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/*
* Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_INDIRECT_REFERENCE_TABLE_H_
#define ART_RUNTIME_INDIRECT_REFERENCE_TABLE_H_
#include <stdint.h>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <string>
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/mutex.h"
#include "gc_root.h"
#include "object_callbacks.h"
#include "offsets.h"
#include "read_barrier_option.h"
namespace art {
namespace mirror {
class Object;
} // namespace mirror
class MemMap;
/*
* Maintain a table of indirect references. Used for local/global JNI
* references.
*
* The table contains object references that are part of the GC root set.
* When an object is added we return an IndirectRef that is not a valid
* pointer but can be used to find the original value in O(1) time.
* Conversions to and from indirect references are performed on upcalls
* and downcalls, so they need to be very fast.
*
* To be efficient for JNI local variable storage, we need to provide
* operations that allow us to operate on segments of the table, where
* segments are pushed and popped as if on a stack. For example, deletion
* of an entry should only succeed if it appears in the current segment,
* and we want to be able to strip off the current segment quickly when
* a method returns. Additions to the table must be made in the current
* segment even if space is available in an earlier area.
*
* A new segment is created when we call into native code from interpreted
* code, or when we handle the JNI PushLocalFrame function.
*
* The GC must be able to scan the entire table quickly.
*
* In summary, these must be very fast:
* - adding or removing a segment
* - adding references to a new segment
* - converting an indirect reference back to an Object
* These can be a little slower, but must still be pretty quick:
* - adding references to a "mature" segment
* - removing individual references
* - scanning the entire table straight through
*
* If there's more than one segment, we don't guarantee that the table
* will fill completely before we fail due to lack of space. We do ensure
* that the current segment will pack tightly, which should satisfy JNI
* requirements (e.g. EnsureLocalCapacity).
*
* To make everything fit nicely in 32-bit integers, the maximum size of
* the table is capped at 64K.
*
* Only SynchronizedGet is synchronized.
*/
/*
* Indirect reference definition. This must be interchangeable with JNI's
* jobject, and it's convenient to let null be null, so we use void*.
*
* We need a 16-bit table index and a 2-bit reference type (global, local,
* weak global). Real object pointers will have zeroes in the low 2 or 3
* bits (4- or 8-byte alignment), so it's useful to put the ref type
* in the low bits and reserve zero as an invalid value.
*
* The remaining 14 bits can be used to detect stale indirect references.
* For example, if objects don't move, we can use a hash of the original
* Object* to make sure the entry hasn't been re-used. (If the Object*
* we find there doesn't match because of heap movement, we could do a
* secondary check on the preserved hash value; this implies that creating
* a global/local ref queries the hash value and forces it to be saved.)
*
* A more rigorous approach would be to put a serial number in the extra
* bits, and keep a copy of the serial number in a parallel table. This is
* easier when objects can move, but requires 2x the memory and additional
* memory accesses on add/get. It will catch additional problems, e.g.:
* create iref1 for obj, delete iref1, create iref2 for same obj, lookup
* iref1. A pattern based on object bits will miss this.
*/
typedef void* IndirectRef;
/*
* Indirect reference kind, used as the two low bits of IndirectRef.
*
* For convenience these match up with enum jobjectRefType from jni.h.
*/
enum IndirectRefKind {
kHandleScopeOrInvalid = 0, // <<stack indirect reference table or invalid reference>>
kLocal = 1, // <<local reference>>
kGlobal = 2, // <<global reference>>
kWeakGlobal = 3 // <<weak global reference>>
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const IndirectRefKind& rhs);
/*
* Determine what kind of indirect reference this is.
*/
static inline IndirectRefKind GetIndirectRefKind(IndirectRef iref) {
return static_cast<IndirectRefKind>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(iref) & 0x03);
}
/* use as initial value for "cookie", and when table has only one segment */
static const uint32_t IRT_FIRST_SEGMENT = 0;
/*
* Table definition.
*
* For the global reference table, the expected common operations are
* adding a new entry and removing a recently-added entry (usually the
* most-recently-added entry). For JNI local references, the common
* operations are adding a new entry and removing an entire table segment.
*
* If "alloc_entries_" is not equal to "max_entries_", the table may expand
* when entries are added, which means the memory may move. If you want
* to keep pointers into "table" rather than offsets, you must use a
* fixed-size table.
*
* If we delete entries from the middle of the list, we will be left with
* "holes". We track the number of holes so that, when adding new elements,
* we can quickly decide to do a trivial append or go slot-hunting.
*
* When the top-most entry is removed, any holes immediately below it are
* also removed. Thus, deletion of an entry may reduce "topIndex" by more
* than one.
*
* To get the desired behavior for JNI locals, we need to know the bottom
* and top of the current "segment". The top is managed internally, and
* the bottom is passed in as a function argument. When we call a native method or
* push a local frame, the current top index gets pushed on, and serves
* as the new bottom. When we pop a frame off, the value from the stack
* becomes the new top index, and the value stored in the previous frame
* becomes the new bottom.
*
* To avoid having to re-scan the table after a pop, we want to push the
* number of holes in the table onto the stack. Because of our 64K-entry
* cap, we can combine the two into a single unsigned 32-bit value.
* Instead of a "bottom" argument we take a "cookie", which includes the
* bottom index and the count of holes below the bottom.
*
* Common alternative implementation: make IndirectRef a pointer to the
* actual reference slot. Instead of getting a table and doing a lookup,
* the lookup can be done instantly. Operations like determining the
* type and deleting the reference are more expensive because the table
* must be hunted for (i.e. you have to do a pointer comparison to see
* which table it's in), you can't move the table when expanding it (so
* realloc() is out), and tricks like serial number checking to detect
* stale references aren't possible (though we may be able to get similar
* benefits with other approaches).
*
* TODO: consider a "lastDeleteIndex" for quick hole-filling when an
* add immediately follows a delete; must invalidate after segment pop
* (which could increase the cost/complexity of method call/return).
* Might be worth only using it for JNI globals.
*
* TODO: may want completely different add/remove algorithms for global
* and local refs to improve performance. A large circular buffer might
* reduce the amortized cost of adding global references.
*
*/
union IRTSegmentState {
uint32_t all;
struct {
uint32_t topIndex:16; /* index of first unused entry */
uint32_t numHoles:16; /* #of holes in entire table */
} parts;
};
// Try to choose kIRTPrevCount so that sizeof(IrtEntry) is a power of 2.
// Contains multiple entries but only one active one, this helps us detect use after free errors
// since the serial stored in the indirect ref wont match.
static const size_t kIRTPrevCount = kIsDebugBuild ? 7 : 3;
class PACKED(4) IrtEntry {
public:
void Add(mirror::Object* obj) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
++serial_;
if (serial_ == kIRTPrevCount) {
serial_ = 0;
}
references_[serial_] = GcRoot<mirror::Object>(obj);
}
GcRoot<mirror::Object>* GetReference() {
DCHECK_LT(serial_, kIRTPrevCount);
return &references_[serial_];
}
uint32_t GetSerial() const {
return serial_;
}
private:
uint32_t serial_;
GcRoot<mirror::Object> references_[kIRTPrevCount];
};
class IrtIterator {
public:
explicit IrtIterator(IrtEntry* table, size_t i, size_t capacity)
SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
: table_(table), i_(i), capacity_(capacity) {
}
IrtIterator& operator++() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
++i_;
return *this;
}
mirror::Object** operator*() {
// This does not have a read barrier as this is used to visit roots.
return table_[i_].GetReference()->AddressWithoutBarrier();
}
bool equals(const IrtIterator& rhs) const {
return (i_ == rhs.i_ && table_ == rhs.table_);
}
private:
IrtEntry* const table_;
size_t i_;
const size_t capacity_;
};
bool inline operator==(const IrtIterator& lhs, const IrtIterator& rhs) {
return lhs.equals(rhs);
}
bool inline operator!=(const IrtIterator& lhs, const IrtIterator& rhs) {
return !lhs.equals(rhs);
}
class IndirectReferenceTable {
public:
IndirectReferenceTable(size_t initialCount, size_t maxCount, IndirectRefKind kind);
~IndirectReferenceTable();
/*
* Add a new entry. "obj" must be a valid non-NULL object reference.
*
* Returns NULL if the table is full (max entries reached, or alloc
* failed during expansion).
*/
IndirectRef Add(uint32_t cookie, mirror::Object* obj)
SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
/*
* Given an IndirectRef in the table, return the Object it refers to.
*
* Returns kInvalidIndirectRefObject if iref is invalid.
*/
template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
mirror::Object* Get(IndirectRef iref) const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
ALWAYS_INLINE;
// Synchronized get which reads a reference, acquiring a lock if necessary.
template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
mirror::Object* SynchronizedGet(Thread* /*self*/, ReaderWriterMutex* /*mutex*/,
IndirectRef iref) const
SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
return Get<kReadBarrierOption>(iref);
}
/*
* Remove an existing entry.
*
* If the entry is not between the current top index and the bottom index
* specified by the cookie, we don't remove anything. This is the behavior
* required by JNI's DeleteLocalRef function.
*
* Returns "false" if nothing was removed.
*/
bool Remove(uint32_t cookie, IndirectRef iref);
void AssertEmpty();
void Dump(std::ostream& os) const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
/*
* Return the #of entries in the entire table. This includes holes, and
* so may be larger than the actual number of "live" entries.
*/
size_t Capacity() const {
return segment_state_.parts.topIndex;
}
// Note IrtIterator does not have a read barrier as it's used to visit roots.
IrtIterator begin() {
return IrtIterator(table_, 0, Capacity());
}
IrtIterator end() {
return IrtIterator(table_, Capacity(), Capacity());
}
void VisitRoots(RootCallback* callback, void* arg, uint32_t tid, RootType root_type)
SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
uint32_t GetSegmentState() const {
return segment_state_.all;
}
void SetSegmentState(uint32_t new_state) {
segment_state_.all = new_state;
}
static Offset SegmentStateOffset() {
return Offset(OFFSETOF_MEMBER(IndirectReferenceTable, segment_state_));
}
private:
// Extract the table index from an indirect reference.
static uint32_t ExtractIndex(IndirectRef iref) {
uintptr_t uref = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(iref);
return (uref >> 2) & 0xffff;
}
/*
* The object pointer itself is subject to relocation in some GC
* implementations, so we shouldn't really be using it here.
*/
IndirectRef ToIndirectRef(uint32_t tableIndex) const {
DCHECK_LT(tableIndex, 65536U);
uint32_t serialChunk = table_[tableIndex].GetSerial();
uintptr_t uref = (serialChunk << 20) | (tableIndex << 2) | kind_;
return reinterpret_cast<IndirectRef>(uref);
}
// Abort if check_jni is not enabled.
static void AbortIfNoCheckJNI();
/* extra debugging checks */
bool GetChecked(IndirectRef) const;
bool CheckEntry(const char*, IndirectRef, int) const;
/* semi-public - read/write by jni down calls */
IRTSegmentState segment_state_;
// Mem map where we store the indirect refs.
std::unique_ptr<MemMap> table_mem_map_;
// bottom of the stack. Do not directly access the object references
// in this as they are roots. Use Get() that has a read barrier.
IrtEntry* table_;
/* bit mask, ORed into all irefs */
const IndirectRefKind kind_;
/* max #of entries allowed */
const size_t max_entries_;
};
} // namespace art
#endif // ART_RUNTIME_INDIRECT_REFERENCE_TABLE_H_