due to 10 second runtime on host
+// TODO: Update the test for hash-based dex cache arrays. Bug: 30627598
 TEST_F(CompilerDriverTest, DISABLED_LARGE_CompileDexLibCore) {
   CompileAll(nullptr);
 
@@ -132,9 +133,10 @@
         << " " << dex.GetMethodDeclaringClassDescriptor(dex.GetMethodId(i)) << " "
         << dex.GetMethodName(dex.GetMethodId(i));
   }
-  EXPECT_EQ(dex.NumFieldIds(), dex_cache->NumResolvedFields());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->StaticArtFieldSize() == dex_cache->NumResolvedFields()
+      || dex.NumFieldIds() ==  dex_cache->NumResolvedFields());
   for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); i++) {
-    ArtField* field = cl->GetResolvedField(i, dex_cache);
+    ArtField* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(i, cl->GetImagePointerSize());
     EXPECT_TRUE(field != nullptr) << "field_idx=" << i
                                << " " << dex.GetFieldDeclaringClassDescriptor(dex.GetFieldId(i))
                                << " " << dex.GetFieldName(dex.GetFieldId(i));
diff --git a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc
index 47b1929..7e8e812 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-DexCompilationUnit::DexCompilationUnit(jobject class_loader,
+DexCompilationUnit::DexCompilationUnit(Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                                        ClassLinker* class_linker,
                                        const DexFile& dex_file,
                                        const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
diff --git a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h
index 854927d..24a9a5b 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/dex_compilation_unit.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 
 class DexCompilationUnit : public DeletableArenaObject<kArenaAllocMisc> {
  public:
-  DexCompilationUnit(jobject class_loader,
+  DexCompilationUnit(Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                      ClassLinker* class_linker,
                      const DexFile& dex_file,
                      const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
                      const VerifiedMethod* verified_method,
                      Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache);
 
-  jobject GetClassLoader() const {
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> GetClassLoader() const {
     return class_loader_;
   }
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
   }
 
  private:
-  const jobject class_loader_;
+  const Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
 
   ClassLinker* const class_linker_;
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
   const uint32_t access_flags_;
   const VerifiedMethod* verified_method_;
 
-  Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache_;
+  const Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache_;
 
   std::string symbol_;
 };
diff --git a/compiler/image_writer.cc b/compiler/image_writer.cc
index 9312a1c..aa73456 100644
--- a/compiler/image_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_writer.cc
@@ -941,9 +941,11 @@
     }
     ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = self->DecodeJObject(data.weak_root)->AsDexCache();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes(); i++) {
-      Class* klass = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex(i));
+      mirror::TypeDexCachePair pair =
+          dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes()[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+      mirror::Class* klass = pair.object.Read();
       if (klass != nullptr && !KeepClass(klass)) {
-        dex_cache->SetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex(i), nullptr);
+        dex_cache->ClearResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex(pair.index));
       }
     }
     ArtMethod** resolved_methods = dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods();
@@ -966,11 +968,12 @@
             << Class::PrettyClass(declaring_class) << " not in class linker table";
       }
     }
-    ArtField** resolved_fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
+    mirror::FieldDexCacheType* resolved_fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); i++) {
-      ArtField* field = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(resolved_fields, i, target_ptr_size_);
+      auto pair = mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(resolved_fields, i, target_ptr_size_);
+      ArtField* field = pair.object;
       if (field != nullptr && !KeepClass(field->GetDeclaringClass().Ptr())) {
-        dex_cache->SetResolvedField(i, nullptr, target_ptr_size_);
+        dex_cache->ClearResolvedField(pair.index, target_ptr_size_);
       }
     }
     // Clean the dex field. It might have been populated during the initialization phase, but
@@ -1575,10 +1578,8 @@
     }
     // Calculate the size of the class table.
     ReaderMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
-    CHECK_EQ(class_loaders_.size(), compile_app_image_ ? 1u : 0u);
-    mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader = compile_app_image_ ? *class_loaders_.begin() : nullptr;
-    DCHECK_EQ(image_info.class_table_->NumZygoteClasses(class_loader), 0u);
-    if (image_info.class_table_->NumNonZygoteClasses(class_loader) != 0u) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(image_info.class_table_->NumReferencedZygoteClasses(), 0u);
+    if (image_info.class_table_->NumReferencedNonZygoteClasses() != 0u) {
       image_info.class_table_bytes_ += image_info.class_table_->WriteToMemory(nullptr);
     }
   }
@@ -1594,7 +1595,7 @@
           break;
         }
         case kBinDexCacheArray:
-          bin_offset = RoundUp(bin_offset, DexCacheArraysLayout::Alignment());
+          bin_offset = RoundUp(bin_offset, DexCacheArraysLayout::Alignment(target_ptr_size_));
           break;
         case kBinImTable:
         case kBinIMTConflictTable: {
@@ -1923,10 +1924,8 @@
     // above comment for intern tables.
     ClassTable temp_class_table;
     temp_class_table.ReadFromMemory(class_table_memory_ptr);
-    CHECK_EQ(class_loaders_.size(), compile_app_image_ ? 1u : 0u);
-    mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader = compile_app_image_ ? *class_loaders_.begin() : nullptr;
-    CHECK_EQ(temp_class_table.NumZygoteClasses(class_loader),
-             table->NumNonZygoteClasses(class_loader) + table->NumZygoteClasses(class_loader));
+    CHECK_EQ(temp_class_table.NumReferencedZygoteClasses(),
+             table->NumReferencedNonZygoteClasses() + table->NumReferencedZygoteClasses());
     UnbufferedRootVisitor visitor(&root_visitor, RootInfo(kRootUnknown));
     temp_class_table.VisitRoots(visitor);
   }
@@ -2214,7 +2213,7 @@
     orig_dex_cache->FixupStrings(NativeCopyLocation(orig_strings, orig_dex_cache),
                                  ImageAddressVisitor(this));
   }
-  GcRoot<mirror::Class>* orig_types = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+  mirror::TypeDexCacheType* orig_types = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
   if (orig_types != nullptr) {
     copy_dex_cache->SetFieldPtrWithSize<false>(mirror::DexCache::ResolvedTypesOffset(),
                                                NativeLocationInImage(orig_types),
@@ -2235,16 +2234,17 @@
       mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(copy_methods, i, copy, target_ptr_size_);
     }
   }
-  ArtField** orig_fields = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
+  mirror::FieldDexCacheType* orig_fields = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
   if (orig_fields != nullptr) {
     copy_dex_cache->SetFieldPtrWithSize<false>(mirror::DexCache::ResolvedFieldsOffset(),
                                                NativeLocationInImage(orig_fields),
                                                PointerSize::k64);
-    ArtField** copy_fields = NativeCopyLocation(orig_fields, orig_dex_cache);
+    mirror::FieldDexCacheType* copy_fields = NativeCopyLocation(orig_fields, orig_dex_cache);
     for (size_t i = 0, num = orig_dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); i != num; ++i) {
-      ArtField* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(orig_fields, i, target_ptr_size_);
-      ArtField* copy = NativeLocationInImage(orig);
-      mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(copy_fields, i, copy, target_ptr_size_);
+      mirror::FieldDexCachePair orig =
+          mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(orig_fields, i, target_ptr_size_);
+      mirror::FieldDexCachePair copy(NativeLocationInImage(orig.object), orig.index);
+      mirror::DexCache::SetNativePairPtrSize(copy_fields, i, copy, target_ptr_size_);
     }
   }
   mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType* orig_method_types = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedMethodTypes();
diff --git a/compiler/image_writer.h b/compiler/image_writer.h
index cc7df1c..bdc7146 100644
--- a/compiler/image_writer.h
+++ b/compiler/image_writer.h
@@ -51,8 +51,13 @@
 }  // namespace space
 }  // namespace gc
 
+namespace mirror {
+class ClassLoader;
+}  // namespace mirror
+
 class ClassLoaderVisitor;
 class ClassTable;
+class ImtConflictTable;
 
 static constexpr int kInvalidFd = -1;
 
@@ -79,6 +84,11 @@
     return true;
   }
 
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> GetClassLoader() {
+    CHECK_EQ(class_loaders_.size(), compile_app_image_ ? 1u : 0u);
+    return compile_app_image_ ? *class_loaders_.begin() : nullptr;
+  }
+
   template <typename T>
   T* GetImageAddress(T* object) const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     if (object == nullptr || IsInBootImage(object)) {
diff --git a/compiler/oat_writer.cc b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
index a3f61d6..afcdf5e 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
@@ -1061,6 +1061,7 @@
   WriteCodeMethodVisitor(OatWriter* writer, OutputStream* out, const size_t file_offset,
                          size_t relative_offset) SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(Locks::mutator_lock_)
     : OatDexMethodVisitor(writer, relative_offset),
+      class_loader_(writer->HasImage() ? writer->image_writer_->GetClassLoader() : nullptr),
       out_(out),
       file_offset_(file_offset),
       soa_(Thread::Current()),
@@ -1246,6 +1247,7 @@
   }
 
  private:
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
   OutputStream* const out_;
   const size_t file_offset_;
   const ScopedObjectAccess soa_;
@@ -1304,10 +1306,12 @@
   }
 
   mirror::Class* GetTargetType(const LinkerPatch& patch) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    DCHECK(writer_->HasImage());
     ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = GetDexCache(patch.TargetTypeDexFile());
-    mirror::Class* type = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(patch.TargetTypeIndex());
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> type =
+        ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(patch.TargetTypeIndex(), dex_cache, class_loader_);
     CHECK(type != nullptr);
-    return type;
+    return type.Ptr();
   }
 
   mirror::String* GetTargetString(const LinkerPatch& patch) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
index e4ad422..3a4c9db 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
@@ -54,7 +54,10 @@
         compiler_driver_(driver),
         compilation_stats_(compiler_stats),
         block_builder_(graph, dex_file, code_item),
-        ssa_builder_(graph, dex_compilation_unit->GetDexCache(), handles),
+        ssa_builder_(graph,
+                     dex_compilation_unit->GetClassLoader(),
+                     dex_compilation_unit->GetDexCache(),
+                     handles),
         instruction_builder_(graph,
                              &block_builder_,
                              &ssa_builder_,
@@ -80,10 +83,12 @@
         code_item_(code_item),
         dex_compilation_unit_(nullptr),
         compiler_driver_(nullptr),
-        null_dex_cache_(),
         compilation_stats_(nullptr),
         block_builder_(graph, nullptr, code_item),
-        ssa_builder_(graph, null_dex_cache_, handles),
+        ssa_builder_(graph,
+                     handles->NewHandle<mirror::ClassLoader>(nullptr),
+                     handles->NewHandle<mirror::DexCache>(nullptr),
+                     handles),
         instruction_builder_(graph,
                              &block_builder_,
                              &ssa_builder_,
@@ -96,7 +101,7 @@
                              /* code_generator */ nullptr,
                              /* interpreter_metadata */ nullptr,
                              /* compiler_stats */ nullptr,
-                             null_dex_cache_,
+                             handles->NewHandle<mirror::DexCache>(nullptr),
                              handles) {}
 
   GraphAnalysisResult BuildGraph();
@@ -117,8 +122,6 @@
 
   CompilerDriver* const compiler_driver_;
 
-  ScopedNullHandle<mirror::DexCache> null_dex_cache_;
-
   OptimizingCompilerStats* compilation_stats_;
 
   HBasicBlockBuilder block_builder_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
index 97b61ed..28cc942 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
@@ -2395,7 +2395,7 @@
     case Primitive::kPrimLong: {
       locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
       locations->SetInAt(1, Location::RegisterOrConstant(instr->InputAt(1)));
-      locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister());
+      locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister(), Location::kNoOutputOverlap);
       break;
     }
     default:
@@ -2565,7 +2565,7 @@
       new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(instruction, LocationSummary::kNoCall);
   locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
   locations->SetInAt(1, ARM64EncodableConstantOrRegister(instruction->GetOffset(), instruction));
-  locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister());
+  locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister(), Location::kNoOutputOverlap);
 }
 
 void InstructionCodeGeneratorARM64::VisitIntermediateAddress(HIntermediateAddress* instruction) {
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.cc
index 02c3ad6..4814b22 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.cc
@@ -1681,6 +1681,25 @@
   }
 }
 
+Location LocationsBuilderMIPS64::RegisterOrZeroConstant(HInstruction* instruction) {
+  return (instruction->IsConstant() && instruction->AsConstant()->IsZeroBitPattern())
+      ? Location::ConstantLocation(instruction->AsConstant())
+      : Location::RequiresRegister();
+}
+
+Location LocationsBuilderMIPS64::FpuRegisterOrConstantForStore(HInstruction* instruction) {
+  // We can store 0.0 directly (from the ZERO register) without loading it into an FPU register.
+  // We can store a non-zero float or double constant without first loading it into the FPU,
+  // but we should only prefer this if the constant has a single use.
+  if (instruction->IsConstant() &&
+      (instruction->AsConstant()->IsZeroBitPattern() ||
+       instruction->GetUses().HasExactlyOneElement())) {
+    return Location::ConstantLocation(instruction->AsConstant());
+    // Otherwise fall through and require an FPU register for the constant.
+  }
+  return Location::RequiresFpuRegister();
+}
+
 void LocationsBuilderMIPS64::VisitArraySet(HArraySet* instruction) {
   bool needs_runtime_call = instruction->NeedsTypeCheck();
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(
@@ -1695,9 +1714,9 @@
     locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
     locations->SetInAt(1, Location::RegisterOrConstant(instruction->InputAt(1)));
     if (Primitive::IsFloatingPointType(instruction->InputAt(2)->GetType())) {
-      locations->SetInAt(2, Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+      locations->SetInAt(2, FpuRegisterOrConstantForStore(instruction->InputAt(2)));
     } else {
-      locations->SetInAt(2, Location::RequiresRegister());
+      locations->SetInAt(2, RegisterOrZeroConstant(instruction->InputAt(2)));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1706,24 +1725,29 @@
   LocationSummary* locations = instruction->GetLocations();
   GpuRegister obj = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
   Location index = locations->InAt(1);
+  Location value_location = locations->InAt(2);
   Primitive::Type value_type = instruction->GetComponentType();
   bool needs_runtime_call = locations->WillCall();
   bool needs_write_barrier =
       CodeGenerator::StoreNeedsWriteBarrier(value_type, instruction->GetValue());
   auto null_checker = GetImplicitNullChecker(instruction, codegen_);
+  GpuRegister base_reg = index.IsConstant() ? obj : TMP;
 
   switch (value_type) {
     case Primitive::kPrimBoolean:
     case Primitive::kPrimByte: {
       uint32_t data_offset = mirror::Array::DataOffset(sizeof(uint8_t)).Uint32Value();
-      GpuRegister value = locations->InAt(2).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
       if (index.IsConstant()) {
-        size_t offset =
-            (index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_1) + data_offset;
-        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreByte, value, obj, offset, null_checker);
+        data_offset += index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_1;
       } else {
-        __ Daddu(TMP, obj, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>());
-        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreByte, value, TMP, data_offset, null_checker);
+        __ Daddu(base_reg, obj, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>());
+      }
+      if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+        int32_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt32ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+        __ StoreConstToOffset(kStoreByte, value, base_reg, data_offset, TMP, null_checker);
+      } else {
+        GpuRegister value = value_location.AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreByte, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -1731,15 +1755,18 @@
     case Primitive::kPrimShort:
     case Primitive::kPrimChar: {
       uint32_t data_offset = mirror::Array::DataOffset(sizeof(uint16_t)).Uint32Value();
-      GpuRegister value = locations->InAt(2).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
       if (index.IsConstant()) {
-        size_t offset =
-            (index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_2) + data_offset;
-        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreHalfword, value, obj, offset, null_checker);
+        data_offset += index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_2;
       } else {
-        __ Dsll(TMP, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_2);
-        __ Daddu(TMP, obj, TMP);
-        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreHalfword, value, TMP, data_offset, null_checker);
+        __ Dsll(base_reg, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_2);
+        __ Daddu(base_reg, obj, base_reg);
+      }
+      if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+        int32_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt32ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+        __ StoreConstToOffset(kStoreHalfword, value, base_reg, data_offset, TMP, null_checker);
+      } else {
+        GpuRegister value = value_location.AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreHalfword, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -1748,54 +1775,57 @@
     case Primitive::kPrimNot: {
       if (!needs_runtime_call) {
         uint32_t data_offset = mirror::Array::DataOffset(sizeof(int32_t)).Uint32Value();
-        GpuRegister base_reg;
-        GpuRegister value = locations->InAt(2).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
         if (index.IsConstant()) {
           data_offset += index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_4;
-          base_reg = obj;
         } else {
           DCHECK(index.IsRegister()) << index;
-          __ Dsll(TMP, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_4);
-          __ Daddu(TMP, obj, TMP);
-          base_reg = TMP;
+          __ Dsll(base_reg, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_4);
+          __ Daddu(base_reg, obj, base_reg);
         }
-        if (kPoisonHeapReferences && needs_write_barrier) {
-          // Note that in the case where `value` is a null reference,
-          // we do not enter this block, as a null reference does not
-          // need poisoning.
-          DCHECK_EQ(value_type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
-          // Use Sw() instead of StoreToOffset() in order to be able to
-          // hold the poisoned reference in AT and thus avoid allocating
-          // yet another temporary register.
-          if (index.IsConstant()) {
-            if (!IsInt<16>(static_cast<int32_t>(data_offset))) {
-              int16_t low16 = Low16Bits(data_offset);
-              // For consistency with StoreToOffset() and such treat data_offset as int32_t.
-              uint64_t high48 = static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<int32_t>(data_offset)) - low16;
-              int16_t upper16 = High16Bits(high48);
-              // Allow the full [-2GB,+2GB) range in case `low16` is negative and needs a
-              // compensatory 64KB added, which may push `high48` above 2GB and require
-              // the dahi instruction.
-              int16_t higher16 = High32Bits(high48) + ((upper16 < 0) ? 1 : 0);
-              __ Daui(TMP, obj, upper16);
-              if (higher16 != 0) {
-                __ Dahi(TMP, higher16);
-              }
-              base_reg = TMP;
-              data_offset = low16;
-            }
-          } else {
-            DCHECK(IsInt<16>(static_cast<int32_t>(data_offset)));
-          }
-          __ PoisonHeapReference(AT, value);
-          __ Sw(AT, base_reg, data_offset);
-          null_checker();
+        if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+          int32_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt32ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+          __ StoreConstToOffset(kStoreWord, value, base_reg, data_offset, TMP, null_checker);
+          DCHECK(!needs_write_barrier);
         } else {
-          __ StoreToOffset(kStoreWord, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
-        }
-        if (needs_write_barrier) {
-          DCHECK_EQ(value_type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
-          codegen_->MarkGCCard(obj, value, instruction->GetValueCanBeNull());
+          GpuRegister value = value_location.AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+          if (kPoisonHeapReferences && needs_write_barrier) {
+            // Note that in the case where `value` is a null reference,
+            // we do not enter this block, as a null reference does not
+            // need poisoning.
+            DCHECK_EQ(value_type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
+            // Use Sw() instead of StoreToOffset() in order to be able to
+            // hold the poisoned reference in AT and thus avoid allocating
+            // yet another temporary register.
+            if (index.IsConstant()) {
+              if (!IsInt<16>(static_cast<int32_t>(data_offset))) {
+                int16_t low16 = Low16Bits(data_offset);
+                // For consistency with StoreToOffset() and such treat data_offset as int32_t.
+                uint64_t high48 = static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<int32_t>(data_offset)) - low16;
+                int16_t upper16 = High16Bits(high48);
+                // Allow the full [-2GB,+2GB) range in case `low16` is negative and needs a
+                // compensatory 64KB added, which may push `high48` above 2GB and require
+                // the dahi instruction.
+                int16_t higher16 = High32Bits(high48) + ((upper16 < 0) ? 1 : 0);
+                __ Daui(TMP, obj, upper16);
+                if (higher16 != 0) {
+                  __ Dahi(TMP, higher16);
+                }
+                base_reg = TMP;
+                data_offset = low16;
+              }
+            } else {
+              DCHECK(IsInt<16>(static_cast<int32_t>(data_offset)));
+            }
+            __ PoisonHeapReference(AT, value);
+            __ Sw(AT, base_reg, data_offset);
+            null_checker();
+          } else {
+            __ StoreToOffset(kStoreWord, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
+          }
+          if (needs_write_barrier) {
+            DCHECK_EQ(value_type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
+            codegen_->MarkGCCard(obj, value, instruction->GetValueCanBeNull());
+          }
         }
       } else {
         DCHECK_EQ(value_type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
@@ -1809,47 +1839,54 @@
 
     case Primitive::kPrimLong: {
       uint32_t data_offset = mirror::Array::DataOffset(sizeof(int64_t)).Uint32Value();
-      GpuRegister value = locations->InAt(2).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
       if (index.IsConstant()) {
-        size_t offset =
-            (index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_8) + data_offset;
-        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, obj, offset, null_checker);
+        data_offset += index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_8;
       } else {
-        __ Dsll(TMP, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_8);
-        __ Daddu(TMP, obj, TMP);
-        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, TMP, data_offset, null_checker);
+        __ Dsll(base_reg, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_8);
+        __ Daddu(base_reg, obj, base_reg);
+      }
+      if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+        int64_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt64ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+        __ StoreConstToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, base_reg, data_offset, TMP, null_checker);
+      } else {
+        GpuRegister value = value_location.AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+        __ StoreToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
       }
       break;
     }
 
     case Primitive::kPrimFloat: {
       uint32_t data_offset = mirror::Array::DataOffset(sizeof(float)).Uint32Value();
-      FpuRegister value = locations->InAt(2).AsFpuRegister<FpuRegister>();
-      DCHECK(locations->InAt(2).IsFpuRegister());
       if (index.IsConstant()) {
-        size_t offset =
-            (index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_4) + data_offset;
-        __ StoreFpuToOffset(kStoreWord, value, obj, offset, null_checker);
+        data_offset += index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_4;
       } else {
-        __ Dsll(TMP, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_4);
-        __ Daddu(TMP, obj, TMP);
-        __ StoreFpuToOffset(kStoreWord, value, TMP, data_offset, null_checker);
+        __ Dsll(base_reg, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_4);
+        __ Daddu(base_reg, obj, base_reg);
+      }
+      if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+        int32_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt32ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+        __ StoreConstToOffset(kStoreWord, value, base_reg, data_offset, TMP, null_checker);
+      } else {
+        FpuRegister value = value_location.AsFpuRegister<FpuRegister>();
+        __ StoreFpuToOffset(kStoreWord, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
       }
       break;
     }
 
     case Primitive::kPrimDouble: {
       uint32_t data_offset = mirror::Array::DataOffset(sizeof(double)).Uint32Value();
-      FpuRegister value = locations->InAt(2).AsFpuRegister<FpuRegister>();
-      DCHECK(locations->InAt(2).IsFpuRegister());
       if (index.IsConstant()) {
-        size_t offset =
-            (index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_8) + data_offset;
-        __ StoreFpuToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, obj, offset, null_checker);
+        data_offset += index.GetConstant()->AsIntConstant()->GetValue() << TIMES_8;
       } else {
-        __ Dsll(TMP, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_8);
-        __ Daddu(TMP, obj, TMP);
-        __ StoreFpuToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, TMP, data_offset, null_checker);
+        __ Dsll(base_reg, index.AsRegister<GpuRegister>(), TIMES_8);
+        __ Daddu(base_reg, obj, base_reg);
+      }
+      if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+        int64_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt64ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+        __ StoreConstToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, base_reg, data_offset, TMP, null_checker);
+      } else {
+        FpuRegister value = value_location.AsFpuRegister<FpuRegister>();
+        __ StoreFpuToOffset(kStoreDoubleword, value, base_reg, data_offset, null_checker);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -3326,9 +3363,9 @@
       new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(instruction, LocationSummary::kNoCall);
   locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
   if (Primitive::IsFloatingPointType(instruction->InputAt(1)->GetType())) {
-    locations->SetInAt(1, Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+    locations->SetInAt(1, FpuRegisterOrConstantForStore(instruction->InputAt(1)));
   } else {
-    locations->SetInAt(1, Location::RequiresRegister());
+    locations->SetInAt(1, RegisterOrZeroConstant(instruction->InputAt(1)));
   }
 }
 
@@ -3338,6 +3375,7 @@
   Primitive::Type type = field_info.GetFieldType();
   LocationSummary* locations = instruction->GetLocations();
   GpuRegister obj = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+  Location value_location = locations->InAt(1);
   StoreOperandType store_type = kStoreByte;
   uint32_t offset = field_info.GetFieldOffset().Uint32Value();
   bool needs_write_barrier = CodeGenerator::StoreNeedsWriteBarrier(type, instruction->InputAt(1));
@@ -3365,29 +3403,34 @@
       LOG(FATAL) << "Unreachable type " << type;
       UNREACHABLE();
   }
-  if (!Primitive::IsFloatingPointType(type)) {
-    DCHECK(locations->InAt(1).IsRegister());
-    GpuRegister src = locations->InAt(1).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
-    if (kPoisonHeapReferences && needs_write_barrier) {
-      // Note that in the case where `value` is a null reference,
-      // we do not enter this block, as a null reference does not
-      // need poisoning.
-      DCHECK_EQ(type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
-      __ PoisonHeapReference(TMP, src);
-      __ StoreToOffset(store_type, TMP, obj, offset, null_checker);
-    } else {
-      __ StoreToOffset(store_type, src, obj, offset, null_checker);
-    }
-  } else {
-    DCHECK(locations->InAt(1).IsFpuRegister());
-    FpuRegister src = locations->InAt(1).AsFpuRegister<FpuRegister>();
-    __ StoreFpuToOffset(store_type, src, obj, offset, null_checker);
-  }
 
+  if (value_location.IsConstant()) {
+    int64_t value = CodeGenerator::GetInt64ValueOf(value_location.GetConstant());
+    __ StoreConstToOffset(store_type, value, obj, offset, TMP, null_checker);
+  } else {
+    if (!Primitive::IsFloatingPointType(type)) {
+      DCHECK(value_location.IsRegister());
+      GpuRegister src = value_location.AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+      if (kPoisonHeapReferences && needs_write_barrier) {
+        // Note that in the case where `value` is a null reference,
+        // we do not enter this block, as a null reference does not
+        // need poisoning.
+        DCHECK_EQ(type, Primitive::kPrimNot);
+        __ PoisonHeapReference(TMP, src);
+        __ StoreToOffset(store_type, TMP, obj, offset, null_checker);
+      } else {
+        __ StoreToOffset(store_type, src, obj, offset, null_checker);
+      }
+    } else {
+      DCHECK(value_location.IsFpuRegister());
+      FpuRegister src = value_location.AsFpuRegister<FpuRegister>();
+      __ StoreFpuToOffset(store_type, src, obj, offset, null_checker);
+    }
+  }
   // TODO: memory barriers?
   if (needs_write_barrier) {
-    DCHECK(locations->InAt(1).IsRegister());
-    GpuRegister src = locations->InAt(1).AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
+    DCHECK(value_location.IsRegister());
+    GpuRegister src = value_location.AsRegister<GpuRegister>();
     codegen_->MarkGCCard(obj, src, value_can_be_null);
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.h
index 3056f7f..6040dc9 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips64.h
@@ -189,6 +189,8 @@
   void HandleShift(HBinaryOperation* operation);
   void HandleFieldSet(HInstruction* instruction, const FieldInfo& field_info);
   void HandleFieldGet(HInstruction* instruction, const FieldInfo& field_info);
+  Location RegisterOrZeroConstant(HInstruction* instruction);
+  Location FpuRegisterOrConstantForStore(HInstruction* instruction);
 
   InvokeDexCallingConventionVisitorMIPS64 parameter_visitor_;
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
index 2e45149..583008b 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.cc
@@ -192,9 +192,9 @@
 }
 
 static dex::TypeIndex FindClassIndexIn(mirror::Class* cls,
-                                       const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                       Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache)
+                                       const DexCompilationUnit& compilation_unit)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  const DexFile& dex_file = *compilation_unit.GetDexFile();
   dex::TypeIndex index;
   if (cls->GetDexCache() == nullptr) {
     DCHECK(cls->IsArrayClass()) << cls->PrettyClass();
@@ -203,22 +203,19 @@
     DCHECK(cls->IsProxyClass()) << cls->PrettyClass();
     // TODO: deal with proxy classes.
   } else if (IsSameDexFile(cls->GetDexFile(), dex_file)) {
-    DCHECK_EQ(cls->GetDexCache(), dex_cache.Get());
+    DCHECK_EQ(cls->GetDexCache(), compilation_unit.GetDexCache().Get());
     index = cls->GetDexTypeIndex();
-    // Update the dex cache to ensure the class is in. The generated code will
-    // consider it is. We make it safe by updating the dex cache, as other
-    // dex files might also load the class, and there is no guarantee the dex
-    // cache of the dex file of the class will be updated.
-    if (dex_cache->GetResolvedType(index) == nullptr) {
-      dex_cache->SetResolvedType(index, cls);
-    }
   } else {
     index = cls->FindTypeIndexInOtherDexFile(dex_file);
-    // We cannot guarantee the entry in the dex cache will resolve to the same class,
+    // We cannot guarantee the entry will resolve to the same class,
     // as there may be different class loaders. So only return the index if it's
-    // the right class in the dex cache already.
-    if (index.IsValid() && dex_cache->GetResolvedType(index) != cls) {
-      index = dex::TypeIndex::Invalid();
+    // the right class already resolved with the class loader.
+    if (index.IsValid()) {
+      ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved = ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(
+          index, compilation_unit.GetDexCache().Get(), compilation_unit.GetClassLoader().Get());
+      if (resolved != cls) {
+        index = dex::TypeIndex::Invalid();
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -536,7 +533,10 @@
     ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache =
         dex_profile_index_to_dex_cache[class_ref.dex_profile_index];
     DCHECK(dex_cache != nullptr);
-    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> clazz = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(class_ref.type_index);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> clazz = ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(
+          class_ref.type_index,
+          dex_cache,
+          caller_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader().Get());
     if (clazz != nullptr) {
       inline_cache->Set(ic_index++, clazz);
     } else {
@@ -577,9 +577,8 @@
   DCHECK(invoke_instruction->IsInvokeVirtual() || invoke_instruction->IsInvokeInterface())
       << invoke_instruction->DebugName();
 
-  const DexFile& caller_dex_file = *caller_compilation_unit_.GetDexFile();
   dex::TypeIndex class_index = FindClassIndexIn(
-      GetMonomorphicType(classes), caller_dex_file, caller_compilation_unit_.GetDexCache());
+      GetMonomorphicType(classes), caller_compilation_unit_);
   if (!class_index.IsValid()) {
     VLOG(compiler) << "Call to " << ArtMethod::PrettyMethod(resolved_method)
                    << " from inline cache is not inlined because its class is not"
@@ -622,6 +621,7 @@
   // Run type propagation to get the guard typed, and eventually propagate the
   // type of the receiver.
   ReferenceTypePropagation rtp_fixup(graph_,
+                                     outer_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
                                      outer_compilation_unit_.GetDexCache(),
                                      handles_,
                                      /* is_first_run */ false);
@@ -722,7 +722,6 @@
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = caller_compilation_unit_.GetClassLinker();
   PointerSize pointer_size = class_linker->GetImagePointerSize();
-  const DexFile& caller_dex_file = *caller_compilation_unit_.GetDexFile();
 
   bool all_targets_inlined = true;
   bool one_target_inlined = false;
@@ -744,8 +743,7 @@
     HInstruction* cursor = invoke_instruction->GetPrevious();
     HBasicBlock* bb_cursor = invoke_instruction->GetBlock();
 
-    dex::TypeIndex class_index = FindClassIndexIn(
-        handle.Get(), caller_dex_file, caller_compilation_unit_.GetDexCache());
+    dex::TypeIndex class_index = FindClassIndexIn(handle.Get(), caller_compilation_unit_);
     HInstruction* return_replacement = nullptr;
     if (!class_index.IsValid() ||
         !TryBuildAndInline(invoke_instruction,
@@ -801,6 +799,7 @@
 
   // Run type propagation to get the guards typed.
   ReferenceTypePropagation rtp_fixup(graph_,
+                                     outer_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
                                      outer_compilation_unit_.GetDexCache(),
                                      handles_,
                                      /* is_first_run */ false);
@@ -997,6 +996,7 @@
 
   // Run type propagation to get the guard typed.
   ReferenceTypePropagation rtp_fixup(graph_,
+                                     outer_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
                                      outer_compilation_unit_.GetDexCache(),
                                      handles_,
                                      /* is_first_run */ false);
@@ -1065,6 +1065,7 @@
     // Actual return value has a more specific type than the method's declared
     // return type. Run RTP again on the outer graph to propagate it.
     ReferenceTypePropagation(graph_,
+                             outer_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
                              outer_compilation_unit_.GetDexCache(),
                              handles_,
                              /* is_first_run */ false).Run();
@@ -1208,9 +1209,8 @@
         // TODO: Needs null check.
         return false;
       }
-      Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(handles_->NewHandle(resolved_method->GetDexCache()));
       HInstruction* obj = GetInvokeInputForArgVRegIndex(invoke_instruction, data.object_arg);
-      HInstanceFieldGet* iget = CreateInstanceFieldGet(dex_cache, data.field_idx, obj);
+      HInstanceFieldGet* iget = CreateInstanceFieldGet(data.field_idx, resolved_method, obj);
       DCHECK_EQ(iget->GetFieldOffset().Uint32Value(), data.field_offset);
       DCHECK_EQ(iget->IsVolatile() ? 1u : 0u, data.is_volatile);
       invoke_instruction->GetBlock()->InsertInstructionBefore(iget, invoke_instruction);
@@ -1223,10 +1223,9 @@
         // TODO: Needs null check.
         return false;
       }
-      Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(handles_->NewHandle(resolved_method->GetDexCache()));
       HInstruction* obj = GetInvokeInputForArgVRegIndex(invoke_instruction, data.object_arg);
       HInstruction* value = GetInvokeInputForArgVRegIndex(invoke_instruction, data.src_arg);
-      HInstanceFieldSet* iput = CreateInstanceFieldSet(dex_cache, data.field_idx, obj, value);
+      HInstanceFieldSet* iput = CreateInstanceFieldSet(data.field_idx, resolved_method, obj, value);
       DCHECK_EQ(iput->GetFieldOffset().Uint32Value(), data.field_offset);
       DCHECK_EQ(iput->IsVolatile() ? 1u : 0u, data.is_volatile);
       invoke_instruction->GetBlock()->InsertInstructionBefore(iput, invoke_instruction);
@@ -1260,24 +1259,19 @@
                                  [](uint16_t index) { return index != DexFile::kDexNoIndex16; }));
 
       // Create HInstanceFieldSet for each IPUT that stores non-zero data.
-      Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache;
       HInstruction* obj = GetInvokeInputForArgVRegIndex(invoke_instruction, /* this */ 0u);
       bool needs_constructor_barrier = false;
       for (size_t i = 0; i != number_of_iputs; ++i) {
         HInstruction* value = GetInvokeInputForArgVRegIndex(invoke_instruction, iput_args[i]);
         if (!value->IsConstant() || !value->AsConstant()->IsZeroBitPattern()) {
-          if (dex_cache.GetReference() == nullptr) {
-            dex_cache = handles_->NewHandle(resolved_method->GetDexCache());
-          }
           uint16_t field_index = iput_field_indexes[i];
-          HInstanceFieldSet* iput = CreateInstanceFieldSet(dex_cache, field_index, obj, value);
+          bool is_final;
+          HInstanceFieldSet* iput =
+              CreateInstanceFieldSet(field_index, resolved_method, obj, value, &is_final);
           invoke_instruction->GetBlock()->InsertInstructionBefore(iput, invoke_instruction);
 
           // Check whether the field is final. If it is, we need to add a barrier.
-          PointerSize pointer_size = InstructionSetPointerSize(codegen_->GetInstructionSet());
-          ArtField* resolved_field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_index, pointer_size);
-          DCHECK(resolved_field != nullptr);
-          if (resolved_field->IsFinal()) {
+          if (is_final) {
             needs_constructor_barrier = true;
           }
         }
@@ -1296,12 +1290,13 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-HInstanceFieldGet* HInliner::CreateInstanceFieldGet(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                                    uint32_t field_index,
+HInstanceFieldGet* HInliner::CreateInstanceFieldGet(uint32_t field_index,
+                                                    ArtMethod* referrer,
                                                     HInstruction* obj)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  PointerSize pointer_size = InstructionSetPointerSize(codegen_->GetInstructionSet());
-  ArtField* resolved_field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_index, pointer_size);
+  ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+  ArtField* resolved_field =
+      class_linker->LookupResolvedField(field_index, referrer, /* is_static */ false);
   DCHECK(resolved_field != nullptr);
   HInstanceFieldGet* iget = new (graph_->GetArena()) HInstanceFieldGet(
       obj,
@@ -1311,26 +1306,38 @@
       resolved_field->IsVolatile(),
       field_index,
       resolved_field->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexClassDefIndex(),
-      *dex_cache->GetDexFile(),
+      *referrer->GetDexFile(),
       // Read barrier generates a runtime call in slow path and we need a valid
       // dex pc for the associated stack map. 0 is bogus but valid. Bug: 26854537.
       /* dex_pc */ 0);
   if (iget->GetType() == Primitive::kPrimNot) {
     // Use the same dex_cache that we used for field lookup as the hint_dex_cache.
-    ReferenceTypePropagation rtp(graph_, dex_cache, handles_, /* is_first_run */ false);
+    Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = handles_->NewHandle(referrer->GetDexCache());
+    ReferenceTypePropagation rtp(graph_,
+                                 outer_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
+                                 dex_cache,
+                                 handles_,
+                                 /* is_first_run */ false);
     rtp.Visit(iget);
   }
   return iget;
 }
 
-HInstanceFieldSet* HInliner::CreateInstanceFieldSet(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                                    uint32_t field_index,
+HInstanceFieldSet* HInliner::CreateInstanceFieldSet(uint32_t field_index,
+                                                    ArtMethod* referrer,
                                                     HInstruction* obj,
-                                                    HInstruction* value)
+                                                    HInstruction* value,
+                                                    bool* is_final)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  PointerSize pointer_size = InstructionSetPointerSize(codegen_->GetInstructionSet());
-  ArtField* resolved_field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_index, pointer_size);
+  ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+  ArtField* resolved_field =
+      class_linker->LookupResolvedField(field_index, referrer, /* is_static */ false);
   DCHECK(resolved_field != nullptr);
+  if (is_final != nullptr) {
+    // This information is needed only for constructors.
+    DCHECK(referrer->IsConstructor());
+    *is_final = resolved_field->IsFinal();
+  }
   HInstanceFieldSet* iput = new (graph_->GetArena()) HInstanceFieldSet(
       obj,
       value,
@@ -1340,7 +1347,7 @@
       resolved_field->IsVolatile(),
       field_index,
       resolved_field->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexClassDefIndex(),
-      *dex_cache->GetDexFile(),
+      *referrer->GetDexFile(),
       // Read barrier generates a runtime call in slow path and we need a valid
       // dex pc for the associated stack map. 0 is bogus but valid. Bug: 26854537.
       /* dex_pc */ 0);
@@ -1363,7 +1370,7 @@
       resolved_method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClassLoader()));
 
   DexCompilationUnit dex_compilation_unit(
-      class_loader.ToJObject(),
+      class_loader,
       class_linker,
       callee_dex_file,
       code_item,
@@ -1487,6 +1494,7 @@
   // are more specific than the declared ones, run RTP again on the inner graph.
   if (run_rtp || ArgumentTypesMoreSpecific(invoke_instruction, resolved_method)) {
     ReferenceTypePropagation(callee_graph,
+                             outer_compilation_unit_.GetClassLoader(),
                              dex_compilation_unit.GetDexCache(),
                              handles_,
                              /* is_first_run */ false).Run();
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.h b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.h
index 8f8b268..a032042 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/inliner.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/inliner.h
@@ -107,14 +107,15 @@
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Create a new HInstanceFieldGet.
-  HInstanceFieldGet* CreateInstanceFieldGet(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                            uint32_t field_index,
+  HInstanceFieldGet* CreateInstanceFieldGet(uint32_t field_index,
+                                            ArtMethod* referrer,
                                             HInstruction* obj);
   // Create a new HInstanceFieldSet.
-  HInstanceFieldSet* CreateInstanceFieldSet(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                            uint32_t field_index,
+  HInstanceFieldSet* CreateInstanceFieldSet(uint32_t field_index,
+                                            ArtMethod* referrer,
                                             HInstruction* obj,
-                                            HInstruction* value);
+                                            HInstruction* value,
+                                            bool* is_final = nullptr);
 
   // Try inlining the invoke instruction using inline caches.
   bool TryInlineFromInlineCache(
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
index 1053da4..88f67fa 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.cc
@@ -677,11 +677,10 @@
 
 ArtMethod* HInstructionBuilder::ResolveMethod(uint16_t method_idx, InvokeType invoke_type) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
+  StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLinker();
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
   Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class(hs.NewHandle(GetCompilingClass()));
   // We fetch the referenced class eagerly (that is, the class pointed by in the MethodId
   // at method_idx), as `CanAccessResolvedMethod` expects it be be in the dex cache.
@@ -1268,9 +1267,7 @@
 static mirror::Class* GetClassFrom(CompilerDriver* driver,
                                    const DexCompilationUnit& compilation_unit) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(compilation_unit.GetClassLoader())));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = compilation_unit.GetClassLoader();
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = compilation_unit.GetDexCache();
 
   return driver->ResolveCompilingMethodsClass(soa, dex_cache, class_loader, &compilation_unit);
@@ -1286,10 +1283,9 @@
 
 bool HInstructionBuilder::IsOutermostCompilingClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index) const {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
+  StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache();
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
   Handle<mirror::Class> cls(hs.NewHandle(compiler_driver_->ResolveClass(
       soa, dex_cache, class_loader, type_index, dex_compilation_unit_)));
   Handle<mirror::Class> outer_class(hs.NewHandle(GetOutermostCompilingClass()));
@@ -1325,8 +1321,7 @@
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
 
   ClassLinker* class_linker = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLinker();
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
   Handle<mirror::Class> compiling_class(hs.NewHandle(GetCompilingClass()));
 
   ArtField* resolved_field = class_linker->ResolveField(*dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexFile(),
@@ -1643,10 +1638,8 @@
 
 HLoadClass* HInstructionBuilder::BuildLoadClass(dex::TypeIndex type_index, uint32_t dex_pc) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
   const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexFile();
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(
-      soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader())));
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader = dex_compilation_unit_->GetClassLoader();
   Handle<mirror::Class> klass = handles_->NewHandle(compiler_driver_->ResolveClass(
       soa, dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache(), class_loader, type_index, dex_compilation_unit_));
 
@@ -1730,17 +1723,9 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool HInstructionBuilder::NeedsAccessCheck(dex::TypeIndex type_index,
-                                           Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                                           bool* finalizable) const {
-  return !compiler_driver_->CanAccessInstantiableTypeWithoutChecks(
-      dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexMethodIndex(), dex_cache, type_index, finalizable);
-}
-
 bool HInstructionBuilder::NeedsAccessCheck(dex::TypeIndex type_index, bool* finalizable) const {
-  ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexCache();
-  return NeedsAccessCheck(type_index, dex_cache, finalizable);
+  return !compiler_driver_->CanAccessInstantiableTypeWithoutChecks(
+      LookupReferrerClass(), LookupResolvedType(type_index, *dex_compilation_unit_), finalizable);
 }
 
 bool HInstructionBuilder::CanDecodeQuickenedInfo() const {
@@ -2780,4 +2765,18 @@
   return true;
 }  // NOLINT(readability/fn_size)
 
+ObjPtr<mirror::Class> HInstructionBuilder::LookupResolvedType(
+    dex::TypeIndex type_index,
+    const DexCompilationUnit& compilation_unit) const {
+  return ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(
+        type_index, compilation_unit.GetDexCache().Get(), compilation_unit.GetClassLoader().Get());
+}
+
+ObjPtr<mirror::Class> HInstructionBuilder::LookupReferrerClass() const {
+  // TODO: Cache the result in a Handle<mirror::Class>.
+  const DexFile::MethodId& method_id =
+      dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(dex_compilation_unit_->GetDexMethodIndex());
+  return LookupResolvedType(method_id.class_idx_, *dex_compilation_unit_);
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h
index 6cb6655..7fdc188 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/instruction_builder.h
@@ -110,11 +110,8 @@
 
   // Returns whether the current method needs access check for the type.
   // Output parameter finalizable is set to whether the type is finalizable.
-  bool NeedsAccessCheck(dex::TypeIndex type_index,
-                        Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
-                        /*out*/bool* finalizable) const
+  bool NeedsAccessCheck(dex::TypeIndex type_index, /*out*/bool* finalizable) const
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  bool NeedsAccessCheck(dex::TypeIndex type_index, /*out*/bool* finalizable) const;
 
   template<typename T>
   void Unop_12x(const Instruction& instruction, Primitive::Type type, uint32_t dex_pc);
@@ -304,6 +301,12 @@
   // be found.
   ArtField* ResolveField(uint16_t field_idx, bool is_static, bool is_put);
 
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> LookupResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_index,
+                                           const DexCompilationUnit& compilation_unit) const
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> LookupReferrerClass() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   ArenaAllocator* const arena_;
   HGraph* const graph_;
   VariableSizedHandleScope* handles_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
index 918a027..d6153b0 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
                           InvokeType invoke_type,
                           uint16_t class_def_idx,
                           uint32_t method_idx,
-                          jobject class_loader,
+                          Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                           const DexFile& dex_file,
                           Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache) const OVERRIDE;
 
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
                             InvokeType invoke_type,
                             uint16_t class_def_idx,
                             uint32_t method_idx,
-                            jobject class_loader,
+                            Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                             const DexFile& dex_file,
                             Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                             ArtMethod* method,
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@
                                               InvokeType invoke_type,
                                               uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                               uint32_t method_idx,
-                                              jobject class_loader,
+                                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                                               const DexFile& dex_file,
                                               Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                               ArtMethod* method,
@@ -955,11 +955,8 @@
   const uint8_t* interpreter_metadata = nullptr;
   if (method == nullptr) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(
-        soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader>(class_loader)));
     method = compiler_driver->ResolveMethod(
-        soa, dex_cache, loader, &dex_compilation_unit, method_idx, invoke_type);
+        soa, dex_cache, class_loader, &dex_compilation_unit, method_idx, invoke_type);
   }
   // For AOT compilation, we may not get a method, for example if its class is erroneous.
   // JIT should always have a method.
@@ -968,16 +965,6 @@
     graph->SetArtMethod(method);
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     interpreter_metadata = method->GetQuickenedInfo(class_linker->GetImagePointerSize());
-    dex::TypeIndex type_index = method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexTypeIndex();
-
-    // Update the dex cache if the type is not in it yet. Note that under AOT,
-    // the verifier must have set it, but under JIT, there's no guarantee, as we
-    // don't necessarily run the verifier.
-    // The compiler and the compiler driver assume the compiling class is
-    // in the dex cache.
-    if (dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_index) == nullptr) {
-      dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_index, method->GetDeclaringClass());
-    }
   }
 
   std::unique_ptr<CodeGenerator> codegen(
@@ -1058,7 +1045,7 @@
                                             InvokeType invoke_type,
                                             uint16_t class_def_idx,
                                             uint32_t method_idx,
-                                            jobject jclass_loader,
+                                            Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> jclass_loader,
                                             const DexFile& dex_file,
                                             Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache) const {
   CompilerDriver* compiler_driver = GetCompilerDriver();
@@ -1172,7 +1159,6 @@
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDexCache()));
   DCHECK(method->IsCompilable());
 
-  jobject jclass_loader = class_loader.ToJObject();
   const DexFile* dex_file = method->GetDexFile();
   const uint16_t class_def_idx = method->GetClassDefIndex();
   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = dex_file->GetCodeItem(method->GetCodeItemOffset());
@@ -1196,7 +1182,7 @@
                    invoke_type,
                    class_def_idx,
                    method_idx,
-                   jclass_loader,
+                   class_loader,
                    *dex_file,
                    dex_cache,
                    method,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc
index c55fccc..6e332ca 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.cc
@@ -65,11 +65,13 @@
 class ReferenceTypePropagation::RTPVisitor : public HGraphDelegateVisitor {
  public:
   RTPVisitor(HGraph* graph,
+             Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
              Handle<mirror::DexCache> hint_dex_cache,
              HandleCache* handle_cache,
              ArenaVector<HInstruction*>* worklist,
              bool is_first_run)
     : HGraphDelegateVisitor(graph),
+      class_loader_(class_loader),
       hint_dex_cache_(hint_dex_cache),
       handle_cache_(handle_cache),
       worklist_(worklist),
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@
                                bool is_exact);
 
  private:
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> hint_dex_cache_;
   HandleCache* handle_cache_;
   ArenaVector<HInstruction*>* worklist_;
@@ -108,11 +111,13 @@
 };
 
 ReferenceTypePropagation::ReferenceTypePropagation(HGraph* graph,
+                                                   Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                                                    Handle<mirror::DexCache> hint_dex_cache,
                                                    VariableSizedHandleScope* handles,
                                                    bool is_first_run,
                                                    const char* name)
     : HOptimization(graph, name),
+      class_loader_(class_loader),
       hint_dex_cache_(hint_dex_cache),
       handle_cache_(handles),
       worklist_(graph->GetArena()->Adapter(kArenaAllocReferenceTypePropagation)),
@@ -147,7 +152,12 @@
 }
 
 void ReferenceTypePropagation::Visit(HInstruction* instruction) {
-  RTPVisitor visitor(graph_, hint_dex_cache_, &handle_cache_, &worklist_, is_first_run_);
+  RTPVisitor visitor(graph_,
+                     class_loader_,
+                     hint_dex_cache_,
+                     &handle_cache_,
+                     &worklist_,
+                     is_first_run_);
   instruction->Accept(&visitor);
 }
 
@@ -321,7 +331,12 @@
 }
 
 void ReferenceTypePropagation::VisitBasicBlock(HBasicBlock* block) {
-  RTPVisitor visitor(graph_, hint_dex_cache_, &handle_cache_, &worklist_, is_first_run_);
+  RTPVisitor visitor(graph_,
+                     class_loader_,
+                     hint_dex_cache_,
+                     &handle_cache_,
+                     &worklist_,
+                     is_first_run_);
   // Handle Phis first as there might be instructions in the same block who depend on them.
   for (HInstructionIterator it(block->GetPhis()); !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
     VisitPhi(it.Current()->AsPhi());
@@ -542,8 +557,9 @@
 
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = FindDexCacheWithHint(soa.Self(), dex_file, hint_dex_cache_);
-  // Get type from dex cache assuming it was populated by the verifier.
-  SetClassAsTypeInfo(instr, dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx), is_exact);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass =
+      ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader_.Get());
+  SetClassAsTypeInfo(instr, klass, is_exact);
 }
 
 void ReferenceTypePropagation::RTPVisitor::VisitNewInstance(HNewInstance* instr) {
@@ -556,25 +572,13 @@
   SetClassAsTypeInfo(instr, instr->GetLoadClass()->GetClass().Get(), /* is_exact */ true);
 }
 
-static mirror::Class* GetClassFromDexCache(Thread* self,
-                                           const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                           dex::TypeIndex type_idx,
-                                           Handle<mirror::DexCache> hint_dex_cache)
-    REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = FindDexCacheWithHint(self, dex_file, hint_dex_cache);
-  // Get type from dex cache assuming it was populated by the verifier.
-  return dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
-}
-
 void ReferenceTypePropagation::RTPVisitor::VisitParameterValue(HParameterValue* instr) {
   // We check if the existing type is valid: the inliner may have set it.
   if (instr->GetType() == Primitive::kPrimNot && !instr->GetReferenceTypeInfo().IsValid()) {
-    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-    mirror::Class* resolved_class = GetClassFromDexCache(soa.Self(),
-                                                         instr->GetDexFile(),
-                                                         instr->GetTypeIndex(),
-                                                         hint_dex_cache_);
-    SetClassAsTypeInfo(instr, resolved_class, /* is_exact */ false);
+    UpdateReferenceTypeInfo(instr,
+                            instr->GetTypeIndex(),
+                            instr->GetDexFile(),
+                            /* is_exact */ false);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.h b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.h
index 4663471..215e967 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 class ReferenceTypePropagation : public HOptimization {
  public:
   ReferenceTypePropagation(HGraph* graph,
+                           Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
                            Handle<mirror::DexCache> hint_dex_cache,
                            VariableSizedHandleScope* handles,
                            bool is_first_run,
@@ -105,6 +106,8 @@
 
   void ValidateTypes();
 
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
+
   // Note: hint_dex_cache_ is usually, but not necessarily, the dex cache associated with
   // graph_->GetDexFile(). Since we may look up also in other dex files, it's used only
   // as a hint, to reduce the number of calls to the costly ClassLinker::FindDexCache().
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation_test.cc
index b061c87..84a4bab 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/reference_type_propagation_test.cc
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
   void SetupPropagation(VariableSizedHandleScope* handles) {
     graph_->InitializeInexactObjectRTI(handles);
     propagation_ = new (&allocator_) ReferenceTypePropagation(graph_,
+                                                              Handle<mirror::ClassLoader>(),
                                                               Handle<mirror::DexCache>(),
                                                               handles,
                                                               true,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.cc b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.cc
index 487e4dd..50ab11b 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.cc
@@ -499,7 +499,11 @@
 
   // 4) Compute type of reference type instructions. The pass assumes that
   // NullConstant has been fixed up.
-  ReferenceTypePropagation(graph_, dex_cache_, handles_, /* is_first_run */ true).Run();
+  ReferenceTypePropagation(graph_,
+                           class_loader_,
+                           dex_cache_,
+                           handles_,
+                           /* is_first_run */ true).Run();
 
   // 5) HInstructionBuilder duplicated ArrayGet instructions with ambiguous type
   // (int/float or long/double) and marked ArraySets with ambiguous input type.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h
index 45dac54..978f113 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h
@@ -48,9 +48,11 @@
 class SsaBuilder : public ValueObject {
  public:
   SsaBuilder(HGraph* graph,
+             Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
              Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
              VariableSizedHandleScope* handles)
       : graph_(graph),
+        class_loader_(class_loader),
         dex_cache_(dex_cache),
         handles_(handles),
         agets_fixed_(false),
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@
   void RemoveRedundantUninitializedStrings();
 
   HGraph* graph_;
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
   Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache_;
   VariableSizedHandleScope* const handles_;
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_liveness_analysis_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_liveness_analysis_test.cc
index cc48d31..1916c73 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_liveness_analysis_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_liveness_analysis_test.cc
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
       : pool_(),
         allocator_(&pool_),
         graph_(CreateGraph(&allocator_)),
+        compiler_options_(),
         instruction_set_(kRuntimeISA) {
     std::string error_msg;
     instruction_set_features_ =
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@
     codegen_ = CodeGenerator::Create(graph_,
                                      instruction_set_,
                                      *instruction_set_features_,
-                                     CompilerOptions());
+                                     compiler_options_);
     CHECK(codegen_ != nullptr) << instruction_set_ << " is not a supported target architecture.";
     // Create entry block.
     entry_ = new (&allocator_) HBasicBlock(graph_);
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
   ArenaPool pool_;
   ArenaAllocator allocator_;
   HGraph* graph_;
+  CompilerOptions compiler_options_;
   InstructionSet instruction_set_;
   std::unique_ptr<const InstructionSetFeatures> instruction_set_features_;
   std::unique_ptr<CodeGenerator> codegen_;
diff --git a/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64.h b/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64.h
index 8bbe862..b98db65 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64.h
+++ b/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64.h
@@ -782,6 +782,86 @@
 
  public:
   template <typename ImplicitNullChecker = NoImplicitNullChecker>
+  void StoreConstToOffset(StoreOperandType type,
+                          int64_t value,
+                          GpuRegister base,
+                          int32_t offset,
+                          GpuRegister temp,
+                          ImplicitNullChecker null_checker = NoImplicitNullChecker()) {
+    // We permit `base` and `temp` to coincide (however, we check that neither is AT),
+    // in which case the `base` register may be overwritten in the process.
+    CHECK_NE(temp, AT);  // Must not use AT as temp, so as not to overwrite the adjusted base.
+    if (!IsInt<16>(offset) ||
+        (type == kStoreDoubleword && !IsAligned<kMips64DoublewordSize>(offset) &&
+         !IsInt<16>(static_cast<int32_t>(offset + kMips64WordSize)))) {
+      LoadConst32(AT, offset & ~(kMips64DoublewordSize - 1));
+      Daddu(AT, AT, base);
+      base = AT;
+      offset &= (kMips64DoublewordSize - 1);
+    }
+    GpuRegister reg;
+    // If the adjustment left `base` unchanged and equal to `temp`, we can't use `temp`
+    // to load and hold the value but we can use AT instead as AT hasn't been used yet.
+    // Otherwise, `temp` can be used for the value. And if `temp` is the same as the
+    // original `base` (that is, `base` prior to the adjustment), the original `base`
+    // register will be overwritten.
+    if (base == temp) {
+      temp = AT;
+    }
+
+    if (type == kStoreDoubleword && IsAligned<kMips64DoublewordSize>(offset)) {
+      if (value == 0) {
+        reg = ZERO;
+      } else {
+        reg = temp;
+        LoadConst64(reg, value);
+      }
+      Sd(reg, base, offset);
+      null_checker();
+    } else {
+      uint32_t low = Low32Bits(value);
+      uint32_t high = High32Bits(value);
+      if (low == 0) {
+        reg = ZERO;
+      } else {
+        reg = temp;
+        LoadConst32(reg, low);
+      }
+      switch (type) {
+        case kStoreByte:
+          Sb(reg, base, offset);
+          break;
+        case kStoreHalfword:
+          Sh(reg, base, offset);
+          break;
+        case kStoreWord:
+          Sw(reg, base, offset);
+          break;
+        case kStoreDoubleword:
+          // not aligned to kMips64DoublewordSize
+          CHECK_ALIGNED(offset, kMips64WordSize);
+          Sw(reg, base, offset);
+          null_checker();
+          if (high == 0) {
+            reg = ZERO;
+          } else {
+            reg = temp;
+            if (high != low) {
+              LoadConst32(reg, high);
+            }
+          }
+          Sw(reg, base, offset + kMips64WordSize);
+          break;
+        default:
+          LOG(FATAL) << "UNREACHABLE";
+      }
+      if (type != kStoreDoubleword) {
+        null_checker();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename ImplicitNullChecker = NoImplicitNullChecker>
   void LoadFromOffset(LoadOperandType type,
                       GpuRegister reg,
                       GpuRegister base,
diff --git a/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64_test.cc b/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64_test.cc
index 96a02c4..879807a 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/mips64/assembler_mips64_test.cc
@@ -2178,6 +2178,82 @@
   DriverStr(expected, "StoreFpuToOffset");
 }
 
+TEST_F(AssemblerMIPS64Test, StoreConstToOffset) {
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreByte, 0xFF, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreHalfword, 0xFFFF, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0x12345678, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreDoubleword, 0x123456789ABCDEF0, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreByte, 0, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreHalfword, 0, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreDoubleword, 0, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreDoubleword, 0x1234567812345678, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreDoubleword, 0x1234567800000000, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreDoubleword, 0x0000000012345678, mips64::A1, +0, mips64::T8);
+
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0, mips64::T8, +0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0x12345678, mips64::T8, +0, mips64::T8);
+
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0, mips64::A1, -0xFFF0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0x12345678, mips64::A1, +0xFFF0, mips64::T8);
+
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0, mips64::T8, -0xFFF0, mips64::T8);
+  __ StoreConstToOffset(mips64::kStoreWord, 0x12345678, mips64::T8, +0xFFF0, mips64::T8);
+
+  const char* expected =
+      "ori $t8, $zero, 0xFF\n"
+      "sb $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "ori $t8, $zero, 0xFFFF\n"
+      "sh $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x1234\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8,0x5678\n"
+      "sw $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x9abc\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8,0xdef0\n"
+      "dahi $t8, $t8, 0x5679\n"
+      "dati $t8, $t8, 0x1234\n"
+      "sd $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "sb $zero, 0($a1)\n"
+      "sh $zero, 0($a1)\n"
+      "sw $zero, 0($a1)\n"
+      "sd $zero, 0($a1)\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x1234\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8,0x5678\n"
+      "dins $t8, $t8, 0x20, 0x20\n"
+      "sd $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x246\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8, 0x8acf\n"
+      "dsll32 $t8, $t8, 0x3\n"
+      "sd $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x1234\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8, 0x5678\n"
+      "sd $t8, 0($a1)\n"
+      "sw $zero, 0($t8)\n"
+      "lui $at,0x1234\n"
+      "ori $at, $at, 0x5678\n"
+      "sw  $at, 0($t8)\n"
+      "lui $at, 0xffff\n"
+      "ori $at, $at, 0x10\n"
+      "daddu $at, $at, $a1\n"
+      "sw $zero, 0($at)\n"
+      "li $at, 0xfff0\n"
+      "daddu $at, $at, $a1\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x1234\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8, 0x5678\n"
+      "sw  $t8, 0($at)\n"
+      "lui $at, 0xffff\n"
+      "ori $at, $at, 0x10\n"
+      "daddu $at, $at, $t8\n"
+      "sw $zero, 0($at)\n"
+      "li $at, 0xfff0\n"
+      "daddu $at, $at, $t8\n"
+      "lui $t8, 0x1234\n"
+      "ori $t8, $t8, 0x5678\n"
+      "sw  $t8, 0($at)\n";
+  DriverStr(expected, "StoreConstToOffset");
+}
 //////////////////////////////
 // Loading/adding Constants //
 //////////////////////////////
diff --git a/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.cc b/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.cc
index 6a57f45..5307dc0 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.cc
@@ -1169,6 +1169,32 @@
 }
 
 
+void X86Assembler::andnpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x55);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
+void X86Assembler::andnps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x55);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
+void X86Assembler::pandn(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0xDF);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
 void X86Assembler::orpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
   AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
   EmitUint8(0x66);
@@ -1195,6 +1221,43 @@
 }
 
 
+void X86Assembler::pcmpeqb(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x74);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
+void X86Assembler::pcmpeqw(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x75);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
+void X86Assembler::pcmpeqd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x76);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
+void X86Assembler::pcmpeqq(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x38);
+  EmitUint8(0x29);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst, src);
+}
+
+
 void X86Assembler::shufpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm) {
   AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
   EmitUint8(0x66);
diff --git a/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.h b/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.h
index e3c123c..f52cf16 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.h
+++ b/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86.h
@@ -487,10 +487,19 @@
   void andps(XmmRegister dst, const Address& src);
   void pand(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);  // no addr variant (for now)
 
+  void andnpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);  // no addr variant (for now)
+  void andnps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pandn(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+
   void orpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);  // no addr variant (for now)
   void orps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
   void por(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
 
+  void pcmpeqb(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pcmpeqw(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pcmpeqd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pcmpeqq(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+
   void shufpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm);
   void shufps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm);
   void pshufd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm);
diff --git a/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86_test.cc b/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86_test.cc
index 110d0dc..2304907 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/x86/assembler_x86_test.cc
@@ -581,6 +581,18 @@
   DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::pand, "pand %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pand");
 }
 
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, AndnPD) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::andnpd, "andnpd %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "andnpd");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, AndnPS) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::andnps, "andnps %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "andnps");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, PAndn) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::pandn, "pandn %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pandn");
+}
+
 TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, OrPD) {
   DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::orpd, "orpd %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "orpd");
 }
@@ -593,6 +605,22 @@
   DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::por, "por %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "por");
 }
 
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, PCmpeqB) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::pcmpeqb, "pcmpeqb %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "cmpeqb");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, PCmpeqW) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::pcmpeqw, "pcmpeqw %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "cmpeqw");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, PCmpeqD) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::pcmpeqd, "pcmpeqd %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "cmpeqd");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, PCmpeqQ) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86::X86Assembler::pcmpeqq, "pcmpeqq %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "cmpeqq");
+}
+
 TEST_F(AssemblerX86Test, ShufPS) {
   DriverStr(RepeatFFI(&x86::X86Assembler::shufps, 1, "shufps ${imm}, %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "shufps");
 }
diff --git a/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.cc b/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.cc
index 688fdcc..d20a696 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.cc
@@ -1375,6 +1375,32 @@
   EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
 }
 
+void X86_64Assembler::andnpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x55);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
+void X86_64Assembler::andnps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x55);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
+void X86_64Assembler::pandn(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0xDF);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
 void X86_64Assembler::orpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
   AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
   EmitUint8(0x66);
@@ -1401,6 +1427,43 @@
   EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
 }
 
+void X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqb(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x74);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
+void X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqw(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x75);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
+void X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x76);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
+void X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqq(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src) {
+  AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
+  EmitUint8(0x66);
+  EmitOptionalRex32(dst, src);
+  EmitUint8(0x0F);
+  EmitUint8(0x38);
+  EmitUint8(0x29);
+  EmitXmmRegisterOperand(dst.LowBits(), src);
+}
+
 void X86_64Assembler::shufpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm) {
   AssemblerBuffer::EnsureCapacity ensured(&buffer_);
   EmitUint8(0x66);
diff --git a/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.h b/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.h
index 480e711..08e17e8 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.h
+++ b/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64.h
@@ -515,10 +515,19 @@
   void andps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);  // no addr variant (for now)
   void pand(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
 
+  void andnpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);  // no addr variant (for now)
+  void andnps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pandn(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+
   void orpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);  // no addr variant (for now)
   void orps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
   void por(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
 
+  void pcmpeqb(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pcmpeqw(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pcmpeqd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+  void pcmpeqq(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src);
+
   void shufpd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm);
   void shufps(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm);
   void pshufd(XmmRegister dst, XmmRegister src, const Immediate& imm);
diff --git a/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64_test.cc b/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64_test.cc
index ba011c9..20062fd 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/x86_64/assembler_x86_64_test.cc
@@ -1269,6 +1269,18 @@
   DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::pand, "pand %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pand");
 }
 
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, andnpd) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::andnpd, "andnpd %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "andnpd");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, andnps) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::andnps, "andnps %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "andnps");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, Pandn) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::pandn, "pandn %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pandn");
+}
+
 TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, Orps) {
   DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::orps, "orps %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "orps");
 }
@@ -1281,6 +1293,22 @@
   DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::por, "por %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "por");
 }
 
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, PCmpeqb) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqb, "pcmpeqb %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pcmpeqb");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, PCmpeqw) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqw, "pcmpeqw %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pcmpeqw");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, PCmpeqd) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqd, "pcmpeqd %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pcmpeqd");
+}
+
+TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, PCmpeqq) {
+  DriverStr(RepeatFF(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::pcmpeqq, "pcmpeqq %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "pcmpeqq");
+}
+
 TEST_F(AssemblerX86_64Test, Shufps) {
   DriverStr(RepeatFFI(&x86_64::X86_64Assembler::shufps, 1, "shufps ${imm}, %{reg2}, %{reg1}"), "shufps");
 }
diff --git a/compiler/verifier_deps_test.cc b/compiler/verifier_deps_test.cc
index 01c3359..1a1d163 100644
--- a/compiler/verifier_deps_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/verifier_deps_test.cc
@@ -714,12 +714,12 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, StaticField_Resolved_DeclaredInReferenced) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("StaticField_Resolved_DeclaredInReferenced"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/System;", true, "public final"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/System;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasField("Ljava/lang/System;",
                        "out",
                        "Ljava/io/PrintStream;",
                        true,
-                       "public final static",
+                       "public static",
                        "Ljava/lang/System;"));
 }
 
@@ -727,13 +727,13 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("StaticField_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass1"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/util/SimpleTimeZone;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasField(
-      "Ljava/util/SimpleTimeZone;", "LONG", "I", true, "public final static", "Ljava/util/TimeZone;"));
+      "Ljava/util/SimpleTimeZone;", "LONG", "I", true, "public static", "Ljava/util/TimeZone;"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, StaticField_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass2) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("StaticField_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass2"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasField(
-      "LMySimpleTimeZone;", "SHORT", "I", true, "public final static", "Ljava/util/TimeZone;"));
+      "LMySimpleTimeZone;", "SHORT", "I", true, "public static", "Ljava/util/TimeZone;"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, StaticField_Resolved_DeclaredInInterface1) {
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
                        "PI_ENABLE_OUTPUT_ESCAPING",
                        "Ljava/lang/String;",
                        true,
-                       "public final static",
+                       "public static",
                        "Ljavax/xml/transform/Result;"));
 }
 
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@
                        "PI_ENABLE_OUTPUT_ESCAPING",
                        "Ljava/lang/String;",
                        true,
-                       "public final static",
+                       "public static",
                        "Ljavax/xml/transform/Result;"));
 }
 
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@
                        "PI_ENABLE_OUTPUT_ESCAPING",
                        "Ljava/lang/String;",
                        true,
-                       "public final static",
+                       "public static",
                        "Ljavax/xml/transform/Result;"));
 }
 
@@ -773,13 +773,13 @@
                        "ELEMENT_NODE",
                        "S",
                        true,
-                       "public final static",
+                       "public static",
                        "Lorg/w3c/dom/Node;"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, StaticField_Unresolved_ReferrerInBoot) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("StaticField_Unresolved_ReferrerInBoot"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/util/TimeZone;", true, "public abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/util/TimeZone;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasField("Ljava/util/TimeZone;", "x", "I", false));
 }
 
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeStatic_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass1) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("InvokeStatic_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass1"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("direct",
                         "Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;",
                         "setSocketImplFactory",
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeStatic_DeclaredInInterface1) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("InvokeStatic_DeclaredInInterface1"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/util/Map$Entry;", true, "public abstract interface"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/util/Map$Entry;", true, "public interface"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("direct",
                         "Ljava/util/Map$Entry;",
                         "comparingByKey",
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeStatic_Unresolved1) {
   ASSERT_FALSE(VerifyMethod("InvokeStatic_Unresolved1"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("direct", "Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", "x", "()V", false));
 }
 
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeDirect_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass1) {
   ASSERT_FALSE(VerifyMethod("InvokeDirect_Resolved_DeclaredInSuperclass1"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("direct",
                         "Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;",
                         "checkOldImpl",
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeDirect_Unresolved1) {
   ASSERT_FALSE(VerifyMethod("InvokeDirect_Unresolved1"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("direct", "Ljavax/net/ssl/SSLSocket;", "x", "()V", false));
 }
 
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@
                         "size",
                         "()I",
                         true,
-                        "public abstract",
+                        "public",
                         "Ljava/util/Set;"));
 }
 
@@ -1016,13 +1016,13 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeInterface_Resolved_DeclaredInReferenced) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("InvokeInterface_Resolved_DeclaredInReferenced"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", true, "public abstract interface"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", true, "public interface"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("interface",
                         "Ljava/lang/Runnable;",
                         "run",
                         "()V",
                         true,
-                        "public abstract",
+                        "public",
                         "Ljava/lang/Runnable;"));
 }
 
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@
                         "run",
                         "()V",
                         true,
-                        "public abstract",
+                        "public",
                         "Ljava/lang/Runnable;"));
 }
 
@@ -1049,13 +1049,13 @@
                         "isEmpty",
                         "()Z",
                         true,
-                        "public abstract",
+                        "public",
                         "Ljava/util/Set;"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeInterface_Unresolved1) {
   ASSERT_FALSE(VerifyMethod("InvokeInterface_Unresolved1"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", true, "public abstract interface"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", true, "public interface"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("interface", "Ljava/lang/Runnable;", "x", "()V", false));
 }
 
@@ -1066,20 +1066,20 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeSuper_ThisAssignable) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("InvokeSuper_ThisAssignable"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", true, "public abstract interface"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", true, "public interface"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasAssignable("Ljava/lang/Runnable;", "Ljava/lang/Thread;", true));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod("interface",
                         "Ljava/lang/Runnable;",
                         "run",
                         "()V",
                         true,
-                        "public abstract",
+                        "public",
                         "Ljava/lang/Runnable;"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, InvokeSuper_ThisNotAssignable) {
   ASSERT_FALSE(VerifyMethod("InvokeSuper_ThisNotAssignable"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Integer;", true, "public final"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("Ljava/lang/Integer;", true, "public"));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasAssignable("Ljava/lang/Integer;", "Ljava/lang/Thread;", false));
   ASSERT_TRUE(HasMethod(
       "virtual", "Ljava/lang/Integer;", "intValue", "()I", true, "public", "Ljava/lang/Integer;"));
@@ -1087,12 +1087,12 @@
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, ArgumentType_ResolvedReferenceArray) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("ArgumentType_ResolvedReferenceArray"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("[Ljava/lang/Thread;", true, "public final abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("[Ljava/lang/Thread;", true, "public"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, NewArray_Resolved) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(VerifyMethod("NewArray_Resolved"));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("[Ljava/lang/IllegalStateException;", true, "public final abstract"));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(HasClass("[Ljava/lang/IllegalStateException;", true, "public"));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VerifierDepsTest, EncodeDecode) {
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index 3fa30fa..92a12c8 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -1486,7 +1486,7 @@
         TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t3("Loading image checksum", timings_);
         std::vector<gc::space::ImageSpace*> image_spaces =
             Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetBootImageSpaces();
-        image_file_location_oat_checksum_ = OatFileAssistant::CalculateCombinedImageChecksum();
+        image_file_location_oat_checksum_ = image_spaces[0]->GetImageHeader().GetOatChecksum();
         image_file_location_oat_data_begin_ =
             reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_spaces[0]->GetImageHeader().GetOatDataBegin());
         image_patch_delta_ = image_spaces[0]->GetImageHeader().GetPatchDelta();
@@ -1907,6 +1907,14 @@
                                              oat_writer->GetOatDataOffset(),
                                              oat_writer->GetOatSize());
         }
+
+        if (IsBootImage()) {
+          // Have the image_file_location_oat_checksum_ for boot oat files
+          // depend on the contents of all the boot oat files. This way only
+          // the primary image checksum needs to be checked to determine
+          // whether any of the images are out of date.
+          image_file_location_oat_checksum_ ^= oat_writer->GetOatHeader().GetChecksum();
+        }
       }
 
       for (size_t i = 0, size = oat_files_.size(); i != size; ++i) {
diff --git a/oatdump/oatdump.cc b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
index a0919a1..e767023 100644
--- a/oatdump/oatdump.cc
+++ b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
@@ -2210,13 +2210,13 @@
           ScopedIndentation indent2(&state->vios_);
           auto* resolved_fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
           for (size_t i = 0, length = dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); i < length; ++i) {
-            auto* elem = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(
-                resolved_fields, i, image_pointer_size);
+            auto* elem = mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(
+                resolved_fields, i, image_pointer_size).object;
             size_t run = 0;
             for (size_t j = i + 1;
-                 j != length && elem == mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(resolved_fields,
-                                                                            j,
-                                                                            image_pointer_size);
+                 j != length &&
+                 elem == mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(
+                     resolved_fields, j, image_pointer_size).object;
                  ++j) {
               ++run;
             }
@@ -2244,9 +2244,14 @@
           ScopedIndentation indent2(&state->vios_);
           auto* resolved_types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
           for (size_t i = 0; i < num_types; ++i) {
-            auto* elem = resolved_types[i].Read();
+            auto pair = resolved_types[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
             size_t run = 0;
-            for (size_t j = i + 1; j != num_types && elem == resolved_types[j].Read(); ++j) {
+            for (size_t j = i + 1; j != num_types; ++j) {
+              auto other_pair = resolved_types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+              if (pair.index != other_pair.index ||
+                  pair.object.Read() != other_pair.object.Read()) {
+                break;
+              }
               ++run;
             }
             if (run == 0) {
@@ -2256,12 +2261,13 @@
               i = i + run;
             }
             std::string msg;
+            auto* elem = pair.object.Read();
             if (elem == nullptr) {
               msg = "null";
             } else {
               msg = elem->PrettyClass();
             }
-            os << StringPrintf("%p   %s\n", elem, msg.c_str());
+            os << StringPrintf("%p   %u %s\n", elem, pair.index, msg.c_str());
           }
         }
       }
diff --git a/patchoat/patchoat.cc b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
index 4426a30..dfaae7d 100644
--- a/patchoat/patchoat.cc
+++ b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
@@ -512,8 +512,8 @@
     if (orig_strings != nullptr) {
       orig_dex_cache->FixupStrings(RelocatedCopyOf(orig_strings), RelocatedPointerVisitor(this));
     }
-    GcRoot<mirror::Class>* orig_types = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
-    GcRoot<mirror::Class>* relocated_types = RelocatedAddressOfPointer(orig_types);
+    mirror::TypeDexCacheType* orig_types = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+    mirror::TypeDexCacheType* relocated_types = RelocatedAddressOfPointer(orig_types);
     copy_dex_cache->SetField64<false>(
         mirror::DexCache::ResolvedTypesOffset(),
         static_cast<int64_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(relocated_types)));
@@ -534,17 +534,18 @@
         mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(copy_methods, j, copy, pointer_size);
       }
     }
-    ArtField** orig_fields = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
-    ArtField** relocated_fields = RelocatedAddressOfPointer(orig_fields);
+    mirror::FieldDexCacheType* orig_fields = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
+    mirror::FieldDexCacheType* relocated_fields = RelocatedAddressOfPointer(orig_fields);
     copy_dex_cache->SetField64<false>(
         mirror::DexCache::ResolvedFieldsOffset(),
         static_cast<int64_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(relocated_fields)));
     if (orig_fields != nullptr) {
-      ArtField** copy_fields = RelocatedCopyOf(orig_fields);
+      mirror::FieldDexCacheType* copy_fields = RelocatedCopyOf(orig_fields);
       for (size_t j = 0, num = orig_dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); j != num; ++j) {
-        ArtField* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(orig_fields, j, pointer_size);
-        ArtField* copy = RelocatedAddressOfPointer(orig);
-        mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(copy_fields, j, copy, pointer_size);
+        mirror::FieldDexCachePair orig =
+            mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(orig_fields, j, pointer_size);
+        mirror::FieldDexCachePair copy(RelocatedAddressOfPointer(orig.object), orig.index);
+        mirror::DexCache::SetNativePairPtrSize(copy_fields, j, copy, pointer_size);
       }
     }
     mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType* orig_method_types = orig_dex_cache->GetResolvedMethodTypes();
diff --git a/runtime/art_field-inl.h b/runtime/art_field-inl.h
index 80af8e7..16b73c6 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/art_field-inl.h
@@ -311,6 +311,8 @@
 
 template <bool kResolve>
 inline ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ArtField::GetType() {
+  // TODO: Refactor this function into two functions, ResolveType() and LookupType()
+  // so that we can properly annotate it with no-suspension possible / suspension possible.
   const uint32_t field_index = GetDexFieldIndex();
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> declaring_class = GetDeclaringClass();
   if (UNLIKELY(declaring_class->IsProxyClass())) {
@@ -320,9 +322,16 @@
   const DexFile* const dex_file = dex_cache->GetDexFile();
   const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file->GetFieldId(field_index);
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> type = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(field_id.type_idx_);
-  if (kResolve && UNLIKELY(type == nullptr)) {
-    type = ResolveGetType(field_id.type_idx_);
-    CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+  if (UNLIKELY(type == nullptr)) {
+    ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+    if (kResolve) {
+      type = class_linker->ResolveType(*dex_file, field_id.type_idx_, declaring_class);
+      CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+    } else {
+      type = class_linker->LookupResolvedType(
+          *dex_file, field_id.type_idx_, dex_cache, declaring_class->GetClassLoader());
+      DCHECK(!Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+    }
   }
   return type;
 }
diff --git a/runtime/art_field.cc b/runtime/art_field.cc
index a4a6e5a..7e13104 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field.cc
+++ b/runtime/art_field.cc
@@ -48,10 +48,6 @@
   return Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindSystemClass(Thread::Current(), descriptor);
 }
 
-ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ArtField::ResolveGetType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) {
-  return Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(type_idx, this);
-}
-
 ObjPtr<mirror::String> ArtField::ResolveGetStringName(Thread* self,
                                                       const DexFile& dex_file,
                                                       dex::StringIndex string_idx,
diff --git a/runtime/art_field.h b/runtime/art_field.h
index 427e103..75dd981 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field.h
+++ b/runtime/art_field.h
@@ -217,8 +217,6 @@
  private:
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ProxyFindSystemClass(const char* descriptor)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ResolveGetType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx)
-      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   ObjPtr<mirror::String> ResolveGetStringName(Thread* self,
                                               const DexFile& dex_file,
                                               dex::StringIndex string_idx,
diff --git a/runtime/art_method-inl.h b/runtime/art_method-inl.h
index f54b5d6..b47f8f0 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/art_method-inl.h
@@ -179,12 +179,19 @@
 }
 
 inline mirror::Class* ArtMethod::GetClassFromTypeIndex(dex::TypeIndex type_idx, bool resolve) {
+  // TODO: Refactor this function into two functions, Resolve...() and Lookup...()
+  // so that we can properly annotate it with no-suspension possible / suspension possible.
   ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = GetDexCache();
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> type = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
-  if (UNLIKELY(type == nullptr) && resolve) {
+  if (UNLIKELY(type == nullptr)) {
     ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
-    type = class_linker->ResolveType(type_idx, this);
-    CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+    if (resolve) {
+      type = class_linker->ResolveType(type_idx, this);
+      CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+    } else {
+      type = class_linker->LookupResolvedType(
+          *dex_cache->GetDexFile(), type_idx, dex_cache, GetClassLoader());
+    }
   }
   return type.Ptr();
 }
@@ -340,7 +347,11 @@
 
 inline uint16_t ArtMethod::GetClassDefIndex() {
   DCHECK(!IsProxyMethod());
-  return GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexClassDefIndex();
+  if (LIKELY(!IsObsolete())) {
+    return GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexClassDefIndex();
+  } else {
+    return FindObsoleteDexClassDefIndex();
+  }
 }
 
 inline const DexFile::ClassDef& ArtMethod::GetClassDef() {
diff --git a/runtime/art_method.cc b/runtime/art_method.cc
index 9d74e7c..80a8773 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method.cc
+++ b/runtime/art_method.cc
@@ -104,6 +104,16 @@
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
+uint16_t ArtMethod::FindObsoleteDexClassDefIndex() {
+  DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler()) << PrettyMethod();
+  DCHECK(IsObsolete());
+  const DexFile* dex_file = GetDexFile();
+  const dex::TypeIndex declaring_class_type = dex_file->GetMethodId(GetDexMethodIndex()).class_idx_;
+  const DexFile::ClassDef* class_def = dex_file->FindClassDef(declaring_class_type);
+  CHECK(class_def != nullptr);
+  return dex_file->GetIndexForClassDef(*class_def);
+}
+
 mirror::String* ArtMethod::GetNameAsString(Thread* self) {
   CHECK(!IsProxyMethod());
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
diff --git a/runtime/art_method.h b/runtime/art_method.h
index cd1950c..2248c3b 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method.h
+++ b/runtime/art_method.h
@@ -700,6 +700,8 @@
   } ptr_sized_fields_;
 
  private:
+  uint16_t FindObsoleteDexClassDefIndex() REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   bool IsAnnotatedWith(jclass klass, uint32_t visibility);
 
   static constexpr size_t PtrSizedFieldsOffset(PointerSize pointer_size) {
diff --git a/runtime/base/arena_allocator.cc b/runtime/base/arena_allocator.cc
index db43319..5aede38 100644
--- a/runtime/base/arena_allocator.cc
+++ b/runtime/base/arena_allocator.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <numeric>
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-static constexpr size_t kMemoryToolRedZoneBytes = 8;
+constexpr size_t kMemoryToolRedZoneBytes = 8;
 constexpr size_t Arena::kDefaultSize;
 
 template <bool kCount>
@@ -168,23 +169,75 @@
 Arena::Arena() : bytes_allocated_(0), next_(nullptr) {
 }
 
+class MallocArena FINAL : public Arena {
+ public:
+  explicit MallocArena(size_t size = Arena::kDefaultSize);
+  virtual ~MallocArena();
+ private:
+  static constexpr size_t RequiredOverallocation() {
+    return (alignof(std::max_align_t) < ArenaAllocator::kArenaAlignment)
+        ? ArenaAllocator::kArenaAlignment - alignof(std::max_align_t)
+        : 0u;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t* unaligned_memory_;
+};
+
 MallocArena::MallocArena(size_t size) {
-  memory_ = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(calloc(1, size));
-  CHECK(memory_ != nullptr);  // Abort on OOM.
-  DCHECK_ALIGNED(memory_, ArenaAllocator::kAlignment);
+  // We need to guarantee kArenaAlignment aligned allocation for the new arena.
+  // TODO: Use std::aligned_alloc() when it becomes available with C++17.
+  constexpr size_t overallocation = RequiredOverallocation();
+  unaligned_memory_ = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(calloc(1, size + overallocation));
+  CHECK(unaligned_memory_ != nullptr);  // Abort on OOM.
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(unaligned_memory_, alignof(std::max_align_t));
+  if (overallocation == 0u) {
+    memory_ = unaligned_memory_;
+  } else {
+    memory_ = AlignUp(unaligned_memory_, ArenaAllocator::kArenaAlignment);
+    if (UNLIKELY(RUNNING_ON_MEMORY_TOOL > 0)) {
+      size_t head = memory_ - unaligned_memory_;
+      size_t tail = overallocation - head;
+      MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_NOACCESS(unaligned_memory_, head);
+      MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_NOACCESS(memory_ + size, tail);
+    }
+  }
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(memory_, ArenaAllocator::kArenaAlignment);
   size_ = size;
 }
 
 MallocArena::~MallocArena() {
-  free(reinterpret_cast<void*>(memory_));
+  constexpr size_t overallocation = RequiredOverallocation();
+  if (overallocation != 0u && UNLIKELY(RUNNING_ON_MEMORY_TOOL > 0)) {
+    size_t head = memory_ - unaligned_memory_;
+    size_t tail = overallocation - head;
+    MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_UNDEFINED(unaligned_memory_, head);
+    MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_UNDEFINED(memory_ + size_, tail);
+  }
+  free(reinterpret_cast<void*>(unaligned_memory_));
 }
 
+class MemMapArena FINAL : public Arena {
+ public:
+  MemMapArena(size_t size, bool low_4gb, const char* name);
+  virtual ~MemMapArena();
+  void Release() OVERRIDE;
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<MemMap> map_;
+};
+
 MemMapArena::MemMapArena(size_t size, bool low_4gb, const char* name) {
+  // Round up to a full page as that's the smallest unit of allocation for mmap()
+  // and we want to be able to use all memory that we actually allocate.
+  size = RoundUp(size, kPageSize);
   std::string error_msg;
   map_.reset(MemMap::MapAnonymous(
       name, nullptr, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, low_4gb, false, &error_msg));
   CHECK(map_.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
   memory_ = map_->Begin();
+  static_assert(ArenaAllocator::kArenaAlignment <= kPageSize,
+                "Arena should not need stronger alignment than kPageSize.");
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(memory_, ArenaAllocator::kArenaAlignment);
   size_ = map_->Size();
 }
 
@@ -332,20 +385,7 @@
   ArenaAllocatorStats::RecordAlloc(rounded_bytes, kind);
   uint8_t* ret;
   if (UNLIKELY(rounded_bytes > static_cast<size_t>(end_ - ptr_))) {
-    ret = AllocFromNewArena(rounded_bytes);
-    uint8_t* noaccess_begin = ret + bytes;
-    uint8_t* noaccess_end;
-    if (ret == arena_head_->Begin()) {
-      DCHECK(ptr_ - rounded_bytes == ret);
-      noaccess_end = end_;
-    } else {
-      // We're still using the old arena but `ret` comes from a new one just after it.
-      DCHECK(arena_head_->next_ != nullptr);
-      DCHECK(ret == arena_head_->next_->Begin());
-      DCHECK_EQ(rounded_bytes, arena_head_->next_->GetBytesAllocated());
-      noaccess_end = arena_head_->next_->End();
-    }
-    MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_NOACCESS(noaccess_begin, noaccess_end - noaccess_begin);
+    ret = AllocFromNewArenaWithMemoryTool(rounded_bytes);
   } else {
     ret = ptr_;
     ptr_ += rounded_bytes;
@@ -356,6 +396,30 @@
   return ret;
 }
 
+void* ArenaAllocator::AllocWithMemoryToolAlign16(size_t bytes, ArenaAllocKind kind) {
+  // We mark all memory for a newly retrieved arena as inaccessible and then
+  // mark only the actually allocated memory as defined. That leaves red zones
+  // and padding between allocations marked as inaccessible.
+  size_t rounded_bytes = bytes + kMemoryToolRedZoneBytes;
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(rounded_bytes, 8);  // `bytes` is 16-byte aligned, red zone is 8-byte aligned.
+  uintptr_t padding =
+      ((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr_) + 15u) & 15u) - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr_);
+  ArenaAllocatorStats::RecordAlloc(rounded_bytes, kind);
+  uint8_t* ret;
+  if (UNLIKELY(padding + rounded_bytes > static_cast<size_t>(end_ - ptr_))) {
+    static_assert(kArenaAlignment >= 16, "Expecting sufficient alignment for new Arena.");
+    ret = AllocFromNewArenaWithMemoryTool(rounded_bytes);
+  } else {
+    ptr_ += padding;  // Leave padding inaccessible.
+    ret = ptr_;
+    ptr_ += rounded_bytes;
+  }
+  MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_DEFINED(ret, bytes);
+  // Check that the memory is already zeroed out.
+  DCHECK(std::all_of(ret, ret + bytes, [](uint8_t val) { return val == 0u; }));
+  return ret;
+}
+
 ArenaAllocator::~ArenaAllocator() {
   // Reclaim all the arenas by giving them back to the thread pool.
   UpdateBytesAllocated();
@@ -386,6 +450,24 @@
   return new_arena->Begin();
 }
 
+uint8_t* ArenaAllocator::AllocFromNewArenaWithMemoryTool(size_t bytes) {
+  uint8_t* ret = AllocFromNewArena(bytes);
+  uint8_t* noaccess_begin = ret + bytes;
+  uint8_t* noaccess_end;
+  if (ret == arena_head_->Begin()) {
+    DCHECK(ptr_ - bytes == ret);
+    noaccess_end = end_;
+  } else {
+    // We're still using the old arena but `ret` comes from a new one just after it.
+    DCHECK(arena_head_->next_ != nullptr);
+    DCHECK(ret == arena_head_->next_->Begin());
+    DCHECK_EQ(bytes, arena_head_->next_->GetBytesAllocated());
+    noaccess_end = arena_head_->next_->End();
+  }
+  MEMORY_TOOL_MAKE_NOACCESS(noaccess_begin, noaccess_end - noaccess_begin);
+  return ret;
+}
+
 bool ArenaAllocator::Contains(const void* ptr) const {
   if (ptr >= begin_ && ptr < end_) {
     return true;
@@ -398,7 +480,9 @@
   return false;
 }
 
-MemStats::MemStats(const char* name, const ArenaAllocatorStats* stats, const Arena* first_arena,
+MemStats::MemStats(const char* name,
+                   const ArenaAllocatorStats* stats,
+                   const Arena* first_arena,
                    ssize_t lost_bytes_adjustment)
     : name_(name),
       stats_(stats),
diff --git a/runtime/base/arena_allocator.h b/runtime/base/arena_allocator.h
index f92fbea..c39429c 100644
--- a/runtime/base/arena_allocator.h
+++ b/runtime/base/arena_allocator.h
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 class ArenaAllocator;
 class ArenaStack;
 class ScopedArenaAllocator;
-class MemMap;
 class MemStats;
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -244,22 +243,6 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Arena);
 };
 
-class MallocArena FINAL : public Arena {
- public:
-  explicit MallocArena(size_t size = Arena::kDefaultSize);
-  virtual ~MallocArena();
-};
-
-class MemMapArena FINAL : public Arena {
- public:
-  MemMapArena(size_t size, bool low_4gb, const char* name);
-  virtual ~MemMapArena();
-  void Release() OVERRIDE;
-
- private:
-  std::unique_ptr<MemMap> map_;
-};
-
 class ArenaPool {
  public:
   explicit ArenaPool(bool use_malloc = true,
@@ -319,8 +302,31 @@
     return ret;
   }
 
+  // Returns zeroed memory.
+  void* AllocAlign16(size_t bytes, ArenaAllocKind kind = kArenaAllocMisc) ALWAYS_INLINE {
+    // It is an error to request 16-byte aligned allocation of unaligned size.
+    DCHECK_ALIGNED(bytes, 16);
+    if (UNLIKELY(IsRunningOnMemoryTool())) {
+      return AllocWithMemoryToolAlign16(bytes, kind);
+    }
+    uintptr_t padding =
+        ((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr_) + 15u) & 15u) - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr_);
+    ArenaAllocatorStats::RecordAlloc(bytes, kind);
+    if (UNLIKELY(padding + bytes > static_cast<size_t>(end_ - ptr_))) {
+      static_assert(kArenaAlignment >= 16, "Expecting sufficient alignment for new Arena.");
+      return AllocFromNewArena(bytes);
+    }
+    ptr_ += padding;
+    uint8_t* ret = ptr_;
+    DCHECK_ALIGNED(ret, 16);
+    ptr_ += bytes;
+    return ret;
+  }
+
   // Realloc never frees the input pointer, it is the caller's job to do this if necessary.
-  void* Realloc(void* ptr, size_t ptr_size, size_t new_size,
+  void* Realloc(void* ptr,
+                size_t ptr_size,
+                size_t new_size,
                 ArenaAllocKind kind = kArenaAllocMisc) ALWAYS_INLINE {
     DCHECK_GE(new_size, ptr_size);
     DCHECK_EQ(ptr == nullptr, ptr_size == 0u);
@@ -371,12 +377,17 @@
 
   bool Contains(const void* ptr) const;
 
-  static constexpr size_t kAlignment = 8;
+  // The alignment guaranteed for individual allocations.
+  static constexpr size_t kAlignment = 8u;
+
+  // The alignment required for the whole Arena rather than individual allocations.
+  static constexpr size_t kArenaAlignment = 16u;
 
  private:
   void* AllocWithMemoryTool(size_t bytes, ArenaAllocKind kind);
+  void* AllocWithMemoryToolAlign16(size_t bytes, ArenaAllocKind kind);
   uint8_t* AllocFromNewArena(size_t bytes);
-
+  uint8_t* AllocFromNewArenaWithMemoryTool(size_t bytes);
 
   void UpdateBytesAllocated();
 
@@ -396,7 +407,9 @@
 
 class MemStats {
  public:
-  MemStats(const char* name, const ArenaAllocatorStats* stats, const Arena* first_arena,
+  MemStats(const char* name,
+           const ArenaAllocatorStats* stats,
+           const Arena* first_arena,
            ssize_t lost_bytes_adjustment = 0);
   void Dump(std::ostream& os) const;
 
diff --git a/runtime/base/scoped_arena_allocator.h b/runtime/base/scoped_arena_allocator.h
index 55044b3..1a0eb5e 100644
--- a/runtime/base/scoped_arena_allocator.h
+++ b/runtime/base/scoped_arena_allocator.h
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@
   kFree,
 };
 
-static constexpr size_t kArenaAlignment = 8;
-
 // Holds a list of Arenas for use by ScopedArenaAllocator stack.
 // The memory is returned to the ArenaPool when the ArenaStack is destroyed.
 class ArenaStack : private DebugStackRefCounter, private ArenaAllocatorMemoryTool {
@@ -67,6 +65,9 @@
     return *(reinterpret_cast<ArenaFreeTag*>(ptr) - 1);
   }
 
+  // The alignment guaranteed for individual allocations.
+  static constexpr size_t kAlignment = 8u;
+
  private:
   struct Peak;
   struct Current;
@@ -89,8 +90,8 @@
     if (UNLIKELY(IsRunningOnMemoryTool())) {
       return AllocWithMemoryTool(bytes, kind);
     }
-    // Add kArenaAlignment for the free or used tag. Required to preserve alignment.
-    size_t rounded_bytes = RoundUp(bytes + (kIsDebugBuild ? kArenaAlignment : 0u), kArenaAlignment);
+    // Add kAlignment for the free or used tag. Required to preserve alignment.
+    size_t rounded_bytes = RoundUp(bytes + (kIsDebugBuild ? kAlignment : 0u), kAlignment);
     uint8_t* ptr = top_ptr_;
     if (UNLIKELY(static_cast<size_t>(top_end_ - ptr) < rounded_bytes)) {
       ptr = AllocateFromNextArena(rounded_bytes);
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@
     CurrentStats()->RecordAlloc(bytes, kind);
     top_ptr_ = ptr + rounded_bytes;
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      ptr += kArenaAlignment;
+      ptr += kAlignment;
       ArenaTagForAllocation(ptr) = ArenaFreeTag::kUsed;
     }
     return ptr;
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker-inl.h b/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
index 3438810..9ddc6cf 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker-inl.h
@@ -78,6 +78,18 @@
   return string.Ptr();
 }
 
+inline ObjPtr<mirror::Class> ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(
+    dex::TypeIndex type_idx,
+    ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
+    ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader) {
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> type = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
+  if (type == nullptr) {
+    type = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->LookupResolvedType(
+        *dex_cache->GetDexFile(), type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader);
+  }
+  return type;
+}
+
 inline mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx, ArtMethod* referrer) {
   Thread::PoisonObjectPointersIfDebug();
   if (kIsDebugBuild) {
@@ -91,25 +103,6 @@
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(declaring_class->GetClassLoader()));
     const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_cache->GetDexFile();
     resolved_type = ResolveType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader);
-    // Note: We cannot check here to see whether we added the type to the cache. The type
-    //       might be an erroneous class, which results in it being hidden from us.
-  }
-  return resolved_type.Ptr();
-}
-
-inline mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx, ArtField* referrer) {
-  Thread::PoisonObjectPointersIfDebug();
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> declaring_class = referrer->GetDeclaringClass();
-  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache_ptr = declaring_class->GetDexCache();
-  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved_type = dex_cache_ptr->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
-  if (UNLIKELY(resolved_type == nullptr)) {
-    StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
-    Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(dex_cache_ptr));
-    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(declaring_class->GetClassLoader()));
-    const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_cache->GetDexFile();
-    resolved_type = ResolveType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader);
-    // Note: We cannot check here to see whether we added the type to the cache. The type
-    //       might be an erroneous class, which results in it being hidden from us.
   }
   return resolved_type.Ptr();
 }
@@ -168,9 +161,15 @@
   return resolved_method;
 }
 
-inline ArtField* ClassLinker::GetResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx,
-                                               ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache) {
-  return dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_idx, image_pointer_size_);
+inline ArtField* ClassLinker::LookupResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx,
+                                                  ArtMethod* referrer,
+                                                  bool is_static) {
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = referrer->GetDexCache();
+  ArtField* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_idx, image_pointer_size_);
+  if (field == nullptr) {
+    field = LookupResolvedField(field_idx, dex_cache, referrer->GetClassLoader(), is_static);
+  }
+  return field;
 }
 
 inline ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveField(uint32_t field_idx,
@@ -178,7 +177,8 @@
                                            bool is_static) {
   Thread::PoisonObjectPointersIfDebug();
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> declaring_class = referrer->GetDeclaringClass();
-  ArtField* resolved_field = GetResolvedField(field_idx, referrer->GetDexCache());
+  ArtField* resolved_field =
+      referrer->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedField(field_idx, image_pointer_size_);
   if (UNLIKELY(resolved_field == nullptr)) {
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(referrer->GetDexCache()));
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index bbf06e1..eb7d7bd 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "gc/scoped_gc_critical_section.h"
 #include "gc/space/image_space.h"
+#include "gc/space/space-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "image-inl.h"
 #include "imt_conflict_table.h"
@@ -905,7 +906,6 @@
       runtime->GetOatFileManager().RegisterImageOatFiles(spaces);
   DCHECK(!oat_files.empty());
   const OatHeader& default_oat_header = oat_files[0]->GetOatHeader();
-  CHECK_EQ(default_oat_header.GetImageFileLocationOatChecksum(), 0U);
   CHECK_EQ(default_oat_header.GetImageFileLocationOatDataBegin(), 0U);
   const char* image_file_location = oat_files[0]->GetOatHeader().
       GetStoreValueByKey(OatHeader::kImageLocationKey);
@@ -1146,6 +1146,33 @@
   ClassTable* const table_;
 };
 
+class VerifyDirectInterfacesInTableClassVisitor {
+ public:
+  explicit VerifyDirectInterfacesInTableClassVisitor(ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
+      : class_loader_(class_loader), self_(Thread::Current()) { }
+
+  bool operator()(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (!klass->IsPrimitive() && klass->GetClassLoader() == class_loader_) {
+      classes_.push_back(klass);
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void Check() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    for (ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass : classes_) {
+      for (uint32_t i = 0, num = klass->NumDirectInterfaces(); i != num; ++i) {
+        CHECK(klass->GetDirectInterface(self_, klass, i) != nullptr)
+            << klass->PrettyDescriptor() << " iface #" << i;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader_;
+  Thread* self_;
+  std::vector<ObjPtr<mirror::Class>> classes_;
+};
+
 class VerifyDeclaringClassVisitor : public ArtMethodVisitor {
  public:
   VerifyDeclaringClassVisitor() REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_)
@@ -1177,6 +1204,23 @@
   }
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+static void CopyDexCachePairs(const std::atomic<mirror::DexCachePair<T>>* src,
+                              size_t count,
+                              std::atomic<mirror::DexCachePair<T>>* dst) {
+  DCHECK_NE(count, 0u);
+  DCHECK(!src[0].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull() ||
+         src[0].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index != 0u);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(dst[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
+    DCHECK(dst[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
+    mirror::DexCachePair<T> source = src[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    if (source.index != 0u || !source.object.IsNull()) {
+      dst[i].store(source, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 bool ClassLinker::UpdateAppImageClassLoadersAndDexCaches(
     gc::space::ImageSpace* space,
     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
@@ -1230,9 +1274,15 @@
         if (dex_file->NumStringIds() < num_strings) {
           num_strings = dex_file->NumStringIds();
         }
-        const size_t num_types = dex_file->NumTypeIds();
+        size_t num_types = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheTypeCacheSize;
+        if (dex_file->NumTypeIds() < num_types) {
+          num_types = dex_file->NumTypeIds();
+        }
         const size_t num_methods = dex_file->NumMethodIds();
-        const size_t num_fields = dex_file->NumFieldIds();
+        size_t num_fields = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheFieldCacheSize;
+        if (dex_file->NumFieldIds() < num_fields) {
+          num_fields = dex_file->NumFieldIds();
+        }
         size_t num_method_types = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize;
         if (dex_file->NumProtoIds() < num_method_types) {
           num_method_types = dex_file->NumProtoIds();
@@ -1250,28 +1300,14 @@
           mirror::StringDexCacheType* const image_resolved_strings = dex_cache->GetStrings();
           mirror::StringDexCacheType* const strings =
               reinterpret_cast<mirror::StringDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.StringsOffset());
-          for (size_t j = 0; j < num_strings; ++j) {
-            DCHECK_EQ(strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
-            DCHECK(strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
-            strings[j].store(image_resolved_strings[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-                             std::memory_order_relaxed);
-          }
-          mirror::StringDexCachePair::Initialize(strings);
+          CopyDexCachePairs(image_resolved_strings, num_strings, strings);
           dex_cache->SetStrings(strings);
         }
         if (num_types != 0u) {
-          GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const image_resolved_types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
-          GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const types =
-              reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Class>*>(raw_arrays + layout.TypesOffset());
-          for (size_t j = 0; kIsDebugBuild && j < num_types; ++j) {
-            DCHECK(types[j].IsNull());
-          }
-          CopyNonNull(image_resolved_types,
-                      num_types,
-                      types,
-                      [](const GcRoot<mirror::Class>& elem) {
-                          return elem.IsNull();
-                      });
+          mirror::TypeDexCacheType* const image_resolved_types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+          mirror::TypeDexCacheType* const types =
+              reinterpret_cast<mirror::TypeDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.TypesOffset());
+          CopyDexCachePairs(image_resolved_types, num_types, types);
           dex_cache->SetResolvedTypes(types);
         }
         if (num_methods != 0u) {
@@ -1290,17 +1326,22 @@
           dex_cache->SetResolvedMethods(methods);
         }
         if (num_fields != 0u) {
-          ArtField** const fields =
-              reinterpret_cast<ArtField**>(raw_arrays + layout.FieldsOffset());
-          for (size_t j = 0; kIsDebugBuild && j < num_fields; ++j) {
-            DCHECK(fields[j] == nullptr);
+          mirror::FieldDexCacheType* const image_resolved_fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
+          mirror::FieldDexCacheType* const fields =
+              reinterpret_cast<mirror::FieldDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.FieldsOffset());
+          for (size_t j = 0; j < num_fields; ++j) {
+            DCHECK_EQ(mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(fields, j, image_pointer_size_).index,
+                      0u);
+            DCHECK(mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(fields, j, image_pointer_size_).object ==
+                   nullptr);
+            mirror::DexCache::SetNativePairPtrSize(
+                fields,
+                j,
+                mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(image_resolved_fields,
+                                                       j,
+                                                       image_pointer_size_),
+                image_pointer_size_);
           }
-          CopyNonNull(dex_cache->GetResolvedFields(),
-                      num_fields,
-                      fields,
-                      [] (const ArtField* field) {
-                          return field == nullptr;
-                      });
           dex_cache->SetResolvedFields(fields);
         }
         if (num_method_types != 0u) {
@@ -1312,15 +1353,7 @@
           mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType* const method_types =
               reinterpret_cast<mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType*>(
                   raw_arrays + layout.MethodTypesOffset());
-          for (size_t j = 0; j < num_method_types; ++j) {
-            DCHECK_EQ(method_types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
-            DCHECK(method_types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
-            method_types[j].store(
-                image_resolved_method_types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-                std::memory_order_relaxed);
-          }
-
-          mirror::MethodTypeDexCachePair::Initialize(method_types);
+          CopyDexCachePairs(image_resolved_method_types, num_method_types, method_types);
           dex_cache->SetResolvedMethodTypes(method_types);
         }
         if (num_call_sites != 0u) {
@@ -1350,11 +1383,11 @@
       }
       if (kIsDebugBuild) {
         CHECK(new_class_set != nullptr);
-        GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+        mirror::TypeDexCacheType* const types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
         const size_t num_types = dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes();
-        for (int32_t j = 0; j < static_cast<int32_t>(num_types); j++) {
+        for (size_t j = 0; j != num_types; ++j) {
           // The image space is not yet added to the heap, avoid read barriers.
-          ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = types[j].Read();
+          ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.Read();
           if (space->HasAddress(klass.Ptr())) {
             DCHECK(!klass->IsErroneous()) << klass->GetStatus();
             auto it = new_class_set->Find(ClassTable::TableSlot(klass));
@@ -1713,9 +1746,9 @@
       // The current dex file field is bogus, overwrite it so that we can get the dex file in the
       // loop below.
       dex_cache->SetDexFile(dex_file.get());
-      GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+      mirror::TypeDexCacheType* const types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
       for (int32_t j = 0, num_types = dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes(); j < num_types; j++) {
-        ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = types[j].Read();
+        ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.Read();
         if (klass != nullptr) {
           DCHECK(!klass->IsErroneous()) << klass->GetStatus();
         }
@@ -1885,6 +1918,22 @@
     // Since it ensures classes are in the class table.
     VerifyClassInTableArtMethodVisitor visitor2(class_table);
     header.VisitPackedArtMethods(&visitor2, space->Begin(), kRuntimePointerSize);
+    // Verify that all direct interfaces of classes in the class table are also resolved.
+    VerifyDirectInterfacesInTableClassVisitor visitor(class_loader.Get());
+    class_table->Visit(visitor);
+    visitor.Check();
+    // Check that all non-primitive classes in dex caches are also in the class table.
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < dex_caches->GetLength(); i++) {
+      ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = dex_caches->Get(i);
+      mirror::TypeDexCacheType* const types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+      for (int32_t j = 0, num_types = dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes(); j < num_types; j++) {
+        ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = types[j].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.Read();
+        if (klass != nullptr && !klass->IsPrimitive()) {
+          CHECK(class_table->Contains(klass)) << klass->PrettyDescriptor()
+              << " " << dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetLocation();
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
   VLOG(class_linker) << "Adding image space took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time);
   return true;
@@ -4651,7 +4700,7 @@
       MutableHandle<mirror::Class> handle_scope_iface(hs_iface.NewHandle<mirror::Class>(nullptr));
       for (size_t i = 0; i < num_direct_interfaces; i++) {
         handle_scope_iface.Assign(mirror::Class::GetDirectInterface(self, klass.Get(), i));
-        CHECK(handle_scope_iface != nullptr);
+        CHECK(handle_scope_iface != nullptr) << klass->PrettyDescriptor() << " iface #" << i;
         CHECK(handle_scope_iface->IsInterface());
         if (handle_scope_iface->HasBeenRecursivelyInitialized()) {
           // We have already done this for this interface. Skip it.
@@ -4787,7 +4836,7 @@
     // First we initialize all of iface's super-interfaces recursively.
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_direct_ifaces; i++) {
       ObjPtr<mirror::Class> super_iface = mirror::Class::GetDirectInterface(self, iface.Get(), i);
-      DCHECK(super_iface != nullptr);
+      CHECK(super_iface != nullptr) << iface->PrettyDescriptor() << " iface #" << i;
       if (!super_iface->HasBeenRecursivelyInitialized()) {
         // Recursive step
         handle_super_iface.Assign(super_iface);
@@ -7762,7 +7811,9 @@
   uint32_t utf16_length;
   const char* utf8_data = dex_file.StringDataAndUtf16LengthByIdx(string_idx, &utf16_length);
   ObjPtr<mirror::String> string = intern_table_->InternStrong(utf16_length, utf8_data);
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedString(string_idx, string);
+  if (string != nullptr) {
+    dex_cache->SetResolvedString(string_idx, string);
+  }
   return string.Ptr();
 }
 
@@ -7803,11 +7854,16 @@
       // Find the class in the loaded classes table.
       type = LookupClass(self, descriptor, hash, class_loader.Ptr());
     }
+    if (type != nullptr) {
+      if (type->IsResolved()) {
+        dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_idx, type);
+      } else {
+        type = nullptr;
+      }
+    }
   }
-  if (type != nullptr && type->IsResolved()) {
-    return type.Ptr();
-  }
-  return nullptr;
+  DCHECK(type == nullptr || type->IsResolved());
+  return type;
 }
 
 mirror::Class* ClassLinker::ResolveType(const DexFile& dex_file,
@@ -7827,6 +7883,12 @@
   Thread::PoisonObjectPointersIfDebug();
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> resolved = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
   if (resolved == nullptr) {
+    // TODO: Avoid this lookup as it duplicates work done in FindClass(). It is here
+    // as a workaround for FastNative JNI to avoid AssertNoPendingException() when
+    // trying to resolve annotations while an exception may be pending. Bug: 34659969
+    resolved = LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get());
+  }
+  if (resolved == nullptr) {
     Thread* self = Thread::Current();
     const char* descriptor = dex_file.StringByTypeIdx(type_idx);
     resolved = FindClass(self, descriptor, class_loader);
@@ -8095,6 +8157,43 @@
   return resolved;
 }
 
+ArtField* ClassLinker::LookupResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx,
+                                           ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
+                                           ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+                                           bool is_static) {
+  const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_cache->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file.GetFieldId(field_idx);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(field_id.class_idx_);
+  if (klass == nullptr) {
+    klass = LookupResolvedType(dex_file, field_id.class_idx_, dex_cache, class_loader);
+  }
+  if (klass == nullptr) {
+    // The class has not been resolved yet, so the field is also unresolved.
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  DCHECK(klass->IsResolved());
+  Thread* self = is_static ? Thread::Current() : nullptr;
+
+  // First try to find a field declared directly by `klass` by the field index.
+  ArtField* resolved_field = is_static
+      ? mirror::Class::FindStaticField(self, klass, dex_cache, field_idx)
+      : klass->FindInstanceField(dex_cache, field_idx);
+
+  if (resolved_field == nullptr) {
+    // If not found in `klass` by field index, search the class hierarchy using the name and type.
+    const char* name = dex_file.GetFieldName(field_id);
+    const char* type = dex_file.GetFieldTypeDescriptor(field_id);
+    resolved_field = is_static
+        ? mirror::Class::FindStaticField(self, klass, name, type)
+        : klass->FindInstanceField(name, type);
+  }
+
+  if (resolved_field != nullptr) {
+    dex_cache->SetResolvedField(field_idx, resolved_field, image_pointer_size_);
+  }
+  return resolved_field;
+}
+
 ArtField* ClassLinker::ResolveField(const DexFile& dex_file,
                                     uint32_t field_idx,
                                     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
@@ -8155,9 +8254,8 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  StringPiece name(dex_file.StringDataByIdx(field_id.name_idx_));
-  StringPiece type(dex_file.StringDataByIdx(
-      dex_file.GetTypeId(field_id.type_idx_).descriptor_idx_));
+  StringPiece name(dex_file.GetFieldName(field_id));
+  StringPiece type(dex_file.GetFieldTypeDescriptor(field_id));
   resolved = mirror::Class::FindField(self, klass, name, type);
   if (resolved != nullptr) {
     dex_cache->SetResolvedField(field_idx, resolved, image_pointer_size_);
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.h b/runtime/class_linker.h
index f07156f..6254acb 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.h
@@ -266,10 +266,6 @@
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
-  mirror::Class* ResolveType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx, ArtField* referrer)
-      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      REQUIRES(!Locks::dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
-
   // Look up a resolved type with the given ID from the DexFile. The ClassLoader is used to search
   // for the type, since it may be referenced from but not contained within the given DexFile.
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> LookupResolvedType(const DexFile& dex_file,
@@ -277,6 +273,10 @@
                                            ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                            ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  static ObjPtr<mirror::Class> LookupResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx,
+                                                  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
+                                                  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Resolve a type with the given ID from the DexFile, storing the
   // result in DexCache. The ClassLoader is used to search for the
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::dex_lock_, !Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
-  ArtField* GetResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache)
+  ArtField* LookupResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, ArtMethod* referrer, bool is_static)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   ArtField* ResolveField(uint32_t field_idx, ArtMethod* referrer, bool is_static)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
@@ -842,6 +842,13 @@
       REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // Find a field by its field index.
+  ArtField* LookupResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx,
+                                ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
+                                ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+                                bool is_static)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   void RegisterDexFileLocked(const DexFile& dex_file,
                              ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                              ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader)
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
index 37e01ef..e5722a1 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader.Get()),
       klass);
   // Zero out the resolved type and make sure LookupResolvedType still finds it.
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_idx, nullptr);
+  dex_cache->ClearResolvedType(type_idx);
   EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx) == nullptr);
   EXPECT_OBJ_PTR_EQ(
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache, class_loader.Get()),
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, array_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get()),
       array_klass);
   // Zero out the resolved type and make sure LookupResolvedType() still finds it.
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedType(array_idx, nullptr);
+  dex_cache->ClearResolvedType(array_idx);
   EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->GetResolvedType(array_idx) == nullptr);
   EXPECT_OBJ_PTR_EQ(
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, array_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get()),
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get()),
       klass.Get());
   // Zero out the resolved type and make sure LookupResolvedType still finds it.
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_idx, nullptr);
+  dex_cache->ClearResolvedType(type_idx);
   EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx) == nullptr);
   EXPECT_OBJ_PTR_EQ(
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get()),
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get()),
       klass.Get());
   // Zero out the resolved type and make sure LookupResolvedType() still finds it.
-  dex_cache->SetResolvedType(type_idx, nullptr);
+  dex_cache->ClearResolvedType(type_idx);
   EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_idx) == nullptr);
   EXPECT_OBJ_PTR_EQ(
       class_linker_->LookupResolvedType(dex_file, type_idx, dex_cache.Get(), class_loader.Get()),
diff --git a/runtime/class_table.cc b/runtime/class_table.cc
index 7c3ad12..374b711 100644
--- a/runtime/class_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_table.cc
@@ -113,6 +113,20 @@
   return CountDefiningLoaderClasses(defining_loader, classes_.back());
 }
 
+size_t ClassTable::NumReferencedZygoteClasses() const {
+  ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
+  size_t sum = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < classes_.size() - 1; ++i) {
+    sum += classes_[i].Size();
+  }
+  return sum;
+}
+
+size_t ClassTable::NumReferencedNonZygoteClasses() const {
+  ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
+  return classes_.back().Size();
+}
+
 mirror::Class* ClassTable::Lookup(const char* descriptor, size_t hash) {
   DescriptorHashPair pair(descriptor, hash);
   ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/class_table.h b/runtime/class_table.h
index 711eae4..79f5aea 100644
--- a/runtime/class_table.h
+++ b/runtime/class_table.h
@@ -144,16 +144,26 @@
       REQUIRES(!lock_)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  // Returns the number of classes in previous snapshots.
+  // Returns the number of classes in previous snapshots defined by `defining_loader`.
   size_t NumZygoteClasses(ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> defining_loader) const
       REQUIRES(!lock_)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  // Returns all off the classes in the lastest snapshot.
+  // Returns all off the classes in the lastest snapshot defined by `defining_loader`.
   size_t NumNonZygoteClasses(ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> defining_loader) const
       REQUIRES(!lock_)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // Returns the number of classes in previous snapshots no matter the defining loader.
+  size_t NumReferencedZygoteClasses() const
+      REQUIRES(!lock_)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // Returns all off the classes in the lastest snapshot no matter the defining loader.
+  size_t NumReferencedNonZygoteClasses() const
+      REQUIRES(!lock_)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   // Update a class in the table with the new class. Returns the existing class which was replaced.
   mirror::Class* UpdateClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::Class* new_klass, size_t hash)
       REQUIRES(!lock_)
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc b/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc
index d39ea35..6b9654d 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_annotations.cc
@@ -41,7 +41,80 @@
 };
 
 namespace {
-mirror::Object* CreateAnnotationMember(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+
+// A helper class that contains all the data needed to do annotation lookup.
+class ClassData {
+ public:
+  explicit ClassData(ArtMethod* method) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+    : ClassData(ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),  // klass
+                method,
+                *method->GetDexFile(),
+                &method->GetClassDef()) {}
+
+  // Requires Scope to be able to create at least 1 handles.
+  template <typename Scope>
+  ClassData(Scope& hs, ArtField* field) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+    : ClassData(hs.NewHandle(field->GetDeclaringClass())) { }
+
+  explicit ClassData(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) REQUIRES_SHARED(art::Locks::mutator_lock_)
+    : ClassData(klass,  // klass
+                nullptr,  // method
+                klass->GetDexFile(),
+                klass->GetClassDef()) {}
+
+  const DexFile& GetDexFile() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return dex_file_;
+  }
+
+  const DexFile::ClassDef* GetClassDef() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return class_def_;
+  }
+
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> GetDexCache() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (method_ != nullptr) {
+      return method_->GetDexCache();
+    } else {
+      return real_klass_->GetDexCache();
+    }
+  }
+
+  ObjPtr<mirror::ClassLoader> GetClassLoader() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (method_ != nullptr) {
+      return method_->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClassLoader();
+    } else {
+      return real_klass_->GetClassLoader();
+    }
+  }
+
+  ObjPtr<mirror::Class> GetRealClass() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (method_ != nullptr) {
+      return method_->GetDeclaringClass();
+    } else {
+      return real_klass_.Get();
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ClassData(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+            ArtMethod* method,
+            const DexFile& dex_file,
+            const DexFile::ClassDef* class_def) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+      : real_klass_(klass),
+        method_(method),
+        dex_file_(dex_file),
+        class_def_(class_def) {
+    DCHECK((method_ == nullptr) || real_klass_.IsNull());
+  }
+
+  Handle<mirror::Class> real_klass_;
+  ArtMethod* method_;
+  const DexFile& dex_file_;
+  const DexFile::ClassDef* class_def_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ClassData);
+};
+
+mirror::Object* CreateAnnotationMember(const ClassData& klass,
                                        Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class,
                                        const uint8_t** annotation)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -185,9 +258,8 @@
 const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* FindAnnotationSetForMethod(ArtMethod* method)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   const DexFile* dex_file = method->GetDexFile();
-  mirror::Class* klass = method->GetDeclaringClass();
   const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_dir =
-      dex_file->GetAnnotationsDirectory(*klass->GetClassDef());
+      dex_file->GetAnnotationsDirectory(method->GetClassDef());
   if (annotations_dir == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -209,9 +281,8 @@
 const DexFile::ParameterAnnotationsItem* FindAnnotationsItemForMethod(ArtMethod* method)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   const DexFile* dex_file = method->GetDexFile();
-  mirror::Class* klass = method->GetDeclaringClass();
   const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_dir =
-      dex_file->GetAnnotationsDirectory(*klass->GetClassDef());
+      dex_file->GetAnnotationsDirectory(method->GetClassDef());
   if (annotations_dir == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -230,30 +301,34 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* FindAnnotationSetForClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
+const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* FindAnnotationSetForClass(const ClassData& klass)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_dir =
-      dex_file.GetAnnotationsDirectory(*klass->GetClassDef());
+      dex_file.GetAnnotationsDirectory(*klass.GetClassDef());
   if (annotations_dir == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   return dex_file.GetClassAnnotationSet(annotations_dir);
 }
 
-mirror::Object* ProcessEncodedAnnotation(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, const uint8_t** annotation)
+mirror::Object* ProcessEncodedAnnotation(const ClassData& klass, const uint8_t** annotation)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   uint32_t type_index = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(annotation);
   uint32_t size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(annotation);
 
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
-  StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
+  StackHandleScope<4> hs(self);
   ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class(hs.NewHandle(
-      class_linker->ResolveType(klass->GetDexFile(), dex::TypeIndex(type_index), klass.Get())));
+      class_linker->ResolveType(klass.GetDexFile(),
+                                dex::TypeIndex(type_index),
+                                hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()),
+                                hs.NewHandle(klass.GetClassLoader()))));
   if (annotation_class == nullptr) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Unable to resolve " << klass->PrettyClass() << " annotation class " << type_index;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Unable to resolve " << klass.GetRealClass()->PrettyClass()
+              << " annotation class " << type_index;
     DCHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
     Thread::Current()->ClearException();
     return nullptr;
@@ -300,13 +375,13 @@
 }
 
 template <bool kTransactionActive>
-bool ProcessAnnotationValue(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+bool ProcessAnnotationValue(const ClassData& klass,
                             const uint8_t** annotation_ptr,
                             DexFile::AnnotationValue* annotation_value,
                             Handle<mirror::Class> array_class,
                             DexFile::AnnotationResultStyle result_style)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   ObjPtr<mirror::Object> element_object = nullptr;
   bool set_object = false;
@@ -361,9 +436,8 @@
         annotation_value->value_.SetI(index);
       } else {
         StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-        Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetDexCache()));
         element_object = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveString(
-            klass->GetDexFile(), dex::StringIndex(index), dex_cache);
+            klass.GetDexFile(), dex::StringIndex(index), hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()));
         set_object = true;
         if (element_object == nullptr) {
           return false;
@@ -377,8 +451,12 @@
         annotation_value->value_.SetI(index);
       } else {
         dex::TypeIndex type_index(index);
+        StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
         element_object = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(
-            klass->GetDexFile(), type_index, klass.Get());
+            klass.GetDexFile(),
+            type_index,
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()),
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetClassLoader()));
         set_object = true;
         if (element_object == nullptr) {
           CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
@@ -399,12 +477,13 @@
       if (result_style == DexFile::kAllRaw) {
         annotation_value->value_.SetI(index);
       } else {
-        StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
-        Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetDexCache()));
-        Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetClassLoader()));
         ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+        StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
         ArtMethod* method = class_linker->ResolveMethodWithoutInvokeType(
-            klass->GetDexFile(), index, dex_cache, class_loader);
+            klass.GetDexFile(),
+            index,
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()),
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetClassLoader()));
         if (method == nullptr) {
           return false;
         }
@@ -439,10 +518,11 @@
         annotation_value->value_.SetI(index);
       } else {
         StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
-        Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetDexCache()));
-        Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetClassLoader()));
         ArtField* field = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveFieldJLS(
-            klass->GetDexFile(), index, dex_cache, class_loader);
+            klass.GetDexFile(),
+            index,
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()),
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetClassLoader()));
         if (field == nullptr) {
           return false;
         }
@@ -467,10 +547,12 @@
         annotation_value->value_.SetI(index);
       } else {
         StackHandleScope<3> hs(self);
-        Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetDexCache()));
-        Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetClassLoader()));
         ArtField* enum_field = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveField(
-            klass->GetDexFile(), index, dex_cache, class_loader, true);
+            klass.GetDexFile(),
+            index,
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()),
+            hs.NewHandle(klass.GetClassLoader()),
+            true);
         if (enum_field == nullptr) {
           return false;
         } else {
@@ -595,10 +677,10 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-mirror::Object* CreateAnnotationMember(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+mirror::Object* CreateAnnotationMember(const ClassData& klass,
                                        Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class,
                                        const uint8_t** annotation) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<5> hs(self);
@@ -666,12 +748,12 @@
 }
 
 const DexFile::AnnotationItem* GetAnnotationItemFromAnnotationSet(
-    Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+    const ClassData& klass,
     const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set,
     uint32_t visibility,
     Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < annotation_set->size_; ++i) {
     const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item = dex_file.GetAnnotationItem(annotation_set, i);
     if (!IsVisibilityCompatible(annotation_item->visibility_, visibility)) {
@@ -679,12 +761,16 @@
     }
     const uint8_t* annotation = annotation_item->annotation_;
     uint32_t type_index = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&annotation);
+    StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
     mirror::Class* resolved_class = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(
-        klass->GetDexFile(), dex::TypeIndex(type_index), klass.Get());
+        klass.GetDexFile(),
+        dex::TypeIndex(type_index),
+        hs.NewHandle(klass.GetDexCache()),
+        hs.NewHandle(klass.GetClassLoader()));
     if (resolved_class == nullptr) {
       std::string temp;
       LOG(WARNING) << StringPrintf("Unable to resolve %s annotation class %d",
-                                   klass->GetDescriptor(&temp), type_index);
+                                   klass.GetRealClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp), type_index);
       CHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
       Thread::Current()->ClearException();
       continue;
@@ -698,7 +784,7 @@
 }
 
 mirror::Object* GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(
-    Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+    const ClassData& klass,
     const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set,
     uint32_t visibility,
     Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class)
@@ -712,13 +798,13 @@
   return ProcessEncodedAnnotation(klass, &annotation);
 }
 
-mirror::Object* GetAnnotationValue(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+mirror::Object* GetAnnotationValue(const ClassData& klass,
                                    const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item,
                                    const char* annotation_name,
                                    Handle<mirror::Class> array_class,
                                    uint32_t expected_type)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   const uint8_t* annotation =
       SearchEncodedAnnotation(dex_file, annotation_item->annotation_, annotation_name);
   if (annotation == nullptr) {
@@ -745,10 +831,10 @@
   return annotation_value.value_.GetL();
 }
 
-mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::String>* GetSignatureValue(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::String>* GetSignatureValue(const ClassData& klass,
     const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
       SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/Signature;",
@@ -771,10 +857,10 @@
   return obj->AsObjectArray<mirror::String>();
 }
 
-mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>* GetThrowsValue(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>* GetThrowsValue(const ClassData& klass,
                                                    const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
       SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/Throws;",
@@ -798,11 +884,11 @@
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* ProcessAnnotationSet(
-    Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+    const ClassData& klass,
     const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set,
     uint32_t visibility)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
@@ -856,11 +942,11 @@
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* ProcessAnnotationSetRefList(
-    Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
+    const ClassData& klass,
     const DexFile::AnnotationSetRefList* set_ref_list,
     uint32_t size)
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile& dex_file = klass.GetDexFile();
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(self);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
@@ -899,15 +985,17 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> field_class(hs.NewHandle(field->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(field_class, annotation_set,
-                                              DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime, annotation_class);
+  const ClassData field_class(hs, field);
+  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(field_class,
+                                              annotation_set,
+                                              DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime,
+                                              annotation_class);
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* GetAnnotationsForField(ArtField* field) {
   const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForField(field);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> field_class(hs.NewHandle(field->GetDeclaringClass()));
+  const ClassData field_class(hs, field);
   return ProcessAnnotationSet(field_class, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime);
 }
 
@@ -917,7 +1005,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> field_class(hs.NewHandle(field->GetDeclaringClass()));
+  const ClassData field_class(hs, field);
   return GetSignatureValue(field_class, annotation_set);
 }
 
@@ -927,17 +1015,17 @@
     return false;
   }
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> field_class(hs.NewHandle(field->GetDeclaringClass()));
+  const ClassData field_class(hs, field);
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item = GetAnnotationItemFromAnnotationSet(
       field_class, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime, annotation_class);
   return annotation_item != nullptr;
 }
 
 mirror::Object* GetAnnotationDefaultValue(ArtMethod* method) {
-  const DexFile* dex_file = method->GetDexFile();
-  mirror::Class* klass = method->GetDeclaringClass();
+  const ClassData klass(method);
+  const DexFile* dex_file = &klass.GetDexFile();
   const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_dir =
-      dex_file->GetAnnotationsDirectory(*klass->GetClassDef());
+      dex_file->GetAnnotationsDirectory(*klass.GetClassDef());
   if (annotations_dir == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -965,10 +1053,9 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   DexFile::AnnotationValue annotation_value;
-  StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> h_klass(hs.NewHandle(klass));
+  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
   Handle<mirror::Class> return_type(hs.NewHandle(method->GetReturnType(true /* resolve */)));
-  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(h_klass,
+  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(klass,
                                      &annotation,
                                      &annotation_value,
                                      return_type,
@@ -983,17 +1070,15 @@
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(method_class, annotation_set,
+  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(ClassData(method), annotation_set,
                                               DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime, annotation_class);
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* GetAnnotationsForMethod(ArtMethod* method) {
   const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForMethod(method);
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return ProcessAnnotationSet(method_class, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime);
+  return ProcessAnnotationSet(ClassData(method),
+                              annotation_set,
+                              DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime);
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>* GetExceptionTypesForMethod(ArtMethod* method) {
@@ -1001,9 +1086,7 @@
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return GetThrowsValue(method_class, annotation_set);
+  return GetThrowsValue(ClassData(method), annotation_set);
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* GetParameterAnnotations(ArtMethod* method) {
@@ -1019,9 +1102,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   uint32_t size = set_ref_list->size_;
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return ProcessAnnotationSetRefList(method_class, set_ref_list, size);
+  return ProcessAnnotationSetRefList(ClassData(method), set_ref_list, size);
 }
 
 mirror::Object* GetAnnotationForMethodParameter(ArtMethod* method,
@@ -1045,9 +1126,7 @@
   const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set =
      dex_file->GetSetRefItemItem(annotation_set_ref);
 
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(method_class,
+  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(ClassData(method),
                                               annotation_set,
                                               DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime,
                                               annotation_class);
@@ -1072,7 +1151,7 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  StackHandleScope<5> hs(Thread::Current());
+  StackHandleScope<4> hs(Thread::Current());
 
   // Extract the parameters' names String[].
   ObjPtr<mirror::Class> string_class = mirror::String::GetJavaLangString();
@@ -1082,9 +1161,9 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  Handle<mirror::Class> klass = hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass());
+  ClassData data(method);
   Handle<mirror::Object> names_obj =
-      hs.NewHandle(GetAnnotationValue(klass,
+      hs.NewHandle(GetAnnotationValue(data,
                                       annotation_item,
                                       "names",
                                       string_array_class,
@@ -1099,7 +1178,7 @@
     return false;
   }
   Handle<mirror::Object> access_flags_obj =
-      hs.NewHandle(GetAnnotationValue(klass,
+      hs.NewHandle(GetAnnotationValue(data,
                                       annotation_item,
                                       "accessFlags",
                                       int_array_class,
@@ -1118,9 +1197,7 @@
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
-  return GetSignatureValue(method_class, annotation_set);
+  return GetSignatureValue(ClassData(method), annotation_set);
 }
 
 bool IsMethodAnnotationPresent(ArtMethod* method, Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class,
@@ -1129,37 +1206,39 @@
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::Class> method_class(hs.NewHandle(method->GetDeclaringClass()));
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
-      GetAnnotationItemFromAnnotationSet(method_class, annotation_set, visibility,
-                                         annotation_class);
+      GetAnnotationItemFromAnnotationSet(ClassData(method),
+                                         annotation_set, visibility, annotation_class);
   return annotation_item != nullptr;
 }
 
 mirror::Object* GetAnnotationForClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass,
                                       Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class) {
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(klass, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime,
+  return GetAnnotationObjectFromAnnotationSet(data,
+                                              annotation_set,
+                                              DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime,
                                               annotation_class);
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* GetAnnotationsForClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
-  return ProcessAnnotationSet(klass, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
+  return ProcessAnnotationSet(data, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime);
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>* GetDeclaredClasses(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
-      SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/MemberClasses;",
+      SearchAnnotationSet(data.GetDexFile(), annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/MemberClasses;",
                           DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
   if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
@@ -1172,7 +1251,7 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   mirror::Object* obj =
-      GetAnnotationValue(klass, annotation_item, "value", class_array_class,
+      GetAnnotationValue(data, annotation_item, "value", class_array_class,
                          DexFile::kDexAnnotationArray);
   if (obj == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
@@ -1181,18 +1260,18 @@
 }
 
 mirror::Class* GetDeclaringClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
-      SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;",
+      SearchAnnotationSet(data.GetDexFile(), annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingClass;",
                           DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
   if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  mirror::Object* obj = GetAnnotationValue(klass, annotation_item, "value",
+  mirror::Object* obj = GetAnnotationValue(data, annotation_item, "value",
                                            ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),
                                            DexFile::kDexAnnotationType);
   if (obj == nullptr) {
@@ -1202,28 +1281,30 @@
 }
 
 mirror::Class* GetEnclosingClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
   mirror::Class* declaring_class = GetDeclaringClass(klass);
   if (declaring_class != nullptr) {
     return declaring_class;
   }
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
-      SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;",
+      SearchAnnotationSet(data.GetDexFile(),
+                          annotation_set,
+                          "Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;",
                           DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
   if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   const uint8_t* annotation =
-      SearchEncodedAnnotation(dex_file, annotation_item->annotation_, "value");
+      SearchEncodedAnnotation(data.GetDexFile(), annotation_item->annotation_, "value");
   if (annotation == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   DexFile::AnnotationValue annotation_value;
-  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(klass,
+  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(data,
                                      &annotation,
                                      &annotation_value,
                                      ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),
@@ -1234,10 +1315,11 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
-  Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetDexCache()));
-  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader(hs.NewHandle(klass->GetClassLoader()));
   ArtMethod* method = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveMethodWithoutInvokeType(
-      klass->GetDexFile(), annotation_value.value_.GetI(), dex_cache, class_loader);
+      data.GetDexFile(),
+      annotation_value.value_.GetI(),
+      hs.NewHandle(data.GetDexCache()),
+      hs.NewHandle(data.GetClassLoader()));
   if (method == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -1245,39 +1327,44 @@
 }
 
 mirror::Object* GetEnclosingMethod(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
-      SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;",
+      SearchAnnotationSet(data.GetDexFile(),
+                          annotation_set,
+                          "Ldalvik/annotation/EnclosingMethod;",
                           DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
   if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  return GetAnnotationValue(klass, annotation_item, "value", ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),
+  return GetAnnotationValue(data, annotation_item, "value", ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),
       DexFile::kDexAnnotationMethod);
 }
 
 bool GetInnerClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, mirror::String** name) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item = SearchAnnotationSet(
-      dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;", DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
+      data.GetDexFile(),
+      annotation_set,
+      "Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;",
+      DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
   if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   const uint8_t* annotation =
-      SearchEncodedAnnotation(dex_file, annotation_item->annotation_, "name");
+      SearchEncodedAnnotation(data.GetDexFile(), annotation_item->annotation_, "name");
   if (annotation == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   DexFile::AnnotationValue annotation_value;
-  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(klass,
+  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(data,
                                      &annotation,
                                      &annotation_value,
                                      ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),
@@ -1293,24 +1380,24 @@
 }
 
 bool GetInnerClassFlags(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, uint32_t* flags) {
-  const DexFile& dex_file = klass->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
-      SearchAnnotationSet(dex_file, annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;",
+      SearchAnnotationSet(data.GetDexFile(), annotation_set, "Ldalvik/annotation/InnerClass;",
                           DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem);
   if (annotation_item == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   const uint8_t* annotation =
-      SearchEncodedAnnotation(dex_file, annotation_item->annotation_, "accessFlags");
+      SearchEncodedAnnotation(data.GetDexFile(), annotation_item->annotation_, "accessFlags");
   if (annotation == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   DexFile::AnnotationValue annotation_value;
-  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(klass,
+  if (!ProcessAnnotationValue<false>(data,
                                      &annotation,
                                      &annotation_value,
                                      ScopedNullHandle<mirror::Class>(),
@@ -1325,20 +1412,22 @@
 }
 
 mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::String>* GetSignatureAnnotationForClass(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return nullptr;
   }
-  return GetSignatureValue(klass, annotation_set);
+  return GetSignatureValue(data, annotation_set);
 }
 
 bool IsClassAnnotationPresent(Handle<mirror::Class> klass, Handle<mirror::Class> annotation_class) {
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(klass);
+  ClassData data(klass);
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set = FindAnnotationSetForClass(data);
   if (annotation_set == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
   const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation_item = GetAnnotationItemFromAnnotationSet(
-      klass, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime, annotation_class);
+      data, annotation_set, DexFile::kDexVisibilityRuntime, annotation_class);
   return annotation_item != nullptr;
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/dexopt_test.cc b/runtime/dexopt_test.cc
index 5167869..db65e40 100644
--- a/runtime/dexopt_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dexopt_test.cc
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
                                                  &error_msg));
   ASSERT_TRUE(image_header != nullptr) << error_msg;
   const OatHeader& oat_header = odex_file->GetOatHeader();
-  uint32_t combined_checksum = OatFileAssistant::CalculateCombinedImageChecksum();
+  uint32_t combined_checksum = image_header->GetOatChecksum();
 
   if (CompilerFilter::DependsOnImageChecksum(filter)) {
     if (with_alternate_image) {
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h b/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h
index 28aca6c..3bc49b8 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h
@@ -709,10 +709,10 @@
     return resolved_method;
   } else if (type == kSuper) {
     // TODO This lookup is rather slow.
-    dex::TypeIndex method_type_idx =
-        referrer->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(method_idx).class_idx_;
-    mirror::Class* method_reference_class =
-        referrer->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedType(method_type_idx);
+    ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = referrer->GetDexCache();
+    dex::TypeIndex method_type_idx = dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetMethodId(method_idx).class_idx_;
+    ObjPtr<mirror::Class> method_reference_class = ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(
+        method_type_idx, dex_cache, referrer->GetClassLoader());
     if (method_reference_class == nullptr) {
       // Need to do full type resolution...
       return nullptr;
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
index 2163a20..568f8d6 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
@@ -1237,9 +1237,9 @@
           }
           dex_cache->FixupStrings<kWithoutReadBarrier>(new_strings, fixup_adapter);
         }
-        GcRoot<mirror::Class>* types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+        mirror::TypeDexCacheType* types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
         if (types != nullptr) {
-          GcRoot<mirror::Class>* new_types = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(types);
+          mirror::TypeDexCacheType* new_types = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(types);
           if (types != new_types) {
             dex_cache->SetResolvedTypes(new_types);
           }
@@ -1259,17 +1259,18 @@
             }
           }
         }
-        ArtField** fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
+        mirror::FieldDexCacheType* fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
         if (fields != nullptr) {
-          ArtField** new_fields = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(fields);
+          mirror::FieldDexCacheType* new_fields = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(fields);
           if (fields != new_fields) {
             dex_cache->SetResolvedFields(new_fields);
           }
           for (size_t j = 0, num = dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); j != num; ++j) {
-            ArtField* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(new_fields, j, pointer_size);
-            ArtField* copy = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(orig);
-            if (orig != copy) {
-              mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(new_fields, j, copy, pointer_size);
+            mirror::FieldDexCachePair orig =
+                mirror::DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(new_fields, j, pointer_size);
+            mirror::FieldDexCachePair copy(fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(orig.object), orig.index);
+            if (orig.object != copy.object) {
+              mirror::DexCache::SetNativePairPtrSize(new_fields, j, copy, pointer_size);
             }
           }
         }
diff --git a/runtime/image.cc b/runtime/image.cc
index f545f8d..b153ea0 100644
--- a/runtime/image.cc
+++ b/runtime/image.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 namespace art {
 
 const uint8_t ImageHeader::kImageMagic[] = { 'a', 'r', 't', '\n' };
-const uint8_t ImageHeader::kImageVersion[] = { '0', '4', '1', '\0' };  // Revert DexCache types.
+const uint8_t ImageHeader::kImageVersion[] = { '0', '4', '3', '\0' };  // hash-based DexCache fields
 
 ImageHeader::ImageHeader(uint32_t image_begin,
                          uint32_t image_size,
diff --git a/runtime/linear_alloc.cc b/runtime/linear_alloc.cc
index f91b0ed..e9db9b8 100644
--- a/runtime/linear_alloc.cc
+++ b/runtime/linear_alloc.cc
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@
   return allocator_.Alloc(size);
 }
 
+void* LinearAlloc::AllocAlign16(Thread* self, size_t size) {
+  MutexLock mu(self, lock_);
+  return allocator_.AllocAlign16(size);
+}
+
 size_t LinearAlloc::GetUsedMemory() const {
   MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), lock_);
   return allocator_.BytesUsed();
diff --git a/runtime/linear_alloc.h b/runtime/linear_alloc.h
index df7f17d..384b2e3 100644
--- a/runtime/linear_alloc.h
+++ b/runtime/linear_alloc.h
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
   explicit LinearAlloc(ArenaPool* pool);
 
   void* Alloc(Thread* self, size_t size) REQUIRES(!lock_);
+  void* AllocAlign16(Thread* self, size_t size) REQUIRES(!lock_);
 
   // Realloc never frees the input pointer, it is the caller's job to do this if necessary.
   void* Realloc(Thread* self, void* ptr, size_t old_size, size_t new_size) REQUIRES(!lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.cc b/runtime/mirror/class.cc
index 9a9a5d8..eb2ec9b 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.cc
@@ -951,7 +951,8 @@
     return interfaces->Get(idx);
   } else {
     dex::TypeIndex type_idx = klass->GetDirectInterfaceTypeIdx(idx);
-    ObjPtr<Class> interface = klass->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
+    ObjPtr<Class> interface = ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(
+        type_idx, klass->GetDexCache(), klass->GetClassLoader());
     return interface;
   }
 }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
index 973c8ed..582ecb2 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "base/casts.h"
 #include "base/enums.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
+#include "dex_file.h"
 #include "gc_root.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "mirror/call_site.h"
@@ -36,19 +37,36 @@
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
 
+template <typename T>
+inline void NativeDexCachePair<T>::Initialize(std::atomic<NativeDexCachePair<T>>* dex_cache,
+                                              PointerSize pointer_size) {
+  NativeDexCachePair<T> first_elem;
+  first_elem.object = nullptr;
+  first_elem.index = InvalidIndexForSlot(0);
+  DexCache::SetNativePairPtrSize(dex_cache, 0, first_elem, pointer_size);
+}
+
 inline uint32_t DexCache::ClassSize(PointerSize pointer_size) {
   uint32_t vtable_entries = Object::kVTableLength + 5;
   return Class::ComputeClassSize(true, vtable_entries, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, pointer_size);
 }
 
-inline mirror::String* DexCache::GetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx) {
+inline uint32_t DexCache::StringSlotIndex(dex::StringIndex string_idx) {
   DCHECK_LT(string_idx.index_, GetDexFile()->NumStringIds());
-  return StringDexCachePair::Lookup(GetStrings(), string_idx.index_, NumStrings()).Read();
+  const uint32_t slot_idx = string_idx.index_ % kDexCacheStringCacheSize;
+  DCHECK_LT(slot_idx, NumStrings());
+  return slot_idx;
 }
 
-inline void DexCache::SetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx,
-                                        ObjPtr<mirror::String> resolved) {
-  StringDexCachePair::Assign(GetStrings(), string_idx.index_, resolved.Ptr(), NumStrings());
+inline String* DexCache::GetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx) {
+  return GetStrings()[StringSlotIndex(string_idx)].load(
+      std::memory_order_relaxed).GetObjectForIndex(string_idx.index_);
+}
+
+inline void DexCache::SetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx, ObjPtr<String> resolved) {
+  DCHECK(resolved != nullptr);
+  GetStrings()[StringSlotIndex(string_idx)].store(
+      StringDexCachePair(resolved, string_idx.index_), std::memory_order_relaxed);
   Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
   if (UNLIKELY(runtime->IsActiveTransaction())) {
     DCHECK(runtime->IsAotCompiler());
@@ -59,50 +77,70 @@
 }
 
 inline void DexCache::ClearString(dex::StringIndex string_idx) {
-  const uint32_t slot_idx = string_idx.index_ % NumStrings();
   DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
+  uint32_t slot_idx = StringSlotIndex(string_idx);
   StringDexCacheType* slot = &GetStrings()[slot_idx];
   // This is racy but should only be called from the transactional interpreter.
   if (slot->load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index == string_idx.index_) {
-    StringDexCachePair cleared(
-        nullptr,
-        StringDexCachePair::InvalidIndexForSlot(slot_idx));
+    StringDexCachePair cleared(nullptr, StringDexCachePair::InvalidIndexForSlot(slot_idx));
     slot->store(cleared, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 }
 
+inline uint32_t DexCache::TypeSlotIndex(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) {
+  DCHECK_LT(type_idx.index_, GetDexFile()->NumTypeIds());
+  const uint32_t slot_idx = type_idx.index_ % kDexCacheTypeCacheSize;
+  DCHECK_LT(slot_idx, NumResolvedTypes());
+  return slot_idx;
+}
+
 inline Class* DexCache::GetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) {
   // It is theorized that a load acquire is not required since obtaining the resolved class will
   // always have an address dependency or a lock.
-  DCHECK_LT(type_idx.index_, NumResolvedTypes());
-  return GetResolvedTypes()[type_idx.index_].Read();
+  return GetResolvedTypes()[TypeSlotIndex(type_idx)].load(
+      std::memory_order_relaxed).GetObjectForIndex(type_idx.index_);
 }
 
 inline void DexCache::SetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx, ObjPtr<Class> resolved) {
-  DCHECK_LT(type_idx.index_, NumResolvedTypes());  // NOTE: Unchecked, i.e. not throwing AIOOB.
+  DCHECK(resolved != nullptr);
   // TODO default transaction support.
   // Use a release store for SetResolvedType. This is done to prevent other threads from seeing a
   // class but not necessarily seeing the loaded members like the static fields array.
   // See b/32075261.
-  reinterpret_cast<Atomic<GcRoot<mirror::Class>>&>(GetResolvedTypes()[type_idx.index_]).
-      StoreRelease(GcRoot<Class>(resolved));
+  GetResolvedTypes()[TypeSlotIndex(type_idx)].store(
+      TypeDexCachePair(resolved, type_idx.index_), std::memory_order_release);
   // TODO: Fine-grained marking, so that we don't need to go through all arrays in full.
   Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->WriteBarrierEveryFieldOf(this);
 }
 
-inline MethodType* DexCache::GetResolvedMethodType(uint32_t proto_idx) {
+inline void DexCache::ClearResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) {
+  DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
+  uint32_t slot_idx = TypeSlotIndex(type_idx);
+  TypeDexCacheType* slot = &GetResolvedTypes()[slot_idx];
+  // This is racy but should only be called from the single-threaded ImageWriter and tests.
+  if (slot->load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index == type_idx.index_) {
+    TypeDexCachePair cleared(nullptr, TypeDexCachePair::InvalidIndexForSlot(slot_idx));
+    slot->store(cleared, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+}
+
+inline uint32_t DexCache::MethodTypeSlotIndex(uint32_t proto_idx) {
   DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsMethodHandlesEnabled());
   DCHECK_LT(proto_idx, GetDexFile()->NumProtoIds());
-  return MethodTypeDexCachePair::Lookup(
-      GetResolvedMethodTypes(), proto_idx, NumResolvedMethodTypes()).Read();
+  const uint32_t slot_idx = proto_idx % kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize;
+  DCHECK_LT(slot_idx, NumResolvedMethodTypes());
+  return slot_idx;
+}
+
+inline MethodType* DexCache::GetResolvedMethodType(uint32_t proto_idx) {
+  return GetResolvedMethodTypes()[MethodTypeSlotIndex(proto_idx)].load(
+      std::memory_order_relaxed).GetObjectForIndex(proto_idx);
 }
 
 inline void DexCache::SetResolvedMethodType(uint32_t proto_idx, MethodType* resolved) {
-  DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsMethodHandlesEnabled());
-  DCHECK_LT(proto_idx, GetDexFile()->NumProtoIds());
-
-  MethodTypeDexCachePair::Assign(GetResolvedMethodTypes(), proto_idx, resolved,
-                                 NumResolvedMethodTypes());
+  DCHECK(resolved != nullptr);
+  GetResolvedMethodTypes()[MethodTypeSlotIndex(proto_idx)].store(
+      MethodTypeDexCachePair(resolved, proto_idx), std::memory_order_relaxed);
   // TODO: Fine-grained marking, so that we don't need to go through all arrays in full.
   Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->WriteBarrierEveryFieldOf(this);
 }
@@ -136,20 +174,36 @@
   }
 }
 
+inline uint32_t DexCache::FieldSlotIndex(uint32_t field_idx) {
+  DCHECK_LT(field_idx, GetDexFile()->NumFieldIds());
+  const uint32_t slot_idx = field_idx % kDexCacheFieldCacheSize;
+  DCHECK_LT(slot_idx, NumResolvedFields());
+  return slot_idx;
+}
+
 inline ArtField* DexCache::GetResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, PointerSize ptr_size) {
   DCHECK_EQ(Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize(), ptr_size);
-  DCHECK_LT(field_idx, NumResolvedFields());  // NOTE: Unchecked, i.e. not throwing AIOOB.
-  ArtField* field = GetElementPtrSize(GetResolvedFields(), field_idx, ptr_size);
-  if (field == nullptr || field->GetDeclaringClass()->IsErroneous()) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  return field;
+  auto pair = GetNativePairPtrSize(GetResolvedFields(), FieldSlotIndex(field_idx), ptr_size);
+  return pair.GetObjectForIndex(field_idx);
 }
 
 inline void DexCache::SetResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, ArtField* field, PointerSize ptr_size) {
   DCHECK_EQ(Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize(), ptr_size);
-  DCHECK_LT(field_idx, NumResolvedFields());  // NOTE: Unchecked, i.e. not throwing AIOOB.
-  SetElementPtrSize(GetResolvedFields(), field_idx, field, ptr_size);
+  DCHECK(field != nullptr);
+  FieldDexCachePair pair(field, field_idx);
+  SetNativePairPtrSize(GetResolvedFields(), FieldSlotIndex(field_idx), pair, ptr_size);
+}
+
+inline void DexCache::ClearResolvedField(uint32_t field_idx, PointerSize ptr_size) {
+  DCHECK_EQ(Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize(), ptr_size);
+  uint32_t slot_idx = FieldSlotIndex(field_idx);
+  auto* resolved_fields = GetResolvedFields();
+  // This is racy but should only be called from the single-threaded ImageWriter.
+  DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
+  if (GetNativePairPtrSize(resolved_fields, slot_idx, ptr_size).index == field_idx) {
+    FieldDexCachePair cleared(nullptr, FieldDexCachePair::InvalidIndexForSlot(slot_idx));
+    SetNativePairPtrSize(resolved_fields, slot_idx, cleared, ptr_size);
+  }
 }
 
 inline ArtMethod* DexCache::GetResolvedMethod(uint32_t method_idx, PointerSize ptr_size) {
@@ -197,6 +251,40 @@
   }
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+NativeDexCachePair<T> DexCache::GetNativePairPtrSize(std::atomic<NativeDexCachePair<T>>* pair_array,
+                                                     size_t idx,
+                                                     PointerSize ptr_size) {
+  if (ptr_size == PointerSize::k64) {
+    auto* array = reinterpret_cast<std::atomic<ConversionPair64>*>(pair_array);
+    ConversionPair64 value = AtomicLoadRelaxed16B(&array[idx]);
+    return NativeDexCachePair<T>(reinterpret_cast64<T*>(value.first),
+                                 dchecked_integral_cast<size_t>(value.second));
+  } else {
+    auto* array = reinterpret_cast<std::atomic<ConversionPair32>*>(pair_array);
+    ConversionPair32 value = array[idx].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    return NativeDexCachePair<T>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(value.first), value.second);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void DexCache::SetNativePairPtrSize(std::atomic<NativeDexCachePair<T>>* pair_array,
+                                    size_t idx,
+                                    NativeDexCachePair<T> pair,
+                                    PointerSize ptr_size) {
+  if (ptr_size == PointerSize::k64) {
+    auto* array = reinterpret_cast<std::atomic<ConversionPair64>*>(pair_array);
+    ConversionPair64 v(reinterpret_cast64<uint64_t>(pair.object), pair.index);
+    AtomicStoreRelease16B(&array[idx], v);
+  } else {
+    auto* array = reinterpret_cast<std::atomic<ConversionPair32>*>(pair_array);
+    ConversionPair32 v(
+        dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(pair.object)),
+        dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(pair.index));
+    array[idx].store(v, std::memory_order_release);
+  }
+}
+
 template <typename T,
           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption,
           typename Visitor>
@@ -228,15 +316,13 @@
   VisitInstanceFieldsReferences<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
   // Visit arrays after.
   if (kVisitNativeRoots) {
-    VisitDexCachePairs<mirror::String, kReadBarrierOption, Visitor>(
+    VisitDexCachePairs<String, kReadBarrierOption, Visitor>(
         GetStrings(), NumStrings(), visitor);
 
-    GcRoot<mirror::Class>* resolved_types = GetResolvedTypes();
-    for (size_t i = 0, num_types = NumResolvedTypes(); i != num_types; ++i) {
-      visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(resolved_types[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
-    }
+    VisitDexCachePairs<Class, kReadBarrierOption, Visitor>(
+        GetResolvedTypes(), NumResolvedTypes(), visitor);
 
-    VisitDexCachePairs<mirror::MethodType, kReadBarrierOption, Visitor>(
+    VisitDexCachePairs<MethodType, kReadBarrierOption, Visitor>(
         GetResolvedMethodTypes(), NumResolvedMethodTypes(), visitor);
 
     GcRoot<mirror::CallSite>* resolved_call_sites = GetResolvedCallSites();
@@ -247,35 +333,37 @@
 }
 
 template <ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption, typename Visitor>
-inline void DexCache::FixupStrings(mirror::StringDexCacheType* dest, const Visitor& visitor) {
-  mirror::StringDexCacheType* src = GetStrings();
+inline void DexCache::FixupStrings(StringDexCacheType* dest, const Visitor& visitor) {
+  StringDexCacheType* src = GetStrings();
   for (size_t i = 0, count = NumStrings(); i < count; ++i) {
     StringDexCachePair source = src[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    mirror::String* ptr = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
-    mirror::String* new_source = visitor(ptr);
+    String* ptr = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
+    String* new_source = visitor(ptr);
     source.object = GcRoot<String>(new_source);
     dest[i].store(source, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 }
 
 template <ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption, typename Visitor>
-inline void DexCache::FixupResolvedTypes(GcRoot<mirror::Class>* dest, const Visitor& visitor) {
-  GcRoot<mirror::Class>* src = GetResolvedTypes();
+inline void DexCache::FixupResolvedTypes(TypeDexCacheType* dest, const Visitor& visitor) {
+  TypeDexCacheType* src = GetResolvedTypes();
   for (size_t i = 0, count = NumResolvedTypes(); i < count; ++i) {
-    mirror::Class* source = src[i].Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
-    mirror::Class* new_source = visitor(source);
-    dest[i] = GcRoot<mirror::Class>(new_source);
+    TypeDexCachePair source = src[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    Class* ptr = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
+    Class* new_source = visitor(ptr);
+    source.object = GcRoot<Class>(new_source);
+    dest[i].store(source, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 }
 
 template <ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption, typename Visitor>
-inline void DexCache::FixupResolvedMethodTypes(mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType* dest,
+inline void DexCache::FixupResolvedMethodTypes(MethodTypeDexCacheType* dest,
                                                const Visitor& visitor) {
-  mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType* src = GetResolvedMethodTypes();
+  MethodTypeDexCacheType* src = GetResolvedMethodTypes();
   for (size_t i = 0, count = NumResolvedMethodTypes(); i < count; ++i) {
     MethodTypeDexCachePair source = src[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    mirror::MethodType* ptr = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
-    mirror::MethodType* new_source = visitor(ptr);
+    MethodType* ptr = source.object.Read<kReadBarrierOption>();
+    MethodType* new_source = visitor(ptr);
     source.object = GcRoot<MethodType>(new_source);
     dest[i].store(source, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc
index 0f6acab..c95d92e 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc
@@ -52,23 +52,35 @@
              dex_file->NumTypeIds() != 0u ||
              dex_file->NumMethodIds() != 0u ||
              dex_file->NumFieldIds() != 0u) {
+    static_assert(ArenaAllocator::kAlignment == 8, "Expecting arena alignment of 8.");
+    DCHECK(layout.Alignment() == 8u || layout.Alignment() == 16u);
     // Zero-initialized.
-    raw_arrays = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(linear_alloc->Alloc(self, layout.Size()));
+    raw_arrays = (layout.Alignment() == 16u)
+        ? reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(linear_alloc->AllocAlign16(self, layout.Size()))
+        : reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(linear_alloc->Alloc(self, layout.Size()));
   }
 
   mirror::StringDexCacheType* strings = (dex_file->NumStringIds() == 0u) ? nullptr :
       reinterpret_cast<mirror::StringDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.StringsOffset());
-  GcRoot<mirror::Class>* types = (dex_file->NumTypeIds() == 0u) ? nullptr :
-      reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Class>*>(raw_arrays + layout.TypesOffset());
+  mirror::TypeDexCacheType* types = (dex_file->NumTypeIds() == 0u) ? nullptr :
+      reinterpret_cast<mirror::TypeDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.TypesOffset());
   ArtMethod** methods = (dex_file->NumMethodIds() == 0u) ? nullptr :
       reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod**>(raw_arrays + layout.MethodsOffset());
-  ArtField** fields = (dex_file->NumFieldIds() == 0u) ? nullptr :
-      reinterpret_cast<ArtField**>(raw_arrays + layout.FieldsOffset());
+  mirror::FieldDexCacheType* fields = (dex_file->NumFieldIds() == 0u) ? nullptr :
+      reinterpret_cast<mirror::FieldDexCacheType*>(raw_arrays + layout.FieldsOffset());
 
-  size_t num_strings = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize;
+  size_t num_strings = kDexCacheStringCacheSize;
   if (dex_file->NumStringIds() < num_strings) {
     num_strings = dex_file->NumStringIds();
   }
+  size_t num_types = kDexCacheTypeCacheSize;
+  if (dex_file->NumTypeIds() < num_types) {
+    num_types = dex_file->NumTypeIds();
+  }
+  size_t num_fields = kDexCacheFieldCacheSize;
+  if (dex_file->NumFieldIds() < num_fields) {
+    num_fields = dex_file->NumFieldIds();
+  }
 
   // Note that we allocate the method type dex caches regardless of this flag,
   // and we make sure here that they're not used by the runtime. This is in the
@@ -76,17 +88,17 @@
   //
   // If this needs to be mitigated in a production system running this code,
   // DexCache::kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize can be set to zero.
-  mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType* method_types = nullptr;
+  MethodTypeDexCacheType* method_types = nullptr;
   size_t num_method_types = 0;
 
-  if (dex_file->NumProtoIds() < mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize) {
+  if (dex_file->NumProtoIds() < kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize) {
     num_method_types = dex_file->NumProtoIds();
   } else {
-    num_method_types = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize;
+    num_method_types = kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize;
   }
 
   if (num_method_types > 0) {
-    method_types = reinterpret_cast<mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType*>(
+    method_types = reinterpret_cast<MethodTypeDexCacheType*>(
         raw_arrays + layout.MethodTypesOffset());
   }
 
@@ -94,13 +106,13 @@
       ? nullptr
       : reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::CallSite>*>(raw_arrays + layout.CallSitesOffset());
 
-  DCHECK_ALIGNED(raw_arrays, alignof(mirror::StringDexCacheType)) <<
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(raw_arrays, alignof(StringDexCacheType)) <<
                  "Expected raw_arrays to align to StringDexCacheType.";
-  DCHECK_ALIGNED(layout.StringsOffset(), alignof(mirror::StringDexCacheType)) <<
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(layout.StringsOffset(), alignof(StringDexCacheType)) <<
                  "Expected StringsOffset() to align to StringDexCacheType.";
-  DCHECK_ALIGNED(strings, alignof(mirror::StringDexCacheType)) <<
+  DCHECK_ALIGNED(strings, alignof(StringDexCacheType)) <<
                  "Expected strings to align to StringDexCacheType.";
-  static_assert(alignof(mirror::StringDexCacheType) == 8u,
+  static_assert(alignof(StringDexCacheType) == 8u,
                 "Expected StringDexCacheType to have align of 8.");
   if (kIsDebugBuild) {
     // Sanity check to make sure all the dex cache arrays are empty. b/28992179
@@ -108,14 +120,16 @@
       CHECK_EQ(strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
       CHECK(strings[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
     }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file->NumTypeIds(); ++i) {
-      CHECK(types[i].IsNull());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_types; ++i) {
+      CHECK_EQ(types[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
+      CHECK(types[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).object.IsNull());
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file->NumMethodIds(); ++i) {
-      CHECK(mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(methods, i, image_pointer_size) == nullptr);
+      CHECK(GetElementPtrSize(methods, i, image_pointer_size) == nullptr);
     }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file->NumFieldIds(); ++i) {
-      CHECK(mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(fields, i, image_pointer_size) == nullptr);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_fields; ++i) {
+      CHECK_EQ(GetNativePairPtrSize(fields, i, image_pointer_size).index, 0u);
+      CHECK(GetNativePairPtrSize(fields, i, image_pointer_size).object == nullptr);
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_method_types; ++i) {
       CHECK_EQ(method_types[i].load(std::memory_order_relaxed).index, 0u);
@@ -128,6 +142,12 @@
   if (strings != nullptr) {
     mirror::StringDexCachePair::Initialize(strings);
   }
+  if (types != nullptr) {
+    mirror::TypeDexCachePair::Initialize(types);
+  }
+  if (fields != nullptr) {
+    mirror::FieldDexCachePair::Initialize(fields, image_pointer_size);
+  }
   if (method_types != nullptr) {
     mirror::MethodTypeDexCachePair::Initialize(method_types);
   }
@@ -136,11 +156,11 @@
                   strings,
                   num_strings,
                   types,
-                  dex_file->NumTypeIds(),
+                  num_types,
                   methods,
                   dex_file->NumMethodIds(),
                   fields,
-                  dex_file->NumFieldIds(),
+                  num_fields,
                   method_types,
                   num_method_types,
                   call_sites,
@@ -152,11 +172,11 @@
                     ObjPtr<String> location,
                     StringDexCacheType* strings,
                     uint32_t num_strings,
-                    GcRoot<Class>* resolved_types,
+                    TypeDexCacheType* resolved_types,
                     uint32_t num_resolved_types,
                     ArtMethod** resolved_methods,
                     uint32_t num_resolved_methods,
-                    ArtField** resolved_fields,
+                    FieldDexCacheType* resolved_fields,
                     uint32_t num_resolved_fields,
                     MethodTypeDexCacheType* resolved_method_types,
                     uint32_t num_resolved_method_types,
@@ -210,5 +230,23 @@
   SetFieldObject<false>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(DexCache, location_), location);
 }
 
+#if !defined(__aarch64__) && !defined(__x86_64__)
+static pthread_mutex_t dex_cache_slow_atomic_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+
+DexCache::ConversionPair64 DexCache::AtomicLoadRelaxed16B(std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target) {
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&dex_cache_slow_atomic_mutex);
+  DexCache::ConversionPair64 value = *reinterpret_cast<ConversionPair64*>(target);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&dex_cache_slow_atomic_mutex);
+  return value;
+}
+
+void DexCache::AtomicStoreRelease16B(std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target,
+                                     ConversionPair64 value) {
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&dex_cache_slow_atomic_mutex);
+  *reinterpret_cast<ConversionPair64*>(target) = value;
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&dex_cache_slow_atomic_mutex);
+}
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace mirror
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
index 10bb5aa..35707ef 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
 #define ART_RUNTIME_MIRROR_DEX_CACHE_H_
 
 #include "array.h"
-#include "art_field.h"
-#include "class.h"
+#include "base/bit_utils.h"
 #include "dex_file_types.h"
 #include "object.h"
 #include "object_array.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
+class ArtField;
 class ArtMethod;
 struct DexCacheOffsets;
 class DexFile;
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 namespace mirror {
 
 class CallSite;
+class Class;
 class MethodType;
 class String;
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@
   // it's always non-null if the id branch succeeds (except for the 0th id).
   // Set the initial state for the 0th entry to be {0,1} which is guaranteed to fail
   // the lookup id == stored id branch.
-  DexCachePair(T* object, uint32_t index)
+  DexCachePair(ObjPtr<T> object, uint32_t index)
       : object(object),
         index(index) {}
   DexCachePair() = default;
@@ -75,39 +76,60 @@
     dex_cache[0].store(first_elem, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 
-  static GcRoot<T> Lookup(std::atomic<DexCachePair<T>>* dex_cache,
-                          uint32_t idx,
-                          uint32_t cache_size) {
-    DCHECK_NE(cache_size, 0u);
-    DexCachePair<T> element = dex_cache[idx % cache_size].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    if (idx != element.index) {
-      return GcRoot<T>(nullptr);
+  static uint32_t InvalidIndexForSlot(uint32_t slot) {
+    // Since the cache size is a power of two, 0 will always map to slot 0.
+    // Use 1 for slot 0 and 0 for all other slots.
+    return (slot == 0) ? 1u : 0u;
+  }
+
+  T* GetObjectForIndex(uint32_t idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (idx != index) {
+      return nullptr;
     }
-
-    DCHECK(!element.object.IsNull());
-    return element.object;
+    DCHECK(!object.IsNull());
+    return object.Read();
   }
+};
 
-  static void Assign(std::atomic<DexCachePair<T>>* dex_cache,
-                     uint32_t idx,
-                     T* object,
-                     uint32_t cache_size) {
-    DCHECK_LT(idx % cache_size, cache_size);
-    dex_cache[idx % cache_size].store(
-        DexCachePair<T>(object, idx), std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  }
+template <typename T> struct PACKED(2 * __SIZEOF_POINTER__) NativeDexCachePair {
+  T* object;
+  size_t index;
+  // This is similar to DexCachePair except that we're storing a native pointer
+  // instead of a GC root. See DexCachePair for the details.
+  NativeDexCachePair(T* object, uint32_t index)
+      : object(object),
+        index(index) {}
+  NativeDexCachePair() : object(nullptr), index(0u) { }
+  NativeDexCachePair(const NativeDexCachePair<T>&) = default;
+  NativeDexCachePair& operator=(const NativeDexCachePair<T>&) = default;
+
+  static void Initialize(std::atomic<NativeDexCachePair<T>>* dex_cache, PointerSize pointer_size);
 
   static uint32_t InvalidIndexForSlot(uint32_t slot) {
     // Since the cache size is a power of two, 0 will always map to slot 0.
     // Use 1 for slot 0 and 0 for all other slots.
     return (slot == 0) ? 1u : 0u;
   }
+
+  T* GetObjectForIndex(uint32_t idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (idx != index) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    DCHECK(object != nullptr);
+    return object;
+  }
 };
 
-using StringDexCachePair = DexCachePair<mirror::String>;
+using TypeDexCachePair = DexCachePair<Class>;
+using TypeDexCacheType = std::atomic<TypeDexCachePair>;
+
+using StringDexCachePair = DexCachePair<String>;
 using StringDexCacheType = std::atomic<StringDexCachePair>;
 
-using MethodTypeDexCachePair = DexCachePair<mirror::MethodType>;
+using FieldDexCachePair = NativeDexCachePair<ArtField>;
+using FieldDexCacheType = std::atomic<FieldDexCachePair>;
+
+using MethodTypeDexCachePair = DexCachePair<MethodType>;
 using MethodTypeDexCacheType = std::atomic<MethodTypeDexCachePair>;
 
 // C++ mirror of java.lang.DexCache.
@@ -116,21 +138,39 @@
   // Size of java.lang.DexCache.class.
   static uint32_t ClassSize(PointerSize pointer_size);
 
+  // Size of type dex cache. Needs to be a power of 2 for entrypoint assumptions to hold.
+  static constexpr size_t kDexCacheTypeCacheSize = 1024;
+  static_assert(IsPowerOfTwo(kDexCacheTypeCacheSize),
+                "Type dex cache size is not a power of 2.");
+
   // Size of string dex cache. Needs to be a power of 2 for entrypoint assumptions to hold.
   static constexpr size_t kDexCacheStringCacheSize = 1024;
   static_assert(IsPowerOfTwo(kDexCacheStringCacheSize),
                 "String dex cache size is not a power of 2.");
 
+  // Size of field dex cache. Needs to be a power of 2 for entrypoint assumptions to hold.
+  static constexpr size_t kDexCacheFieldCacheSize = 1024;
+  static_assert(IsPowerOfTwo(kDexCacheFieldCacheSize),
+                "Field dex cache size is not a power of 2.");
+
   // Size of method type dex cache. Needs to be a power of 2 for entrypoint assumptions
   // to hold.
   static constexpr size_t kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize = 1024;
   static_assert(IsPowerOfTwo(kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize),
                 "MethodType dex cache size is not a power of 2.");
 
+  static constexpr size_t StaticTypeSize() {
+    return kDexCacheTypeCacheSize;
+  }
+
   static constexpr size_t StaticStringSize() {
     return kDexCacheStringCacheSize;
   }
 
+  static constexpr size_t StaticArtFieldSize() {
+    return kDexCacheFieldCacheSize;
+  }
+
   static constexpr size_t StaticMethodTypeSize() {
     return kDexCacheMethodTypeCacheSize;
   }
@@ -157,7 +197,7 @@
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   template <ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier, typename Visitor>
-  void FixupResolvedTypes(GcRoot<mirror::Class>* dest, const Visitor& visitor)
+  void FixupResolvedTypes(TypeDexCacheType* dest, const Visitor& visitor)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   template <ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier, typename Visitor>
@@ -224,7 +264,7 @@
     return OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(DexCache, num_resolved_call_sites_);
   }
 
-  mirror::String* GetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx) ALWAYS_INLINE
+  String* GetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx) ALWAYS_INLINE
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void SetResolvedString(dex::StringIndex string_idx, ObjPtr<mirror::String> resolved) ALWAYS_INLINE
@@ -239,6 +279,8 @@
   void SetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx, ObjPtr<Class> resolved)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  void ClearResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   ALWAYS_INLINE ArtMethod* GetResolvedMethod(uint32_t method_idx, PointerSize ptr_size)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -254,6 +296,8 @@
   // Pointer sized variant, used for patching.
   ALWAYS_INLINE void SetResolvedField(uint32_t idx, ArtField* field, PointerSize ptr_size)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void ClearResolvedField(uint32_t idx, PointerSize ptr_size)
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   MethodType* GetResolvedMethodType(uint32_t proto_idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
@@ -278,11 +322,11 @@
     SetFieldPtr<false>(StringsOffset(), strings);
   }
 
-  GcRoot<Class>* GetResolvedTypes() ALWAYS_INLINE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return GetFieldPtr<GcRoot<Class>*>(ResolvedTypesOffset());
+  TypeDexCacheType* GetResolvedTypes() ALWAYS_INLINE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return GetFieldPtr<TypeDexCacheType*>(ResolvedTypesOffset());
   }
 
-  void SetResolvedTypes(GcRoot<Class>* resolved_types)
+  void SetResolvedTypes(TypeDexCacheType* resolved_types)
       ALWAYS_INLINE
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     SetFieldPtr<false>(ResolvedTypesOffset(), resolved_types);
@@ -298,11 +342,11 @@
     SetFieldPtr<false>(ResolvedMethodsOffset(), resolved_methods);
   }
 
-  ArtField** GetResolvedFields() ALWAYS_INLINE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return GetFieldPtr<ArtField**>(ResolvedFieldsOffset());
+  FieldDexCacheType* GetResolvedFields() ALWAYS_INLINE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return GetFieldPtr<FieldDexCacheType*>(ResolvedFieldsOffset());
   }
 
-  void SetResolvedFields(ArtField** resolved_fields)
+  void SetResolvedFields(FieldDexCacheType* resolved_fields)
       ALWAYS_INLINE
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     SetFieldPtr<false>(ResolvedFieldsOffset(), resolved_fields);
@@ -363,7 +407,7 @@
     SetFieldPtr<false>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(DexCache, dex_file_), dex_file);
   }
 
-  void SetLocation(ObjPtr<mirror::String> location) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void SetLocation(ObjPtr<String> location) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // NOTE: Get/SetElementPtrSize() are intended for working with ArtMethod** and ArtField**
   // provided by GetResolvedMethods/Fields() and ArtMethod::GetDexCacheResolvedMethods(),
@@ -375,16 +419,27 @@
   template <typename PtrType>
   static void SetElementPtrSize(PtrType* ptr_array, size_t idx, PtrType ptr, PointerSize ptr_size);
 
+  template <typename T>
+  static NativeDexCachePair<T> GetNativePairPtrSize(std::atomic<NativeDexCachePair<T>>* pair_array,
+                                                    size_t idx,
+                                                    PointerSize ptr_size);
+
+  template <typename T>
+  static void SetNativePairPtrSize(std::atomic<NativeDexCachePair<T>>* pair_array,
+                                   size_t idx,
+                                   NativeDexCachePair<T> pair,
+                                   PointerSize ptr_size);
+
  private:
   void Init(const DexFile* dex_file,
             ObjPtr<String> location,
             StringDexCacheType* strings,
             uint32_t num_strings,
-            GcRoot<Class>* resolved_types,
+            TypeDexCacheType* resolved_types,
             uint32_t num_resolved_types,
             ArtMethod** resolved_methods,
             uint32_t num_resolved_methods,
-            ArtField** resolved_fields,
+            FieldDexCacheType* resolved_fields,
             uint32_t num_resolved_fields,
             MethodTypeDexCacheType* resolved_method_types,
             uint32_t num_resolved_method_types,
@@ -393,24 +448,85 @@
             PointerSize pointer_size)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // std::pair<> is not trivially copyable and as such it is unsuitable for atomic operations,
+  // so we use a custom pair class for loading and storing the NativeDexCachePair<>.
+  template <typename IntType>
+  struct PACKED(2 * sizeof(IntType)) ConversionPair {
+    ConversionPair(IntType f, IntType s) : first(f), second(s) { }
+    ConversionPair(const ConversionPair&) = default;
+    ConversionPair& operator=(const ConversionPair&) = default;
+    IntType first;
+    IntType second;
+  };
+  using ConversionPair32 = ConversionPair<uint32_t>;
+  using ConversionPair64 = ConversionPair<uint64_t>;
+
+  uint32_t StringSlotIndex(dex::StringIndex string_idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  uint32_t TypeSlotIndex(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  uint32_t FieldSlotIndex(uint32_t field_idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  uint32_t MethodTypeSlotIndex(uint32_t proto_idx) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   // Visit instance fields of the dex cache as well as its associated arrays.
   template <bool kVisitNativeRoots,
             VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
             ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
             typename Visitor>
-  void VisitReferences(ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass, const Visitor& visitor)
+  void VisitReferences(ObjPtr<Class> klass, const Visitor& visitor)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
 
+  // Due to lack of 16-byte atomics support, we use hand-crafted routines.
+#if  defined(__aarch64__)
+  // 16-byte atomics are supported on aarch64.
+  ALWAYS_INLINE static ConversionPair64 AtomicLoadRelaxed16B(
+      std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target) {
+    return target->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE static void AtomicStoreRelease16B(
+      std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target, ConversionPair64 value) {
+    target->store(value, std::memory_order_release);
+  }
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+  ALWAYS_INLINE static ConversionPair64 AtomicLoadRelaxed16B(
+      std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target) {
+    uint64_t first, second;
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "lock cmpxchg16b (%2)"
+        : "=&a"(first), "=&d"(second)
+        : "r"(target), "a"(0), "d"(0), "b"(0), "c"(0)
+        : "cc");
+    return ConversionPair64(first, second);
+  }
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE static void AtomicStoreRelease16B(
+      std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target, ConversionPair64 value) {
+    uint64_t first, second;
+    __asm__ __volatile__ (
+        "movq (%2), %%rax\n\t"
+        "movq 8(%2), %%rdx\n\t"
+        "1:\n\t"
+        "lock cmpxchg16b (%2)\n\t"
+        "jnz 1b"
+        : "=&a"(first), "=&d"(second)
+        : "r"(target), "b"(value.first), "c"(value.second)
+        : "cc");
+  }
+#else
+  static ConversionPair64 AtomicLoadRelaxed16B(std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target);
+  static void AtomicStoreRelease16B(std::atomic<ConversionPair64>* target, ConversionPair64 value);
+#endif
+
   HeapReference<Object> dex_;
   HeapReference<String> location_;
   uint64_t dex_file_;               // const DexFile*
   uint64_t resolved_call_sites_;    // GcRoot<CallSite>* array with num_resolved_call_sites_
                                     // elements.
-  uint64_t resolved_fields_;        // ArtField*, array with num_resolved_fields_ elements.
+  uint64_t resolved_fields_;        // std::atomic<FieldDexCachePair>*, array with
+                                    // num_resolved_fields_ elements.
   uint64_t resolved_method_types_;  // std::atomic<MethodTypeDexCachePair>* array with
                                     // num_resolved_method_types_ elements.
   uint64_t resolved_methods_;       // ArtMethod*, array with num_resolved_methods_ elements.
-  uint64_t resolved_types_;         // GcRoot<Class>*, array with num_resolved_types_ elements.
+  uint64_t resolved_types_;         // TypeDexCacheType*, array with num_resolved_types_ elements.
   uint64_t strings_;                // std::atomic<StringDexCachePair>*, array with num_strings_
                                     // elements.
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
index 5a2ab71..71a47f6 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
@@ -51,9 +51,11 @@
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->StaticStringSize() == dex_cache->NumStrings()
       || java_lang_dex_file_->NumStringIds() == dex_cache->NumStrings());
-  EXPECT_EQ(java_lang_dex_file_->NumTypeIds(),   dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->StaticTypeSize() == dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes()
+      || java_lang_dex_file_->NumTypeIds() == dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes());
   EXPECT_EQ(java_lang_dex_file_->NumMethodIds(), dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods());
-  EXPECT_EQ(java_lang_dex_file_->NumFieldIds(),  dex_cache->NumResolvedFields());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->StaticArtFieldSize() == dex_cache->NumResolvedFields()
+      || java_lang_dex_file_->NumFieldIds() ==  dex_cache->NumResolvedFields());
   EXPECT_TRUE(dex_cache->StaticMethodTypeSize() == dex_cache->NumResolvedMethodTypes()
       || java_lang_dex_file_->NumProtoIds() == dex_cache->NumResolvedMethodTypes());
 }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/field.cc b/runtime/mirror/field.cc
index f6b6489..54034c2 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/field.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/field.cc
@@ -68,8 +68,16 @@
     }
   }
   mirror::DexCache* const dex_cache = declaring_class->GetDexCache();
-  ArtField* const art_field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(GetDexFieldIndex(), kRuntimePointerSize);
-  CHECK(art_field != nullptr);
+  ArtField* art_field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(GetDexFieldIndex(), kRuntimePointerSize);
+  if (UNLIKELY(art_field == nullptr)) {
+    if (IsStatic()) {
+      art_field = declaring_class->FindDeclaredStaticField(dex_cache, GetDexFieldIndex());
+    } else {
+      art_field = declaring_class->FindInstanceField(dex_cache, GetDexFieldIndex());
+    }
+    CHECK(art_field != nullptr);
+    dex_cache->SetResolvedField(GetDexFieldIndex(), art_field, kRuntimePointerSize);
+  }
   CHECK_EQ(declaring_class, art_field->GetDeclaringClass());
   return art_field;
 }
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
index 9b707f8..d81c13d 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_VMRuntime.cc
@@ -444,6 +444,7 @@
   if (!kPreloadDexCachesCollectStats) {
     return;
   }
+  // TODO: Update for hash-based DexCache arrays.
   ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
   for (const DexFile* dex_file : class_linker->GetBootClassPath()) {
@@ -463,7 +464,7 @@
       }
     }
     for (size_t j = 0; j < dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); j++) {
-      ArtField* field = class_linker->GetResolvedField(j, dex_cache);
+      ArtField* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(j, class_linker->GetImagePointerSize());
       if (field != nullptr) {
         filled->num_fields++;
       }
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc
index ada3a9d..8fda4df 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_DexCache.cc
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 static jobject DexCache_getResolvedType(JNIEnv* env, jobject javaDexCache, jint type_index) {
   ScopedFastNativeObjectAccess soa(env);
   ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::DexCache>(javaDexCache);
-  CHECK_LT(static_cast<size_t>(type_index), dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes());
+  CHECK_LT(static_cast<size_t>(type_index), dex_cache->GetDexFile()->NumTypeIds());
   return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(dex_cache->GetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex(type_index)));
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat.h b/runtime/oat.h
index 656b868..df43107 100644
--- a/runtime/oat.h
+++ b/runtime/oat.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 class PACKED(4) OatHeader {
  public:
   static constexpr uint8_t kOatMagic[] = { 'o', 'a', 't', '\n' };
-  static constexpr uint8_t kOatVersion[] = { '1', '1', '3', '\0' };  // Invoke info change.
+  static constexpr uint8_t kOatVersion[] = { '1', '1', '5', '\0' };  // hash-based DexCache fields
 
   static constexpr const char* kImageLocationKey = "image-location";
   static constexpr const char* kDex2OatCmdLineKey = "dex2oat-cmdline";
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
index 48bf1e7..1735045 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
@@ -750,32 +750,18 @@
   // same as kRuntimeISA, so this behavior is suspect (b/35659889).
   if (isa == kRuntimeISA) {
     const ImageHeader& image_header = image_spaces[0]->GetImageHeader();
+    info->oat_checksum = image_header.GetOatChecksum();
     info->oat_data_begin = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header.GetOatDataBegin());
     info->patch_delta = image_header.GetPatchDelta();
-
-    info->oat_checksum = 0;
-    for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : image_spaces) {
-      info->oat_checksum ^= image_space->GetImageHeader().GetOatChecksum();
-    }
   } else {
     std::unique_ptr<ImageHeader> image_header(
         gc::space::ImageSpace::ReadImageHeader(info->location.c_str(), isa, error_msg));
     if (image_header == nullptr) {
       return nullptr;
     }
+    info->oat_checksum = image_header->GetOatChecksum();
     info->oat_data_begin = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header->GetOatDataBegin());
     info->patch_delta = image_header->GetPatchDelta();
-
-    info->oat_checksum = 0;
-    for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : image_spaces) {
-      std::string location = image_space->GetImageLocation();
-      image_header.reset(
-          gc::space::ImageSpace::ReadImageHeader(location.c_str(), isa, error_msg));
-      if (image_header == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      info->oat_checksum ^= image_header->GetOatChecksum();
-    }
   }
   return info;
 }
@@ -792,16 +778,6 @@
   return cached_image_info_.get();
 }
 
-uint32_t OatFileAssistant::CalculateCombinedImageChecksum(InstructionSet isa) {
-  std::string error_msg;
-  std::unique_ptr<ImageInfo> info = ImageInfo::GetRuntimeImageInfo(isa, &error_msg);
-  if (info == nullptr) {
-    LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to get runtime image info for checksum: " << error_msg;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  return info->oat_checksum;
-}
-
 OatFileAssistant::OatFileInfo& OatFileAssistant::GetBestInfo() {
   bool use_oat = oat_.IsUseable() || odex_.Status() == kOatCannotOpen;
   return use_oat ? oat_ : odex_;
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h
index eec87f0..d61e994 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h
@@ -276,8 +276,6 @@
                                        std::string* oat_filename,
                                        std::string* error_msg);
 
-  static uint32_t CalculateCombinedImageChecksum(InstructionSet isa = kRuntimeISA);
-
  private:
   struct ImageInfo {
     uint32_t oat_checksum = 0;
diff --git a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/Android.bp b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/Android.bp
index c01e3f4..dd49ad0 100644
--- a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/Android.bp
+++ b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/Android.bp
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libopenjdkjvmti_headers",
+    host_supported: true,
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libopenjdkjvmti_defaults",
     defaults: ["art_defaults"],
@@ -40,6 +46,7 @@
            "ti_timers.cc",
            "transform.cc"],
     include_dirs: ["art/runtime"],
+    header_libs: ["libopenjdkjvmti_headers"],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libnativehelper",
diff --git a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/OpenjdkJvmTi.cc b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/OpenjdkJvmTi.cc
index 5e0d4bd..5401e5c 100644
--- a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/OpenjdkJvmTi.cc
+++ b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/OpenjdkJvmTi.cc
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
 #include <jni.h>
 
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 #include "art_jvmti.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
diff --git a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/include/jvmti.h
similarity index 100%
rename from runtime/openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h
rename to runtime/openjdkjvmti/include/jvmti.h
diff --git a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/ti_class.cc b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/ti_class.cc
index 4282e38..2d1b25e 100644
--- a/runtime/openjdkjvmti/ti_class.cc
+++ b/runtime/openjdkjvmti/ti_class.cc
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 #include "thread_list.h"
 #include "ti_class_loader.h"
+#include "ti_phase.h"
 #include "ti_redefine.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
@@ -142,6 +143,18 @@
       // It is a primitive or array. Just return
       return;
     }
+    jvmtiPhase phase = PhaseUtil::GetPhaseUnchecked();
+    if (UNLIKELY(phase != JVMTI_PHASE_START && phase != JVMTI_PHASE_LIVE)) {
+      // We want to wait until we are at least in the START phase so that all WellKnownClasses and
+      // mirror classes have been initialized and loaded. The runtime relies on these classes having
+      // specific fields and methods present. Since PreDefine hooks don't need to abide by this
+      // restriction we will simply not send the event for these classes.
+      LOG(WARNING) << "Ignoring load of class <" << descriptor << "> as it is being loaded during "
+                   << "runtime initialization.";
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Strip the 'L' and ';' from the descriptor
     std::string name(std::string(descriptor).substr(1, strlen(descriptor) - 2));
 
     art::Thread* self = art::Thread::Current();
diff --git a/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.cc b/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.cc
index b009b47..3347070 100644
--- a/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.cc
+++ b/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.cc
@@ -215,9 +215,8 @@
     REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   DCHECK(IsInstructionIPut(new_iput->Opcode()));
   uint32_t field_index = new_iput->VRegC_22c();
-  PointerSize pointer_size = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize();
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = method->GetDexCache();
-  ArtField* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_index, pointer_size);
+  ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+  ArtField* field = class_linker->LookupResolvedField(field_index, method, /* is_static */ false);
   if (UNLIKELY(field == nullptr)) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -227,7 +226,9 @@
     if (iputs[old_pos].field_index == DexFile::kDexNoIndex16) {
       break;
     }
-    ArtField* f = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(iputs[old_pos].field_index, pointer_size);
+    ArtField* f = class_linker->LookupResolvedField(iputs[old_pos].field_index,
+                                                    method,
+                                                    /* is_static */ false);
     DCHECK(f != nullptr);
     if (f == field) {
       auto back_it = std::copy(iputs + old_pos + 1, iputs + arraysize(iputs), iputs + old_pos);
@@ -732,9 +733,9 @@
   if (method == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
-  mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = method->GetDexCache();
-  PointerSize pointer_size = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize();
-  ArtField* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(field_idx, pointer_size);
+  ObjPtr<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache = method->GetDexCache();
+  ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
+  ArtField* field = class_linker->LookupResolvedField(field_idx, method, /* is_static */ false);
   if (field == nullptr || field->IsStatic()) {
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h b/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h
index 9865821..95904af 100644
--- a/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h
@@ -51,29 +51,40 @@
     : DexCacheArraysLayout(pointer_size, dex_file->GetHeader(), dex_file->NumCallSiteIds()) {
 }
 
-inline constexpr size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::Alignment() {
-  // GcRoot<> alignment is 4, i.e. lower than or equal to the pointer alignment.
-  static_assert(alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Class>) == 4, "Expecting alignof(GcRoot<>) == 4");
+inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::Alignment() const {
+  return Alignment(pointer_size_);
+}
+
+inline constexpr size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::Alignment(PointerSize pointer_size) {
+  // mirror::Type/String/MethodTypeDexCacheType alignment is 8,
+  // i.e. higher than or equal to the pointer alignment.
+  static_assert(alignof(mirror::TypeDexCacheType) == 8,
+                "Expecting alignof(ClassDexCacheType) == 8");
   static_assert(alignof(mirror::StringDexCacheType) == 8,
                 "Expecting alignof(StringDexCacheType) == 8");
   static_assert(alignof(mirror::MethodTypeDexCacheType) == 8,
                 "Expecting alignof(MethodTypeDexCacheType) == 8");
-  // This is the same as alignof(MethodTypeDexCacheType).
-  return alignof(mirror::StringDexCacheType);
+  // This is the same as alignof(FieldDexCacheType) for the given pointer size.
+  return 2u * static_cast<size_t>(pointer_size);
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-static constexpr PointerSize GcRootAsPointerSize() {
+constexpr PointerSize GcRootAsPointerSize() {
   static_assert(sizeof(GcRoot<T>) == 4U, "Unexpected GcRoot size");
   return PointerSize::k32;
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::TypeOffset(dex::TypeIndex type_idx) const {
-  return types_offset_ + ElementOffset(GcRootAsPointerSize<mirror::Class>(), type_idx.index_);
+  return types_offset_ + ElementOffset(PointerSize::k64,
+                                       type_idx.index_ % mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheTypeCacheSize);
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::TypesSize(size_t num_elements) const {
-  return ArraySize(GcRootAsPointerSize<mirror::Class>(), num_elements);
+  size_t cache_size = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheTypeCacheSize;
+  if (num_elements < cache_size) {
+    cache_size = num_elements;
+  }
+  return ArraySize(PointerSize::k64, cache_size);
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::TypesAlignment() const {
@@ -93,8 +104,8 @@
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::StringOffset(uint32_t string_idx) const {
-  return strings_offset_ + ElementOffset(PointerSize::k64,
-                                         string_idx % mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize);
+  uint32_t string_hash = string_idx % mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheStringCacheSize;
+  return strings_offset_ + ElementOffset(PointerSize::k64, string_hash);
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::StringsSize(size_t num_elements) const {
@@ -112,15 +123,20 @@
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::FieldOffset(uint32_t field_idx) const {
-  return fields_offset_ + ElementOffset(pointer_size_, field_idx);
+  uint32_t field_hash = field_idx % mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheFieldCacheSize;
+  return fields_offset_ + 2u * static_cast<size_t>(pointer_size_) * field_hash;
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::FieldsSize(size_t num_elements) const {
-  return ArraySize(pointer_size_, num_elements);
+  size_t cache_size = mirror::DexCache::kDexCacheFieldCacheSize;
+  if (num_elements < cache_size) {
+    cache_size = num_elements;
+  }
+  return 2u * static_cast<size_t>(pointer_size_) * num_elements;
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::FieldsAlignment() const {
-  return static_cast<size_t>(pointer_size_);
+  return 2u * static_cast<size_t>(pointer_size_);
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::MethodTypesSize(size_t num_elements) const {
diff --git a/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout.h b/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout.h
index ed677ed..377a374 100644
--- a/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout.h
+++ b/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout.h
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@
     return size_;
   }
 
-  static constexpr size_t Alignment();
+  size_t Alignment() const;
+
+  static constexpr size_t Alignment(PointerSize pointer_size);
 
   size_t TypesOffset() const {
     return types_offset_;
@@ -125,8 +127,6 @@
   const size_t call_sites_offset_;
   const size_t size_;
 
-  static size_t Alignment(PointerSize pointer_size);
-
   static size_t ElementOffset(PointerSize element_size, uint32_t idx);
 
   static size_t ArraySize(PointerSize element_size, uint32_t num_elements);
diff --git a/runtime/vdex_file.h b/runtime/vdex_file.h
index 5048bad..898d07d 100644
--- a/runtime/vdex_file.h
+++ b/runtime/vdex_file.h
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
    private:
     static constexpr uint8_t kVdexMagic[] = { 'v', 'd', 'e', 'x' };
-    static constexpr uint8_t kVdexVersion[] = { '0', '0', '4', '\0' };  // dexlayout incompatibility
+    static constexpr uint8_t kVdexVersion[] = { '0', '0', '5', '\0' };  // access flags
 
     uint8_t magic_[4];
     uint8_t version_[4];
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
index 16739fa..38d151b 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
@@ -2399,7 +2399,8 @@
       const RegType& res_type = ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(type_idx);
       if (res_type.IsConflict()) {
         // If this is a primitive type, fail HARD.
-        mirror::Class* klass = dex_cache_->GetResolvedType(type_idx);
+        ObjPtr<mirror::Class> klass =
+            ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(type_idx, dex_cache_.Get(), class_loader_.Get());
         if (klass != nullptr && klass->IsPrimitive()) {
           Fail(VERIFY_ERROR_BAD_CLASS_HARD) << "using primitive type "
               << dex_file_->StringByTypeIdx(type_idx) << " in instanceof in "
@@ -3722,9 +3723,16 @@
 }
 
 const RegType& MethodVerifier::ResolveClassAndCheckAccess(dex::TypeIndex class_idx) {
-  mirror::Class* klass = dex_cache_->GetResolvedType(class_idx);
+  mirror::Class* klass = can_load_classes_
+      ? Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(
+          *dex_file_, class_idx, dex_cache_, class_loader_)
+      : ClassLinker::LookupResolvedType(class_idx, dex_cache_.Get(), class_loader_.Get()).Ptr();
+  if (can_load_classes_ && klass == nullptr) {
+    DCHECK(self_->IsExceptionPending());
+    self_->ClearException();
+  }
   const RegType* result = nullptr;
-  if (klass != nullptr) {
+  if (klass != nullptr && !klass->IsErroneous()) {
     bool precise = klass->CannotBeAssignedFromOtherTypes();
     if (precise && !IsInstantiableOrPrimitive(klass)) {
       const char* descriptor = dex_file_->StringByTypeIdx(class_idx);
@@ -3747,10 +3755,6 @@
         << "' in " << GetDeclaringClass();
     return *result;
   }
-  if (klass == nullptr && !result->IsUnresolvedTypes()) {
-    klass = result->GetClass();
-    dex_cache_->SetResolvedType(class_idx, klass);
-  }
 
   // Record result of class resolution attempt.
   VerifierDeps::MaybeRecordClassResolution(*dex_file_, class_idx, klass);
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
index 52f7e34..740b7dd 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.cc
@@ -309,6 +309,7 @@
   // Note: no check for IsInstantiable() here. We may produce this in case an InstantiationError
   //       would be thrown at runtime, but we need to continue verification and *not* create a
   //       hard failure or abort.
+  CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
 }
 
 std::string UnresolvedMergedType::Dump() const {
@@ -789,7 +790,7 @@
   if (!klass_.IsNull()) {
     CHECK(!descriptor_.empty()) << *this;
     std::string temp;
-    CHECK_EQ(descriptor_.ToString(), klass_.Read()->GetDescriptor(&temp)) << *this;
+    CHECK_EQ(descriptor_, klass_.Read()->GetDescriptor(&temp)) << *this;
   }
 }
 
@@ -820,9 +821,7 @@
       reg_type_cache_(reg_type_cache),
       resolved_part_(resolved),
       unresolved_types_(unresolved, false, unresolved.GetAllocator()) {
-  if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-    CheckInvariants();
-  }
+  CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
 }
 void UnresolvedMergedType::CheckInvariants() const {
   CHECK(reg_type_cache_ != nullptr);
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h
index 472381d..dedf77f 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type.h
@@ -274,14 +274,17 @@
           uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : descriptor_(descriptor),
         klass_(klass),
-        cache_id_(cache_id) {
+        cache_id_(cache_id) {}
+
+  template <typename Class>
+  void CheckConstructorInvariants(Class* this_ ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) const
+      REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    static_assert(std::is_final<Class>::value, "Class must be final.");
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {
       CheckInvariants();
     }
   }
 
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
   const StringPiece descriptor_;
   mutable GcRoot<mirror::Class> klass_;  // Non-const only due to moving classes.
   const uint16_t cache_id_;
@@ -289,6 +292,8 @@
   friend class RegTypeCache;
 
  private:
+  virtual void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   /*
    * A basic Join operation on classes. For a pair of types S and T the Join, written S v T = J, is
    * S <: J, T <: J and for-all U such that S <: U, T <: U then J <: U. That is J is the parent of
@@ -339,7 +344,9 @@
  private:
   ConflictType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
                uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
 
   static const ConflictType* instance_;
 };
@@ -368,7 +375,9 @@
  private:
   UndefinedType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
                 uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
 
   static const UndefinedType* instance_;
 };
@@ -387,7 +396,7 @@
            uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
 
-class IntegerType : public Cat1Type {
+class IntegerType FINAL : public Cat1Type {
  public:
   bool IsInteger() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -401,7 +410,9 @@
  private:
   IntegerType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
               uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const IntegerType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -419,7 +430,9 @@
  private:
   BooleanType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
               uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
 
   static const BooleanType* instance_;
 };
@@ -438,7 +451,9 @@
  private:
   ByteType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
            uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const ByteType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -456,7 +471,9 @@
  private:
   ShortType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
             uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const ShortType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -474,7 +491,9 @@
  private:
   CharType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
            uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const CharType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -492,7 +511,9 @@
  private:
   FloatType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
             uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat1Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const FloatType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -517,7 +538,9 @@
  private:
   LongLoType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
              uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const LongLoType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -535,7 +558,9 @@
  private:
   LongHiType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
              uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const LongHiType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -554,7 +579,9 @@
  private:
   DoubleLoType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
                uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const DoubleLoType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -572,7 +599,9 @@
  private:
   DoubleHiType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
                uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : Cat2Type(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   static const DoubleHiType* instance_;
 };
 
@@ -637,7 +666,9 @@
  public:
   PreciseConstType(uint32_t constant, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {}
+      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
 
   bool IsPreciseConstant() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
 
@@ -648,7 +679,9 @@
  public:
   PreciseConstLoType(uint32_t constant, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {}
+      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   bool IsPreciseConstantLo() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -657,7 +690,9 @@
  public:
   PreciseConstHiType(uint32_t constant, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {}
+      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   bool IsPreciseConstantHi() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -667,6 +702,7 @@
   ImpreciseConstType(uint32_t constat, uint16_t cache_id)
        REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
        : ConstantType(constat, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
   }
   bool IsImpreciseConstant() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -676,7 +712,9 @@
  public:
   ImpreciseConstLoType(uint32_t constant, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {}
+      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   bool IsImpreciseConstantLo() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -685,7 +723,9 @@
  public:
   ImpreciseConstHiType(uint32_t constant, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {}
+      : ConstantType(constant, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
   bool IsImpreciseConstantHi() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 };
@@ -718,7 +758,9 @@
                              const StringPiece& descriptor,
                              uint32_t allocation_pc, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : UninitializedType(klass, descriptor, allocation_pc, cache_id) {}
+      : UninitializedType(klass, descriptor, allocation_pc, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
 
   bool IsUninitializedReference() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
 
@@ -735,9 +777,7 @@
                                  uint32_t allocation_pc, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : UninitializedType(nullptr, descriptor, allocation_pc, cache_id) {
-    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      CheckInvariants();
-    }
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
   }
 
   bool IsUnresolvedAndUninitializedReference() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
@@ -747,7 +787,7 @@
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
 };
 
 // Similar to UninitializedReferenceType but special case for the this argument
@@ -759,9 +799,7 @@
                                  uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : UninitializedType(klass, descriptor, 0, cache_id) {
-    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      CheckInvariants();
-    }
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
   }
 
   virtual bool IsUninitializedThisReference() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
@@ -771,7 +809,7 @@
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
 };
 
 class UnresolvedUninitializedThisRefType FINAL : public UninitializedType {
@@ -780,9 +818,7 @@
                                      uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : UninitializedType(nullptr, descriptor, 0, cache_id) {
-    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      CheckInvariants();
-    }
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
   }
 
   bool IsUnresolvedAndUninitializedThisReference() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
@@ -792,7 +828,7 @@
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
 };
 
 // A type of register holding a reference to an Object of type GetClass or a
@@ -801,7 +837,9 @@
  public:
   ReferenceType(mirror::Class* klass, const StringPiece& descriptor,
                 uint16_t cache_id) REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-      : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {}
+      : RegType(klass, descriptor, cache_id) {
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
+  }
 
   bool IsReference() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
 
@@ -848,9 +886,7 @@
   UnresolvedReferenceType(const StringPiece& descriptor, uint16_t cache_id)
       REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       : UnresolvedType(descriptor, cache_id) {
-    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      CheckInvariants();
-    }
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
   }
 
   bool IsUnresolvedReference() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
@@ -860,7 +896,7 @@
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
 };
 
 // Type representing the super-class of an unresolved type.
@@ -872,9 +908,7 @@
       : UnresolvedType("", cache_id),
         unresolved_child_id_(child_id),
         reg_type_cache_(reg_type_cache) {
-    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      CheckInvariants();
-    }
+    CheckConstructorInvariants(this);
   }
 
   bool IsUnresolvedSuperClass() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
@@ -889,7 +923,7 @@
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
 
   const uint16_t unresolved_child_id_;
   const RegTypeCache* const reg_type_cache_;
@@ -925,7 +959,7 @@
   std::string Dump() const OVERRIDE REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  private:
-  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void CheckInvariants() const REQUIRES_SHARED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
 
   const RegTypeCache* const reg_type_cache_;
 
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps.cc b/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps.cc
index 000cf7c..d477ecd 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/verifier_deps.cc
@@ -68,13 +68,17 @@
   return (it == dex_deps_.end()) ? nullptr : it->second.get();
 }
 
+// Access flags that impact vdex verification.
+static constexpr uint32_t kAccVdexAccessFlags =
+    kAccPublic | kAccPrivate | kAccProtected | kAccStatic | kAccInterface;
+
 template <typename T>
 uint16_t VerifierDeps::GetAccessFlags(T* element) {
   static_assert(kAccJavaFlagsMask == 0xFFFF, "Unexpected value of a constant");
   if (element == nullptr) {
     return VerifierDeps::kUnresolvedMarker;
   } else {
-    uint16_t access_flags = Low16Bits(element->GetAccessFlags());
+    uint16_t access_flags = Low16Bits(element->GetAccessFlags()) & kAccVdexAccessFlags;
     CHECK_NE(access_flags, VerifierDeps::kUnresolvedMarker);
     return access_flags;
   }
diff --git a/test/155-java-set-resolved-type/src/Main.java b/test/155-java-set-resolved-type/src/Main.java
index f92363e..8f79bd7 100644
--- a/test/155-java-set-resolved-type/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/155-java-set-resolved-type/src/Main.java
@@ -55,14 +55,10 @@
             Class<?> timpl = Class.forName("TestImplementation", false, mainLoader);
             // Clear the dex cache resolved types to force a proper lookup the next time
             // we need to find TestInterface.
-            // TODO: Enable clearing the dex cache when we switch to the hash-based type array
-            // and do a proper lookup. Currently, ClassLinker fully relies on the DexCache.
-            if (false) {
-                clearResolvedTypes(timpl);
-            }
+            clearResolvedTypes(timpl);
 
-            // Force intialization of TestClass2. This expects the interface type to be
-            // resolved and found through simple lookup.
+            // Force intialization of TestImplementation. This expects the interface type
+            // to be resolved and found through simple lookup.
             timpl.newInstance();
         } catch (Throwable t) {
             t.printStackTrace();
diff --git a/test/157-void-class/src/Main.java b/test/157-void-class/src/Main.java
index 0a052e7..322b705 100644
--- a/test/157-void-class/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/157-void-class/src/Main.java
@@ -35,11 +35,7 @@
         }
         // Clear the resolved types of the ojluni dex file to make sure there is no entry
         // for "V", i.e. void.
-        // TODO: Enable clearing the dex cache when we switch to the hash-based type array
-        // and do a proper lookup. Currently, ClassLinker fully relies on the DexCache.
-        if (false) {
-            clearResolvedTypes(Integer.class);
-        }
+        clearResolvedTypes(Integer.class);
         // With java.lang.Void being compile-time verified but uninitialized, initialize
         // it now. Previously, this would indirectly initialize TYPE with the current,
         // i.e. zero-initialized, value of TYPE. The only thing that could prevent the
diff --git a/test/158-app-image-class-table/expected.txt b/test/158-app-image-class-table/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a5618e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/158-app-image-class-table/expected.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+JNI_OnLoad called
diff --git a/test/158-app-image-class-table/info.txt b/test/158-app-image-class-table/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c844c8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/158-app-image-class-table/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Regression test for app image class table being erroneously omitted
+when it contains only boot image class loader classes while dex caches
+were written with references to these classes.
diff --git a/test/158-app-image-class-table/profile b/test/158-app-image-class-table/profile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/158-app-image-class-table/profile
diff --git a/test/158-app-image-class-table/run b/test/158-app-image-class-table/run
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..146e180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/158-app-image-class-table/run
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+exec ${RUN} $@ --profile -Xcompiler-option --compiler-filter=speed-profile
diff --git a/test/158-app-image-class-table/src/Main.java b/test/158-app-image-class-table/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..804468f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/158-app-image-class-table/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public class Main {
+    public static String TEST_NAME = "158-app-image-class-table";
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        try {
+            Class<?> class_loader_class = Class.forName("dalvik.system.PathClassLoader");
+            System.loadLibrary(args[0]);
+        } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
+            usingRI = true;
+            // Add expected JNI_OnLoad log line to match expected.txt.
+            System.out.println("JNI_OnLoad called");
+        }
+        try {
+            // Resolve but do not initialize TestImplementation. During the resolution,
+            // we see the Cloneable in the dex cache, so we do not try to look it up
+            // or resolve it.
+            Class<?> timpl =
+                Class.forName("TestImplementation", false, Main.class.getClassLoader());
+            // Clear the dex cache resolved types to force a proper lookup the next time
+            // we need to find TestInterface.
+            clearResolvedTypes(timpl);
+            // Force intialization of TestImplementation. This expects the interface type
+            // to be resolved and found through simple lookup.
+            timpl.newInstance();
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            t.printStackTrace();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static void clearResolvedTypes(Class<?> c) {
+        if (!usingRI) {
+            nativeClearResolvedTypes(c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static boolean usingRI = false;
+
+    public static native void nativeClearResolvedTypes(Class<?> c);
+}
diff --git a/test/158-app-image-class-table/src/TestImplementation.java b/test/158-app-image-class-table/src/TestImplementation.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..558e587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/158-app-image-class-table/src/TestImplementation.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public class TestImplementation implements Cloneable {
+    public Object clone() {
+        return new TestImplementation();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/626-const-class-linking/clear_dex_cache_types.cc b/test/626-const-class-linking/clear_dex_cache_types.cc
index b35dff4..e1af02e 100644
--- a/test/626-const-class-linking/clear_dex_cache_types.cc
+++ b/test/626-const-class-linking/clear_dex_cache_types.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
   mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = soa.Decode<mirror::Class>(cls)->GetDexCache();
   for (size_t i = 0, num_types = dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes(); i != num_types; ++i) {
-    dex_cache->SetResolvedType(dex::TypeIndex(i), ObjPtr<mirror::Class>(nullptr));
+    mirror::TypeDexCachePair cleared(nullptr, mirror::TypeDexCachePair::InvalidIndexForSlot(i));
+    dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes()[i].store(cleared, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/test/901-hello-ti-agent/basics.cc b/test/901-hello-ti-agent/basics.cc
index 0b17656..9166277 100644
--- a/test/901-hello-ti-agent/basics.cc
+++ b/test/901-hello-ti-agent/basics.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include "base/macros.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
diff --git a/test/903-hello-tagging/tagging.cc b/test/903-hello-tagging/tagging.cc
index 6177263..b85ed48 100644
--- a/test/903-hello-tagging/tagging.cc
+++ b/test/903-hello-tagging/tagging.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
 #include "utils.h"
diff --git a/test/904-object-allocation/tracking.cc b/test/904-object-allocation/tracking.cc
index 95eab0c..cc6f681 100644
--- a/test/904-object-allocation/tracking.cc
+++ b/test/904-object-allocation/tracking.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/905-object-free/tracking_free.cc b/test/905-object-free/tracking_free.cc
index 7b26d79..5eed472 100644
--- a/test/905-object-free/tracking_free.cc
+++ b/test/905-object-free/tracking_free.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/906-iterate-heap/iterate_heap.cc b/test/906-iterate-heap/iterate_heap.cc
index 13c3562..f2532de 100644
--- a/test/906-iterate-heap/iterate_heap.cc
+++ b/test/906-iterate-heap/iterate_heap.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "android-base/stringprintf.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedPrimitiveArray.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
diff --git a/test/907-get-loaded-classes/get_loaded_classes.cc b/test/907-get-loaded-classes/get_loaded_classes.cc
index 5bda7eb..48ce2e2de 100644
--- a/test/907-get-loaded-classes/get_loaded_classes.cc
+++ b/test/907-get-loaded-classes/get_loaded_classes.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 
diff --git a/test/908-gc-start-finish/gc_callbacks.cc b/test/908-gc-start-finish/gc_callbacks.cc
index 8f96ee6..45148f8 100644
--- a/test/908-gc-start-finish/gc_callbacks.cc
+++ b/test/908-gc-start-finish/gc_callbacks.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
 
diff --git a/test/909-attach-agent/attach.cc b/test/909-attach-agent/attach.cc
index adae844..67c7567 100644
--- a/test/909-attach-agent/attach.cc
+++ b/test/909-attach-agent/attach.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include "base/macros.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace Test909AttachAgent {
diff --git a/test/910-methods/methods.cc b/test/910-methods/methods.cc
index f60fabb..fdc4cdb 100644
--- a/test/910-methods/methods.cc
+++ b/test/910-methods/methods.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/911-get-stack-trace/stack_trace.cc b/test/911-get-stack-trace/stack_trace.cc
index 68f6d8d..5a3a311 100644
--- a/test/911-get-stack-trace/stack_trace.cc
+++ b/test/911-get-stack-trace/stack_trace.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
diff --git a/test/912-classes/classes.cc b/test/912-classes/classes.cc
index 3ccfe86..5bd34f6 100644
--- a/test/912-classes/classes.cc
+++ b/test/912-classes/classes.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
diff --git a/test/913-heaps/heaps.cc b/test/913-heaps/heaps.cc
index 39fa000..66fc7be 100644
--- a/test/913-heaps/heaps.cc
+++ b/test/913-heaps/heaps.cc
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include "jit/jit.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "native_stack_dump.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
diff --git a/test/918-fields/fields.cc b/test/918-fields/fields.cc
index 7d29912..c659126 100644
--- a/test/918-fields/fields.cc
+++ b/test/918-fields/fields.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/920-objects/objects.cc b/test/920-objects/objects.cc
index 0553a9d..ad1431e 100644
--- a/test/920-objects/objects.cc
+++ b/test/920-objects/objects.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/922-properties/properties.cc b/test/922-properties/properties.cc
index cb732c7..3fd274e 100644
--- a/test/922-properties/properties.cc
+++ b/test/922-properties/properties.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/923-monitors/monitors.cc b/test/923-monitors/monitors.cc
index 4baa530..131fc6a 100644
--- a/test/923-monitors/monitors.cc
+++ b/test/923-monitors/monitors.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/924-threads/threads.cc b/test/924-threads/threads.cc
index 0380433..14ea5af 100644
--- a/test/924-threads/threads.cc
+++ b/test/924-threads/threads.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/925-threadgroups/threadgroups.cc b/test/925-threadgroups/threadgroups.cc
index 6c6e835..2feaab0 100644
--- a/test/925-threadgroups/threadgroups.cc
+++ b/test/925-threadgroups/threadgroups.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/927-timers/timers.cc b/test/927-timers/timers.cc
index 58d5c27..7b1d5c3 100644
--- a/test/927-timers/timers.cc
+++ b/test/927-timers/timers.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
diff --git a/test/928-jni-table/jni_table.cc b/test/928-jni-table/jni_table.cc
index 5123d3a..b5c0efd 100644
--- a/test/928-jni-table/jni_table.cc
+++ b/test/928-jni-table/jni_table.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
diff --git a/test/929-search/search.cc b/test/929-search/search.cc
index d1c6984..ad7a053 100644
--- a/test/929-search/search.cc
+++ b/test/929-search/search.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/931-agent-thread/agent_thread.cc b/test/931-agent-thread/agent_thread.cc
index a488d9a..f8f9e48 100644
--- a/test/931-agent-thread/agent_thread.cc
+++ b/test/931-agent-thread/agent_thread.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
diff --git a/test/933-misc-events/misc_events.cc b/test/933-misc-events/misc_events.cc
index 860d4b5..7043350 100644
--- a/test/933-misc-events/misc_events.cc
+++ b/test/933-misc-events/misc_events.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
diff --git a/test/936-search-onload/search_onload.cc b/test/936-search-onload/search_onload.cc
index 2286a46..3b19ca5 100644
--- a/test/936-search-onload/search_onload.cc
+++ b/test/936-search-onload/search_onload.cc
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/944-transform-classloaders/classloader.cc b/test/944-transform-classloaders/classloader.cc
index 5fbd8e1..7cb3c08d 100644
--- a/test/944-transform-classloaders/classloader.cc
+++ b/test/944-transform-classloaders/classloader.cc
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
diff --git a/test/945-obsolete-native/obsolete_native.cc b/test/945-obsolete-native/obsolete_native.cc
index 061e7af..442836b 100644
--- a/test/945-obsolete-native/obsolete_native.cc
+++ b/test/945-obsolete-native/obsolete_native.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
 #include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/check b/test/980-redefine-object/check
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..987066f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/check
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# The number of paused background threads (and therefore InterruptedExceptions)
+# can change so we will just delete their lines from the log.
+
+sed "/Object allocated of type 'Ljava\/lang\/InterruptedException;'/d" "$2" | diff --strip-trailing-cr -q "$1" - >/dev/null
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/expected.txt b/test/980-redefine-object/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e9bce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/expected.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+	Initializing and loading the TestWatcher class that will (eventually) be notified of object allocations
+	Allocating an j.l.Object before redefining Object class
+	Allocating a Transform before redefining Object class
+	Redefining the Object class to add a hook into the <init> method
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Allocating an j.l.Object after redefining Object class
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/Object;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Allocating a Transform after redefining Object class
+Object allocated of type 'LTransform;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Allocating an int[] after redefining Object class
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Allocating an array list
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/ArrayList;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Adding a bunch of stuff to the array list
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/Object;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/Object;'
+Object allocated of type 'LTransform;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Allocating a linked list
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Adding a bunch of stuff to the linked list
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/Object;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/Object;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'LTransform;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/util/LinkedList$Node;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Throwing from down 4 stack frames
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/Exception;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Exception caught.
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;'
+Object allocated of type 'Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;'
+	Finishing test!
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/info.txt b/test/980-redefine-object/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3e01b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Tests basic functions in the jvmti plugin.
+
+This tests that we are able to redefine methods/constructors on the
+java.lang.Object class at runtime.
+
+This also (indirectly) tests that we correctly handle reading annotations on
+obsolete methods. This is something that is not normally done since there is no
+way to get a reference to an obsolete method outside of the runtime but some
+annotations on the Object class are read by the runtime directly.
+
+NB This test cannot be run on the RI at the moment.
+
+If this test starts failing during the doCommonClassRedefinition call it is
+possible that the definition of Object contained in the base64 DEX_BYTES array
+has become stale and will need to be recreated. The only difference from the
+normal Object dex bytes is that (a) it contains only the bytes of the Object
+class itself, and (b) it adds an
+'invoke-static {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->NotifyConstructed(Ljava/lang/Object;)V'
+to the <init> function.
+
+It is also possible it could fail due to the pattern of allocations caused by
+doing string concatenation or printing changing. In this case you should simply
+update the expected.txt file.
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/redefine_object.cc b/test/980-redefine-object/redefine_object.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daae087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/redefine_object.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "android-base/stringprintf.h"
+#include "base/logging.h"
+#include "base/macros.h"
+#include "jni.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
+#include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
+
+#include "ti-agent/common_helper.h"
+#include "ti-agent/common_load.h"
+
+namespace art {
+namespace Test980RedefineObjects {
+
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_Main_bindFunctionsForClass(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass Main_klass ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, jclass target) {
+  BindFunctionsOnClass(jvmti_env, env, target);
+}
+
+extern "C" JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_art_test_TestWatcher_NotifyConstructed(
+    JNIEnv* env, jclass TestWatcherClass ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, jobject constructed) {
+  char* sig = nullptr;
+  char* generic_sig = nullptr;
+  if (JvmtiErrorToException(env, jvmti_env->GetClassSignature(env->GetObjectClass(constructed),
+                                                              &sig,
+                                                              &generic_sig))) {
+    // Exception.
+    return;
+  }
+  std::cout << "Object allocated of type '" << sig << "'" << std::endl;
+  jvmti_env->Deallocate(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(sig));
+  jvmti_env->Deallocate(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(generic_sig));
+}
+
+}  // namespace Test980RedefineObjects
+}  // namespace art
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/run b/test/980-redefine-object/run
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c6e62ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/run
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+#
+# Copyright 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+./default-run "$@" --jvmti
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/src-ex/TestWatcher.java b/test/980-redefine-object/src-ex/TestWatcher.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d15e688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/src-ex/TestWatcher.java
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package art.test;
+
+public class TestWatcher {
+  // NB This function is native since it is called in the Object.<init> method and so cannot cause
+  // any java allocations at all. The normal System.out.print* functions will cause allocations to
+  // occur so we cannot use them. This means the easiest way to report the object as being created
+  // is to go into native code and do it there.
+  public static native void NotifyConstructed(Object o);
+}
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/src/Main.java b/test/980-redefine-object/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..348951c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Base64;
+import java.util.LinkedList;
+
+public class Main {
+
+  // TODO We should make this run on the RI.
+  /**
+   * This test cannot be run on the RI.
+   */
+  private static final byte[] CLASS_BYTES = new byte[0];
+
+  // TODO It might be a good idea to replace this hard-coded Object definition with a
+  // retransformation based test.
+  /**
+   * Base64 encoding of the following smali file.
+   *
+   *  .class public Ljava/lang/Object;
+   *  .source "Object.java"
+   *  # instance fields
+   *  .field private transient shadow$_klass_:Ljava/lang/Class;
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Signature;
+   *          value = {
+   *              "Ljava/lang/Class",
+   *              "<*>;"
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end field
+   *
+   *  .field private transient shadow$_monitor_:I
+   *  # direct methods
+   *  .method public constructor <init>()V
+   *      .registers 1
+   *      .prologue
+   *      invoke-static {p0}, Lart/test/TestWatcher;->NotifyConstructed(Ljava/lang/Object;)V
+   *      return-void
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method static identityHashCode(Ljava/lang/Object;)I
+   *      .registers 7
+   *      .prologue
+   *      iget v0, p0, Ljava/lang/Object;->shadow$_monitor_:I
+   *      const/high16 v3, -0x40000000    # -2.0f
+   *      const/high16 v2, -0x80000000
+   *      const v1, 0xfffffff
+   *      const/high16 v4, -0x40000000    # -2.0f
+   *      and-int/2addr v4, v0
+   *      const/high16 v5, -0x80000000
+   *      if-ne v4, v5, :cond_15
+   *      const v4, 0xfffffff
+   *      and-int/2addr v4, v0
+   *      return v4
+   *      :cond_15
+   *      invoke-static {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->identityHashCodeNative(Ljava/lang/Object;)I
+   *      move-result v4
+   *      return v4
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method private static native identityHashCodeNative(Ljava/lang/Object;)I
+   *      .annotation build Ldalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative;
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method private native internalClone()Ljava/lang/Object;
+   *      .annotation build Ldalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative;
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *
+   *  # virtual methods
+   *  .method protected clone()Ljava/lang/Object;
+   *      .registers 4
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Throws;
+   *          value = {
+   *              Ljava/lang/CloneNotSupportedException;
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *
+   *      .prologue
+   *      instance-of v0, p0, Ljava/lang/Cloneable;
+   *      if-nez v0, :cond_2d
+   *      new-instance v0, Ljava/lang/CloneNotSupportedException;
+   *      new-instance v1, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      invoke-direct {v1}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;-><init>()V
+   *      const-string/jumbo v2, "Class "
+   *      invoke-virtual {v1, v2}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      invoke-virtual {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->getClass()Ljava/lang/Class;
+   *      move-result-object v2
+   *      invoke-virtual {v2}, Ljava/lang/Class;->getName()Ljava/lang/String;
+   *      move-result-object v2
+   *      invoke-virtual {v1, v2}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      const-string/jumbo v2, " doesn\'t implement Cloneable"
+   *      invoke-virtual {v1, v2}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      invoke-virtual {v1}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->toString()Ljava/lang/String;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      invoke-direct {v0, v1}, Ljava/lang/CloneNotSupportedException;-><init>(Ljava/lang/String;)V
+   *      throw v0
+   *      :cond_2d
+   *      invoke-direct {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->internalClone()Ljava/lang/Object;
+   *      move-result-object v0
+   *      return-object v0
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public equals(Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
+   *      .registers 3
+   *      .prologue
+   *      if-ne p0, p1, :cond_4
+   *      const/4 v0, 0x1
+   *      :goto_3
+   *      return v0
+   *      :cond_4
+   *      const/4 v0, 0x0
+   *      goto :goto_3
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method protected finalize()V
+   *      .registers 1
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Throws;
+   *          value = {
+   *              Ljava/lang/Throwable;
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *      .prologue
+   *      return-void
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public final getClass()Ljava/lang/Class;
+   *      .registers 2
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Signature;
+   *          value = {
+   *              "()",
+   *              "Ljava/lang/Class",
+   *              "<*>;"
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *      .prologue
+   *      iget-object v0, p0, Ljava/lang/Object;->shadow$_klass_:Ljava/lang/Class;
+   *      return-object v0
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public hashCode()I
+   *      .registers 2
+   *      .prologue
+   *      invoke-static {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->identityHashCode(Ljava/lang/Object;)I
+   *      move-result v0
+   *      return v0
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public final native notify()V
+   *      .annotation build Ldalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative;
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public final native notifyAll()V
+   *      .annotation build Ldalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative;
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public toString()Ljava/lang/String;
+   *      .registers 3
+   *      .prologue
+   *      new-instance v0, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      invoke-direct {v0}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;-><init>()V
+   *      invoke-virtual {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->getClass()Ljava/lang/Class;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      invoke-virtual {v1}, Ljava/lang/Class;->getName()Ljava/lang/String;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      move-result-object v0
+   *      const-string/jumbo v1, "@"
+   *      invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      move-result-object v0
+   *      invoke-virtual {p0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->hashCode()I
+   *      move-result v1
+   *      invoke-static {v1}, Ljava/lang/Integer;->toHexString(I)Ljava/lang/String;
+   *      move-result-object v1
+   *      invoke-virtual {v0, v1}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->append(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
+   *      move-result-object v0
+   *      invoke-virtual {v0}, Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;->toString()Ljava/lang/String;
+   *      move-result-object v0
+   *      return-object v0
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public final native wait()V
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Throws;
+   *          value = {
+   *              Ljava/lang/InterruptedException;
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *
+   *      .annotation build Ldalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative;
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public final wait(J)V
+   *      .registers 4
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Throws;
+   *          value = {
+   *              Ljava/lang/InterruptedException;
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *      .prologue
+   *      const/4 v0, 0x0
+   *      invoke-virtual {p0, p1, p2, v0}, Ljava/lang/Object;->wait(JI)V
+   *      return-void
+   *  .end method
+   *
+   *  .method public final native wait(JI)V
+   *      .annotation system Ldalvik/annotation/Throws;
+   *          value = {
+   *              Ljava/lang/InterruptedException;
+   *          }
+   *      .end annotation
+   *
+   *      .annotation build Ldalvik/annotation/optimization/FastNative;
+   *      .end annotation
+   *  .end method
+   */
+  private static final byte[] DEX_BYTES = Base64.getDecoder().decode(
+      "ZGV4CjAzNQDUlMR9j03MYuOKekKs2p7zJzu2IfDb7RlMCgAAcAAAAHhWNBIAAAAAAAAAAIgJAAA6" +
+      "AAAAcAAAABEAAABYAQAADQAAAJwBAAACAAAAOAIAABYAAABIAgAAAQAAAPgCAAA0BwAAGAMAABgD" +
+      "AAA2AwAAOgMAAEADAABIAwAASwMAAFMDAABWAwAAWgMAAF0DAABgAwAAZAMAAGgDAACAAwAAnwMA" +
+      "ALsDAADoAwAA+gMAAA0EAAA1BAAATAQAAGEEAACDBAAAlwQAAKsEAADGBAAA3QQAAPAEAAD9BAAA" +
+      "AAUAAAQFAAAJBQAADQUAABAFAAAUBQAAHAUAACMFAAArBQAANQUAAD8FAABIBQAAUgUAAGQFAAB8" +
+      "BQAAiwUAAJUFAACnBQAAugUAAM0FAADVBQAA3QUAAOgFAADtBQAA/QUAAA8GAAAcBgAAJgYAAC0G" +
+      "AAAGAAAACAAAAAwAAAANAAAADgAAAA8AAAARAAAAEgAAABMAAAAUAAAAFQAAABYAAAAXAAAAGAAA" +
+      "ABkAAAAcAAAAIAAAAAYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcAAAAAAAAAPAYAAAkAAAAGAAAAAAAAAAkAAAALAAAA" +
+      "AAAAAAkAAAAMAAAAAAAAAAoAAAAMAAAARAYAAAsAAAANAAAAVAYAABwAAAAPAAAAAAAAAB0AAAAP" +
+      "AAAATAYAAB4AAAAPAAAANAYAAB8AAAAPAAAAPAYAAB8AAAAPAAAAVAYAACEAAAAQAAAAPAYAAAsA" +
+      "BgA0AAAACwAAADUAAAACAAoAGgAAAAYABAAnAAAABwALAAMAAAAJAAUANgAAAAsABwADAAAACwAD" +
+      "ACMAAAALAAwAJAAAAAsABwAlAAAACwACACYAAAALAAAAKAAAAAsAAQApAAAACwABACoAAAALAAMA" +
+      "KwAAAAsABwAxAAAACwAHADIAAAALAAQANwAAAAsABwA5AAAACwAIADkAAAALAAkAOQAAAA0ABwAD" +
+      "AAAADQAGACIAAAANAAQANwAAAAsAAAABAAAA/////wAAAAAbAAAA0AYAAD4JAAAAAAAAHCBkb2Vz" +
+      "bid0IGltcGxlbWVudCBDbG9uZWFibGUAAigpAAQ8Kj47AAY8aW5pdD4AAUAABkNsYXNzIAABSQAC" +
+      "SUwAAUoAAUwAAkxJAAJMTAAWTGFydC90ZXN0L1Rlc3RXYXRjaGVyOwAdTGRhbHZpay9hbm5vdGF0" +
+      "aW9uL1NpZ25hdHVyZTsAGkxkYWx2aWsvYW5ub3RhdGlvbi9UaHJvd3M7ACtMZGFsdmlrL2Fubm90" +
+      "YXRpb24vb3B0aW1pemF0aW9uL0Zhc3ROYXRpdmU7ABBMamF2YS9sYW5nL0NsYXNzABFMamF2YS9s" +
+      "YW5nL0NsYXNzOwAmTGphdmEvbGFuZy9DbG9uZU5vdFN1cHBvcnRlZEV4Y2VwdGlvbjsAFUxqYXZh" +
+      "L2xhbmcvQ2xvbmVhYmxlOwATTGphdmEvbGFuZy9JbnRlZ2VyOwAgTGphdmEvbGFuZy9JbnRlcnJ1" +
+      "cHRlZEV4Y2VwdGlvbjsAEkxqYXZhL2xhbmcvT2JqZWN0OwASTGphdmEvbGFuZy9TdHJpbmc7ABlM" +
+      "amF2YS9sYW5nL1N0cmluZ0J1aWxkZXI7ABVMamF2YS9sYW5nL1Rocm93YWJsZTsAEU5vdGlmeUNv" +
+      "bnN0cnVjdGVkAAtPYmplY3QuamF2YQABVgACVkoAA1ZKSQACVkwAAVoAAlpMAAZhcHBlbmQABWNs" +
+      "b25lAAZlcXVhbHMACGZpbmFsaXplAAhnZXRDbGFzcwAHZ2V0TmFtZQAIaGFzaENvZGUAEGlkZW50" +
+      "aXR5SGFzaENvZGUAFmlkZW50aXR5SGFzaENvZGVOYXRpdmUADWludGVybmFsQ2xvbmUACGxvY2tX" +
+      "b3JkABBsb2NrV29yZEhhc2hNYXNrABFsb2NrV29yZFN0YXRlSGFzaAARbG9ja1dvcmRTdGF0ZU1h" +
+      "c2sABm1pbGxpcwAGbm90aWZ5AAlub3RpZnlBbGwAA29iagAOc2hhZG93JF9rbGFzc18AEHNoYWRv" +
+      "dyRfbW9uaXRvcl8AC3RvSGV4U3RyaW5nAAh0b1N0cmluZwAFdmFsdWUABHdhaXQAAAIAAAABAAAA" +
+      "AQAAAAsAAAABAAAAAAAAAAEAAAABAAAAAQAAAAwAAgQBOBwBGAcCBAE4HAEYCgIDATgcAhcQFwIC" +
+      "BAE4HAEYDgAFAAIDATgcAxcBFxAXAgAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABaBgAAAgAAAGIGAAB8BgAAAQAAAGIG" +
+      "AAABAAAAagYAAAEAAAB0BgAAAQAAAHwGAAABAAAAfwYAAAAAAAABAAAACgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAsAYA" +
+      "AAUAAACUBgAABwAAALgGAAAIAAAAyAYAAAsAAADABgAADAAAAMAGAAANAAAAwAYAAA4AAADABgAA" +
+      "EAAAAJwGAAARAAAAqAYAABIAAACcBgAAKAAHDgBwATQHDi0DAC0BLQMDMAEtAwIvATwDAS4BeFsA" +
+      "7AEABw5LARoPOsYArAEBNAcOAMUEAAcOAEEABw4AaAAHDgCRAgAHDgCmAwExBw5LAAAAAQABAAEA" +
+      "AAA4BwAABAAAAHEQAAAAAA4ABwABAAEAAAA9BwAAGgAAAFJgAQAVAwDAFQIAgBQB////DxUEAMC1" +
+      "BBUFAIAzVAcAFAT///8PtQQPBHEQCwAGAAoEDwQEAAEAAgAAAFkHAAAyAAAAIDAIADkAKwAiAAcA" +
+      "IgENAHAQEwABABsCBQAAAG4gFAAhAAwBbhAIAAMADAJuEAEAAgAMAm4gFAAhAAwBGwIAAAAAbiAU" +
+      "ACEADAFuEBUAAQAMAXAgAgAQACcAcBAMAAMADAARAAMAAgAAAAAAZQcAAAYAAAAzIQQAEhAPABIA" +
+      "KP4BAAEAAAAAAGwHAAABAAAADgAAAAIAAQAAAAAAcgcAAAMAAABUEAAAEQAAAAIAAQABAAAAdwcA" +
+      "AAUAAABxEAoAAQAKAA8AAAADAAEAAgAAAHwHAAApAAAAIgANAHAQEwAAAG4QCAACAAwBbhABAAEA" +
+      "DAFuIBQAEAAMABsBBAAAAG4gFAAQAAwAbhAJAAIACgFxEAMAAQAMAW4gFAAQAAwAbhAVAAAADAAR" +
+      "AAAABAADAAQAAACCBwAABQAAABIAbkASACEDDgAAAgQLAIIBAYIBBIGABIwPBgikDwGKAgABggIA" +
+      "BQToDwEB3BABBPgQARGMEQEBpBEEkQIAAZECAAEBwBEBkQIAARGkEgGRAgAAABAAAAAAAAAAAQAA" +
+      "AAAAAAABAAAAOgAAAHAAAAACAAAAEQAAAFgBAAADAAAADQAAAJwBAAAEAAAAAgAAADgCAAAFAAAA" +
+      "FgAAAEgCAAAGAAAAAQAAAPgCAAACIAAAOgAAABgDAAABEAAABQAAADQGAAAEIAAABgAAAFoGAAAD" +
+      "EAAACQAAAIwGAAAGIAAAAQAAANAGAAADIAAACQAAADgHAAABIAAACQAAAIwHAAAAIAAAAQAAAD4J" +
+      "AAAAEAAAAQAAAIgJAAA=");
+
+  private static final String LISTENER_LOCATION =
+      System.getenv("DEX_LOCATION") + "/980-redefine-object-ex.jar";
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) {
+    doTest();
+  }
+
+  private static void ensureTestWatcherInitialized() {
+    try {
+      // Make sure the TestWatcher class can be found from the Object <init> function.
+      addToBootClassLoader(LISTENER_LOCATION);
+      // Load TestWatcher from the bootclassloader and make sure it is initialized.
+      Class<?> testwatcher_class = Class.forName("art.test.TestWatcher", true, null);
+      // Bind the native functions of testwatcher_class.
+      bindFunctionsForClass(testwatcher_class);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw new Error("Exception while making testwatcher", e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // NB This function will cause 2 objects of type "Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;" and
+  // "Ljava/nio/HeapCharBuffer;" to be allocated each time it is called.
+  private static void safePrintln(Object o) {
+    System.out.flush();
+    System.out.print("\t" + o + "\n");
+    System.out.flush();
+  }
+
+  private static void throwFrom(int depth) throws Exception {
+    if (depth <= 0) {
+      throw new Exception("Throwing the exception");
+    } else {
+      throwFrom(depth - 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  public static void doTest() {
+    safePrintln("Initializing and loading the TestWatcher class that will (eventually) be " +
+                "notified of object allocations");
+    // Make sure the TestWatcher class is initialized before we do anything else.
+    ensureTestWatcherInitialized();
+    safePrintln("Allocating an j.l.Object before redefining Object class");
+    // Make sure these aren't shown.
+    Object o = new Object();
+    safePrintln("Allocating a Transform before redefining Object class");
+    Transform t = new Transform();
+
+    // Redefine the Object Class.
+    safePrintln("Redefining the Object class to add a hook into the <init> method");
+    doCommonClassRedefinition(Object.class, CLASS_BYTES, DEX_BYTES);
+
+    safePrintln("Allocating an j.l.Object after redefining Object class");
+    Object o2 = new Object();
+    safePrintln("Allocating a Transform after redefining Object class");
+    Transform t2 = new Transform();
+
+    // This shouldn't cause the Object constructor to be run.
+    safePrintln("Allocating an int[] after redefining Object class");
+    int[] abc = new int[12];
+
+    // Try adding stuff to an array list.
+    safePrintln("Allocating an array list");
+    ArrayList<Object> al = new ArrayList<>();
+    safePrintln("Adding a bunch of stuff to the array list");
+    al.add(new Object());
+    al.add(new Object());
+    al.add(o2);
+    al.add(o);
+    al.add(t);
+    al.add(t2);
+    al.add(new Transform());
+
+    // Try adding stuff to a LinkedList
+    safePrintln("Allocating a linked list");
+    LinkedList<Object> ll = new LinkedList<>();
+    safePrintln("Adding a bunch of stuff to the linked list");
+    ll.add(new Object());
+    ll.add(new Object());
+    ll.add(o2);
+    ll.add(o);
+    ll.add(t);
+    ll.add(t2);
+    ll.add(new Transform());
+
+    // Try making an exception.
+    safePrintln("Throwing from down 4 stack frames");
+    try {
+      throwFrom(4);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      safePrintln("Exception caught.");
+    }
+
+    safePrintln("Finishing test!");
+  }
+
+  private static native void addToBootClassLoader(String s);
+
+  private static native void bindFunctionsForClass(Class<?> target);
+
+  // Transforms the class
+  private static native void doCommonClassRedefinition(Class<?> target,
+                                                       byte[] class_file,
+                                                       byte[] dex_file);
+}
diff --git a/test/980-redefine-object/src/Transform.java b/test/980-redefine-object/src/Transform.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23f67d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/980-redefine-object/src/Transform.java
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+class Transform { }
diff --git a/test/Android.bp b/test/Android.bp
index 00c890a..3bb3ef8d 100644
--- a/test/Android.bp
+++ b/test/Android.bp
@@ -275,10 +275,12 @@
         "936-search-onload/search_onload.cc",
         "944-transform-classloaders/classloader.cc",
         "945-obsolete-native/obsolete_native.cc",
+        "980-redefine-object/redefine_object.cc",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
     ],
+    header_libs: ["libopenjdkjvmti_headers"],
 }
 
 art_cc_test_library {
diff --git a/test/knownfailures.json b/test/knownfailures.json
index 50d70f1..535b94f 100644
--- a/test/knownfailures.json
+++ b/test/knownfailures.json
@@ -103,7 +103,8 @@
     {
         "test": "152-dead-large-object",
         "variant": "gcstress",
-        "description": ["152-dead-large-object requires a heap larger than what gcstress uses."]
+        "description": ["152-dead-large-object requires a heap larger than what gcstress uses."],
+        "bug": "http://b/35800768"
     },
     {
         "tests": ["908-gc-start-finish",
@@ -128,9 +129,10 @@
         "variant": "gcstress"
     },
     {
-        "tests": "154-gc-loop",
-        "variant": "gcstress | jit",
-        "description": ["154-gc-loop depends GC not happening too often"]
+        "test": "154-gc-loop",
+        "variant": "gcstress | jit & debug",
+        "description": ["154-gc-loop depends GC not happening too often"],
+        "bug": "http://b/35917229"
     },
     {
         "test": "115-native-bridge",
diff --git a/test/testrunner/run_build_test_target.py b/test/testrunner/run_build_test_target.py
index 0cd1dde..4c519ae 100755
--- a/test/testrunner/run_build_test_target.py
+++ b/test/testrunner/run_build_test_target.py
@@ -14,15 +14,28 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
+"""Build and run go/ab/git_master-art-host target
+
+Provided with a target name, the script setup the environment for
+building the test target by taking config information from
+from target_config.py.
+
+If the target field is defined in the configuration for the target, it
+invokes `make` to build the target, otherwise, it assumes
+that the its is a run-test target, and invokes testrunner.py
+script for building and running the run-tests.
+"""
+
 import argparse
 import os
 import subprocess
+import sys
 
 from target_config import target_config
 import env
 
 parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-parser.add_argument('--build-target', required=True, dest='build_target')
+parser.add_argument('build_target')
 parser.add_argument('-j', default='1', dest='n_threads')
 options = parser.parse_args()
 
@@ -49,6 +62,7 @@
   run_test_command += target.get('flags', [])
   run_test_command += ['-j', str(n_threads)]
   run_test_command += ['-b']
+  run_test_command += ['--host']
   run_test_command += ['--verbose']
 
   print run_test_command
diff --git a/test/testrunner/target_config.py b/test/testrunner/target_config.py
index 5387d6a..1af2ae7 100644
--- a/test/testrunner/target_config.py
+++ b/test/testrunner/target_config.py
@@ -51,7 +51,8 @@
         'flags': ['--jit',
                   '--gcstress'],
         'env' : {
-            'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'false'
+            'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'false',
+            'ART_DEFAULT_GC_TYPE' : 'SS'
         }
     },
     'art-read-barrier' : {
@@ -185,20 +186,20 @@
         }
     },
     'art-gtest' : {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env' : {
             'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'true'
         }
     },
     'art-gtest-read-barrier': {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env' : {
             'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'true',
             'ART_HEAP_POISONING' : 'true'
         }
     },
     'art-gtest-read-barrier-table-lookup': {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env': {
             'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'true',
             'ART_READ_BARRIER_TYPE' : 'TABLELOOKUP',
@@ -206,21 +207,21 @@
         }
     },
     'art-gtest-ss-gc': {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env': {
             'ART_DEFAULT_GC_TYPE' : 'SS',
             'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'false'
         }
     },
     'art-gtest-gss-gc': {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env' : {
             'ART_DEFAULT_GC_TYPE' : 'GSS',
             'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'false'
         }
     },
     'art-gtest-ss-gc-tlab': {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env': {
             'ART_DEFAULT_GC_TYPE' : 'SS',
             'ART_USE_TLAB' : 'true',
@@ -228,13 +229,20 @@
         }
     },
     'art-gtest-gss-gc-tlab': {
-        'target' :  'test-art-gtest',
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
         'env': {
             'ART_DEFAULT_GC_TYPE' : 'GSS',
             'ART_USE_TLAB' : 'true',
             'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'false'
         }
     },
+    'art-gtest-debug-gc' : {
+        'target' :  'test-art-host-gtest',
+        'env' : {
+            'ART_TEST_DEBUG_GC' : 'true',
+            'ART_USE_READ_BARRIER' : 'false'
+        }
+    },
     'art-gtest-valgrind32': {
         'target' : 'valgrind-test-art-host32',
         'env': {
diff --git a/test/ti-agent/common_helper.cc b/test/ti-agent/common_helper.cc
index ea6359e..6316a9c 100644
--- a/test/ti-agent/common_helper.cc
+++ b/test/ti-agent/common_helper.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include "art_method.h"
 #include "jni.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "stack.h"
@@ -520,11 +520,14 @@
       LOG(FATAL) << "Could not load " << class_name;
     }
   }
+  BindFunctionsOnClass(jenv, env, klass.get());
+}
 
+void BindFunctionsOnClass(jvmtiEnv* jenv, JNIEnv* env, jclass klass) {
   // Use JVMTI to get the methods.
   jint method_count;
   jmethodID* methods;
-  jvmtiError methods_result = jenv->GetClassMethods(klass.get(), &method_count, &methods);
+  jvmtiError methods_result = jenv->GetClassMethods(klass, &method_count, &methods);
   if (methods_result != JVMTI_ERROR_NONE) {
     LOG(FATAL) << "Could not get methods";
   }
@@ -538,7 +541,7 @@
     }
     constexpr jint kNative = static_cast<jint>(kAccNative);
     if ((modifiers & kNative) != 0) {
-      BindMethod(jenv, env, klass.get(), methods[i]);
+      BindMethod(jenv, env, klass, methods[i]);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/test/ti-agent/common_helper.h b/test/ti-agent/common_helper.h
index 0318501..f10356d 100644
--- a/test/ti-agent/common_helper.h
+++ b/test/ti-agent/common_helper.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #define ART_TEST_TI_AGENT_COMMON_HELPER_H_
 
 #include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
 //
 // This will abort on failure.
 void BindFunctions(jvmtiEnv* jvmti_env, JNIEnv* env, const char* class_name);
+void BindFunctionsOnClass(jvmtiEnv* jvmti_env, JNIEnv* env, jclass klass);
 
 }  // namespace art
 
diff --git a/test/ti-agent/common_load.cc b/test/ti-agent/common_load.cc
index 351857d..fddae3a 100644
--- a/test/ti-agent/common_load.cc
+++ b/test/ti-agent/common_load.cc
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@
 
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
-// TODO I don't know?
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
 
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
diff --git a/test/ti-agent/common_load.h b/test/ti-agent/common_load.h
index d254421..e79a006 100644
--- a/test/ti-agent/common_load.h
+++ b/test/ti-agent/common_load.h
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef ART_TEST_TI_AGENT_COMMON_LOAD_H_
 #define ART_TEST_TI_AGENT_COMMON_LOAD_H_
 
-#include "jni.h"
-#include "openjdkjvmti/jvmti.h"
+#include "jvmti.h"
 
 namespace art {