Snap for 9550355 from c0314349dc9f9ccaf9300a39b592af478dc497e9 to sdk-release

Change-Id: I6d1ed7562289c39f50cd5e4d22678de9a13ea347
diff --git a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/ApkSignerTool.java b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/ApkSignerTool.java
index d21515c..bd34ad1 100644
--- a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/ApkSignerTool.java
+++ b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/ApkSignerTool.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import com.android.apksig.SigningCertificateLineage.SignerCapabilities;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.MinSdkVersionException;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants;
 import com.android.apksig.util.DataSource;
 import com.android.apksig.util.DataSources;
 
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 import java.security.interfaces.RSAKey;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Base64;
 import java.util.List;
 
 /**
@@ -62,6 +64,8 @@
     private static final String HELP_PAGE_VERIFY = "help_verify.txt";
     private static final String HELP_PAGE_ROTATE = "help_rotate.txt";
     private static final String HELP_PAGE_LINEAGE = "help_lineage.txt";
+    private static final String BEGIN_CERTIFICATE = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----";
+    private static final String END_CERTIFICATE = "-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
 
     private static MessageDigest sha256 = null;
     private static MessageDigest sha1 = null;
@@ -148,6 +152,8 @@
         int minSdkVersion = 1;
         boolean minSdkVersionSpecified = false;
         int maxSdkVersion = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        int rotationMinSdkVersion = V3SchemeConstants.DEFAULT_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION;
+        boolean rotationTargetsDevRelease = false;
         List<SignerParams> signers = new ArrayList<>(1);
         SignerParams signerParams = new SignerParams();
         SigningCertificateLineage lineage = null;
@@ -176,7 +182,13 @@
                 minSdkVersionSpecified = true;
             } else if ("max-sdk-version".equals(optionName)) {
                 maxSdkVersion = optionsParser.getRequiredIntValue("Maximum API Level");
-            } else if ("v1-signing-enabled".equals(optionName)) {
+            } else if ("rotation-min-sdk-version".equals(optionName)) {
+                rotationMinSdkVersion = optionsParser.getRequiredIntValue(
+                        "Minimum API Level for Rotation");
+            } else if ("rotation-targets-dev-release".equals(optionName)) {
+                rotationTargetsDevRelease = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
+            }
+            else if ("v1-signing-enabled".equals(optionName)) {
                 v1SigningEnabled = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
             } else if ("v2-signing-enabled".equals(optionName)) {
                 v2SigningEnabled = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
@@ -366,7 +378,9 @@
                         .setVerityEnabled(verityEnabled)
                         .setV4ErrorReportingEnabled(v4SigningEnabled && v4SigningFlagFound)
                         .setDebuggableApkPermitted(debuggableApkPermitted)
-                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage);
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(rotationMinSdkVersion)
+                        .setRotationTargetsDevRelease(rotationTargetsDevRelease);
         if (minSdkVersionSpecified) {
             apkSignerBuilder.setMinSdkVersion(minSdkVersion);
         }
@@ -454,6 +468,7 @@
         int maxSdkVersion = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
         boolean maxSdkVersionSpecified = false;
         boolean printCerts = false;
+        boolean printCertsPem = false;
         boolean verbose = false;
         boolean warningsTreatedAsErrors = false;
         boolean verifySourceStamp = false;
@@ -472,6 +487,13 @@
                 maxSdkVersionSpecified = true;
             } else if ("print-certs".equals(optionName)) {
                 printCerts = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
+            } else if ("print-certs-pem".equals(optionName)) {
+                printCertsPem = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
+                // If the PEM output of the certs is requested, this implicitly implies the
+                // cert details should be printed.
+                if (printCertsPem && !printCerts) {
+                    printCerts = true;
+                }
             } else if (("v".equals(optionName)) || ("verbose".equals(optionName))) {
                 verbose = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
             } else if ("Werr".equals(optionName)) {
@@ -572,6 +594,9 @@
                         "Verified using v3 scheme (APK Signature Scheme v3): "
                                 + result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme());
                 System.out.println(
+                        "Verified using v3.1 scheme (APK Signature Scheme v3.1): "
+                                + result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+                System.out.println(
                         "Verified using v4 scheme (APK Signature Scheme v4): "
                                 + result.isVerifiedUsingV4Scheme());
                 System.out.println("Verified for SourceStamp: " + result.isSourceStampVerified());
@@ -580,14 +605,37 @@
                 }
             }
             if (printCerts) {
-                int signerNumber = 0;
-                for (X509Certificate signerCert : signerCerts) {
-                    signerNumber++;
-                    printCertificate(signerCert, "Signer #" + signerNumber, verbose);
+                // The v3.1 signature scheme allows key rotation to target T+ while the original
+                // signing key can still be used with v3.0; if a v3.1 block is present then also
+                // include the target SDK versions for both rotation and the original signing key.
+                if (result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme()) {
+                    for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer :
+                            result.getV31SchemeSigners()) {
+
+                        printCertificate(signer.getCertificate(),
+                                "Signer (minSdkVersion=" + signer.getMinSdkVersion()
+                                        + (signer.getRotationTargetsDevRelease()
+                                        ? " (dev release=true)" : "")
+                                        + ", maxSdkVersion=" + signer.getMaxSdkVersion() + ")",
+                                verbose, printCertsPem);
+                    }
+                    for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV3SchemeSigners()) {
+                        printCertificate(signer.getCertificate(),
+                                "Signer (minSdkVersion=" + signer.getMinSdkVersion()
+                                        + ", maxSdkVersion=" + signer.getMaxSdkVersion() + ")",
+                                verbose, printCertsPem);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    int signerNumber = 0;
+                    for (X509Certificate signerCert : signerCerts) {
+                        signerNumber++;
+                        printCertificate(signerCert, "Signer #" + signerNumber, verbose,
+                                printCertsPem);
+                    }
                 }
                 if (sourceStampInfo != null) {
                     printCertificate(sourceStampInfo.getCertificate(), "Source Stamp Signer",
-                            verbose);
+                            verbose, printCertsPem);
                 }
             }
         } else {
@@ -638,6 +686,20 @@
                         "WARNING: APK Signature Scheme v3 " + signerName + ": " + warning);
             }
         }
+        for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV31SchemeSigners()) {
+            String signerName = "signer #" + (signer.getIndex() + 1) + "(minSdkVersion="
+                    + signer.getMinSdkVersion() + ", maxSdkVersion=" + signer.getMaxSdkVersion()
+                    + ")";
+            for (ApkVerifier.IssueWithParams error : signer.getErrors()) {
+                System.err.println(
+                        "ERROR: APK Signature Scheme v3.1 " + signerName + ": " + error);
+            }
+            for (ApkVerifier.IssueWithParams warning : signer.getWarnings()) {
+                warningsEncountered = true;
+                warningsOut.println(
+                        "WARNING: APK Signature Scheme v3.1 " + signerName + ": " + warning);
+            }
+        }
 
         if (sourceStampInfo != null) {
             for (ApkVerifier.IssueWithParams error : sourceStampInfo.getErrors()) {
@@ -798,6 +860,7 @@
 
         boolean verbose = false;
         boolean printCerts = false;
+        boolean printCertsPem = false;
         boolean lineageUpdated = false;
         File inputKeyLineage = null;
         File outputKeyLineage = null;
@@ -819,6 +882,13 @@
                 verbose = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
             } else if ("print-certs".equals(optionName)) {
                 printCerts = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
+            } else if ("print-certs-pem".equals(optionName)) {
+                printCertsPem = optionsParser.getOptionalBooleanValue(true);
+                // If the PEM output of the certs is requested, this implicitly implies the
+                // cert details should be printed.
+                if (printCertsPem && !printCerts) {
+                    printCerts = true;
+                }
             } else {
                 throw new ParameterException(
                         "Unsupported option: " + optionsParser.getOptionOriginalForm()
@@ -879,7 +949,8 @@
             for (int i = 0; i < signingCerts.size(); i++) {
                 X509Certificate signerCert = signingCerts.get(i);
                 SignerCapabilities signerCapabilities = lineage.getSignerCapabilities(signerCert);
-                printCertificate(signerCert, "Signer #" + (i + 1) + " in lineage", verbose);
+                printCertificate(signerCert, "Signer #" + (i + 1) + " in lineage", verbose,
+                        printCertsPem);
                 printCapabilities(signerCapabilities);
             }
         }
@@ -1011,19 +1082,29 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * @see #printCertificate(X509Certificate, String, boolean, boolean)
+     */
+    public static void printCertificate(X509Certificate cert, String name, boolean verbose)
+            throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateEncodingException {
+        printCertificate(cert, name, verbose, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Prints details from the provided certificate to stdout.
      *
      * @param cert    the certificate to be displayed.
      * @param name    the name to be used to identify the certificate.
      * @param verbose boolean indicating whether public key details from the certificate should be
      *                displayed.
+     * @param pemOutput boolean indicating whether the PEM encoding of the certificate should be
+     *                  displayed.
      * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException     if an instance of MD5, SHA-1, or SHA-256 cannot be
      *                                      obtained.
      * @throws CertificateEncodingException if an error is encountered when encoding the
      *                                      certificate.
      */
-    public static void printCertificate(X509Certificate cert, String name, boolean verbose)
-            throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateEncodingException {
+    public static void printCertificate(X509Certificate cert, String name, boolean verbose,
+            boolean pemOutput) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateEncodingException {
         if (cert == null) {
             throw new NullPointerException("cert == null");
         }
@@ -1068,6 +1149,18 @@
             System.out.println(
                     name + " public key MD5 digest: " + HexEncoding.encode(md5.digest(encodedKey)));
         }
+
+        if (pemOutput) {
+            System.out.println(BEGIN_CERTIFICATE);
+            final int lineWidth = 64;
+            String pemEncodedCert = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(cert.getEncoded());
+            for (int i = 0; i < pemEncodedCert.length(); i += lineWidth) {
+                System.out.println(pemEncodedCert.substring(i, i + lineWidth > pemEncodedCert.length()
+                        ? pemEncodedCert.length()
+                        : i + lineWidth));
+            }
+            System.out.println(END_CERTIFICATE);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_lineage.txt b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_lineage.txt
index 3f4922d..8fe410b 100644
--- a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_lineage.txt
+++ b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_lineage.txt
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
 --print-certs         Show information about the signing certificates and their capabilities
                       in the SigningCertificateLineage.
 
+--print-certs-pem     Show information about the signing certificates and their capabilities
+                      in the SigningCertificateLineage; prints the PEM encoding of each signing
+                      certificate to stdout.
+
 -v, --verbose         Verbose output mode.
 
 -h, --help            Show help about this command and exit.
diff --git a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_rotate.txt b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_rotate.txt
index ff58372..d19136b 100644
--- a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_rotate.txt
+++ b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_rotate.txt
@@ -43,10 +43,17 @@
 by a newer signing certificate. By default, the new signer will have all
 capabilities, but the capability options can be specified for the new signer
 during rotation to act as a default level of trust when moving to a newer
-signing certificate.The capability options accept an optional boolean value of
+signing certificate. The capability options accept an optional boolean value of
 true or false; if this value is not specified then the option will default to
 true.
 
+Prior to Android 12, if multiple apps shared a common signer in their signing lineage
+with distinct capabilities assigned, a bug in the platform would cause the capabilities
+declared for this signer in one of the app's signing lineage to be assigned to this same
+common signer in the lineage of the rest of the apps. Apps that use the default capabilities,
+or that assign the same capabilities to a common signer in their lineage, are not impacted
+by this bug.
+
 
 --ks                  Load private key and certificate chain from the Java
                       KeyStore initialized from the specified file. NONE means
diff --git a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_sign.txt b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_sign.txt
index 5266ad9..dc5f6cc 100644
--- a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_sign.txt
+++ b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_sign.txt
@@ -63,6 +63,24 @@
 --max-sdk-version     Highest API Level on which this APK's signatures will be
                       verified. By default, the highest possible value is used.
 
+--rotation-min-sdk-version  Lowest API Level for which an APK's rotated signing
+                      key should be used to produce the APK's signature. The
+                      original signing key for the APK will be used for all
+                      previous platform versions. Specifying a value <= 32
+                      (Android Sv2) will result in the original V3 signing block
+                      being used without platform targeting. By default,
+                      rotated signing keys will be used with the V3.1 signing
+                      block which supports Android T+.
+
+--rotation-targets-dev-release  The specified rotation-min-sdk-version is intended
+                      for a platform release under development. During development
+                      of a new platform, the API Level of the previously released
+                      platform is used as the API Level of the development
+                      platform until the SDK is finalized. This flag allows
+                      targeting signing key rotation to a development platform
+                      with API Level X while preventing the rotated key from being
+                      used on the latest release platform with API Level X.
+
 --debuggable-apk-permitted  Whether to permit signing android:debuggable="true"
                       APKs. Android disables some of its security protections
                       for such apps. For example, anybody with ADB shell access
diff --git a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_verify.txt b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_verify.txt
index c5cf663..bc70924 100644
--- a/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_verify.txt
+++ b/src/apksigner/java/com/android/apksigner/help_verify.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 
 --print-certs         Show information about the APK's signing certificates
 
+--print-certs-pem     Show information about the APK's signing certificates and prints the PEM
+                      encoding of each signing certificate to stdout.
+
 -v, --verbose         Verbose output mode
 
 --min-sdk-version     Lowest API Level on which this APK's signatures will be
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSigner.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSigner.java
index d6c7799..f225ae9 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSigner.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSigner.java
@@ -17,11 +17,14 @@
 package com.android.apksig;
 
 import static com.android.apksig.apk.ApkUtils.SOURCE_STAMP_CERTIFICATE_HASH_ZIP_ENTRY_NAME;
+import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT;
+import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V3_SUPPORT;
 
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkSigningBlockNotFoundException;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkUtils;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.MinSdkVersionException;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.ByteBufferDataSource;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.zip.CentralDirectoryRecord;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.zip.EocdRecord;
@@ -91,6 +94,8 @@
     private final SigningCertificateLineage mSourceStampSigningCertificateLineage;
     private final boolean mForceSourceStampOverwrite;
     private final Integer mMinSdkVersion;
+    private final int mRotationMinSdkVersion;
+    private final boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease;
     private final boolean mV1SigningEnabled;
     private final boolean mV2SigningEnabled;
     private final boolean mV3SigningEnabled;
@@ -121,6 +126,8 @@
             SigningCertificateLineage sourceStampSigningCertificateLineage,
             boolean forceSourceStampOverwrite,
             Integer minSdkVersion,
+            int rotationMinSdkVersion,
+            boolean rotationTargetsDevRelease,
             boolean v1SigningEnabled,
             boolean v2SigningEnabled,
             boolean v3SigningEnabled,
@@ -145,6 +152,8 @@
         mSourceStampSigningCertificateLineage = sourceStampSigningCertificateLineage;
         mForceSourceStampOverwrite = forceSourceStampOverwrite;
         mMinSdkVersion = minSdkVersion;
+        mRotationMinSdkVersion = rotationMinSdkVersion;
+        mRotationTargetsDevRelease = rotationTargetsDevRelease;
         mV1SigningEnabled = v1SigningEnabled;
         mV2SigningEnabled = v2SigningEnabled;
         mV3SigningEnabled = v3SigningEnabled;
@@ -301,7 +310,9 @@
                             .setVerityEnabled(mVerityEnabled)
                             .setDebuggableApkPermitted(mDebuggableApkPermitted)
                             .setOtherSignersSignaturesPreserved(mOtherSignersSignaturesPreserved)
-                            .setSigningCertificateLineage(mSigningCertificateLineage);
+                            .setSigningCertificateLineage(mSigningCertificateLineage)
+                            .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(mRotationMinSdkVersion)
+                            .setRotationTargetsDevRelease(mRotationTargetsDevRelease);
             if (mCreatedBy != null) {
                 signerEngineBuilder.setCreatedBy(mCreatedBy);
             }
@@ -1128,6 +1139,8 @@
         private boolean mOtherSignersSignaturesPreserved;
         private String mCreatedBy;
         private Integer mMinSdkVersion;
+        private int mRotationMinSdkVersion = V3SchemeConstants.DEFAULT_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION;
+        private boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease = false;
 
         private final ApkSignerEngine mSignerEngine;
 
@@ -1336,6 +1349,58 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Sets the minimum Android platform version (API Level) for which an APK's rotated signing
+         * key should be used to produce the APK's signature. The original signing key for the APK
+         * will be used for all previous platform versions. If a rotated key with signing lineage is
+         * not provided then this method is a noop. This method is useful for overriding the
+         * default behavior where Android T is set as the minimum API level for rotation.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em>Specifying a {@code minSdkVersion} value <= 32 (Android Sv2) will result
+         * in the original V3 signing block being used without platform targeting.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em> This method may only be invoked when this builder is not initialized
+         * with an {@link ApkSignerEngine}.
+         *
+         * @throws IllegalStateException if this builder was initialized with an {@link
+         *     ApkSignerEngine}
+         */
+        public Builder setMinSdkVersionForRotation(int minSdkVersion) {
+            checkInitializedWithoutEngine();
+            // If the provided SDK version does not support v3.1, then use the default SDK version
+            // with rotation support.
+            if (minSdkVersion < MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT) {
+                mRotationMinSdkVersion = MIN_SDK_WITH_V3_SUPPORT;
+            } else {
+                mRotationMinSdkVersion = minSdkVersion;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets whether the rotation-min-sdk-version is intended to target a development release;
+         * this is primarily required after the T SDK is finalized, and an APK needs to target U
+         * during its development cycle for rotation.
+         *
+         * <p>This is only required after the T SDK is finalized since S and earlier releases do
+         * not know about the V3.1 block ID, but once T is released and work begins on U, U will
+         * use the SDK version of T during development. Specifying a rotation-min-sdk-version of T's
+         * SDK version along with setting {@code enabled} to true will allow an APK to use the
+         * rotated key on a device running U while causing this to be bypassed for T.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em>If the rotation-min-sdk-version is less than or equal to 32 (Android
+         * Sv2), then the rotated signing key will be used in the v3.0 signing block and this call
+         * will be a noop.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em> This method may only be invoked when this builder is not initialized
+         * with an {@link ApkSignerEngine}.
+         */
+        public Builder setRotationTargetsDevRelease(boolean enabled) {
+            checkInitializedWithoutEngine();
+            mRotationTargetsDevRelease = enabled;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Sets whether the APK should be signed using JAR signing (aka v1 signature scheme).
          *
          * <p>By default, whether APK is signed using JAR signing is determined by {@code
@@ -1588,6 +1653,8 @@
                     mSourceStampSigningCertificateLineage,
                     mForceSourceStampOverwrite,
                     mMinSdkVersion,
+                    mRotationMinSdkVersion,
+                    mRotationTargetsDevRelease,
                     mV1SigningEnabled,
                     mV2SigningEnabled,
                     mV3SigningEnabled,
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerificationIssue.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerificationIssue.java
index 2aa9d0b..fa2b7aa 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerificationIssue.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerificationIssue.java
@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@
     public static final int JAR_SIG_NO_SIGNATURES = 36;
     /** An exception was encountered when parsing the V1 / jar signer in the signature block. */
     public static final int JAR_SIG_PARSE_EXCEPTION = 37;
+    /** The source stamp timestamp attribute has an invalid value. */
+    public static final int SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP = 38;
 
     private final int mIssueId;
     private final String mFormat;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifier.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifier.java
index 354dfbd..fc28864 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifier.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifier.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3;
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_JAR_SIGNATURE_SCHEME;
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v1.V1SchemeConstants.MANIFEST_ENTRY_NAME;
+import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT;
 
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkUtils;
@@ -201,23 +202,58 @@
         Set<Integer> foundApkSigSchemeIds = new HashSet<>(2);
         if (maxSdkVersion >= AndroidSdkVersion.N) {
             RunnablesExecutor executor = RunnablesExecutor.SINGLE_THREADED;
-            // Android P and newer attempts to verify APKs using APK Signature Scheme v3
-            if (maxSdkVersion >= AndroidSdkVersion.P) {
+            // Android T and newer attempts to verify APKs using APK Signature Scheme V3.1. v3.0
+            // also includes stripping protection for the minimum SDK version on which the rotated
+            // signing key should be used.
+            int rotationMinSdkVersion = 0;
+            if (maxSdkVersion >= MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT) {
                 try {
-                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result v3Result =
-                            V3SchemeVerifier.verify(
-                                    executor,
-                                    apk,
-                                    zipSections,
-                                    Math.max(minSdkVersion, AndroidSdkVersion.P),
-                                    maxSdkVersion);
+                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result v31Result = new V3SchemeVerifier.Builder(apk,
+                            zipSections, Math.max(minSdkVersion, MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT),
+                            maxSdkVersion)
+                            .setRunnablesExecutor(executor)
+                            .setBlockId(V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID)
+                            .build()
+                            .verify();
+                    foundApkSigSchemeIds.add(ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31);
+                    rotationMinSdkVersion = v31Result.signers.stream().mapToInt(
+                            signer -> signer.minSdkVersion).min().orElse(0);
+                    result.mergeFrom(v31Result);
+                    signatureSchemeApkContentDigests.put(
+                            ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31,
+                            getApkContentDigestsFromSigningSchemeResult(v31Result));
+                } catch (ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignatureNotFoundException ignored) {
+                    // v3.1 signature not required
+                }
+                if (result.containsErrors()) {
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+            // Android P and newer attempts to verify APKs using APK Signature Scheme v3
+            if (minSdkVersion < MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT || foundApkSigSchemeIds.isEmpty()) {
+                try {
+                    V3SchemeVerifier.Builder builder = new V3SchemeVerifier.Builder(apk,
+                            zipSections, Math.max(minSdkVersion, AndroidSdkVersion.P),
+                            maxSdkVersion)
+                            .setRunnablesExecutor(executor)
+                            .setBlockId(V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID);
+                    if (rotationMinSdkVersion > 0) {
+                        builder.setRotationMinSdkVersion(rotationMinSdkVersion);
+                    }
+                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result v3Result = builder.build().verify();
                     foundApkSigSchemeIds.add(ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3);
                     result.mergeFrom(v3Result);
                     signatureSchemeApkContentDigests.put(
                             ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3,
                             getApkContentDigestsFromSigningSchemeResult(v3Result));
                 } catch (ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignatureNotFoundException ignored) {
-                    // v3 signature not required
+                    // v3 signature not required unless a v3.1 signature was found as a v3.1
+                    // signature is intended to support key rotation on T+ with the v3 signature
+                    // containing the original signing key.
+                    if (foundApkSigSchemeIds.contains(
+                            ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31)) {
+                        result.addError(Issue.V31_BLOCK_FOUND_WITHOUT_V3_BLOCK);
+                    }
                 }
                 if (result.containsErrors()) {
                     return result;
@@ -454,9 +490,6 @@
         // The apkDigest field in the v4 signature should match the selected v2/v3.
         if (result.isVerifiedUsingV4Scheme()) {
             List<Result.V4SchemeSignerInfo> v4Signers = result.getV4SchemeSigners();
-            if (v4Signers.size() != 1) {
-                result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_MULTIPLE_SIGNERS);
-            }
 
             List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo.ContentDigest> digestsFromV4 =
                     v4Signers.get(0).getContentDigests();
@@ -466,21 +499,22 @@
             final byte[] digestFromV4 = digestsFromV4.get(0).getValue();
 
             if (result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme()) {
-                List<Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo> v3Signers = result.getV3SchemeSigners();
-                if (v3Signers.size() != 1) {
+                int expectedSize = result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme() ? 2 : 1;
+                if (v4Signers.size() != expectedSize) {
                     result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_MULTIPLE_SIGNERS);
                 }
 
-                // Compare certificates.
-                checkV4Certificate(v4Signers.get(0).mCerts, v3Signers.get(0).mCerts, result);
-
-                // Compare digests.
-                final byte[] digestFromV3 = pickBestDigestForV4(
-                        v3Signers.get(0).getContentDigests());
-                if (!Arrays.equals(digestFromV4, digestFromV3)) {
-                    result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_V2_V3_DIGESTS_MISMATCH);
+                checkV4Signer(result.getV3SchemeSigners(), v4Signers.get(0).mCerts, digestFromV4,
+                        result);
+                if (result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme()) {
+                    checkV4Signer(result.getV31SchemeSigners(), v4Signers.get(1).mCerts,
+                            digestFromV4, result);
                 }
             } else if (result.isVerifiedUsingV2Scheme()) {
+                if (v4Signers.size() != 1) {
+                    result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_MULTIPLE_SIGNERS);
+                }
+
                 List<Result.V2SchemeSignerInfo> v2Signers = result.getV2SchemeSigners();
                 if (v2Signers.size() != 1) {
                     result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_MULTIPLE_SIGNERS);
@@ -527,7 +561,7 @@
                         // Allow this case to fall through to the next as a signature satisfying a
                         // later scheme version will also satisfy this requirement.
                     case VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3:
-                        if (result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme()) {
+                        if (result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme() || result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme()) {
                             break;
                         }
                         result.addError(Issue.MIN_SIG_SCHEME_FOR_TARGET_SDK_NOT_MET,
@@ -543,7 +577,10 @@
 
         // Verified
         result.setVerified();
-        if (result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme()) {
+        if (result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme()) {
+            List<Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo> v31Signers = result.getV31SchemeSigners();
+            result.addSignerCertificate(v31Signers.get(v31Signers.size() - 1).getCertificate());
+        } else if (result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme()) {
             List<Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo> v3Signers = result.getV3SchemeSigners();
             result.addSignerCertificate(v3Signers.get(v3Signers.size() - 1).getCertificate());
         } else if (result.isVerifiedUsingV2Scheme()) {
@@ -895,6 +932,22 @@
         return result;
     }
 
+    private static void checkV4Signer(List<Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo> v3Signers,
+            List<X509Certificate> v4Certs, byte[] digestFromV4, Result result) {
+        if (v3Signers.size() != 1) {
+            result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_MULTIPLE_SIGNERS);
+        }
+
+        // Compare certificates.
+        checkV4Certificate(v4Certs, v3Signers.get(0).mCerts, result);
+
+        // Compare digests.
+        final byte[] digestFromV3 = pickBestDigestForV4(v3Signers.get(0).getContentDigests());
+        if (!Arrays.equals(digestFromV4, digestFromV3)) {
+            result.addError(Issue.V4_SIG_V2_V3_DIGESTS_MISMATCH);
+        }
+    }
+
     private static void checkV4Certificate(List<X509Certificate> v4Certs,
             List<X509Certificate> v2v3Certs, Result result) {
         try {
@@ -1005,6 +1058,7 @@
         private final List<V1SchemeSignerInfo> mV1SchemeIgnoredSigners = new ArrayList<>();
         private final List<V2SchemeSignerInfo> mV2SchemeSigners = new ArrayList<>();
         private final List<V3SchemeSignerInfo> mV3SchemeSigners = new ArrayList<>();
+        private final List<V3SchemeSignerInfo> mV31SchemeSigners = new ArrayList<>();
         private final List<V4SchemeSignerInfo> mV4SchemeSigners = new ArrayList<>();
         private SourceStampInfo mSourceStampInfo;
 
@@ -1012,6 +1066,7 @@
         private boolean mVerifiedUsingV1Scheme;
         private boolean mVerifiedUsingV2Scheme;
         private boolean mVerifiedUsingV3Scheme;
+        private boolean mVerifiedUsingV31Scheme;
         private boolean mVerifiedUsingV4Scheme;
         private boolean mSourceStampVerified;
         private boolean mWarningsAsErrors;
@@ -1050,6 +1105,13 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Returns {@code true} if the APK's APK Signature Scheme v3.1 signature verified.
+         */
+        public boolean isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme() {
+            return mVerifiedUsingV31Scheme;
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Returns {@code true} if the APK's APK Signature Scheme v4 signature verified.
          */
         public boolean isVerifiedUsingV4Scheme() {
@@ -1115,7 +1177,23 @@
             return mV3SchemeSigners;
         }
 
-        private List<V4SchemeSignerInfo> getV4SchemeSigners() {
+        /**
+         * Returns information about APK Signature Scheme v3.1 signers associated with the APK's
+         * signature.
+         *
+         * <note> Multiple signers represent different targeted platform versions, not
+         * a signing identity of multiple signers.  APK Signature Scheme v3.1 only supports single
+         * signer identities.</note>
+         */
+        public List<V3SchemeSignerInfo> getV31SchemeSigners() {
+            return mV31SchemeSigners;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns information about APK Signature Scheme v4 signers associated with the APK's
+         * signature.
+         */
+        public List<V4SchemeSignerInfo> getV4SchemeSigners() {
             return mV4SchemeSigners;
         }
 
@@ -1210,6 +1288,16 @@
                     for (ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signer : source.signers) {
                         mV3SchemeSigners.add(new V3SchemeSignerInfo(signer));
                     }
+                    // Do not overwrite a previously set lineage from a v3.1 signing block.
+                    if (mSigningCertificateLineage == null) {
+                        mSigningCertificateLineage = source.signingCertificateLineage;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31:
+                    mVerifiedUsingV31Scheme = source.verified;
+                    for (ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signer : source.signers) {
+                        mV31SchemeSigners.add(new V3SchemeSignerInfo(signer));
+                    }
                     mSigningCertificateLineage = source.signingCertificateLineage;
                     break;
                 case ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V4:
@@ -1497,6 +1585,9 @@
             private final List<IssueWithParams> mWarnings;
             private final List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo.ContentDigest>
                     mContentDigests;
+            private final int mMinSdkVersion;
+            private final int mMaxSdkVersion;
+            private final boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease;
 
             private V3SchemeSignerInfo(ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo result) {
                 mIndex = result.index;
@@ -1504,6 +1595,11 @@
                 mErrors = result.getErrors();
                 mWarnings = result.getWarnings();
                 mContentDigests = result.contentDigests;
+                mMinSdkVersion = result.minSdkVersion;
+                mMaxSdkVersion = result.maxSdkVersion;
+                mRotationTargetsDevRelease = result.additionalAttributes.stream().mapToInt(
+                        attribute -> attribute.getId()).anyMatch(
+                        attrId -> attrId == V3SchemeConstants.ROTATION_ON_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ID);
             }
 
             /**
@@ -1549,6 +1645,33 @@
             public List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo.ContentDigest> getContentDigests() {
                 return mContentDigests;
             }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns the minimum SDK version on which this signer should be verified.
+             */
+            public int getMinSdkVersion() {
+                return mMinSdkVersion;
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns the maximum SDK version on which this signer should be verified.
+             */
+            public int getMaxSdkVersion() {
+                return mMaxSdkVersion;
+            }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns whether rotation is targeting a development release.
+             *
+             * <p>A development release uses the SDK version of the previously released platform
+             * until the SDK of the development release is finalized. To allow rotation to target
+             * a development release after T, this attribute must be set to ensure rotation is
+             * used on the development release but ignored on the released platform with the same
+             * API level.
+             */
+            public boolean getRotationTargetsDevRelease() {
+                return mRotationTargetsDevRelease;
+            }
         }
 
         /**
@@ -1644,6 +1767,8 @@
 
             private final SourceStampVerificationStatus mSourceStampVerificationStatus;
 
+            private final long mTimestamp;
+
             private SourceStampInfo(ApkSignerInfo result) {
                 mCertificates = result.certs;
                 mCertificateLineage = result.certificateLineage;
@@ -1657,6 +1782,7 @@
                     mSourceStampVerificationStatus =
                             SourceStampVerificationStatus.STAMP_VERIFICATION_FAILED;
                 }
+                mTimestamp = result.timestamp;
             }
 
             SourceStampInfo(SourceStampVerificationStatus sourceStampVerificationStatus) {
@@ -1665,6 +1791,7 @@
                 mErrors = Collections.emptyList();
                 mWarnings = Collections.emptyList();
                 mSourceStampVerificationStatus = sourceStampVerificationStatus;
+                mTimestamp = 0;
             }
 
             /**
@@ -1704,6 +1831,14 @@
             public SourceStampVerificationStatus getSourceStampVerificationStatus() {
                 return mSourceStampVerificationStatus;
             }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns the epoch timestamp in seconds representing the time this source stamp block
+             * was signed, or 0 if the timestamp is not available.
+             */
+            public long getTimestampEpochSeconds() {
+                return mTimestamp;
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -2527,6 +2662,61 @@
                 + " using APK Signature Scheme v3 are not all a part of the same overall lineage."),
 
         /**
+         * The v3 stripping protection attribute for rotation is present, but a v3.1 signing block
+         * was not found.
+         *
+         * <ul>
+         * <li>Parameter 1: min SDK version supporting rotation from attribute ({@code Integer})
+         * </ul>
+         */
+        V31_BLOCK_MISSING(
+                "The v3 signer indicates key rotation should be supported starting from SDK "
+                        + "version %1$s, but a v3.1 block was not found"),
+
+        /**
+         * The v3 stripping protection attribute for rotation does not match the minimum SDK version
+         * targeting rotation in the v3.1 signer block.
+         *
+         * <ul>
+         * <li>Parameter 1: min SDK version supporting rotation from attribute ({@code Integer})
+         * <li>Parameter 2: min SDK version supporting rotation from v3.1 block ({@code Integer})
+         * </ul>
+         */
+        V31_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_MISMATCH(
+                "The v3 signer indicates key rotation should be supported starting from SDK "
+                        + "version %1$s, but the v3.1 block targets %2$s for rotation"),
+
+        /**
+         * The APK supports key rotation with SDK version targeting using v3.1, but the rotation min
+         * SDK version stripping protection attribute was not written to the v3 signer.
+         *
+         * <ul>
+         * <li>Parameter 1: min SDK version supporting rotation from v3.1 block ({@code Integer})
+         * </ul>
+         */
+        V31_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_ATTR_MISSING(
+                "APK supports key rotation starting from SDK version %1$s, but the v3 signer does"
+                        + " not contain the attribute to detect if this signature is stripped"),
+
+        /**
+         * The APK contains a v3.1 signing block without a v3.0 block. The v3.1 block should only
+         * be used for targeting rotation for a later SDK version; if an APK's minSdkVersion is the
+         * same as the SDK version for rotation then this should be written to a v3.0 block.
+         */
+        V31_BLOCK_FOUND_WITHOUT_V3_BLOCK(
+                "The APK contains a v3.1 signing block without a v3.0 base block"),
+
+        /**
+         * The APK contains a v3.0 signing block with a rotation-targets-dev-release attribute in
+         * the signer; this attribute is only intended for v3.1 signers to indicate they should be
+         * targeting the next development release that is using the SDK version of the previously
+         * released platform SDK version.
+         */
+        V31_ROTATION_TARGETS_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ON_V3_SIGNER(
+                "The rotation-targets-dev-release attribute is only supported on v3.1 signers; "
+                        + "this attribute will be ignored by the platform in a v3.0 signer"),
+
+        /**
          * APK Signing Block contains an unknown entry.
          *
          * <ul>
@@ -2822,6 +3012,16 @@
                 + "contains a proof-of-rotation record with signature(s) that did not verify."),
 
         /**
+         * The source stamp timestamp attribute has an invalid value (<= 0).
+         * <ul>
+         *     <li>Parameter 1: The invalid timestamp value.
+         * </ul>
+         */
+        SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP(
+                "The source stamp"
+                        + " timestamp attribute has an invalid value: %1$d"),
+
+        /**
          * The APK could not be properly parsed due to a ZIP or APK format exception.
          * <ul>
          *     <li>Parameter 1: The {@code Exception} caught when attempting to parse the APK.
@@ -3117,6 +3317,8 @@
                     Issue.JAR_SIG_NO_SIGNATURES);
             sVerificationIssueIdToIssue.put(ApkVerificationIssue.JAR_SIG_PARSE_EXCEPTION,
                     Issue.JAR_SIG_PARSE_EXCEPTION);
+            sVerificationIssueIdToIssue.put(ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP,
+                    Issue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
         }
 
         /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/Constants.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/Constants.java
index 32c7375..f64064c 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/Constants.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/Constants.java
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
     public static final int VERSION_JAR_SIGNATURE_SCHEME = 1;
     public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V2 = 2;
     public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3 = 3;
+    public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31 = 31;
     public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V4 = 4;
 
     public static final String MANIFEST_ENTRY_NAME = V1SchemeConstants.MANIFEST_ENTRY_NAME;
@@ -41,6 +42,8 @@
 
     public static final int APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID =
             V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID;
+    public static final int APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID =
+            V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID;
     public static final int PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID = V3SchemeConstants.PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID;
 
     public static final int V1_SOURCE_STAMP_BLOCK_ID =
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/DefaultApkSignerEngine.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/DefaultApkSignerEngine.java
index e2256da..f25bc59 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/DefaultApkSignerEngine.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/DefaultApkSignerEngine.java
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V2;
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3;
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_JAR_SIGNATURE_SCHEME;
+import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT;
+import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V3_SUPPORT;
 
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkUtils;
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v1.V1SchemeSigner;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v1.V1SchemeVerifier;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v2.V2SchemeSigner;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeSigner;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v4.V4SchemeSigner;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v4.V4Signature;
@@ -66,6 +69,7 @@
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -102,6 +106,8 @@
     private final List<SignerConfig> mSignerConfigs;
     private final SignerConfig mSourceStampSignerConfig;
     private final SigningCertificateLineage mSourceStampSigningCertificateLineage;
+    private final int mRotationMinSdkVersion;
+    private final boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease;
     private final int mMinSdkVersion;
     private final SigningCertificateLineage mSigningCertificateLineage;
 
@@ -184,6 +190,8 @@
             SignerConfig sourceStampSignerConfig,
             SigningCertificateLineage sourceStampSigningCertificateLineage,
             int minSdkVersion,
+            int rotationMinSdkVersion,
+            boolean rotationTargetsDevRelease,
             boolean v1SigningEnabled,
             boolean v2SigningEnabled,
             boolean v3SigningEnabled,
@@ -211,6 +219,8 @@
         mSourceStampSignerConfig = sourceStampSignerConfig;
         mSourceStampSigningCertificateLineage = sourceStampSigningCertificateLineage;
         mMinSdkVersion = minSdkVersion;
+        mRotationMinSdkVersion = rotationMinSdkVersion;
+        mRotationTargetsDevRelease = rotationTargetsDevRelease;
         mSigningCertificateLineage = signingCertificateLineage;
 
         if (v1SigningEnabled) {
@@ -328,8 +338,29 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private boolean signingLineageHas31Support() {
+        return mSigningCertificateLineage != null
+                && mRotationMinSdkVersion >= MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT
+                && mMinSdkVersion < mRotationMinSdkVersion;
+    }
+
     private List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> processV3Configs(
             List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> rawConfigs) throws InvalidKeyException {
+        // While the V3 signature scheme supports rotation, it is possible for a caller to specify
+        // a minimum SDK version for rotation that is >= the first SDK version that supports V3.1;
+        // in this case the V3.1 signing block will contain the rotated key, and the V3.0 block
+        // will use the original signing key.
+        if (signingLineageHas31Support()) {
+            SigningCertificateLineage subLineage = mSigningCertificateLineage
+                    .getSubLineage(mSignerConfigs.get(0).mCertificates.get(0));
+            if (subLineage.size() != 1) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "v3.1 signing enabled but the oldest signer in the SigningCertificateLineage"
+                                + " for the v3.0 signing block is missing.  Please provide"
+                                + " the oldest signer to enable v3.1 signing.");
+            }
+        }
+
         List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> processedConfigs = new ArrayList<>();
 
         // we have our configs, now touch them up to appropriately cover all SDK levels since APK
@@ -353,20 +384,43 @@
                 // this needs to change
                 config.maxSdkVersion = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
             } else {
-                // otherwise, we only want to use this signer up to the minimum platform version
-                // on which a newer one is acceptable
-                config.maxSdkVersion = currentMinSdk - 1;
+                if (mRotationTargetsDevRelease && currentMinSdk == mRotationMinSdkVersion) {
+                    // The currentMinSdk is both the SDK version for the active development release
+                    // as well as the most recent released platform. To ensure the v3.0 signer will
+                    // target the released platform, overlap the maxSdkVersion for the v3.0 signer
+                    // with the minSdkVersion of the rotated signer in the v3.1 block
+                    config.maxSdkVersion = currentMinSdk;
+                } else {
+                    // otherwise, we only want to use this signer up to the minimum platform version
+                    // on which a newer one is acceptable
+                    config.maxSdkVersion = currentMinSdk - 1;
+                }
             }
             config.minSdkVersion = getMinSdkFromV3SignatureAlgorithms(config.signatureAlgorithms);
-            if (mSigningCertificateLineage != null) {
+            // Only use a rotated key and signing lineage if the config's max SDK version is greater
+            // than that requested to support rotation.
+            if (mSigningCertificateLineage != null
+                    && ((mRotationTargetsDevRelease
+                        ? config.maxSdkVersion > mRotationMinSdkVersion
+                        : config.maxSdkVersion >= mRotationMinSdkVersion))) {
                 config.mSigningCertificateLineage =
                         mSigningCertificateLineage.getSubLineage(config.certificates.get(0));
+                if (config.minSdkVersion < mRotationMinSdkVersion) {
+                    config.minSdkVersion = mRotationMinSdkVersion;
+                }
             }
             // we know that this config will be used, so add it to our result, order doesn't matter
             // at this point (and likely only one will be needed
             processedConfigs.add(config);
             currentMinSdk = config.minSdkVersion;
-            if (currentMinSdk <= mMinSdkVersion || currentMinSdk <= AndroidSdkVersion.P) {
+            // If the rotation is targeting a development release and this is the v3.1 signer, then
+            // the minSdkVersion of this signer should equal the maxSdkVersion of the next signer;
+            // this ensures a package with the minSdkVersion set to the mRotationMinSdkVersion has
+            // a v3.0 block with the min / max SDK version set to this same minSdkVersion from the
+            // v3.1 block.
+            if ((mRotationTargetsDevRelease && currentMinSdk < mMinSdkVersion)
+                    || (!mRotationTargetsDevRelease && currentMinSdk <= mMinSdkVersion)
+                    || currentMinSdk <= AndroidSdkVersion.P) {
                 // this satisfies all we need, stop here
                 break;
             }
@@ -387,17 +441,42 @@
                 ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3));
     }
 
-    private ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig createV4SignerConfig() throws InvalidKeyException {
-        List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> configs = createSigningBlockSignerConfigs(true,
+    private List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> processV31SignerConfigs(
+            List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v3SignerConfigs) {
+        // If the signing key has been rotated, the caller has requested to use the rotated
+        // signing key starting from an SDK version where v3.1 is supported, and the minimum
+        // SDK version for the APK is less than the requested rotation minimum, then the APK
+        // should be signed with both the v3.1 signing scheme with the rotated key, and the v3.0
+        // scheme with the original signing key. If the APK's minSdkVersion is >= the requested
+        // SDK version for rotation then just use the v3.0 signing block for this.
+        if (!signingLineageHas31Support()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v31SignerConfigs = new ArrayList<>();
+        Iterator<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v3SignerIterator =
+                v3SignerConfigs.iterator();
+        while (v3SignerIterator.hasNext()) {
+            ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig signerConfig = v3SignerIterator.next();
+            // All signing configs with a min SDK version that supports v3.1 should be used
+            // in the v3.1 signing block and removed from the v3.0 block.
+            if (signerConfig.minSdkVersion >= mRotationMinSdkVersion) {
+                v31SignerConfigs.add(signerConfig);
+                v3SignerIterator.remove();
+            }
+        }
+        return v31SignerConfigs;
+    }
+
+    private V4SchemeSigner.SignerConfig createV4SignerConfig() throws InvalidKeyException {
+        List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v4Configs = createSigningBlockSignerConfigs(true,
                 ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V4);
-        if (configs.size() != 1) {
-            // V4 only uses signer config to connect back to v3. Use the same filtering logic.
-            configs = processV3Configs(configs);
+        if (v4Configs.size() != 1) {
+            // V4 uses signer config to connect back to v3. Use the same filtering logic.
+            v4Configs = processV3Configs(v4Configs);
         }
-        if (configs.size() != 1) {
-            throw new InvalidKeyException("Only accepting one signer config for V4 Signature.");
-        }
-        return configs.get(0);
+        List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v41configs = processV31SignerConfigs(v4Configs);
+        return new V4SchemeSigner.SignerConfig(v4Configs, v41configs);
     }
 
     private ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig createSourceStampSignerConfig()
@@ -993,13 +1072,29 @@
             invalidateV3Signature();
             List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v3SignerConfigs =
                     createV3SignerConfigs(apkSigningBlockPaddingSupported);
+            List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v31SignerConfigs = processV31SignerConfigs(
+                    v3SignerConfigs);
+            if (v31SignerConfigs != null && v31SignerConfigs.size() > 0) {
+                ApkSigningBlockUtils.SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests
+                        v31SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests =
+                        new V3SchemeSigner.Builder(beforeCentralDir, zipCentralDirectory, eocd,
+                                v31SignerConfigs)
+                                .setRunnablesExecutor(mExecutor)
+                                .setBlockId(V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID)
+                                .setRotationTargetsDevRelease(mRotationTargetsDevRelease)
+                                .build()
+                                .generateApkSignatureSchemeV3BlockAndDigests();
+                signingSchemeBlocks.add(v31SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests.signingSchemeBlock);
+            }
+            V3SchemeSigner.Builder builder = new V3SchemeSigner.Builder(beforeCentralDir,
+                zipCentralDirectory, eocd, v3SignerConfigs)
+                .setRunnablesExecutor(mExecutor)
+                .setBlockId(V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID);
+            if (signingLineageHas31Support()) {
+                builder.setRotationMinSdkVersion(mRotationMinSdkVersion);
+            }
             v3SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests =
-                    V3SchemeSigner.generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(
-                            mExecutor,
-                            beforeCentralDir,
-                            zipCentralDirectory,
-                            eocd,
-                            v3SignerConfigs);
+                builder.build().generateApkSignatureSchemeV3BlockAndDigests();
             signingSchemeBlocks.add(v3SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests.signingSchemeBlock);
         }
         if (isEligibleForSourceStamp()) {
@@ -1071,7 +1166,7 @@
             throw new SignatureException("Missing V4 output file.");
         }
         try {
-            ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig v4SignerConfig = createV4SignerConfig();
+            V4SchemeSigner.SignerConfig v4SignerConfig = createV4SignerConfig();
             V4SchemeSigner.generateV4Signature(dataSource, v4SignerConfig, outputFile);
         } catch (InvalidKeyException | IOException | NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
             if (ignoreFailures) {
@@ -1088,7 +1183,7 @@
             throw new SignatureException("Missing V4 output streams.");
         }
         try {
-            ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig v4SignerConfig = createV4SignerConfig();
+            V4SchemeSigner.SignerConfig v4SignerConfig = createV4SignerConfig();
             Pair<V4Signature, byte[]> pair =
                     V4SchemeSigner.generateV4Signature(dataSource, v4SignerConfig);
             pair.getFirst().writeTo(sigOutput);
@@ -1630,6 +1725,8 @@
         private boolean mV1SigningEnabled = true;
         private boolean mV2SigningEnabled = true;
         private boolean mV3SigningEnabled = true;
+        private int mRotationMinSdkVersion = V3SchemeConstants.DEFAULT_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION;
+        private boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease = false;
         private boolean mVerityEnabled = false;
         private boolean mDebuggableApkPermitted = true;
         private boolean mOtherSignersSignaturesPreserved;
@@ -1718,6 +1815,8 @@
                     mStampSignerConfig,
                     mSourceStampSigningCertificateLineage,
                     mMinSdkVersion,
+                    mRotationMinSdkVersion,
+                    mRotationTargetsDevRelease,
                     mV1SigningEnabled,
                     mV2SigningEnabled,
                     mV3SigningEnabled,
@@ -1840,5 +1939,49 @@
             }
             return this;
         }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the minimum Android platform version (API Level) for which an APK's rotated signing
+         * key should be used to produce the APK's signature. The original signing key for the APK
+         * will be used for all previous platform versions. If a rotated key with signing lineage is
+         * not provided then this method is a noop.
+         *
+         * <p>By default, if a signing lineage is specified with {@link
+         * #setSigningCertificateLineage(SigningCertificateLineage)}, then the APK Signature Scheme
+         * V3.1 will be used to only apply the rotation on devices running Android T+.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em>Specifying a {@code minSdkVersion} value <= 32 (Android Sv2) will result
+         * in the original V3 signing block being used without platform targeting.
+         */
+        public Builder setMinSdkVersionForRotation(int minSdkVersion) {
+            // If the provided SDK version does not support v3.1, then use the default SDK version
+            // with rotation support.
+            if (minSdkVersion < MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT) {
+                mRotationMinSdkVersion = MIN_SDK_WITH_V3_SUPPORT;
+            } else {
+                mRotationMinSdkVersion = minSdkVersion;
+            }
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets whether the rotation-min-sdk-version is intended to target a development release;
+         * this is primarily required after the T SDK is finalized, and an APK needs to target U
+         * during its development cycle for rotation.
+         *
+         * <p>This is only required after the T SDK is finalized since S and earlier releases do
+         * not know about the V3.1 block ID, but once T is released and work begins on U, U will
+         * use the SDK version of T during development. Specifying a rotation-min-sdk-version of T's
+         * SDK version along with setting {@code enabled} to true will allow an APK to use the
+         * rotated key on a device running U while causing this to be bypassed for T.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em>If the rotation-min-sdk-version is less than or equal to 32 (Android
+         * Sv2), then the rotated signing key will be used in the v3.0 signing block and this call
+         * will be a noop.
+         */
+        public Builder setRotationTargetsDevRelease(boolean enabled) {
+            mRotationTargetsDevRelease = enabled;
+            return this;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineage.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineage.java
index 6c505be..43b7f5e 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineage.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineage.java
@@ -191,41 +191,62 @@
      */
     public static SigningCertificateLineage readFromApkDataSource(DataSource apk)
             throws IOException, ApkFormatException {
-        SignatureInfo signatureInfo;
+        ApkUtils.ZipSections zipSections;
         try {
-            ApkUtils.ZipSections zipSections = ApkUtils.findZipSections(apk);
-            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result = new ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result(
-                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3);
-            signatureInfo =
-                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.findSignature(apk, zipSections,
-                            V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID, result);
+            zipSections = ApkUtils.findZipSections(apk);
         } catch (ZipFormatException e) {
             throw new ApkFormatException(e.getMessage());
-        } catch (ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignatureNotFoundException e) {
+        }
+
+        List<SignatureInfo> signatureInfoList = new ArrayList<>();
+        try {
+            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result = new ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result(
+                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31);
+            signatureInfoList.add(
+                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.findSignature(apk, zipSections,
+                            V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID, result));
+        }
+        catch (ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignatureNotFoundException ignored) {
+            // This could be expected if there's only a V3 signature block.
+        }
+        try {
+            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result = new ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result(
+                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3);
+            signatureInfoList.add(
+                    ApkSigningBlockUtils.findSignature(apk, zipSections,
+                            V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID, result));
+        }
+        catch (ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignatureNotFoundException ignored) {
+            // This could be expected if the provided APK is not signed with the v3 signature scheme
+        }
+        if (signatureInfoList.isEmpty()) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                     "The provided APK does not contain a valid V3 signature block.");
         }
 
-        // FORMAT:
-        // * length-prefixed sequence of length-prefixed signers:
-        //   * length-prefixed signed data
-        //   * minSDK
-        //   * maxSDK
-        //   * length-prefixed sequence of length-prefixed signatures
-        //   * length-prefixed public key
-        ByteBuffer signers = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signatureInfo.signatureBlock);
         List<SigningCertificateLineage> lineages = new ArrayList<>(1);
-        while (signers.hasRemaining()) {
-            ByteBuffer signer = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signers);
-            ByteBuffer signedData = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signer);
-            try {
-                SigningCertificateLineage lineage = readFromSignedData(signedData);
-                lineages.add(lineage);
-            } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
-                // The current signer block does not contain a valid lineage, but it is possible
-                // another block will.
+        for (SignatureInfo signatureInfo : signatureInfoList) {
+            // FORMAT:
+            // * length-prefixed sequence of length-prefixed signers:
+            //   * length-prefixed signed data
+            //   * minSDK
+            //   * maxSDK
+            //   * length-prefixed sequence of length-prefixed signatures
+            //   * length-prefixed public key
+            ByteBuffer signers = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signatureInfo.signatureBlock);
+            while (signers.hasRemaining()) {
+                ByteBuffer signer = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signers);
+                ByteBuffer signedData = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signer);
+                try {
+                    SigningCertificateLineage lineage = readFromSignedData(signedData);
+                    lineages.add(lineage);
+                } catch (IllegalArgumentException ignored) {
+                    // The current signer block does not contain a valid lineage, but it is possible
+                    // another block will.
+                }
             }
         }
+
         SigningCertificateLineage result;
         if (lineages.isEmpty()) {
             throw new IllegalArgumentException(
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifier.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifier.java
index 587cbd3..b155341 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifier.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifier.java
@@ -730,6 +730,8 @@
             private final List<ApkVerificationIssue> mErrors = new ArrayList<>();
             private final List<ApkVerificationIssue> mWarnings = new ArrayList<>();
 
+            private final long mTimestamp;
+
             /*
              * Since this utility is intended just to verify the source stamp, and the source stamp
              * currently only logs warnings to prevent failing the APK signature verification, treat
@@ -744,6 +746,7 @@
                 mCertificateLineage = result.certificateLineage;
                 mErrors.addAll(result.getErrors());
                 mWarnings.addAll(result.getWarnings());
+                mTimestamp = result.timestamp;
             }
 
             /**
@@ -794,6 +797,14 @@
             public List<ApkVerificationIssue> getWarnings() {
                 return mWarnings;
             }
+
+            /**
+             * Returns the epoch timestamp in seconds representing the time this source stamp block
+             * was signed, or 0 if the timestamp is not available.
+             */
+            public long getTimestampEpochSeconds() {
+                return mTimestamp;
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSignerInfo.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSignerInfo.java
index e0ea365..12e54d0 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSignerInfo.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSignerInfo.java
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
  */
 public class ApkSignerInfo {
     public int index;
+    public long timestamp;
     public List<X509Certificate> certs = new ArrayList<>();
     public List<X509Certificate> certificateLineage = new ArrayList<>();
 
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSigningBlockUtils.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSigningBlockUtils.java
index 5b34849..44dcc79 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSigningBlockUtils.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/ApkSigningBlockUtils.java
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
     public static final int VERSION_JAR_SIGNATURE_SCHEME = 1;
     public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V2 = 2;
     public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3 = 3;
+    public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31 = 31;
     public static final int VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V4 = 4;
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampConstants.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampConstants.java
index 465fbb0..2a949ad 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampConstants.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampConstants.java
@@ -24,4 +24,11 @@
     public static final int V2_SOURCE_STAMP_BLOCK_ID = 0x6dff800d;
     public static final String SOURCE_STAMP_CERTIFICATE_HASH_ZIP_ENTRY_NAME = "stamp-cert-sha256";
     public static final int PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID = 0x9d6303f7;
+    /**
+     * The source stamp timestamp attribute value is an 8-byte little-endian encoded long
+     * representing the epoch time in seconds when the stamp block was signed. The first 8 bytes
+     * of the attribute value buffer will be used to read the timestamp, and any additional buffer
+     * space will be ignored.
+     */
+    public static final int STAMP_TIME_ATTR_ID = 0xe43c5946;
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampVerifier.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampVerifier.java
index 9cd7b1f..aace413 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampVerifier.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/SourceStampVerifier.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 import static com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtilsLite.toHex;
 
 import com.android.apksig.ApkVerificationIssue;
+import com.android.apksig.Constants;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSignerInfo;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSupportedSignature;
@@ -137,6 +138,13 @@
 
         for (Map.Entry<Integer, byte[]> signatureSchemeApkDigest :
                 signatureSchemeApkDigests.entrySet()) {
+            // TODO(b/192301300): Should the new v3.1 be included in the source stamp, or since a
+            // v3.0 block must always be present with a v3.1 block is it sufficient to just use the
+            // v3.0 block?
+            if (signatureSchemeApkDigest.getKey()
+                    == Constants.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31) {
+                continue;
+            }
             if (!signedSignatureSchemeData.containsKey(signatureSchemeApkDigest.getKey())) {
                 result.addWarning(ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_NO_SIGNATURE);
                 return;
@@ -310,6 +318,15 @@
                 byte[] value = ByteBufferUtils.toByteArray(attribute);
                 if (id == SourceStampConstants.PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID) {
                     readStampCertificateLineage(value, sourceStampCertificate, result);
+                } else if (id == SourceStampConstants.STAMP_TIME_ATTR_ID) {
+                    long timestamp = ByteBuffer.wrap(value).order(
+                            ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).getLong();
+                    if (timestamp > 0) {
+                        result.timestamp = timestamp;
+                    } else {
+                        result.addWarning(ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP,
+                                timestamp);
+                    }
                 } else {
                     result.addWarning(ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_UNKNOWN_ATTRIBUTE, id);
                 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/V2SourceStampSigner.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/V2SourceStampSigner.java
index 1c1570a..9c00a88 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/V2SourceStampSigner.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/stamp/V2SourceStampSigner.java
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
 import java.security.SignatureException;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
+import java.time.Instant;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Comparator;
@@ -202,6 +203,22 @@
 
     private static Map<Integer, byte[]> generateStampAttributes(SigningCertificateLineage lineage) {
         HashMap<Integer, byte[]> stampAttributes = new HashMap<>();
+
+        // Write the current epoch time as the timestamp for the source stamp.
+        long timestamp = Instant.now().getEpochSecond();
+        if (timestamp > 0) {
+            ByteBuffer attributeBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(8);
+            attributeBuffer.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+            attributeBuffer.putLong(timestamp);
+            stampAttributes.put(SourceStampConstants.STAMP_TIME_ATTR_ID, attributeBuffer.array());
+        } else {
+            // The epoch time should never be <= 0, and since security decisions can potentially
+            // be made based on the value in the timestamp, throw an Exception to ensure the issues
+            // with the environment are resolved before allowing the signing.
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "Received an invalid value from Instant#getTimestamp: " + timestamp);
+        }
+
         if (lineage != null) {
             stampAttributes.put(SourceStampConstants.PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID,
                     lineage.encodeSigningCertificateLineage());
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeConstants.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeConstants.java
index 3b70aa0..6963dd3 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeConstants.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeConstants.java
@@ -16,10 +16,40 @@
 
 package com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3;
 
+import com.android.apksig.internal.util.AndroidSdkVersion;
+
 /** Constants used by the V3 Signature Scheme signing and verification. */
 public class V3SchemeConstants {
     private V3SchemeConstants() {}
 
     public static final int APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID = 0xf05368c0;
+    public static final int APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID = 0x1b93ad61;
     public static final int PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID = 0x3ba06f8c;
+
+    public static final int MIN_SDK_WITH_V3_SUPPORT = AndroidSdkVersion.P;
+    public static final int MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT = AndroidSdkVersion.T;
+    /**
+     * By default, APK signing key rotation will target T, but packages that have previously
+     * rotated can continue rotating on pre-T by specifying an SDK version <= 32 as the
+     * --rotation-min-sdk-version parameter when using apksigner or when invoking
+     * {@link com.android.apksig.ApkSigner.Builder#setMinSdkVersionForRotation(int)}.
+     */
+    public static final int DEFAULT_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION  = AndroidSdkVersion.T;
+
+    /**
+     * This attribute is intended to be written to the V3.0 signer block as an additional attribute
+     * whose value is the minimum SDK version supported for rotation by the V3.1 signing block. If
+     * this value is set to X and a v3.1 signing block does not exist, or the minimum SDK version
+     * for rotation in the v3.1 signing block is not X, then the APK should be rejected.
+     */
+    public static final int ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION_ATTR_ID = 0x559f8b02;
+
+    /**
+     * This attribute is written to the V3.1 signer block as an additional attribute to signify that
+     * the rotation-min-sdk-version is targeting a development release. This is required to support
+     * testing rotation on new development releases as the previous platform release SDK version
+     * is used as the development release SDK version until the development release SDK is
+     * finalized.
+     */
+    public static final int ROTATION_ON_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ID = 0xc2a6b3ba;
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeSigner.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeSigner.java
index 04260d5..ee5d3b4 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeSigner.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeSigner.java
@@ -24,12 +24,14 @@
 
 import com.android.apksig.SigningCertificateLineage;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ContentDigestAlgorithm;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.SignatureAlgorithm;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.Pair;
 import com.android.apksig.util.DataSource;
 import com.android.apksig.util.RunnablesExecutor;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.ByteOrder;
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.OptionalInt;
 
 /**
  * APK Signature Scheme v3 signer.
@@ -56,13 +59,37 @@
  *     SigningCertificateLineage}, which enables an APK to change its signing certificate as long as
  *     it can prove the new siging certificate was signed by the old.
  */
-public abstract class V3SchemeSigner {
+public class V3SchemeSigner {
     public static final int APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID =
             V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID;
     public static final int PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID = V3SchemeConstants.PROOF_OF_ROTATION_ATTR_ID;
 
-    /** Hidden constructor to prevent instantiation. */
-    private V3SchemeSigner() {}
+    private final RunnablesExecutor mExecutor;
+    private final DataSource mBeforeCentralDir;
+    private final DataSource mCentralDir;
+    private final DataSource mEocd;
+    private final List<SignerConfig> mSignerConfigs;
+    private final int mBlockId;
+    private final OptionalInt mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion;
+    private final boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease;
+
+    private V3SchemeSigner(DataSource beforeCentralDir,
+            DataSource centralDir,
+            DataSource eocd,
+            List<SignerConfig> signerConfigs,
+            RunnablesExecutor executor,
+            int blockId,
+            OptionalInt optionalRotationMinSdkVersion,
+            boolean rotationTargetsDevRelease) {
+        mBeforeCentralDir = beforeCentralDir;
+        mCentralDir = centralDir;
+        mEocd = eocd;
+        mSignerConfigs = signerConfigs;
+        mExecutor = executor;
+        mBlockId = blockId;
+        mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion = optionalRotationMinSdkVersion;
+        mRotationTargetsDevRelease = rotationTargetsDevRelease;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Gets the APK Signature Scheme v3 signature algorithms to be used for signing an APK using the
@@ -129,21 +156,18 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public static ApkSigningBlockUtils.SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests
-            generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(
-                    RunnablesExecutor executor,
-                    DataSource beforeCentralDir,
-                    DataSource centralDir,
-                    DataSource eocd,
-                    List<SignerConfig> signerConfigs)
-                    throws IOException, InvalidKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
-                            SignatureException {
-        Pair<List<SignerConfig>, Map<ContentDigestAlgorithm, byte[]>> digestInfo =
-                ApkSigningBlockUtils.computeContentDigests(
-                        executor, beforeCentralDir, centralDir, eocd, signerConfigs);
-        return new ApkSigningBlockUtils.SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests(
-                generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(digestInfo.getFirst(), digestInfo.getSecond()),
-                digestInfo.getSecond());
+    public static SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(
+            RunnablesExecutor executor,
+            DataSource beforeCentralDir,
+            DataSource centralDir,
+            DataSource eocd,
+            List<SignerConfig> signerConfigs)
+            throws IOException, InvalidKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, SignatureException {
+        return new V3SchemeSigner.Builder(beforeCentralDir, centralDir, eocd, signerConfigs)
+                .setRunnablesExecutor(executor)
+                .setBlockId(V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID)
+                .build()
+                .generateApkSignatureSchemeV3BlockAndDigests();
     }
 
     public static byte[] generateV3SignerAttribute(
@@ -162,14 +186,62 @@
         return result.array();
     }
 
-    private static Pair<byte[], Integer> generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(
-            List<SignerConfig> signerConfigs, Map<ContentDigestAlgorithm, byte[]> contentDigests)
+    private static byte[] generateV3RotationMinSdkVersionStrippingProtectionAttribute(
+            int rotationMinSdkVersion) {
+        // FORMAT (little endian):
+        // * length-prefixed bytes: attribute pair
+        //   * uint32: ID
+        //   * bytes: value - int32 representing minimum SDK version for rotation
+        int payloadSize = 4 + 4 + 4;
+        ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.allocate(payloadSize);
+        result.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+        result.putInt(payloadSize - 4);
+        result.putInt(V3SchemeConstants.ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION_ATTR_ID);
+        result.putInt(rotationMinSdkVersion);
+        return result.array();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] generateV31RotationTargetsDevReleaseAttribute() {
+        // FORMAT (little endian):
+        // * length-prefixed bytes: attribute pair
+        //   * uint32: ID
+        //   * bytes: value - No value is used for this attribute
+        int payloadSize = 4 + 4;
+        ByteBuffer result = ByteBuffer.allocate(payloadSize);
+        result.order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+        result.putInt(payloadSize - 4);
+        result.putInt(V3SchemeConstants.ROTATION_ON_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ID);
+        return result.array();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Generates and returns a new {@link SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests} containing the V3.x
+     * signing scheme block and digests based on the parameters provided to the {@link Builder}.
+     *
+     * @throws IOException if an I/O error occurs
+     * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException if a required cryptographic algorithm implementation is
+     *         missing
+     * @throws InvalidKeyException if the X.509 encoded form of the public key cannot be obtained
+     * @throws SignatureException if an error occurs when computing digests or generating
+     *         signatures
+     */
+    public SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests generateApkSignatureSchemeV3BlockAndDigests()
+            throws IOException, InvalidKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, SignatureException {
+        Pair<List<SignerConfig>, Map<ContentDigestAlgorithm, byte[]>> digestInfo =
+                ApkSigningBlockUtils.computeContentDigests(
+                        mExecutor, mBeforeCentralDir, mCentralDir, mEocd, mSignerConfigs);
+        return new SigningSchemeBlockAndDigests(
+                generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(digestInfo.getSecond()), digestInfo.getSecond());
+    }
+
+    private Pair<byte[], Integer> generateApkSignatureSchemeV3Block(
+            Map<ContentDigestAlgorithm, byte[]> contentDigests)
             throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, SignatureException {
         // FORMAT:
         // * length-prefixed sequence of length-prefixed signer blocks.
-        List<byte[]> signerBlocks = new ArrayList<>(signerConfigs.size());
+        List<byte[]> signerBlocks = new ArrayList<>(mSignerConfigs.size());
         int signerNumber = 0;
-        for (SignerConfig signerConfig : signerConfigs) {
+        for (SignerConfig signerConfig : mSignerConfigs) {
             signerNumber++;
             byte[] signerBlock;
             try {
@@ -187,10 +259,10 @@
                         new byte[][] {
                             encodeAsSequenceOfLengthPrefixedElements(signerBlocks),
                         }),
-                V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID);
+                mBlockId);
     }
 
-    private static byte[] generateSignerBlock(
+    private byte[] generateSignerBlock(
             SignerConfig signerConfig, Map<ContentDigestAlgorithm, byte[]> contentDigests)
             throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, SignatureException {
         if (signerConfig.certificates.isEmpty()) {
@@ -240,7 +312,7 @@
         return encodeSigner(signer);
     }
 
-    private static byte[] encodeSigner(V3SignatureSchemeBlock.Signer signer) {
+    private byte[] encodeSigner(V3SignatureSchemeBlock.Signer signer) {
         byte[] signedData = encodeAsLengthPrefixedElement(signer.signedData);
         byte[] signatures =
                 encodeAsLengthPrefixedElement(
@@ -269,7 +341,7 @@
         return result.array();
     }
 
-    private static byte[] encodeSignedData(V3SignatureSchemeBlock.SignedData signedData) {
+    private byte[] encodeSignedData(V3SignatureSchemeBlock.SignedData signedData) {
         byte[] digests =
                 encodeAsLengthPrefixedElement(
                         encodeAsSequenceOfLengthPrefixedPairsOfIntAndLengthPrefixedBytes(
@@ -305,11 +377,26 @@
         return result.array();
     }
 
-    private static byte[] generateAdditionalAttributes(SignerConfig signerConfig) {
-        if (signerConfig.mSigningCertificateLineage == null) {
-            return new byte[0];
+    private byte[] generateAdditionalAttributes(SignerConfig signerConfig) {
+        if (signerConfig.mSigningCertificateLineage != null) {
+            byte[] lineageAttr = generateV3SignerAttribute(signerConfig.mSigningCertificateLineage);
+            // If this rotation is not targeting a development release, or if this is not a v3.1
+            // signer block then just return the lineage attribute.
+            if (!mRotationTargetsDevRelease
+                    || mBlockId != V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID) {
+                return lineageAttr;
+            }
+            byte[] devReleaseRotationAttr = generateV31RotationTargetsDevReleaseAttribute();
+            byte[] attributes = new byte[lineageAttr.length + devReleaseRotationAttr.length];
+            System.arraycopy(lineageAttr, 0, attributes, 0, lineageAttr.length);
+            System.arraycopy(devReleaseRotationAttr, 0, attributes, lineageAttr.length,
+                    devReleaseRotationAttr.length);
+            return attributes;
+        } else if (mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.isPresent()) {
+            return generateV3RotationMinSdkVersionStrippingProtectionAttribute(
+                    mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.getAsInt());
         }
-        return generateV3SignerAttribute(signerConfig.mSigningCertificateLineage);
+        return new byte[0];
     }
 
     private static final class V3SignatureSchemeBlock {
@@ -329,4 +416,97 @@
             public byte[] additionalAttributes;
         }
     }
+
+    /** Builder of {@link V3SchemeSigner} instances. */
+    public static class Builder {
+        private final DataSource mBeforeCentralDir;
+        private final DataSource mCentralDir;
+        private final DataSource mEocd;
+        private final List<SignerConfig> mSignerConfigs;
+
+        private RunnablesExecutor mExecutor = RunnablesExecutor.MULTI_THREADED;
+        private int mBlockId = V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID;
+        private OptionalInt mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion = OptionalInt.empty();
+        private boolean mRotationTargetsDevRelease = false;
+
+        /**
+         * Instantiates a new {@code Builder} with an APK's {@code beforeCentralDir}, {@code
+         * centralDir}, and {@code eocd}, along with a {@link List} of {@code signerConfigs} to
+         * be used to sign the APK.
+         */
+        public Builder(DataSource beforeCentralDir, DataSource centralDir, DataSource eocd,
+                List<SignerConfig> signerConfigs) {
+            mBeforeCentralDir = beforeCentralDir;
+            mCentralDir = centralDir;
+            mEocd = eocd;
+            mSignerConfigs = signerConfigs;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the {@link RunnablesExecutor} to be used when computing the APK's content digests.
+         */
+        public Builder setRunnablesExecutor(RunnablesExecutor executor) {
+            mExecutor = executor;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the {@code blockId} to be used for the V3 signature block.
+         *
+         * <p>This {@code V3SchemeSigner} currently supports the block IDs for the {@link
+         * V3SchemeConstants#APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID v3.0} and {@link
+         * V3SchemeConstants#APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID v3.1} signature schemes.
+         */
+        public Builder setBlockId(int blockId) {
+            mBlockId = blockId;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the {@code rotationMinSdkVersion} to be written as an additional attribute in each
+         * signer's block.
+         *
+         * <p>This value provides stripping protection to ensure a v3.1 signing block with rotation
+         * is not modified or removed from the APK's signature block.
+         */
+        public Builder setRotationMinSdkVersion(int rotationMinSdkVersion) {
+            mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion = OptionalInt.of(rotationMinSdkVersion);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets whether the minimum SDK version of a signer is intended to target a development
+         * release; this is primarily required after the T SDK is finalized, and an APK needs to
+         * target U during its development cycle for rotation.
+         *
+         * <p>This is only required after the T SDK is finalized since S and earlier releases do
+         * not know about the V3.1 block ID, but once T is released and work begins on U, U will
+         * use the SDK version of T during development. A signer with a minimum SDK version of T's
+         * SDK version along with setting {@code enabled} to true will allow an APK to use the
+         * rotated key on a device running U while causing this to be bypassed for T.
+         *
+         * <p><em>Note:</em>If the rotation-min-sdk-version is less than or equal to 32 (Android
+         * Sv2), then the rotated signing key will be used in the v3.0 signing block and this call
+         * will be a noop.
+         */
+        public Builder setRotationTargetsDevRelease(boolean enabled) {
+            mRotationTargetsDevRelease = enabled;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a new {@link V3SchemeSigner} built with the configuration provided to this
+         * {@code Builder}.
+         */
+        public V3SchemeSigner build() {
+            return new V3SchemeSigner(mBeforeCentralDir,
+                    mCentralDir,
+                    mEocd,
+                    mSignerConfigs,
+                    mExecutor,
+                    mBlockId,
+                    mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion,
+                    mRotationTargetsDevRelease);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeVerifier.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeVerifier.java
index ea93194..956027f 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeVerifier.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v3/V3SchemeVerifier.java
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ContentDigestAlgorithm;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.SignatureAlgorithm;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.SignatureInfo;
-import com.android.apksig.internal.util.AndroidSdkVersion;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.ByteBufferUtils;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.GuaranteedEncodedFormX509Certificate;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.X509CertificateUtils;
@@ -38,6 +37,7 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
 import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
 import java.security.KeyFactory;
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.OptionalInt;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.SortedMap;
 import java.util.TreeMap;
@@ -67,9 +68,42 @@
  *
  * @see <a href="https://source.android.com/security/apksigning/v2.html">APK Signature Scheme v2</a>
  */
-public abstract class V3SchemeVerifier {
-    /** Hidden constructor to prevent instantiation. */
-    private V3SchemeVerifier() {}
+public class V3SchemeVerifier {
+    private final RunnablesExecutor mExecutor;
+    private final DataSource mApk;
+    private final ApkUtils.ZipSections mZipSections;
+    private final ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result mResult;
+    private final Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> mContentDigestsToVerify;
+    private final int mMinSdkVersion;
+    private final int mMaxSdkVersion;
+    private final int mBlockId;
+    private final OptionalInt mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion;
+    private final boolean mFullVerification;
+
+    private ByteBuffer mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block;
+
+    private V3SchemeVerifier(
+            RunnablesExecutor executor,
+            DataSource apk,
+            ApkUtils.ZipSections zipSections,
+            Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> contentDigestsToVerify,
+            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result,
+            int minSdkVersion,
+            int maxSdkVersion,
+            int blockId,
+            OptionalInt optionalRotationMinSdkVersion,
+            boolean fullVerification) {
+        mExecutor = executor;
+        mApk = apk;
+        mZipSections = zipSections;
+        mContentDigestsToVerify = contentDigestsToVerify;
+        mResult = result;
+        mMinSdkVersion = minSdkVersion;
+        mMaxSdkVersion = maxSdkVersion;
+        mBlockId = blockId;
+        mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion = optionalRotationMinSdkVersion;
+        mFullVerification = fullVerification;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Verifies the provided APK's APK Signature Scheme v3 signatures and returns the result of
@@ -84,7 +118,10 @@
      * this method returns a result with one or more errors and whose
      * {@code Result.verified == false}, or this method throws an exception.
      *
-     * @throws ApkFormatException if the APK is malformed
+     * <p>This method only verifies the v3.0 signing block without platform targeted rotation from
+     * a v3.1 signing block. To verify a v3.1 signing block, or a v3.0 signing block in the presence
+     * of a v3.1 block, configure a new {@link V3SchemeVerifier} using the {@code Builder}.
+     *
      * @throws NoSuchAlgorithmException if the APK's signatures cannot be verified because a
      *         required cryptographic algorithm implementation is missing
      * @throws SignatureNotFoundException if no APK Signature Scheme v3
@@ -98,34 +135,11 @@
             int minSdkVersion,
             int maxSdkVersion)
             throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, SignatureNotFoundException {
-        ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result = new ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result(
-                ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3);
-        SignatureInfo signatureInfo =
-                ApkSigningBlockUtils.findSignature(apk, zipSections,
-                        V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID, result);
-
-        DataSource beforeApkSigningBlock = apk.slice(0, signatureInfo.apkSigningBlockOffset);
-        DataSource centralDir =
-                apk.slice(
-                        signatureInfo.centralDirOffset,
-                        signatureInfo.eocdOffset - signatureInfo.centralDirOffset);
-        ByteBuffer eocd = signatureInfo.eocd;
-
-        // v3 didn't exist prior to P, so make sure that we're only judging v3 on its supported
-        // platforms
-        if (minSdkVersion < AndroidSdkVersion.P) {
-            minSdkVersion = AndroidSdkVersion.P;
-        }
-
-        verify(executor,
-                beforeApkSigningBlock,
-                signatureInfo.signatureBlock,
-                centralDir,
-                eocd,
-                minSdkVersion,
-                maxSdkVersion,
-                result);
-        return result;
+        return new V3SchemeVerifier.Builder(apk, zipSections, minSdkVersion, maxSdkVersion)
+                .setRunnablesExecutor(executor)
+                .setBlockId(V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID)
+                .build()
+                .verify();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -134,33 +148,40 @@
      * {@code result}. See {@link #verify(RunnablesExecutor, DataSource, ApkUtils.ZipSections, int,
      * int)} for more information about the contract of this method.
      *
-     * @param result result populated by this method with interesting information about the APK,
-     *        such as information about signers, and verification errors and warnings.
+     * @return {@link ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result} populated with interesting information about the
+     *        APK, such as information about signers, and verification errors and warnings
      */
-    private static void verify(
-            RunnablesExecutor executor,
-            DataSource beforeApkSigningBlock,
-            ByteBuffer apkSignatureSchemeV3Block,
-            DataSource centralDir,
-            ByteBuffer eocd,
-            int minSdkVersion,
-            int maxSdkVersion,
-            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result)
-            throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
-        Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> contentDigestsToVerify = new HashSet<>(1);
-        parseSigners(apkSignatureSchemeV3Block, contentDigestsToVerify, result);
-
-        if (result.containsErrors()) {
-            return;
+    public ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result verify()
+            throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, SignatureNotFoundException {
+        if (mApk == null || mZipSections == null) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException(
+                    "A non-null apk and zip sections must be specified to verify an APK's v3 "
+                            + "signatures");
         }
-        ApkSigningBlockUtils.verifyIntegrity(
-                executor, beforeApkSigningBlock, centralDir, eocd, contentDigestsToVerify, result);
+        SignatureInfo signatureInfo =
+                ApkSigningBlockUtils.findSignature(mApk, mZipSections, mBlockId, mResult);
+        mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block = signatureInfo.signatureBlock;
+
+        DataSource beforeApkSigningBlock = mApk.slice(0, signatureInfo.apkSigningBlockOffset);
+        DataSource centralDir =
+                mApk.slice(
+                        signatureInfo.centralDirOffset,
+                        signatureInfo.eocdOffset - signatureInfo.centralDirOffset);
+        ByteBuffer eocd = signatureInfo.eocd;
+
+        parseSigners();
+
+        if (mResult.containsErrors()) {
+            return mResult;
+        }
+        ApkSigningBlockUtils.verifyIntegrity(mExecutor, beforeApkSigningBlock, centralDir, eocd,
+                mContentDigestsToVerify, mResult);
 
         // make sure that the v3 signers cover the entire targeted sdk version ranges and that the
         // longest SigningCertificateHistory, if present, corresponds to the newest platform
         // versions
         SortedMap<Integer, ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo> sortedSigners = new TreeMap<>();
-        for (ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signer : result.signers) {
+        for (ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signer : mResult.signers) {
             sortedSigners.put(signer.minSdkVersion, signer);
         }
 
@@ -170,7 +191,7 @@
         int lastLineageSize = 0;
 
         // while we're iterating through the signers, build up the list of lineages
-        List<SigningCertificateLineage> lineages = new ArrayList<>(result.signers.size());
+        List<SigningCertificateLineage> lineages = new ArrayList<>(mResult.signers.size());
 
         for (ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signer : sortedSigners.values()) {
             int currentMin = signer.minSdkVersion;
@@ -180,7 +201,7 @@
                 firstMin = currentMin;
             } else {
                 if (currentMin != lastMax + 1) {
-                    result.addError(Issue.V3_INCONSISTENT_SDK_VERSIONS);
+                    mResult.addError(Issue.V3_INCONSISTENT_SDK_VERSIONS);
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -190,7 +211,7 @@
             if (signer.signingCertificateLineage != null) {
                 int currLineageSize = signer.signingCertificateLineage.size();
                 if (currLineageSize < lastLineageSize) {
-                    result.addError(Issue.V3_INCONSISTENT_LINEAGES);
+                    mResult.addError(Issue.V3_INCONSISTENT_LINEAGES);
                     break;
                 }
                 lastLineageSize = currLineageSize;
@@ -198,20 +219,24 @@
             }
         }
 
-        // make sure we support our desired sdk ranges
-        if (firstMin > minSdkVersion || lastMax < maxSdkVersion) {
-            result.addError(Issue.V3_MISSING_SDK_VERSIONS, firstMin, lastMax);
+        // make sure we support our desired sdk ranges; if rotation is present in a v3.1 block
+        // then the max level only needs to support up to that sdk version for rotation.
+        if (firstMin > mMinSdkVersion
+                || lastMax < (mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.isPresent()
+                    ? mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.getAsInt() - 1 : mMaxSdkVersion)) {
+            mResult.addError(Issue.V3_MISSING_SDK_VERSIONS, firstMin, lastMax);
         }
 
         try {
-             result.signingCertificateLineage =
+             mResult.signingCertificateLineage =
                      SigningCertificateLineage.consolidateLineages(lineages);
         } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-            result.addError(Issue.V3_INCONSISTENT_LINEAGES);
+            mResult.addError(Issue.V3_INCONSISTENT_LINEAGES);
         }
-        if (!result.containsErrors()) {
-            result.verified = true;
+        if (!mResult.containsErrors()) {
+            mResult.verified = true;
         }
+        return mResult;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -230,16 +255,49 @@
             ByteBuffer apkSignatureSchemeV3Block,
             Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> contentDigestsToVerify,
             ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+        try {
+            new V3SchemeVerifier.Builder(apkSignatureSchemeV3Block)
+                    .setResult(result)
+                    .setContentDigestsToVerify(contentDigestsToVerify)
+                    .setFullVerification(false)
+                    .build()
+                    .parseSigners();
+        } catch (IOException | SignatureNotFoundException e) {
+            // This should never occur since the apkSignatureSchemeV3Block was already provided.
+            throw new IllegalStateException("An exception was encountered when attempting to parse"
+                    + " the signers from the provided APK Signature Scheme v3 block", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Parses each signer in the APK Signature Scheme v3 block and populates corresponding
+     * {@link ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo} instances in the
+     * returned {@link ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result}.
+     *
+     * <p>This verifies signatures over {@code signed-data} block contained in each signer block.
+     * However, this does not verify the integrity of the rest of the APK but rather simply reports
+     * the expected digests of the rest of the APK (see {@link Builder#setContentDigestsToVerify}).
+     *
+     * <p>This method adds one or more errors to the returned {@code Result} if a verification error
+     * is encountered when parsing the signers.
+     */
+    public ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result parseSigners()
+            throws IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, SignatureNotFoundException {
         ByteBuffer signers;
         try {
-            signers = getLengthPrefixedSlice(apkSignatureSchemeV3Block);
+            if (mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block == null) {
+                SignatureInfo signatureInfo =
+                        ApkSigningBlockUtils.findSignature(mApk, mZipSections, mBlockId, mResult);
+                mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block = signatureInfo.signatureBlock;
+            }
+            signers = getLengthPrefixedSlice(mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block);
         } catch (ApkFormatException e) {
-            result.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_MALFORMED_SIGNERS);
-            return;
+            mResult.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_MALFORMED_SIGNERS);
+            return mResult;
         }
         if (!signers.hasRemaining()) {
-            result.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_NO_SIGNERS);
-            return;
+            mResult.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_NO_SIGNERS);
+            return mResult;
         }
 
         CertificateFactory certFactory;
@@ -255,15 +313,16 @@
             ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signerInfo =
                     new ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo();
             signerInfo.index = signerIndex;
-            result.signers.add(signerInfo);
+            mResult.signers.add(signerInfo);
             try {
                 ByteBuffer signer = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signers);
-                parseSigner(signer, certFactory, signerInfo, contentDigestsToVerify);
+                parseSigner(signer, certFactory, signerInfo);
             } catch (ApkFormatException | BufferUnderflowException e) {
                 signerInfo.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_MALFORMED_SIGNER);
-                return;
+                return mResult;
             }
         }
+        return mResult;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -278,12 +337,9 @@
      * expected to be encountered on an Android platform version in the
      * {@code [minSdkVersion, maxSdkVersion]} range.
      */
-    private static void parseSigner(
-            ByteBuffer signerBlock,
-            CertificateFactory certFactory,
-            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo result,
-            Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> contentDigestsToVerify)
-                    throws ApkFormatException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
+    private void parseSigner(ByteBuffer signerBlock, CertificateFactory certFactory,
+            ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo result)
+            throws ApkFormatException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
         ByteBuffer signedData = getLengthPrefixedSlice(signerBlock);
         byte[] signedDataBytes = new byte[signedData.remaining()];
         signedData.get(signedDataBytes);
@@ -372,7 +428,7 @@
                     return;
                 }
                 result.verifiedSignatures.put(signatureAlgorithm, sigBytes);
-                contentDigestsToVerify.add(signatureAlgorithm.getContentDigestAlgorithm());
+                mContentDigestsToVerify.add(signatureAlgorithm.getContentDigestAlgorithm());
             } catch (InvalidKeyException | InvalidAlgorithmParameterException
                     | SignatureException e) {
                 result.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_VERIFY_EXCEPTION, signatureAlgorithm, e);
@@ -482,6 +538,7 @@
 
         // Parse the additional attributes block.
         int additionalAttributeCount = 0;
+        boolean rotationAttrFound = false;
         while (additionalAttributes.hasRemaining()) {
             additionalAttributeCount++;
             try {
@@ -509,6 +566,31 @@
                     } catch (Exception e) {
                         result.addError(Issue.V3_SIG_MALFORMED_LINEAGE);
                     }
+                } else if (id == V3SchemeConstants.ROTATION_MIN_SDK_VERSION_ATTR_ID) {
+                    rotationAttrFound = true;
+                    // API targeting for rotation was added with V3.1; if the maxSdkVersion
+                    // does not support v3.1 then ignore this attribute.
+                    if (mMaxSdkVersion >= V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT
+                            && mFullVerification) {
+                        int attrRotationMinSdkVersion = ByteBuffer.wrap(value)
+                                .order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN).getInt();
+                        if (mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.isPresent()) {
+                            int rotationMinSdkVersion = mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.getAsInt();
+                            if (attrRotationMinSdkVersion != rotationMinSdkVersion) {
+                                result.addError(Issue.V31_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_MISMATCH,
+                                    attrRotationMinSdkVersion, rotationMinSdkVersion);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            result.addError(Issue.V31_BLOCK_MISSING, attrRotationMinSdkVersion);
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if (id == V3SchemeConstants.ROTATION_ON_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ID) {
+                    // This attribute should only be used by a v3.1 signer to indicate rotation
+                    // is targeting the development release that is using the SDK version of the
+                    // previously released platform version.
+                    if (mBlockId != V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID) {
+                        result.addWarning(Issue.V31_ROTATION_TARGETS_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ON_V3_SIGNER);
+                    }
                 } else {
                     result.addWarning(Issue.V3_SIG_UNKNOWN_ADDITIONAL_ATTRIBUTE, id);
                 }
@@ -518,5 +600,168 @@
                 return;
             }
         }
+        if (mFullVerification && mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.isPresent() && !rotationAttrFound) {
+            result.addWarning(Issue.V31_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_ATTR_MISSING,
+                    mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion.getAsInt());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Builder of {@link V3SchemeVerifier} instances. */
+    public static class Builder {
+        private RunnablesExecutor mExecutor = RunnablesExecutor.SINGLE_THREADED;
+        private DataSource mApk;
+        private ApkUtils.ZipSections mZipSections;
+        private ByteBuffer mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block;
+        private Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> mContentDigestsToVerify;
+        private ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result mResult;
+        private int mMinSdkVersion;
+        private int mMaxSdkVersion;
+        private int mBlockId = V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID;
+        private boolean mFullVerification = true;
+        private OptionalInt mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion = OptionalInt.empty();
+
+        /**
+         * Instantiates a new {@code Builder} for a {@code V3SchemeVerifier} that can be used to
+         * verify the V3 signing block of the provided {@code apk} with the specified {@code
+         * zipSections} over the range from {@code minSdkVersion} to {@code maxSdkVersion}.
+         */
+        public Builder(DataSource apk, ApkUtils.ZipSections zipSections, int minSdkVersion,
+                int maxSdkVersion) {
+            mApk = apk;
+            mZipSections = zipSections;
+            mMinSdkVersion = minSdkVersion;
+            mMaxSdkVersion = maxSdkVersion;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Instantiates a new {@code Builder} for a {@code V3SchemeVerifier} that can be used to
+         * parse the {@link ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo} instances from the {@code
+         * apkSignatureSchemeV3Block}.
+         *
+         * <note>Full verification of the v3 signature is not possible when instantiating a new
+         * {@code V3SchemeVerifier} with this method.</note>
+         */
+        public Builder(ByteBuffer apkSignatureSchemeV3Block) {
+            mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block = apkSignatureSchemeV3Block;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the {@link RunnablesExecutor} to be used when verifying the APK's content digests.
+         */
+        public Builder setRunnablesExecutor(RunnablesExecutor executor) {
+            mExecutor = executor;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the V3 {code blockId} to be verified in the provided APK.
+         *
+         * <p>This {@code V3SchemeVerifier} currently supports the block IDs for the {@link
+         * V3SchemeConstants#APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID v3.0} and {@link
+         * V3SchemeConstants#APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID v3.1} signature schemes.
+         */
+        public Builder setBlockId(int blockId) {
+            mBlockId = blockId;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the {@code rotationMinSdkVersion} to be verified in the v3.0 signer's additional
+         * attribute.
+         *
+         * <p>This value can be obtained from the signers returned when verifying the v3.1 signing
+         * block of an APK; in the case of multiple signers targeting different SDK versions in the
+         * v3.1 signing block, the minimum SDK version from all the signers should be used.
+         */
+        public Builder setRotationMinSdkVersion(int rotationMinSdkVersion) {
+            mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion = OptionalInt.of(rotationMinSdkVersion);
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the {@code result} instance to be used when returning verification results.
+         *
+         * <p>This method can be used when the caller already has a {@link
+         * ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result} and wants to store the verification results in this
+         * instance.
+         */
+        public Builder setResult(ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result result) {
+            mResult = result;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets the instance to be used to store the {@code contentDigestsToVerify}.
+         *
+         * <p>This method can be used when the caller needs access to the {@code
+         * contentDigestsToVerify} computed by this {@code V3SchemeVerifier}.
+         */
+        public Builder setContentDigestsToVerify(
+                Set<ContentDigestAlgorithm> contentDigestsToVerify) {
+            mContentDigestsToVerify = contentDigestsToVerify;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Sets whether full verification should be performed by the {@code V3SchemeVerifier} built
+         * from this instance.
+         *
+         * <note>{@link #verify()} will always verify the content digests for the APK, but this
+         * allows verification of the rotation minimum SDK version stripping attribute to be skipped
+         * for scenarios where this value may not have been parsed from a V3.1 signing block (such
+         * as when only {@link #parseSigners()} will be invoked.</note>
+         */
+        public Builder setFullVerification(boolean fullVerification) {
+            mFullVerification = fullVerification;
+            return this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns a new {@link V3SchemeVerifier} built with the configuration provided to this
+         * {@code Builder}.
+         */
+        public V3SchemeVerifier build() {
+            int sigSchemeVersion;
+            switch (mBlockId) {
+                case V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3_BLOCK_ID:
+                    sigSchemeVersion = ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V3;
+                    mMinSdkVersion = Math.max(mMinSdkVersion,
+                            V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V3_SUPPORT);
+                    break;
+                case V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID:
+                    sigSchemeVersion = ApkSigningBlockUtils.VERSION_APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31;
+                    // V3.1 supports targeting an SDK version later than that of the initial release
+                    // in which it is supported; allow any range for V3.1 as long as V3.0 covers the
+                    // rest of the range.
+                    mMinSdkVersion = mMaxSdkVersion;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                            String.format("Unsupported APK Signature Scheme V3 block ID: 0x%08x",
+                                    mBlockId));
+            }
+            if (mResult == null) {
+                mResult = new ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result(sigSchemeVersion);
+            }
+            if (mContentDigestsToVerify == null) {
+                mContentDigestsToVerify = new HashSet<>(1);
+            }
+
+            V3SchemeVerifier verifier = new V3SchemeVerifier(
+                    mExecutor,
+                    mApk,
+                    mZipSections,
+                    mContentDigestsToVerify,
+                    mResult,
+                    mMinSdkVersion,
+                    mMaxSdkVersion,
+                    mBlockId,
+                    mOptionalRotationMinSdkVersion,
+                    mFullVerification);
+            if (mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block != null) {
+                verifier.mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block = mApkSignatureSchemeV3Block;
+            }
+            return verifier;
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeSigner.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeSigner.java
index 74aa629..2f9ecb3 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeSigner.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeSigner.java
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@
 
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkUtils;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils;
-import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.ContentDigestAlgorithm;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.SignatureAlgorithm;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.SignatureInfo;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v2.V2SchemeVerifier;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeSigner;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeVerifier;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.Pair;
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 import java.security.PublicKey;
 import java.security.SignatureException;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Iterator;
@@ -61,7 +62,6 @@
  * </p>
  * (optional) verityTree: integer size prepended bytes of the verity hash tree.
  * <p>
- * TODO(schfan): Add v4 unit tests
  */
 public abstract class V4SchemeSigner {
     /**
@@ -70,6 +70,23 @@
     private V4SchemeSigner() {
     }
 
+    public static class SignerConfig {
+        final public ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig v4Config;
+        final public ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig v41Config;
+
+        public SignerConfig(List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v4Configs,
+                List<ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig> v41Configs) throws InvalidKeyException {
+            if (v4Configs == null || v4Configs.size() != 1) {
+                throw new InvalidKeyException("Only accepting one signer config for V4 Signature.");
+            }
+            if (v41Configs != null && v41Configs.size() != 1) {
+                throw new InvalidKeyException("Only accepting one signer config for V4.1 Signature.");
+            }
+            this.v4Config = v4Configs.get(0);
+            this.v41Config = v41Configs != null ? v41Configs.get(0) : null;
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Based on a public key, return a signing algorithm that supports verity.
      */
@@ -149,10 +166,10 @@
         return Pair.of(signature, tree);
     }
 
-    private static V4Signature generateSignature(
-            SignerConfig signerConfig,
+    private static V4Signature.SigningInfo generateSigningInfo(
+            ApkSigningBlockUtils.SignerConfig signerConfig,
             V4Signature.HashingInfo hashingInfo,
-            byte[] apkDigest, byte[] additionaData, long fileSize)
+            byte[] apkDigest, byte[] additionalData, long fileSize)
             throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, SignatureException,
             CertificateEncodingException {
         if (signerConfig.certificates.isEmpty()) {
@@ -169,7 +186,7 @@
         final byte[] encodedCertificate = encodedCertificates.get(0);
 
         final V4Signature.SigningInfo signingInfoNoSignature = new V4Signature.SigningInfo(apkDigest,
-                encodedCertificate, additionaData, publicKey.getEncoded(), -1, null);
+                encodedCertificate, additionalData, publicKey.getEncoded(), -1, null);
 
         final byte[] data = V4Signature.getSignedData(fileSize, hashingInfo,
                 signingInfoNoSignature);
@@ -184,12 +201,33 @@
         final int signatureAlgorithmId = signatures.get(0).getFirst();
         final byte[] signature = signatures.get(0).getSecond();
 
-        final V4Signature.SigningInfo signingInfo = new V4Signature.SigningInfo(apkDigest,
-                encodedCertificate, additionaData, publicKey.getEncoded(), signatureAlgorithmId,
+        return new V4Signature.SigningInfo(apkDigest,
+                encodedCertificate, additionalData, publicKey.getEncoded(), signatureAlgorithmId,
                 signature);
+    }
+
+    private static V4Signature generateSignature(
+            SignerConfig signerConfig,
+            V4Signature.HashingInfo hashingInfo,
+            byte[] apkDigest, byte[] additionalData, long fileSize)
+            throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, SignatureException,
+            CertificateEncodingException {
+        final V4Signature.SigningInfo signingInfo = generateSigningInfo(signerConfig.v4Config,
+                hashingInfo, apkDigest, additionalData, fileSize);
+
+        final V4Signature.SigningInfos signingInfos;
+        if (signerConfig.v41Config != null) {
+            final V4Signature.SigningInfoBlock extSigningBlock = new V4Signature.SigningInfoBlock(
+                    V3SchemeConstants.APK_SIGNATURE_SCHEME_V31_BLOCK_ID,
+                    generateSigningInfo(signerConfig.v41Config, hashingInfo, apkDigest,
+                            additionalData, fileSize).toByteArray());
+            signingInfos = new V4Signature.SigningInfos(signingInfo, extSigningBlock);
+        } else {
+            signingInfos = new V4Signature.SigningInfos(signingInfo);
+        }
 
         return new V4Signature(V4Signature.CURRENT_VERSION, hashingInfo.toByteArray(),
-                signingInfo.toByteArray());
+                signingInfos.toByteArray());
     }
 
     // Get digest by parsing the V2/V3-signed apk and choosing the first digest of supported type.
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeVerifier.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeVerifier.java
index a6cd9db..c0a9013 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeVerifier.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4SchemeVerifier.java
@@ -90,20 +90,37 @@
 
         V4Signature.HashingInfo hashingInfo = V4Signature.HashingInfo.fromByteArray(
                 signature.hashingInfo);
-        V4Signature.SigningInfo signingInfo = V4Signature.SigningInfo.fromByteArray(
-                signature.signingInfo);
 
-        final byte[] signedData = V4Signature.getSignedData(apk.size(), hashingInfo, signingInfo);
+        V4Signature.SigningInfos signingInfos = V4Signature.SigningInfos.fromByteArray(
+                signature.signingInfos);
 
-        // First, verify the signature over signedData.
-        ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signerInfo = parseAndVerifySignatureBlock(
-                signingInfo, signedData);
-        result.signers.add(signerInfo);
-        if (result.containsErrors()) {
-            return result;
+        final ApkSigningBlockUtils.Result.SignerInfo signerInfo;
+
+        // Verify the primary signature over signedData.
+        {
+            V4Signature.SigningInfo signingInfo = signingInfos.signingInfo;
+            final byte[] signedData = V4Signature.getSignedData(apk.size(), hashingInfo,
+                    signingInfo);
+            signerInfo = parseAndVerifySignatureBlock(signingInfo, signedData);
+            result.signers.add(signerInfo);
+            if (result.containsErrors()) {
+                return result;
+            }
         }
 
-        // Second, check if the root hash and the tree are correct.
+        // Verify all subsequent signatures.
+        for (V4Signature.SigningInfoBlock signingInfoBlock : signingInfos.signingInfoBlocks) {
+            V4Signature.SigningInfo signingInfo = V4Signature.SigningInfo.fromByteArray(
+                    signingInfoBlock.signingInfo);
+            final byte[] signedData = V4Signature.getSignedData(apk.size(), hashingInfo,
+                    signingInfo);
+            result.signers.add(parseAndVerifySignatureBlock(signingInfo, signedData));
+            if (result.containsErrors()) {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check if the root hash and the tree are correct.
         verifyRootHashAndTree(apk, signerInfo, hashingInfo.rawRootHash, tree);
         if (!result.containsErrors()) {
             result.verified = true;
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4Signature.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4Signature.java
index deabe12..1eac5a2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4Signature.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/apk/v4/V4Signature.java
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 
 public class V4Signature {
     public static final int CURRENT_VERSION = 2;
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@
     public static final int HASHING_ALGORITHM_SHA256 = 1;
     public static final byte LOG2_BLOCK_SIZE_4096_BYTES = 12;
 
+    public static final int MAX_SIGNING_INFOS_SIZE = 7168;
+
     public static class HashingInfo {
         public final int hashAlgorithm; // only 1 == SHA256 supported
         public final byte log2BlockSize; // only 12 (block size 4096) supported now
@@ -82,7 +86,10 @@
         }
 
         static SigningInfo fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) throws IOException {
-            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+            return fromByteBuffer(ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN));
+        }
+
+        static SigningInfo fromByteBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer) throws IOException {
             byte[] apkDigest = readBytes(buffer);
             byte[] certificate = readBytes(buffer);
             byte[] additionalData = readBytes(buffer);
@@ -108,14 +115,93 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public final int version; // Always 2 for now.
-    public final byte[] hashingInfo;
-    public final byte[] signingInfo; // Passed as-is to the kernel. Can be retrieved later.
+    public static class SigningInfoBlock {
+        public final int blockId;
+        public final byte[] signingInfo;
 
-    V4Signature(int version, byte[] hashingInfo, byte[] signingInfo) {
+        public SigningInfoBlock(int blockId, byte[] signingInfo) {
+            this.blockId = blockId;
+            this.signingInfo = signingInfo;
+        }
+
+        static SigningInfoBlock fromByteBuffer(ByteBuffer buffer) throws IOException {
+            int blockId = buffer.getInt();
+            byte[] signingInfo = readBytes(buffer);
+            return new SigningInfoBlock(blockId, signingInfo);
+        }
+
+        byte[] toByteArray() {
+            final int size = 4/*blockId*/ + bytesSize(this.signingInfo);
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(size).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+            buffer.putInt(this.blockId);
+            writeBytes(buffer, this.signingInfo);
+            return buffer.array();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static class SigningInfos {
+        public final SigningInfo signingInfo;
+        public final SigningInfoBlock[] signingInfoBlocks;
+
+        public SigningInfos(SigningInfo signingInfo) {
+            this.signingInfo = signingInfo;
+            this.signingInfoBlocks = new SigningInfoBlock[0];
+        }
+
+        public SigningInfos(SigningInfo signingInfo, SigningInfoBlock... signingInfoBlocks) {
+            this.signingInfo = signingInfo;
+            this.signingInfoBlocks = signingInfoBlocks;
+        }
+
+        public static SigningInfos fromByteArray(byte[] bytes) throws IOException {
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes).order(ByteOrder.LITTLE_ENDIAN);
+            SigningInfo signingInfo = SigningInfo.fromByteBuffer(buffer);
+            if (!buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+                return new SigningInfos(signingInfo);
+            }
+            ArrayList<SigningInfoBlock> signingInfoBlocks = new ArrayList<>(1);
+            while (buffer.hasRemaining()) {
+                signingInfoBlocks.add(SigningInfoBlock.fromByteBuffer(buffer));
+            }
+            return new SigningInfos(signingInfo,
+                    signingInfoBlocks.toArray(new SigningInfoBlock[signingInfoBlocks.size()]));
+        }
+
+        byte[] toByteArray() {
+            byte[][] arrays = new byte[1 + this.signingInfoBlocks.length][];
+            arrays[0] = this.signingInfo.toByteArray();
+            int size = arrays[0].length;
+            for (int i = 0, isize = this.signingInfoBlocks.length; i < isize; ++i) {
+                arrays[i + 1] = this.signingInfoBlocks[i].toByteArray();
+                size += arrays[i + 1].length;
+            }
+            if (size > MAX_SIGNING_INFOS_SIZE) {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                        "Combined SigningInfos length exceeded limit of 7K: " + size);
+            }
+
+            // Combine all arrays into one.
+            byte[] result = Arrays.copyOf(arrays[0], size);
+            int offset = arrays[0].length;
+            for (int i = 0, isize = this.signingInfoBlocks.length; i < isize; ++i) {
+                System.arraycopy(arrays[i + 1], 0, result, offset, arrays[i + 1].length);
+                offset += arrays[i + 1].length;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Always 2 for now.
+    public final int version;
+    public final byte[] hashingInfo;
+    // Can contain either SigningInfo or SigningInfo + one or multiple SigningInfoBlock.
+    // Passed as-is to the kernel. Can be retrieved later.
+    public final byte[] signingInfos;
+
+    V4Signature(int version, byte[] hashingInfo, byte[] signingInfos) {
         this.version = version;
         this.hashingInfo = hashingInfo;
-        this.signingInfo = signingInfo;
+        this.signingInfos = signingInfos;
     }
 
     static V4Signature readFrom(InputStream stream) throws IOException {
@@ -131,7 +217,7 @@
     public void writeTo(OutputStream stream) throws IOException {
         writeIntLE(stream, this.version);
         writeBytes(stream, this.hashingInfo);
-        writeBytes(stream, this.signingInfo);
+        writeBytes(stream, this.signingInfos);
     }
 
     static byte[] getSignedData(long fileSize, HashingInfo hashingInfo, SigningInfo signingInfo) {
diff --git a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/util/AndroidSdkVersion.java b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/util/AndroidSdkVersion.java
index 87eae48..bbead72 100644
--- a/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/util/AndroidSdkVersion.java
+++ b/src/main/java/com/android/apksig/internal/util/AndroidSdkVersion.java
@@ -54,6 +54,18 @@
     /** Android P. */
     public static final int P = 28;
 
+    /** Android Q. */
+    public static final int Q = 29;
+
     /** Android R. */
     public static final int R = 30;
+
+    /** Android S. */
+    public static final int S = 31;
+
+    /** Android Sv2. */
+    public static final int Sv2 = 32;
+
+    /** Android T. */
+    public static final int T = 33;
 }
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSignerTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSignerTest.java
index 69b8d4e..daa06a1 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSignerTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkSignerTest.java
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
@@ -89,9 +90,9 @@
 
     // All signers with the same prefix and an _X suffix were signed with the private key of the
     // (X-1) signer.
-    private static final String FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "rsa-2048";
-    private static final String SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "rsa-2048_2";
-    private static final String THIRD_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "rsa-2048_3";
+    static final String FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "rsa-2048";
+    static final String SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "rsa-2048_2";
+    static final String THIRD_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "rsa-2048_3";
 
     private static final String EC_P256_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME = "ec-p256";
 
@@ -226,7 +227,9 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+
         signGolden(
                 "golden-legacy-aligned-in.apk",
                 new File(outDir, "golden-legacy-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk"),
@@ -234,6 +237,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         signGolden(
                 "golden-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -242,6 +246,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
 
         signGolden(
@@ -294,6 +299,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         signGolden(
                 "golden-legacy-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -302,6 +308,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         signGolden(
                 "golden-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -310,6 +317,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
 
         signGolden(
@@ -340,6 +348,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         signGolden(
                 "golden-legacy-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -348,6 +357,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         signGolden(
                 "golden-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -356,6 +366,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
 
         signGolden(
@@ -464,6 +475,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         assertGolden(
                 "golden-unaligned-in.apk",
@@ -486,6 +498,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         assertGolden(
                 "golden-unaligned-in.apk",
@@ -501,6 +514,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
 
         // Uncompressed entries in this input file are aligned by zero-padding the "extra" field, as
@@ -540,6 +554,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         assertGolden(
                 "golden-legacy-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -562,6 +577,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         assertGolden(
                 "golden-legacy-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -577,6 +593,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
 
         // Uncompressed entries in this input file are aligned by padding the "extra" field, as
@@ -615,6 +632,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         assertGolden(
                 "golden-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -637,6 +655,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
         assertGolden(
                 "golden-aligned-in.apk",
@@ -652,6 +671,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
     }
 
@@ -967,6 +987,7 @@
                         .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
                         .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
                         .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
 
         // Verifies that an intermediate signer in the lineage is not sufficient to satisfy the
@@ -1516,6 +1537,469 @@
                 EC_P256_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testSetMinSdkVersionForRotation_lessThanT_noV31Block() throws Exception {
+        // The V3.1 signing block is intended to allow APK signing key rotation to target T+, but
+        // a minimum SDK version can be explicitly set for rotation; if it is less than T than
+        // the rotated key will be included in the V3.0 block.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApkMinRotationP = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result resultMinRotationP = verify(signedApkMinRotationP, null);
+        // The V3.1 signature scheme was introduced in T; specifying an older SDK version as the
+        // minimum for rotation should cause the APK to still be signed with rotation in the V3.0
+        // signing block.
+        File signedApkMinRotationS = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.S)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result resultMinRotationS = verify(signedApkMinRotationS, null);
+
+        assertVerified(resultMinRotationP);
+        assertFalse(resultMinRotationP.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertEquals(1, resultMinRotationP.getV3SchemeSigners().size());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(resultMinRotationP, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        assertVerified(resultMinRotationS);
+        assertFalse(resultMinRotationS.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        // While rotation is targeting S, signer blocks targeting specific SDK versions have not
+        // been tested in previous platform releases; ensure only a single signer block with the
+        // rotated key is in the V3 block.
+        assertEquals(1, resultMinRotationS.getV3SchemeSigners().size());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(resultMinRotationS, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetMinSdkVersionForRotation_TAndLater_v31Block() throws Exception {
+        // When T or later is specified as the minimum SDK version for rotation, then a new V3.1
+        // signing block should be created with the new rotated key, and the V3.0 signing block
+        // should still be signed with the original key.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+            Arrays.asList(
+                getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+            Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApkMinRotationT = sign("original.apk",
+            new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.T)
+                .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result resultMinRotationT = verify(signedApkMinRotationT, null);
+        // The API level for a release after T is not yet defined, so for now treat it as T + 1.
+        File signedApkMinRotationU = sign("original.apk",
+            new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.T + 1)
+                .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result resultMinRotationU = verify(signedApkMinRotationU, null);
+
+        assertVerified(resultMinRotationT);
+        assertTrue(resultMinRotationT.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(resultMinRotationT, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+            SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(resultMinRotationT, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+            AndroidSdkVersion.T);
+        assertVerified(resultMinRotationU);
+        assertTrue(resultMinRotationU.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(resultMinRotationU, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+            SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(resultMinRotationU, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+            AndroidSdkVersion.T + 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetMinSdkVersionForRotation_targetTNoOriginalSigner_fails() throws Exception {
+        // Similar to the V1 and V2 signatures schemes, if an app is targeting P or later with
+        // rotation targeting T, the original signer must be provided so that it can be used in the
+        // V3.0 signing block; if it is not provided the signer should throw an Exception.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage = List
+            .of(getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+            Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () ->
+            sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                    .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
+                    .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
+                    .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                    .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                    .setMinSdkVersion(28)
+                    .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.T)
+                    .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetMinSdkVersionForRotation_targetTAndApkMinSdkT_onlySignsV3Block()
+            throws Exception {
+        // A V3.1 signing block should only exist alongside a V3.0 signing block; if an APK's
+        // min SDK version is greater than or equal to the SDK version for rotation then the
+        // original signer should not be required, and the rotated signing key should be in
+        // a V3.0 signing block.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage = List
+            .of(getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+            Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+            new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
+                .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
+                .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                .setMinSdkVersion(V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT)
+                .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT)
+                .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verifyForMinSdkVersion(signedApk,
+            V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertFalse(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(result, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+            SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetMinSdkVersionForRotation_targetTWithSourceStamp_noWarnings()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Source stamp verification will report a warning if a stamp signature is not found for any
+        // of the APK Signature Schemes used to sign the APK. This test verifies an APK signed with
+        // a rotated key in the v3.1 block and a source stamp successfully verifies, including the
+        // source stamp, without any warnings.
+        ApkSigner.SignerConfig rsa2048OriginalSignerConfig = getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(
+                FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        rsa2048OriginalSignerConfig,
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.T)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage)
+                        .setSourceStampSignerConfig(rsa2048OriginalSignerConfig));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertResultContainsSigners(result, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(result, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                AndroidSdkVersion.T);
+        assertSourceStampVerified(signedApk, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetRotationTargetsDevRelease_target34_v30SignerTargetsAtLeast34()
+            throws Exception {
+        // During development of a new platform release the new platform will use the SDK version
+        // of the previously released platform, so in order to test rotation on a new platform
+        // release it must target the SDK version of the previous platform. However an APK signed
+        // with the v3.1 signature scheme and targeting rotation on the previous platform release X
+        // would still use rotation if that APK were installed on a device running release version
+        // X. To support targeting rotation on the main branch, the v3.1 signature scheme supports
+        // a rotation-targets-dev-release attribute; this allows the APK to use the v3.1 signer
+        // block on a development platform with SDK version X while a release platform X will
+        // skip this signer block when it sees this additional attribute. To ensure that the APK
+        // will still target the released platform X, the v3.0 signer must have a maxSdkVersion
+        // of at least X for the signer.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        int rotationMinSdkVersion = V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT + 1;
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(rotationMinSdkVersion)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage)
+                        .setRotationTargetsDevRelease(true));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertTrue(result.getV31SchemeSigners().get(0).getRotationTargetsDevRelease());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(result, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        assertTrue(result.getV3SchemeSigners().get(0).getMaxSdkVersion() >= rotationMinSdkVersion);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV3_rotationMinSdkVersionLessThanTV3Only_origSignerNotRequired()
+            throws Exception {
+        // The v3.1 signature scheme allows a rotation-min-sdk-version be specified to target T+
+        // for rotation; however if this value is less than the expected SDK version of T, then
+        // apksig should just use the rotated signing key in the v3.0 block. An APK that targets
+        // P+ that wants to use rotation in the v3.0 signing block should only need to provide
+        // the rotated signing key and lineage; this test ensures this behavior when the
+        // rotation-min-sdk-version is set to a value > P and < T.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApkRotationOnQ = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersion(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.Q)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result resultRotationOnQ = verify(signedApkRotationOnQ, AndroidSdkVersion.P);
+
+        assertVerified(resultRotationOnQ);
+        assertEquals(1, resultRotationOnQ.getV3SchemeSigners().size());
+        assertFalse(resultRotationOnQ.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertResultContainsSigners(resultRotationOnQ, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV31_rotationMinSdkVersionEqualsMinSdkVersion_v3SignerPresent()
+            throws Exception {
+        // The SDK version for Sv2 (32) is used as the minSdkVersion for the V3.1 signature
+        // scheme to allow rotation to target the T development platform; this will be updated
+        // to the real SDK version of T once its SDK is finalized. This test verifies if a
+        // package has Sv2 as its minSdkVersion, the signing can complete as expected with the
+        // v3 block signed by the original signer and targeting just Sv2, and the v3.1 block
+        // signed by the rotated signer and targeting the dev release of Sv2 and all later releases.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original-minSdk32.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertEquals(AndroidSdkVersion.Sv2, result.getV3SchemeSigners().get(0).getMaxSdkVersion());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV31_rotationMinSdkVersionTWithoutLineage_v30VerificationSucceeds()
+            throws Exception {
+        // apksig allows setting a rotation-min-sdk-version without providing a rotated signing
+        // key / lineage; however in the absence of rotation, the rotation-min-sdk-version should
+        // be a no-op, and the stripping protection attribute should not be written to the v3.0
+        // signer.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfig =
+                Collections.singletonList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfig)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertFalse(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV31_rotationMinSdkVersionDefault_rotationTargetsT() throws Exception {
+        // The v3.1 signature scheme was introduced in T to allow developers to target T+ for
+        // rotation due to known issues with rotation on previous platform releases. This test
+        // verifies an APK signed with a rotated signing key defaults to the original signing
+        // key used in the v3 signing block for pre-T devices, and the rotated signing key used
+        // in the v3.1 signing block for T+ devices.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme());
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        assertEquals(AndroidSdkVersion.Sv2, result.getV3SchemeSigners().get(0).getMaxSdkVersion());
+        assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(result, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                AndroidSdkVersion.T);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV31_rotationMinSdkVersionP_rotationTargetsP() throws Exception {
+        // While the V3.1 signature scheme will target T by default, a package that has
+        // previously rotated can provide a rotation-min-sdk-version less than T to continue
+        // using the rotated signing key in the v3.0 block.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme());
+        assertFalse(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV4_rotationMinSdkVersionLessThanT_signatureOnlyHasRotatedSigner()
+            throws Exception {
+        // To support SDK version targeting in the v3.1 signature scheme, apksig added a
+        // rotation-min-sdk-version option to allow the caller to specify the level from which
+        // the rotated signer should be used. A value less than T should result in a single
+        // rotated signer in the V3 block (along with the corresponding lineage), and the V4
+        // signature should use this signer.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.P)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertResultContainsV4Signers(result, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testV4_rotationMinSdkVersionT_signatureHasOrigAndRotatedKey() throws Exception {
+        // When an APK is signed with a rotated key and the rotation-min-sdk-version X is set to T+,
+        // a V3.1 block will be signed with the rotated signing key targeting X and later, and
+        // a V3.0 block will be signed with the original signing key targeting P - X-1. The
+        // V4 signature should contain both the original signing key and the rotated signing
+        // key; this ensures if an APK is installed on a device running an SDK version less than X,
+        // the V4 signature will be verified using the original signing key which will be the only
+        // signing key visible to the platform.
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage =
+                Arrays.asList(
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME),
+                        getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineage =
+                Resources.toSigningCertificateLineage(
+                        ApkSignerTest.class, LINEAGE_RSA_2048_2_SIGNERS_RESOURCE_NAME);
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(rsa2048SignerConfigWithLineage)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setMinSdkVersionForRotation(AndroidSdkVersion.T)
+                        .setSigningCertificateLineage(lineage));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertResultContainsV4Signers(result, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSourceStampTimestamp_signWithSourceStamp_validTimestampValue()
+            throws Exception {
+        // Source stamps should include a timestamp attribute with the epoch time the stamp block
+        // was signed. This test verifies a standard signing with a source stamp includes a valid
+        // value for the source stamp timestamp attribute.
+        ApkSigner.SignerConfig rsa2048SignerConfig = getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(
+                FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        List<ApkSigner.SignerConfig> ecP256SignerConfig = Collections.singletonList(
+                getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(EC_P256_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME));
+
+        File signedApk = sign("original.apk",
+                new ApkSigner.Builder(ecP256SignerConfig)
+                        .setV1SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV2SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV3SigningEnabled(true)
+                        .setV4SigningEnabled(false)
+                        .setSourceStampSignerConfig(rsa2048SignerConfig));
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify(signedApk, null);
+
+        assertSourceStampVerified(signedApk, result);
+        long timestamp = result.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds();
+        assertTrue("Invalid source stamp timestamp value: " + timestamp, timestamp > 0);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Asserts the provided {@code signedApk} contains a signature block with the expected
      * {@code byte[]} value and block ID as specified in the {@code expectedBlock}.
@@ -1544,8 +2028,20 @@
      * Asserts the provided verification {@code result} contains the expected {@code signers} for
      * each scheme that was used to verify the APK's signature.
      */
-    private static void assertResultContainsSigners(ApkVerifier.Result result, String... signers)
+    static void assertResultContainsSigners(ApkVerifier.Result result, String... signers)
             throws Exception {
+        assertResultContainsSigners(result, false, signers);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the provided verification {@code result} contains the expected {@code signers} for
+     * each scheme that was used to verify the APK's signature; if {@code rotationExpected} is set
+     * to {@code true}, then the first element in {@code signers} is treated as the expected
+     * original signer for any V1, V2, and V3 (where applicable) signatures, and the last element
+     * is the rotated expected signer for V3+.
+     */
+    static void assertResultContainsSigners(ApkVerifier.Result result,
+        boolean rotationExpected, String... signers) throws Exception {
         // A result must be successfully verified before verifying any of the result's signers.
         assertTrue(result.isVerified());
 
@@ -1554,16 +2050,27 @@
             ApkSigner.SignerConfig signerConfig = getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(signer);
             expectedSigners.addAll(signerConfig.getCertificates());
         }
+        // If rotation is expected then the V1 and V2 signature should only be signed by the
+        // original signer.
+        List<X509Certificate> expectedV1Signers =
+            rotationExpected ? List.of(expectedSigners.get(0)) : expectedSigners;
+        List<X509Certificate> expectedV2Signers =
+            rotationExpected ? List.of(expectedSigners.get(0)) : expectedSigners;
+        // V3 only supports a single signer; if rotation is not expected or the V3.1 block contains
+        // the rotated signing key then the expected V3.0 signer should be the original signer.
+        List<X509Certificate> expectedV3Signers =
+            !rotationExpected || result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme()
+                ? List.of(expectedSigners.get(0))
+                : List.of(expectedSigners.get(expectedSigners.size() - 1));
 
         if (result.isVerifiedUsingV1Scheme()) {
             Set<X509Certificate> v1Signers = new HashSet<>();
             for (ApkVerifier.Result.V1SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV1SchemeSigners()) {
                 v1Signers.add(signer.getCertificate());
             }
-            assertEquals(expectedSigners.size(), v1Signers.size());
-            assertTrue("Expected V1 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedSigners)
+            assertTrue("Expected V1 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedV1Signers)
                             + ", actual V1 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(v1Signers),
-                    v1Signers.containsAll(expectedSigners));
+                    v1Signers.containsAll(expectedV1Signers));
         }
 
         if (result.isVerifiedUsingV2Scheme()) {
@@ -1571,10 +2078,9 @@
             for (ApkVerifier.Result.V2SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV2SchemeSigners()) {
                 v2Signers.add(signer.getCertificate());
             }
-            assertEquals(expectedSigners.size(), v2Signers.size());
-            assertTrue("Expected V2 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedSigners)
+            assertTrue("Expected V2 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedV2Signers)
                             + ", actual V2 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(v2Signers),
-                    v2Signers.containsAll(expectedSigners));
+                    v2Signers.containsAll(expectedV2Signers));
         }
 
         if (result.isVerifiedUsingV3Scheme()) {
@@ -1582,11 +2088,68 @@
             for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV3SchemeSigners()) {
                 v3Signers.add(signer.getCertificate());
             }
-            assertEquals(expectedSigners.size(), v3Signers.size());
-            assertTrue("Expected V3 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedSigners)
+            assertTrue("Expected V3 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedV3Signers)
                             + ", actual V3 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(v3Signers),
-                    v3Signers.containsAll(expectedSigners));
+                    v3Signers.containsAll(expectedV3Signers));
         }
+
+        if (result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme()) {
+            Set<X509Certificate> v31Signers = new HashSet<>();
+            for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV31SchemeSigners()) {
+                v31Signers.add(signer.getCertificate());
+            }
+            // V3.1 only supports specifying signatures with a rotated signing key; if a V3.1
+            // signing block was verified then ensure it contains the expected rotated signer.
+            List<X509Certificate> expectedV31Signers = List
+                .of(expectedSigners.get(expectedSigners.size() - 1));
+            assertTrue("Expected V3.1 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedV31Signers)
+                    + ", actual V3.1 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(v31Signers),
+                v31Signers.containsAll(expectedV31Signers));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the provided verification {@code result} contains the expected V4 {@code signers}.
+     */
+    private static void assertResultContainsV4Signers(ApkVerifier.Result result, String... signers)
+            throws Exception {
+        assertTrue(result.isVerified());
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV4Scheme());
+        List<X509Certificate> expectedSigners = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String signer : signers) {
+            ApkSigner.SignerConfig signerConfig = getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(signer);
+            expectedSigners.addAll(signerConfig.getCertificates());
+        }
+        List<X509Certificate> v4Signers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (ApkVerifier.Result.V4SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV4SchemeSigners()) {
+            v4Signers.addAll(signer.getCertificates());
+        }
+        assertTrue("Expected V4 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(expectedSigners)
+                        + ", actual V4 signers: " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(v4Signers),
+                v4Signers.containsAll(expectedSigners));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the provided {@code result} contains the expected {@code signer} targeting
+     * {@code minSdkVersion} as the minimum version for rotation.
+     */
+    static void assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(ApkVerifier.Result result, String signer,
+        int minSdkVersion) throws Exception {
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+        ApkSigner.SignerConfig expectedSignerConfig = getDefaultSignerConfigFromResources(signer);
+
+        for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signerConfig : result.getV31SchemeSigners()) {
+            if (signerConfig.getCertificates()
+                .containsAll(expectedSignerConfig.getCertificates())) {
+                assertEquals("The signer, " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(signerConfig.getCertificates())
+                        + ", is expected to target SDK version " + minSdkVersion
+                        + ", instead it is targeting " + signerConfig.getMinSdkVersion(),
+                    minSdkVersion, signerConfig.getMinSdkVersion());
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        fail("Did not find the expected signer, " + getAllSubjectNamesFrom(
+            expectedSignerConfig.getCertificates()));
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifierTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifierTest.java
index 5a7c64d..9de2b59 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifierTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/ApkVerifierTest.java
@@ -16,7 +16,12 @@
 
 package com.android.apksig;
 
+import static com.android.apksig.ApkSignerTest.FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME;
+import static com.android.apksig.ApkSignerTest.SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME;
+import static com.android.apksig.ApkSignerTest.assertResultContainsSigners;
+import static com.android.apksig.ApkSignerTest.assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.junit.Assume.assumeNoException;
@@ -25,6 +30,7 @@
 import com.android.apksig.ApkVerifier.IssueWithParams;
 import com.android.apksig.ApkVerifier.Result.SourceStampInfo.SourceStampVerificationStatus;
 import com.android.apksig.apk.ApkFormatException;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.apk.v3.V3SchemeConstants;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.AndroidSdkVersion;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.HexEncoding;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.Resources;
@@ -1307,6 +1313,123 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_noTimestamp_returnsDefaultValue() throws Exception {
+        // A timestamp attribute was added to the source stamp, but verification of APKs that were
+        // generated prior to the addition of the timestamp should still complete successfully,
+        // returning a default value of 0 for the timestamp.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp("v3-only-with-stamp.apk");
+
+        assertTrue(verificationResult.isSourceStampVerified());
+        assertEquals(
+                "A value of 0 should be returned for the timestamp when the attribute is not "
+                        + "present",
+                0, verificationResult.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_validTimestamp_returnsExpectedValue() throws Exception {
+        // Once an APK is signed with a source stamp that contains a valid value for the timestamp
+        // attribute, verification of the source stamp should result in the same value for the
+        // timestamp returned to the verifier.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-valid-timestamp-value.apk");
+
+        assertTrue(verificationResult.isSourceStampVerified());
+        assertEquals(1644886584, verificationResult.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_validTimestampLargerBuffer_returnsExpectedValue()
+            throws Exception {
+        // The source stamp timestamp attribute value is expected to be written to an 8 byte buffer
+        // as a little-endian long; while a larger buffer will not result in an error, any
+        // additional space after the buffer's initial 8 bytes will be ignored. This test verifies a
+        // valid timestamp value written to the first 8 bytes of a 16 byte buffer can still be read
+        // successfully.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-valid-timestamp-16-byte-buffer.apk");
+
+        assertTrue(verificationResult.isSourceStampVerified());
+        assertEquals(1645126786,
+                verificationResult.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_invalidTimestampValueEqualsZero_verificationFails()
+            throws Exception {
+        // If the source stamp timestamp attribute exists and is <= 0, then a warning should be
+        // reported to notify the caller to the invalid attribute value. This test verifies a
+        // a warning is reported when the timestamp attribute value is 0.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-zero.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationStatus(verificationResult,
+                SourceStampVerificationStatus.STAMP_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                Issue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_invalidTimestampValueLessThanZero_verificationFails()
+            throws Exception {
+        // If the source stamp timestamp attribute exists and is <= 0, then a warning should be
+        // reported to notify the caller to the invalid attribute value. This test verifies a
+        // a warning is reported when the timestamp attribute value is < 0.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-less-than-zero.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationStatus(verificationResult,
+                SourceStampVerificationStatus.STAMP_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                Issue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_invalidTimestampZeroInFirst8BytesOfBuffer_verificationFails()
+            throws Exception {
+        // The source stamp's timestamp attribute value is expected to be written to the first 8
+        // bytes of the attribute's value buffer; if a larger buffer is used and the timestamp
+        // value is not written as a little-endian long to the first 8 bytes of the buffer, then
+        // an error should be reported for the timestamp attribute since the rest of the buffer will
+        // be ignored.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-timestamp-in-last-8-of-16-byte-buffer.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationStatus(verificationResult,
+                SourceStampVerificationStatus.STAMP_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                Issue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_intTimestampValue_verificationFails() throws Exception {
+        // Since the source stamp timestamp attribute value is a long, an attribute value with
+        // insufficient space to hold a long value should result in a warning reported to the user.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-int-timestamp-value.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationStatus(verificationResult,
+                SourceStampVerificationStatus.STAMP_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                Issue.SOURCE_STAMP_MALFORMED_ATTRIBUTE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_modifiedTimestampValue_verificationFails() throws Exception {
+        // The source stamp timestamp attribute is part of the block's signed data; this test
+        // verifies if the value of the timestamp in the stamp block is modified then verification
+        // of the source stamp should fail.
+        ApkVerifier.Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-valid-timestamp-value-modified.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationStatus(verificationResult,
+                SourceStampVerificationStatus.STAMP_VERIFICATION_FAILED);
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                Issue.SOURCE_STAMP_DID_NOT_VERIFY);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void apkVerificationIssueAdapter_verifyAllBaseIssuesMapped() throws Exception {
         Field[] fields = ApkVerificationIssue.class.getFields();
         StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder();
@@ -1348,6 +1471,131 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_rotationTarget34_containsExpectedSigners() throws Exception {
+        // This test verifies an APK targeting a specific SDK version for rotation properly reports
+        // that version for the rotated signer in the v3.1 block, and all other signing blocks
+        // use the original signing key.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-1-tgt-28.apk");
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertResultContainsSigners(result, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+            SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(result, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME, 34);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_missingStrippingAttr_warningReported() throws Exception {
+        // The v3.1 signing block supports targeting SDK versions; to protect against these target
+        // versions being modified the v3 signer contains a stripping protection attribute with the
+        // SDK version on which rotation should be applied. This test verifies a warning is reported
+        // when this attribute is not present in the v3 signer.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-tgt-33-no-v3-attr.apk");
+
+        assertVerificationWarning(result, Issue.V31_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_ATTR_MISSING);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_strippingAttrMismatch_errorReportedOnSupportedVersions()
+            throws Exception {
+        // This test verifies if the stripping protection attribute does not properly match the
+        // minimum SDK version on which rotation is supported then the APK should fail verification.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-tgt-34-v3-attr-value-33.apk");
+        assertVerificationFailure(result, Issue.V31_ROTATION_MIN_SDK_MISMATCH);
+
+        // SDK versions that do not support v3.1 should ignore the stripping protection attribute
+        // and the v3.1 signing block.
+        result = verifyForMaxSdkVersion("v31-tgt-34-v3-attr-value-33.apk",
+            V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT - 1);
+        assertVerified(result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_missingV31Block_errorReportedOnSupportedVersions() throws Exception {
+        // This test verifies if the stripping protection attribute contains a value for rotation
+        // but a v3.1 signing block was not found then the APK should fail verification.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-block-stripped-v3-attr-value-33.apk");
+        assertVerificationFailure(result, Issue.V31_BLOCK_MISSING);
+
+        // SDK versions that do not support v3.1 should ignore the stripping protection attribute
+        // and the v3.1 signing block.
+        result = verifyForMaxSdkVersion("v31-block-stripped-v3-attr-value-33.apk",
+            V3SchemeConstants.MIN_SDK_WITH_V31_SUPPORT - 1);
+        assertVerified(result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_v31BlockWithoutV3Block_reportsError() throws Exception {
+        // A v3.1 block must always exist alongside a v3.0 block; if an APK's minSdkVersion is the
+        // same as the version supporting rotation then it should be written to a v3.0 block.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-tgt-33-no-v3-block.apk");
+        assertVerificationFailure(result, Issue.V31_BLOCK_FOUND_WITHOUT_V3_BLOCK);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_rotationTargetsDevRelease_resultReportsDevReleaseFlag() throws Exception {
+        // Development releases use the SDK version of the previous release until the SDK is
+        // finalized. In order to only target the development release and later, the v3.1 signature
+        // scheme supports targeting development releases such that the SDK version X will install
+        // on a device running X with the system property ro.build.version.codename set to a new
+        // development codename (eg T); a release platform will have this set to "REL", and the
+        // platform will ignore the v3.1 signer if the minSdkVersion is X and the codename is "REL".
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-dev-release.apk");
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertV31SignerTargetsMinApiLevel(result, SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME, 34);
+        assertResultContainsSigners(result, true, FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV3_v3RotatedSignerTargetsDevRelease_warningReported() throws Exception {
+        // While a v3.1 signer can target a development release, v3.0 does not support the same
+        // attribute since it is only intended for v3.1 with v3.0 using the original signer. This
+        // test verifies a warning is reported if an APK has this flag set on a v3.0 signer since it
+        // will be ignored by the platform.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v3-rsa-2048_2-tgt-dev-release.apk");
+
+        assertVerificationWarning(result, Issue.V31_ROTATION_TARGETS_DEV_RELEASE_ATTR_ON_V3_SIGNER);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifyV31_rotationTargets34_resultContainsExpectedLineage() throws Exception {
+        // During verification of the v3.1 and v3.0 signing blocks, ApkVerifier will set the
+        // signing certificate lineage in the Result object; this test verifies a null lineage from
+        // a v3.0 signer does not overwrite a valid lineage from a v3.1 signer.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verify("v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-1-tgt-28.apk");
+
+        assertNotNull(result.getSigningCertificateLineage());
+        SigningCertificateLineageTest.assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(
+                result.getSigningCertificateLineage(), FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME,
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verify31_minSdkVersionT_resultSuccessfullyVerified() throws Exception {
+        // When a min-sdk-version of 33 is explicitly specified, apksig will behave the same as a
+        // device running this API level and only verify a v3.1 signature if it exists. This test
+        // verifies this v3.1 signature is sufficient to report the APK as verified.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verifyForMinSdkVersion("v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28.apk",
+                33);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verify31_minSdkVersionTTargetSdk30_resultSuccessfullyVerified() throws Exception {
+        // This test verifies when a min-sdk-version of 33 is specified and the APK targets API
+        // level 30 or later, the v3.1 signature is sufficient to report the APK meets the
+        // requirement of a minimum v2 signature.
+        ApkVerifier.Result result = verifyForMinSdkVersion(
+                "v31-ec-p256-2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28-targetSdk-30.apk", 33);
+
+        assertVerified(result);
+        assertTrue(result.isVerifiedUsingV31Scheme());
+    }
+
     private ApkVerifier.Result verify(String apkFilenameInResources)
             throws IOException, ApkFormatException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
         return verify(apkFilenameInResources, null, null);
@@ -1486,13 +1734,27 @@
     }
 
     static void assertVerificationFailure(ApkVerifier.Result result, Issue expectedIssue) {
-        if (result.isVerified()) {
+        assertVerificationIssue(result, expectedIssue, true);
+    }
+
+    static void assertVerificationWarning(ApkVerifier.Result result, Issue expectedIssue) {
+        assertVerificationIssue(result, expectedIssue, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Asserts the provided {@code result} contains the {@code expectedIssue}; if {@code
+     * verifyError} is set to {@code true} then the specified {@link Issue} will be expected as an
+     * error, otherwise it will be expected as a warning.
+     */
+    private static void assertVerificationIssue(ApkVerifier.Result result, Issue expectedIssue,
+        boolean verifyError) {
+        if (result.isVerified() && verifyError) {
             fail("APK verification succeeded instead of failing with " + expectedIssue);
             return;
         }
 
         StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder();
-        for (IssueWithParams issue : result.getErrors()) {
+        for (IssueWithParams issue : (verifyError ? result.getErrors() : result.getWarnings())) {
             if (expectedIssue.equals(issue.getIssue())) {
                 return;
             }
@@ -1503,7 +1765,8 @@
         }
         for (ApkVerifier.Result.V1SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV1SchemeSigners()) {
             String signerName = signer.getName();
-            for (ApkVerifier.IssueWithParams issue : signer.getErrors()) {
+            for (ApkVerifier.IssueWithParams issue : (verifyError ? signer.getErrors()
+                    : signer.getWarnings())) {
                 if (expectedIssue.equals(issue.getIssue())) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1520,7 +1783,8 @@
         }
         for (ApkVerifier.Result.V2SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV2SchemeSigners()) {
             String signerName = "signer #" + (signer.getIndex() + 1);
-            for (IssueWithParams issue : signer.getErrors()) {
+            for (IssueWithParams issue : (verifyError ? signer.getErrors()
+                    : signer.getWarnings())) {
                 if (expectedIssue.equals(issue.getIssue())) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1535,7 +1799,8 @@
         }
         for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV3SchemeSigners()) {
             String signerName = "signer #" + (signer.getIndex() + 1);
-            for (IssueWithParams issue : signer.getErrors()) {
+            for (IssueWithParams issue : (verifyError ? signer.getErrors()
+                    : signer.getWarnings())) {
                 if (expectedIssue.equals(issue.getIssue())) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1548,6 +1813,22 @@
                         .append(issue);
             }
         }
+        for (ApkVerifier.Result.V3SchemeSignerInfo signer : result.getV31SchemeSigners()) {
+            String signerName = "signer #" + (signer.getIndex() + 1);
+            for (IssueWithParams issue : (verifyError ? signer.getErrors()
+                : signer.getWarnings())) {
+                if (expectedIssue.equals(issue.getIssue())) {
+                    return;
+                }
+                if (msg.length() > 0) {
+                    msg.append('\n');
+                }
+                msg.append("APK Signature Scheme v3.1 signer ")
+                    .append(signerName)
+                    .append(": ")
+                    .append(issue);
+            }
+        }
 
         fail(
                 "APK failed verification for the wrong reason"
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineageTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineageTest.java
index d5dc71d..07a48f1 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineageTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SigningCertificateLineageTest.java
@@ -397,6 +397,21 @@
         assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(lineageFromApk, expectedSigners);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testLineageFromAPKWithV31BlockContainsExpectedSigners() throws Exception {
+        SignerConfig firstSigner = getSignerConfigFromResources(
+                FIRST_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        SignerConfig secondSigner = getSignerConfigFromResources(
+                SECOND_RSA_2048_SIGNER_RESOURCE_NAME);
+        List<SignerConfig> expectedSigners = Arrays.asList(firstSigner, secondSigner);
+        DataSource apkDataSource = Resources.toDataSource(getClass(),
+                "v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-1-tgt-28.apk");
+        SigningCertificateLineage lineageFromApk = SigningCertificateLineage.readFromApkDataSource(
+                apkDataSource);
+        assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(lineageFromApk, expectedSigners);
+
+    }
+
     @Test(expected = ApkFormatException.class)
     public void testLineageFromAPKWithInvalidZipCDSizeFails() throws Exception {
         // This test verifies that attempting to read the lineage from an APK where the zip
@@ -535,7 +550,20 @@
         return lineage.spawnDescendant(oldSignerConfig, newSignerConfig);
     }
 
-    private void assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(SigningCertificateLineage lineage,
+    /**
+     * Asserts the provided {@code lineage} contains the {@code expectedSigners} from the test's
+     * resources.
+     */
+    static void assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(SigningCertificateLineage lineage,
+            String... expectedSigners) throws Exception {
+        List<SignerConfig> signers = new ArrayList<>();
+        for (String expectedSigner : expectedSigners) {
+            signers.add(getSignerConfigFromResources(expectedSigner));
+        }
+        assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(lineage, signers);
+    }
+
+    private static void assertLineageContainsExpectedSigners(SigningCertificateLineage lineage,
             List<SignerConfig> signers) {
         assertEquals("The lineage does not contain the expected number of signers",
                 signers.size(), lineage.size());
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifierTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifierTest.java
index f5020cc..2e54a8a 100644
--- a/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifierTest.java
+++ b/src/test/java/com/android/apksig/SourceStampVerifierTest.java
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import com.android.apksig.SourceStampVerifier.Result;
 import com.android.apksig.SourceStampVerifier.Result.SignerInfo;
+import com.android.apksig.internal.util.AndroidSdkVersion;
 import com.android.apksig.internal.util.Resources;
 import com.android.apksig.util.DataSources;
 
@@ -269,6 +271,110 @@
                 ApkVerificationIssue.JAR_SIG_NO_SIGNATURES);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_noTimestamp_returnsDefaultValue() throws Exception {
+        // A timestamp attribute was added to the source stamp, but verification of APKs that were
+        // generated prior to the addition of the timestamp should still complete successfully,
+        // returning a default value of 0 for the timestamp.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp("v3-only-with-stamp.apk", AndroidSdkVersion.P,
+                AndroidSdkVersion.P);
+
+        assertVerified(verificationResult);
+        assertEquals(
+                "A value of 0 should be returned for the timestamp when the attribute is not "
+                        + "present",
+                0, verificationResult.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_validTimestamp_returnsExpectedValue() throws Exception {
+        // Once an APK is signed with a source stamp that contains a valid value for the timestamp
+        // attribute, verification of the source stamp should result in the same value for the
+        // timestamp returned to the verifier.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp("stamp-valid-timestamp-value.apk");
+
+        assertVerified(verificationResult);
+        assertEquals(1644886584, verificationResult.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_validTimestampLargerBuffer_returnsExpectedValue()
+            throws Exception {
+        // The source stamp timestamp attribute value is expected to be written to an 8 byte buffer
+        // as a little-endian long; while a larger buffer will not result in an error, any
+        // additional space after the buffer's initial 8 bytes will be ignored. This test verifies a
+        // valid timestamp value written to the first 8 bytes of a 16 byte buffer can still be read
+        // successfully.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp("stamp-valid-timestamp-16-byte-buffer.apk");
+
+        assertEquals(1645126786,
+                verificationResult.getSourceStampInfo().getTimestampEpochSeconds());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_invalidTimestampValueEqualsZero_verificationFails()
+            throws Exception {
+        // If the source stamp timestamp attribute exists and is <= 0, then a warning should be
+        // reported to notify the caller to the invalid attribute value. This test verifies a
+        // a warning is reported when the timestamp attribute value is 0.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp("stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-zero.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_invalidTimestampValueLessThanZero_verificationFails()
+            throws Exception {
+        // If the source stamp timestamp attribute exists and is <= 0, then a warning should be
+        // reported to notify the caller to the invalid attribute value. This test verifies a
+        // a warning is reported when the timestamp attribute value is < 0.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-less-than-zero.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_invalidTimestampZeroInFirst8BytesOfBuffer_verificationFails()
+            throws Exception {
+        // The source stamp's timestamp attribute value is expected to be written to the first 8
+        // bytes of the attribute's value buffer; if a larger buffer is used and the timestamp
+        // value is not written as a little-endian long to the first 8 bytes of the buffer, then
+        // an error should be reported for the timestamp attribute since the rest of the buffer will
+        // be ignored.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-timestamp-in-last-8-of-16-byte-buffer.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_INVALID_TIMESTAMP);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_intTimestampValue_verificationFails() throws Exception {
+        // Since the source stamp timestamp attribute value is a long, an attribute value with
+        // insufficient space to hold a long value should result in a warning reported to the user.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-int-timestamp-value.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_MALFORMED_ATTRIBUTE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void verifySourceStamp_modifiedTimestampValue_verificationFails() throws Exception {
+        // The source stamp timestamp attribute is part of the block's signed data; this test
+        // verifies if the value of the timestamp in the stamp block is modified then verification
+        // of the source stamp should fail.
+        Result verificationResult = verifySourceStamp(
+                "stamp-valid-timestamp-value-modified.apk");
+
+        assertSourceStampVerificationFailure(verificationResult,
+                ApkVerificationIssue.SOURCE_STAMP_DID_NOT_VERIFY);
+    }
+
+
     private Result verifySourceStamp(String apkFilenameInResources)
             throws Exception {
         return verifySourceStamp(apkFilenameInResources, null, null, null);
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
index 965f901..a273b0c 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
index 13a3bc9..2a0d383 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
index 36f4825..4a4cda9 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
index f6b60d6..376b0e5 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
index b0debf6..25ffa5b 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
index f8b4171..341d7ba 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-legacy-aligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
index 02ecee0..5636723 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v1v2v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
index 08538a0..4f21b4c 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v2v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v3-lineage-out.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
index 9bcbc7a..7514d20 100644
--- a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/golden-unaligned-v3-lineage-out.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/original-minSdk32.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/original-minSdk32.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d50f27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/original-minSdk32.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-int-timestamp-value.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-int-timestamp-value.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0cd740c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-int-timestamp-value.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-less-than-zero.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-less-than-zero.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4a189e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-less-than-zero.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-zero.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-zero.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6cfd082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-invalid-timestamp-value-zero.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-timestamp-in-last-8-of-16-byte-buffer.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-timestamp-in-last-8-of-16-byte-buffer.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..260b0ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-timestamp-in-last-8-of-16-byte-buffer.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-16-byte-buffer.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-16-byte-buffer.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da9c34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-16-byte-buffer.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-value-modified.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-value-modified.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eefc148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-value-modified.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-value.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-value.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c6a501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/stamp-valid-timestamp-value.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v3-rsa-2048_2-tgt-dev-release.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v3-rsa-2048_2-tgt-dev-release.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3b2c14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v3-rsa-2048_2-tgt-dev-release.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-block-stripped-v3-attr-value-33.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-block-stripped-v3-attr-value-33.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d091075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-block-stripped-v3-attr-value-33.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-ec-p256-2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28-targetSdk-30.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-ec-p256-2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28-targetSdk-30.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad14731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-ec-p256-2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28-targetSdk-30.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeaec33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-33-1-tgt-28.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-1-tgt-28.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-1-tgt-28.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccf59d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-1-tgt-28.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-dev-release.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-dev-release.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..784f47e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-rsa-2048_2-tgt-34-dev-release.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-33-no-v3-attr.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-33-no-v3-attr.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..284cd7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-33-no-v3-attr.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-33-no-v3-block.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-33-no-v3-block.apk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c797a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-33-no-v3-block.apk
Binary files differ
diff --git a/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-34-v3-attr-value-33.apk b/src/test/resources/com/android/apksig/v31-tgt-34-v3-attr-value-33.apk
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--- /dev/null
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