cargo-tree(1)

NAME

cargo-tree --- Display a tree visualization of a dependency graph

SYNOPSIS

cargo tree [options]

DESCRIPTION

This command will display a tree of dependencies to the terminal. An example of a simple project that depends on the “rand” package:

myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
└── rand v0.7.3
    ├── getrandom v0.1.14
    │   ├── cfg-if v0.1.10
    │   └── libc v0.2.68
    ├── libc v0.2.68 (*)
    ├── rand_chacha v0.2.2
    │   ├── ppv-lite86 v0.2.6
    │   └── rand_core v0.5.1
    │       └── getrandom v0.1.14 (*)
    └── rand_core v0.5.1 (*)
[build-dependencies]
└── cc v1.0.50

Packages marked with (*) have been “de-duplicated”. The dependencies for the package have already been shown elsewhere in the graph, and so are not repeated. Use the --no-dedupe option to repeat the duplicates.

The -e flag can be used to select the dependency kinds to display. The “features” kind changes the output to display the features enabled by each dependency. For example, cargo tree -e features:

myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
└── log feature "serde"
    └── log v0.4.8
        ├── serde v1.0.106
        └── cfg-if feature "default"
            └── cfg-if v0.1.10

In this tree, myproject depends on log with the serde feature. log in turn depends on cfg-if with “default” features. When using -e features it can be helpful to use -i flag to show how the features flow into a package. See the examples below for more detail.

Feature Unification

This command shows a graph much closer to a feature-unified graph Cargo will build, rather than what you list in Cargo.toml. For instance, if you specify the same dependency in both [dependencies] and [dev-dependencies] but with different features on. This command may merge all features and show a (*) on one of the dependency to indicate the duplicate.

As a result, for a mostly equivalent overview of what cargo build does, cargo tree -e normal,build is pretty close; for a mostly equivalent overview of what cargo test does, cargo tree is pretty close. However, it doesn't guarantee the exact equivalence to what Cargo is going to build, since a compilation is complex and depends on lots of different factors.

To learn more about feature unification, check out this dedicated section.

OPTIONS

Tree Options

{}

{{#option “-i spec” “--invert spec” }} Show the reverse dependencies for the given package. This flag will invert the tree and display the packages that depend on the given package.

Note that in a workspace, by default it will only display the package‘s reverse dependencies inside the tree of the workspace member in the current directory. The --workspace flag can be used to extend it so that it will show the package’s reverse dependencies across the entire workspace. The -p flag can be used to display the package's reverse dependencies only with the subtree of the package given to -p. {{/option}}

{{#option “--prune spec” }} Prune the given package from the display of the dependency tree. {{/option}}

{{#option “--depth depth” }} Maximum display depth of the dependency tree. A depth of 1 displays the direct dependencies, for example. {{/option}}

{{#option “--no-dedupe” }} Do not de-duplicate repeated dependencies. Usually, when a package has already displayed its dependencies, further occurrences will not re-display its dependencies, and will include a (*) to indicate it has already been shown. This flag will cause those duplicates to be repeated. {{/option}}

{{#option “-d” “--duplicates” }} Show only dependencies which come in multiple versions (implies --invert). When used with the -p flag, only shows duplicates within the subtree of the given package.

It can be beneficial for build times and executable sizes to avoid building that same package multiple times. This flag can help identify the offending packages. You can then investigate if the package that depends on the duplicate with the older version can be updated to the newer version so that only one instance is built. {{/option}}

{{#option “-e kinds” “--edges kinds” }} The dependency kinds to display. Takes a comma separated list of values:

all --- Show all edge kinds.
normal --- Show normal dependencies.
build --- Show build dependencies.
dev --- Show development dependencies.
features --- Show features enabled by each dependency. If this is the only kind given, then it will automatically include the other dependency kinds.
no-normal --- Do not include normal dependencies.
no-build --- Do not include build dependencies.
no-dev --- Do not include development dependencies.
no-proc-macro --- Do not include procedural macro dependencies.

The normal, build, dev, and all dependency kinds cannot be mixed with no-normal, no-build, or no-dev dependency kinds.

The default is normal,build,dev. {{/option}}

{{#option “--target triple” }} Filter dependencies matching the given target triple. The default is the host platform. Use the value all to include all targets. {{/option}}

Tree Formatting Options

{}

{{#option “--charset charset” }} Chooses the character set to use for the tree. Valid values are “utf8” or “ascii”. Default is “utf8”. {{/option}}

{{#option “-f format” “--format format” }} Set the format string for each package. The default is “{p}”.

This is an arbitrary string which will be used to display each package. The following strings will be replaced with the corresponding value:

{p} --- The package name.
{l} --- The package license.
{r} --- The package repository URL.
{f} --- Comma-separated list of package features that are enabled.
{lib} --- The name, as used in a use statement, of the package's library. {{/option}}

{{#option “--prefix prefix” }} Sets how each line is displayed. The prefix value can be one of:

indent (default) --- Shows each line indented as a tree.
depth --- Show as a list, with the numeric depth printed before each entry.
none --- Show as a flat list. {{/option}}

Manifest Options

{}

Display Options

{}

EXAMPLES

Display the tree for the package in the current directory:
```
cargo tree
```
Display all the packages that depend on the syn package:
```
cargo tree -i syn
```
Show the features enabled on each package:
```
cargo tree --format "{p} {f}"
```
Show all packages that are built multiple times. This can happen if multiple semver-incompatible versions appear in the tree (like 1.0.0 and 2.0.0).
```
cargo tree -d
```

Explain why features are enabled for the syn package:

cargo tree -e features -i syn

The -e features flag is used to show features. The -i flag is used to invert the graph so that it displays the packages that depend on syn. An example of what this would display:

syn v1.0.17
├── syn feature "clone-impls"
│   └── syn feature "default"
│       └── rustversion v1.0.2
│           └── rustversion feature "default"
│               └── myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
│                   └── myproject feature "default" (command-line)
├── syn feature "default" (*)
├── syn feature "derive"
│   └── syn feature "default" (*)
├── syn feature "full"
│   └── rustversion v1.0.2 (*)
├── syn feature "parsing"
│   └── syn feature "default" (*)
├── syn feature "printing"
│   └── syn feature "default" (*)
├── syn feature "proc-macro"
│   └── syn feature "default" (*)
└── syn feature "quote"
    ├── syn feature "printing" (*)
    └── syn feature "proc-macro" (*)

To read this graph, you can follow the chain for each feature from the root to see why it is included. For example, the “full” feature is added by the rustversion crate which is included from myproject (with the default features), and myproject is the package selected on the command-line. All of the other syn features are added by the “default” feature (“quote” is added by “printing” and “proc-macro”, both of which are default features).

If you're having difficulty cross-referencing the de-duplicated (*) entries, try with the --no-dedupe flag to get the full output.