[automerger skipped] netlink_listener_test deflake - again... am: e3425844b8 -s ours

am skip reason: Change-Id I5244953c553ac46432af80010e7acb9414926afd with SHA-1 728695794b is in history

Original change: https://android-review.googlesource.com/c/platform/system/netd/+/1168207

Change-Id: Id865823fde3f17f52e29b06bdba1afe1dd7aeea6
diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
index 114b2e1..01a8e77 100644
--- a/Android.bp
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -3,6 +3,16 @@
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libnetdbinder_utils_headers",
+    export_include_dirs: ["include/binder_utils"],
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.resolv",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "29",
+}
+
 cc_defaults {
     name: "netd_defaults",
     cflags: [
@@ -10,6 +20,8 @@
         "-Werror",
         // Override -Wno-error=implicit-fallthrough from soong
         "-Werror=implicit-fallthrough",
+        "-Werror=sometimes-uninitialized",
+        "-Werror=conditional-uninitialized",
         "-Wnullable-to-nonnull-conversion",
         "-Wsign-compare",
         "-Wthread-safety",
@@ -17,13 +29,16 @@
         "-Wuninitialized",
     ],
     tidy: true,
+    cpp_std: "experimental",
     tidy_checks: [
         "android-*",
+        "bugprone-*",
         "cert-*",
         "clang-analyzer-security*",
         "google-*",
         "misc-*",
         "performance-*",
+        "-bugprone-narrowing-conversions",  // lots of unsigned -> int conversions
         "-cert-err34-c",  // TODO: re-enable after removing atoi() and sscanf() calls
         "-google-readability-*",  // Too pedantic
         "-google-runtime-int",  // Too many unavoidable warnings due to strtol()
@@ -32,11 +47,12 @@
     ],
     tidy_flags: [
         "-warnings-as-errors="
-        + "'android-*'"
-        + ",'clang-analyzer-security*'"
-        + ",'cert-*'"
-        + ",'google-*'"
-        + ",'performance-*'"
-        + ",'misc-*'"
+        + "android-*,"
+        + "bugprone-*,"
+        + "cert-*,"
+        + "clang-analyzer-security*,"
+        + "google-*,"
+        + "misc-*,"
+        + "performance-*"
     ],
 }
diff --git a/OWNERS b/OWNERS
index 107eefc..7d617ec 100644
--- a/OWNERS
+++ b/OWNERS
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 jchalard@google.com
 lorenzo@google.com
 maze@google.com
+nuccachen@google.com
 reminv@google.com
 satk@google.com
 xiaom@google.com
diff --git a/PREUPLOAD.cfg b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
index c8dbf77..27eac94 100644
--- a/PREUPLOAD.cfg
+++ b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 [Builtin Hooks]
 clang_format = true
+commit_msg_test_field = false
 
 [Builtin Hooks Options]
 clang_format = --commit ${PREUPLOAD_COMMIT} --style file --extensions c,h,cc,cpp
diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index 2d3673c..095fa7d 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
 {
     "presubmit": [
+        { "name": "libnetdbpf_test" },
         { "name": "netd_integration_test" },
         { "name": "netd_unit_test" },
-        { "name": "libnetdbpf_test" },
-        { "name": "netdutils_test" },
-        { "name": "resolv_integration_test" },
-        { "name": "resolv_unit_test" }
+        { "name": "netdclient_test" },
+        { "name": "netdutils_test" }
+    ],
+    "postsubmit": [
+        { "name": "libnetdbpf_test",
+          "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]},
+        { "name": "netd_integration_test",
+          "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]},
+        { "name": "netd_unit_test",
+          "keywords": ["netd-device-kernel-4.9", "netd-device-kernel-4.14"]}
+    ],
+    "imports": [
+        { "path": "packages/modules/DnsResolver" }
     ]
 }
diff --git a/apex/Android.bp b/apex/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index c1d33e1..0000000
--- a/apex/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-
-apex {
-    name: "com.android.resolv",
-    manifest: "manifest.json",
-    multilib: {
-        first: {
-             native_shared_libs: ["libnetd_resolv"],
-        },
-    },
-    key: "com.android.resolv.key",
-    certificate: ":com.android.resolv.certificate",
-
-    // Use a custom AndroidManifest.xml used for API targeting.
-    androidManifest: "AndroidManifest.xml",
-}
-
-apex_key {
-    name: "com.android.resolv.key",
-    public_key: "com.android.resolv.avbpubkey",
-    private_key: "com.android.resolv.pem",
-}
-
-android_app_certificate {
-     name: "com.android.resolv.certificate",
-     // will use cert.pk8 and cert.x509.pem
-     certificate: "testcert",
-}
diff --git a/apex/AndroidManifest.xml b/apex/AndroidManifest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 9d6455c..0000000
--- a/apex/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!--
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- -->
-<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
-  package="com.android.resolv">
-  <!-- APEX does not have classes.dex -->
-  <application android:hasCode="false" />
-  <!--
-    * The interface between the resolver and netd is backwards compatible, so the resolver APEX
-    * can work with any version of netd.
-    -->
-  <uses-sdk
-      android:targetSdkVersion="29"
-  />
-</manifest>
diff --git a/apex/OWNERS b/apex/OWNERS
deleted file mode 100644
index bc97a1b..0000000
--- a/apex/OWNERS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-chenbruce@google.com
-codewiz@google.com
-martinwu@google.com
-
diff --git a/apex/com.android.resolv.avbpubkey b/apex/com.android.resolv.avbpubkey
deleted file mode 100644
index e0af34c..0000000
--- a/apex/com.android.resolv.avbpubkey
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/apex/com.android.resolv.pem b/apex/com.android.resolv.pem
deleted file mode 100644
index 6eb688d..0000000
--- a/apex/com.android.resolv.pem
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
-MIIJJwIBAAKCAgEAqcW/Lsj7Ftp8jUpWaW82J+uSpIlcs5w/vsIBEPW/nrakXvLG
-GBA1gauamV+2hvQ76CIkXqsYeaBl8jo1JZuF+ek0tEtHnvMCuGWZZmJSni9CWdXa
-GjQf74+HD0LcVYZd07xjW4aR42httOq9S9zGEucQHaTSQ0C0JBRFMUaAva7QJG15
-w0oqogze7TKTxO2aXZ9R1n3STprY+dv5FXcgGNraAZiSZRYc2FDvgE3J1V1PrdV8
-9RZv6133Iz5eINxR/6MTo2yxNxwZ6gsLD72gTX4N7nc9xtbC9WXCi8Uf7b6dhfyf
-zwZfJSKnwHh6EMa1AdIEgSSdIjbbcCP5mFscbvzUWNuAtUn8RWXUFOF5ssWsTMQC
-QtmfAnbVYH3oMxv3HBlDzS4CVMBmIBUZDbtvpPdQYBJPA/l/kU4DVjCv6Kpgx5Z3
-tVXVA9elta6eZ2dXL7aOPeOJS7OwP6nnEZr/7JJ8NRtQNOwRUU1xRcTxkwRmr/2A
-4h2qoYvxCOebqijvobKzB9cCzM5PvQzLA2aF7yohMN24HNNcTaybeBY6yUGd/iaD
-q0xyD8t7XyoEpMs7SOKkVp08G/kpp7hxRWUzADhhYrvMEAIsyIxX5jSTZYtvYLU/
-UMbfpUNE3qQEYNMv6d5+/Psv8EAjQA5mkNiSY/VWWnPkWapha8MAvYA9nTcCAwEA
-AQKCAgBKG8gY5CK3FyjHhGu0GpfJVUvuBwgwX0R0QLu2a4/5+EBIMjHGz0yMDhyu
-VtmWj4aXDlBSAt3sOdhGpKIOiJUzQll/Wl0pRWsqky8jQkhORNLx5CgQyDAoor6S
-Kt2Dd+P9SX8VtOh6HFvHXbDELNtJ5RNj3U7rjJMWLMMHf38zTdwOCrvcQ8PYeUXW
-xP08OXvo4mMW/lWPeoi8iQlyFU4ti1se1zsQZVayFqJ1n387ZEAj4c1qLyEr3RjE
-ibUNIx+oN8eazxeMtveY8rkhZeVT7nKmZebRpW31MTZ7TNFjNpIMqvoXpPBjhX00
-x2KBcDwTT1ooBZOSG+AuU4Xgu+Ts1+6nZKbhnQuxvgslFyDEdtuID7nuXu08D3B2
-OpCtrQt08QS/dLHpcOhSMjkxqH2aITVPQgGWK16E7pcVex/Lapyjr4ETx1GqjpCL
-uKhmvGsrcdUD9fETzV5ZsMBHrnCSlq0XRnWFuGYmxlSIAciNUTMFfy7D/ml++Boe
-S33HwuaJlnUp3iAbIddXXx+zZHBocJ1Iznl1iu8CMdh+79wMOPkcMDRRNZPpMca+
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-lJLPozboWoUovbfaoKQtuRzzOYBwodwAbY02LNNtM33jqXNUN0MM0L3ZH3FmOglU
-u/4dH+EvgLDpnCV0czMlGSo9I9977Nvy3dQBXjzz9EF+covAhq7skmfwDblTAZR7
-EkmsCmoeEoKRAEtKgAxs0Hgyo2iMIxYy0pdvjGhJe64JQb3EKLjxhYsadnI+S5YI
-QBH9+EX/ZLSii+cIkEeh1lSMk9uT1/Rp4V40sdmfHwKCAQA9oTLUWt/qCEzsb4sw
-TbrBN4XUxpAL979wS6JG5SsOQ1mAxW6SWIeLWYl3drej9Vd+81pi30x3wpSIoyrB
-lEEoHTndt0KuyGkL7YhFZm1DWEtbvLPjXfre1TnFG7WPaPxfy8NBfUn4iCTCivKy
-Qed730WzQgLjCQehYR4N/2h8xAUwet3ns3Vj5ueJtx6XDPcmglSGDYLesLVZTsoV
-wbP9PSXFV+yHhnkwe9NngBaGxHrLYs7kxrzCsT17rpWZ4DexRfxRzxIcPMFyiCxU
-5wmPbw+2kEC8Y4rahTzxp7MCopp/klvQW1wrmnudEnlMJtUcG4dSWSonuutMMFh4
-dwf5AoIBAEX9+HAT1V9yHEmHPvAZooZhDkdBMLxWv6mo6DixOcdgS73RR+BrF2gq
-Kqhlh5qVyFUKs0VRlKRZoSZfAI+kmAYOoQIewrn6mKOAjzzOXctMnXcPhi00e6Ru
-o0xkeXGMpyBbH2fYzolycOZoF6+uEU2/awKEmu/XaokPQec0ghjFKK3ug6dEW3Di
-kECHzIouyqyTK2tUcN8y/5YjB67Fu5wNJ1WpscDbNxDrSq+jBMtEQLze8LG0DZdW
-OSUrLcyx4SuhMg8KTBBFGCUC8G7+aLDj0ZM+G6tCwWGUbvsl49QSi4XZR13pVURv
-CTkbJSM6JLHtUDcvJKP/PlmiEQE83CsCggEAOIlm8zRHeJe3GdZAPIwV8EYCh7rd
-ghRjGIwzjylazzZyeHLQBKaIwNdlgOZG1HqTljdp4ZE0f+Oyh2lGOqQEqWjMBJPp
-yZG1jBCCsJMfTweWxzLhmzV4UUQ+MZQDjZ7uOKGYwN/rkhW30zZMenoZ+PywFhhl
-ldnPsQMBvqS03eCIaQveRkq8S/qA3uDGPjsEPTaYMJgw9/imsP8hW3z+kd7hH76R
-Guk98WHe3wvasV1RNOp5ixwUQgVmFJLrTVX+dfSKLw0XzekkG/1Uis7r2HXCfoaZ
-boHvICyW0kmhnsOVA7mWwByhUav9Ghevm9czVATTIGiA8lIZxFFbvr2KTg==
------END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
diff --git a/apex/manifest.json b/apex/manifest.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 6739a4d..0000000
--- a/apex/manifest.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "com.android.resolv",
-  "version": 290000000
-}
diff --git a/apex/testcert.pk8 b/apex/testcert.pk8
deleted file mode 100644
index adfc589..0000000
--- a/apex/testcert.pk8
+++ /dev/null
Binary files differ
diff --git a/apex/testcert.x509.pem b/apex/testcert.x509.pem
deleted file mode 100644
index cba30d6..0000000
--- a/apex/testcert.x509.pem
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
------BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
-MIIGADCCA+igAwIBAgIJAJiRMVvanGUaMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMIGUMQswCQYD
-VQQGEwJVUzETMBEGA1UECAwKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEWMBQGA1UEBwwNTW91bnRhaW4g
-VmlldzEQMA4GA1UECgwHQW5kcm9pZDEQMA4GA1UECwwHQW5kcm9pZDEQMA4GA1UE
-AwwHQW5kcm9pZDEiMCAGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYTYW5kcm9pZEBhbmRyb2lkLmNvbTAe
-Fw0xODEwMzAxMjEzNTFaFw00NjAzMTcxMjEzNTFaMIGUMQswCQYDVQQGEwJVUzET
-MBEGA1UECAwKQ2FsaWZvcm5pYTEWMBQGA1UEBwwNTW91bnRhaW4gVmlldzEQMA4G
-A1UECgwHQW5kcm9pZDEQMA4GA1UECwwHQW5kcm9pZDEQMA4GA1UEAwwHQW5kcm9p
-ZDEiMCAGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYTYW5kcm9pZEBhbmRyb2lkLmNvbTCCAiIwDQYJKoZI
-hvcNAQEBBQADggIPADCCAgoCggIBAL3ghKA8Gz9qOORY8gMY4wlB2tCJLDUO2tFG
-LVK1UphtQMp+YEcz/0VQKVV7de7z6V4EMQ5P1HbxHOsjcKn/zXAl4YgFt7b5kZbC
-bpNK4CYHEfho3j6fpYtq5d9q8rIA2kI0uZkkqPy1zXKTl2C2PjOoAnLQRk5xBVQG
-M10/wYsf7yX36mSWoJJwKPp/EzVFpA+hX8HpljeIiZ6CFzKwJdqv9zO/xzfp6NsX
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-hJWIFGkGtD/cDGtDE5DbNAOz6CdSDdE2XN0Qf0cfN1RHVE6fo2FtFicRRVuFBt8M
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-Pw0/YrTWz5J5PbdMetTuIunE4ec4lm8nZnh1ET+2MHx2+RoyF5vBs4rp1KHHRaEA
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-sK2KQ4PDAgMBAAGjUzBRMB0GA1UdDgQWBBT2EbrayXGhY6VCvSlLtRNyjW9ceDAf
-BgNVHSMEGDAWgBT2EbrayXGhY6VCvSlLtRNyjW9ceDAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/
-MA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4ICAQC7SsWap9zDKmuR0qMUZ6wlualnag0hUG1jZHQP
-t63KO6LmNNMSuXRX60Zcq6WWzgLOyoT4HqHZZ47Jamfb4XQQcnWMMW0tJ3pDtTkz
-dZILBInHJO8QPYI8Du6XWsDLSvMajq6ueBtO3NdcgsNL7eiHf3WoOtajLZxFM94Z
-MESkUQOIsqHolYeTMHLTsuGkX1CK2Zw3Xn18bUSTYwZCHa6mYH00ItUBfetGCnWh
-Y7bth/R15Cc+hocSB7ZsOa/R5kDyDdFDIKrnV5nH5Yd7CryrYC6Ac5UarYrxSJTq
-eKPwqUlJB/tJW/lvdLt8YaURbFGzf/ZqU12zZRafYjmMjcQvfpzMoDSnbvHTA9IR
-ZGO7dwhwykoSaL4/8LWde49xQUq6F2pQBRmEr+7mTzml1MaM5cWEk5emkCMXgLog
-k+c56CAk1EdM1teWik7wR0TIqkkYyYJHTSg61GkXUIXrZJ6iYx2ejDg1+QTPm9rU
-Yr7nP52gVkQuUAX1+xB6wKLSDizQJw8SNiUGXl5+2vwV6+0BI3/CXlQ8I/nRPBC1
-oqOIkRSbE+IF7DP9QvYuNG/3bZZQ8LUVeHxqI5Mq8K2VIJZd95AIwPNMH34SaDGz
-9xjG28Fq4ZkuDP0pCsHM9d2XEwK5PEVS18WW5fJ/QcJKMno4IPTB70ZBBjVzv6Y+
-MYjOrw==
------END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/bpf_progs/Android.bp b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
index a393035..8ce924b 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/Android.bp
+++ b/bpf_progs/Android.bp
@@ -14,6 +14,11 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "netd_bpf_progs_headers",
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+}
+
 //
 // bpf kernel programs
 //
@@ -42,3 +47,16 @@
         "system/netd/libnetdutils/include",
     ],
 }
+
+bpf {
+    name: "offload.o",
+    srcs: ["offload.c"],
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    include_dirs: [
+        "system/netd/libnetdbpf/include",
+        "system/netd/libnetdutils/include",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h b/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4dc5f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/bpf_net_helpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NETDBPF_BPF_NET_HELPERS_H
+#define NETDBPF_BPF_NET_HELPERS_H
+
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <linux/if_packet.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// this returns 0 iff skb->sk is NULL
+static uint64_t (*bpf_get_socket_cookie)(struct __sk_buff* skb) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_get_socket_cookie;
+
+static uint32_t (*bpf_get_socket_uid)(struct __sk_buff* skb) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_get_socket_uid;
+static int (*bpf_skb_load_bytes)(struct __sk_buff* skb, int off, void* to,
+                                 int len) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_load_bytes;
+
+static int64_t (*bpf_csum_diff)(__be32* from, __u32 from_size, __be32* to, __u32 to_size,
+                                __wsum seed) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_csum_diff;
+
+static int64_t (*bpf_csum_update)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __wsum csum) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_csum_update;
+
+static int (*bpf_skb_change_proto)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __be16 proto,
+                                   __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_change_proto;
+static int (*bpf_l3_csum_replace)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __u32 offset, __u64 from, __u64 to,
+                                  __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_l3_csum_replace;
+static int (*bpf_l4_csum_replace)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __u32 offset, __u64 from, __u64 to,
+                                  __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_l4_csum_replace;
+static int (*bpf_redirect)(__u32 ifindex, __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_redirect;
+
+static int (*bpf_skb_change_head)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __u32 head_room,
+                                  __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_change_head;
+static int (*bpf_skb_adjust_room)(struct __sk_buff* skb, __s32 len_diff, __u32 mode,
+                                  __u64 flags) = (void*)BPF_FUNC_skb_adjust_room;
+
+// Android only supports little endian architectures
+#define htons(x) (__builtin_constant_p(x) ? ___constant_swab16(x) : __builtin_bswap16(x))
+#define htonl(x) (__builtin_constant_p(x) ? ___constant_swab32(x) : __builtin_bswap32(x))
+#define ntohs(x) htons(x)
+#define ntohl(x) htonl(x)
+
+static inline __always_inline __unused bool is_received_skb(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return skb->pkt_type == PACKET_HOST || skb->pkt_type == PACKET_BROADCAST ||
+           skb->pkt_type == PACKET_MULTICAST;
+}
+
+#endif  // NETDBPF_BPF_NET_HELPERS_H
diff --git a/bpf_progs/clatd.c b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
index 578d244..102ecd9 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/clatd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/clatd.c
@@ -23,31 +23,16 @@
 #include <linux/ipv6.h>
 #include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
 #include <linux/swab.h>
-#include <linux/tcp.h>
-#include <linux/udp.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include "bpf_helpers.h"
+#include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
 #include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
 
-// bionic/libc/kernel/uapi/linux/udp.h:
-//   struct __kernel_udphdr {
-// bionic/libc/kernel/tools/defaults.py:
-//   # We want to support both BSD and Linux member names in struct udphdr.
-//   "udphdr": "__kernel_udphdr",
-// so instead it just doesn't work... ugh.
-#define udphdr __kernel_udphdr
-
 // From kernel:include/net/ip.h
 #define IP_DF 0x4000  // Flag: "Don't Fragment"
 
-// Android only supports little endian architectures
-#define htons(x) (__builtin_constant_p(x) ? ___constant_swab16(x) : __builtin_bswap16(x))
-#define htonl(x) (__builtin_constant_p(x) ? ___constant_swab32(x) : __builtin_bswap32(x))
-#define ntohs(x) htons(x)
-#define ntohl(x) htonl(x)
-
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP(clat_ingress_map, HASH, ClatIngressKey, ClatIngressValue, 16)
 
 static inline __always_inline int nat64(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool is_ethernet) {
@@ -56,8 +41,6 @@
     const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
     const struct ethhdr* const eth = is_ethernet ? data : NULL;  // used iff is_ethernet
     const struct ipv6hdr* const ip6 = is_ethernet ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
-    const struct tcphdr* const tcp = (void*)(ip6 + 1);
-    const struct udphdr* const udp = (void*)(ip6 + 1);
 
     // Must be meta-ethernet IPv6 frame
     if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) return TC_ACT_OK;
@@ -75,12 +58,10 @@
     if (ntohs(ip6->payload_len) > 0xFFFF - sizeof(struct iphdr)) return TC_ACT_OK;
 
     switch (ip6->nexthdr) {
-        case IPPROTO_TCP:  // If TCP, must have 20 byte minimal TCP header
-            if (tcp + 1 > (struct tcphdr*)data_end) return TC_ACT_OK;
-            break;
-
-        case IPPROTO_UDP:  // If UDP, must have 8 byte minimal UDP header
-            if (udp + 1 > (struct udphdr*)data_end) return TC_ACT_OK;
+        case IPPROTO_TCP:  // For TCP & UDP the checksum neutrality of the chosen IPv6
+        case IPPROTO_UDP:  // address means there is no need to update their checksums.
+        case IPPROTO_GRE:  // We do not need to bother looking at GRE/ESP headers,
+        case IPPROTO_ESP:  // since there is never a checksum to update.
             break;
 
         default:  // do not know how to handle anything else
@@ -123,20 +104,45 @@
     };
 
     // Calculate the IPv4 one's complement checksum of the IPv4 header.
-    __u32 sum = 0;
+    __wsum sum4 = 0;
     for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(ip) / sizeof(__u16); ++i) {
-        sum += ((__u16*)&ip)[i];
+        sum4 += ((__u16*)&ip)[i];
     }
-    // Note that sum is guaranteed to be non-zero by virtue of ip.version == 4
-    sum = (sum & 0xFFFF) + (sum >> 16);  // collapse u32 into range 1 .. 0x1FFFE
-    sum = (sum & 0xFFFF) + (sum >> 16);  // collapse any potential carry into u16
-    ip.check = (__u16)~sum;              // sum cannot be zero, so this is never 0xFFFF
+    // Note that sum4 is guaranteed to be non-zero by virtue of ip.version == 4
+    sum4 = (sum4 & 0xFFFF) + (sum4 >> 16);  // collapse u32 into range 1 .. 0x1FFFE
+    sum4 = (sum4 & 0xFFFF) + (sum4 >> 16);  // collapse any potential carry into u16
+    ip.check = (__u16)~sum4;                // sum4 cannot be zero, so this is never 0xFFFF
+
+    // Calculate the *negative* IPv6 16-bit one's complement checksum of the IPv6 header.
+    __wsum sum6 = 0;
+    // We'll end up with a non-zero sum due to ip6->version == 6 (which has '0' bits)
+    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(*ip6) / sizeof(__u16); ++i) {
+        sum6 += ~((__u16*)ip6)[i];  // note the bitwise negation
+    }
 
     // Note that there is no L4 checksum update: we are relying on the checksum neutrality
     // of the ipv6 address chosen by netd's ClatdController.
 
-    // Packet mutations begin - point of no return.
-    if (bpf_skb_change_proto(skb, htons(ETH_P_IP), 0)) return TC_ACT_SHOT;
+    // Packet mutations begin - point of no return, but if this first modification fails
+    // the packet is probably still pristine, so let clatd handle it.
+    if (bpf_skb_change_proto(skb, htons(ETH_P_IP), 0)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // This takes care of updating the skb->csum field for a CHECKSUM_COMPLETE packet.
+    //
+    // In such a case, skb->csum is a 16-bit one's complement sum of the entire payload,
+    // thus we need to subtract out the ipv6 header's sum, and add in the ipv4 header's sum.
+    // However, by construction of ip.check above the checksum of an ipv4 header is zero.
+    // Thus we only need to subtract the ipv6 header's sum, which is the same as adding
+    // in the sum of the bitwise negation of the ipv6 header.
+    //
+    // bpf_csum_update() always succeeds if the skb is CHECKSUM_COMPLETE and returns an error
+    // (-ENOTSUPP) if it isn't.  So we just ignore the return code.
+    //
+    // if (skb->ip_summed == CHECKSUM_COMPLETE)
+    //   return (skb->csum = csum_add(skb->csum, csum));
+    // else
+    //   return -ENOTSUPP;
+    bpf_csum_update(skb, sum6);
 
     // bpf_skb_change_proto() invalidates all pointers - reload them.
     data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
@@ -176,4 +182,125 @@
     return nat64(skb, false);
 }
 
-char _license[] SEC("license") = "Apache 2.0";
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP(clat_egress_map, HASH, ClatEgressKey, ClatEgressValue, 16)
+
+SEC("schedcls/egress/clat_ether")
+int sched_cls_egress_clat_ether(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return TC_ACT_OK;
+}
+
+SEC("schedcls/egress/clat_rawip")
+int sched_cls_egress_clat_rawip(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+    const struct iphdr* const ip4 = data;
+
+    // Must be meta-ethernet IPv4 frame
+    if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IP)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Must have ipv4 header
+    if (data + sizeof(*ip4) > data_end) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // IP version must be 4
+    if (ip4->version != 4) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // We cannot handle IP options, just standard 20 byte == 5 dword minimal IPv4 header
+    if (ip4->ihl != 5) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Calculate the IPv4 one's complement checksum of the IPv4 header.
+    __wsum sum4 = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(*ip4) / sizeof(__u16); ++i) {
+        sum4 += ((__u16*)ip4)[i];
+    }
+    // Note that sum4 is guaranteed to be non-zero by virtue of ip4->version == 4
+    sum4 = (sum4 & 0xFFFF) + (sum4 >> 16);  // collapse u32 into range 1 .. 0x1FFFE
+    sum4 = (sum4 & 0xFFFF) + (sum4 >> 16);  // collapse any potential carry into u16
+    // for a correct checksum we should get *a* zero, but sum4 must be positive, ie 0xFFFF
+    if (sum4 != 0xFFFF) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Minimum IPv4 total length is the size of the header
+    if (ntohs(ip4->tot_len) < sizeof(*ip4)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // We are incapable of dealing with IPv4 fragments
+    if (ip4->frag_off & ~htons(IP_DF)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    switch (ip4->protocol) {
+        case IPPROTO_TCP:  // For TCP & UDP the checksum neutrality of the chosen IPv6
+        case IPPROTO_UDP:  // address means there is no need to update their checksums.
+        case IPPROTO_GRE:  // We do not need to bother looking at GRE/ESP headers,
+        case IPPROTO_ESP:  // since there is never a checksum to update.
+            break;
+
+        default:  // do not know how to handle anything else
+            return TC_ACT_OK;
+    }
+
+    ClatEgressKey k = {
+            .iif = skb->ifindex,
+            .local4.s_addr = ip4->saddr,
+    };
+
+    ClatEgressValue* v = bpf_clat_egress_map_lookup_elem(&k);
+
+    if (!v) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Translating without redirecting doesn't make sense.
+    if (!v->oif) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // This implementation is currently limited to rawip.
+    if (v->oifIsEthernet) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    struct ipv6hdr ip6 = {
+            .version = 6,                                    // __u8:4
+            .priority = ip4->tos >> 4,                       // __u8:4
+            .flow_lbl = {(ip4->tos & 0xF) << 4, 0, 0},       // __u8[3]
+            .payload_len = htons(ntohs(ip4->tot_len) - 20),  // __be16
+            .nexthdr = ip4->protocol,                        // __u8
+            .hop_limit = ip4->ttl,                           // __u8
+            .saddr = v->local6,                              // struct in6_addr
+            .daddr = v->pfx96,                               // struct in6_addr
+    };
+    ip6.daddr.in6_u.u6_addr32[3] = ip4->daddr;
+
+    // Calculate the IPv6 16-bit one's complement checksum of the IPv6 header.
+    __wsum sum6 = 0;
+    // We'll end up with a non-zero sum due to ip6.version == 6
+    for (int i = 0; i < sizeof(ip6) / sizeof(__u16); ++i) {
+        sum6 += ((__u16*)&ip6)[i];
+    }
+
+    // Note that there is no L4 checksum update: we are relying on the checksum neutrality
+    // of the ipv6 address chosen by netd's ClatdController.
+
+    // Packet mutations begin - point of no return, but if this first modification fails
+    // the packet is probably still pristine, so let clatd handle it.
+    if (bpf_skb_change_proto(skb, htons(ETH_P_IPV6), 0)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // This takes care of updating the skb->csum field for a CHECKSUM_COMPLETE packet.
+    //
+    // In such a case, skb->csum is a 16-bit one's complement sum of the entire payload,
+    // thus we need to subtract out the ipv4 header's sum, and add in the ipv6 header's sum.
+    // However, we've already verified the ipv4 checksum is correct and thus 0.
+    // Thus we only need to add the ipv6 header's sum.
+    //
+    // bpf_csum_update() always succeeds if the skb is CHECKSUM_COMPLETE and returns an error
+    // (-ENOTSUPP) if it isn't.  So we just ignore the return code (see above for more details).
+    bpf_csum_update(skb, sum6);
+
+    // bpf_skb_change_proto() invalidates all pointers - reload them.
+    data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+    data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+
+    // I cannot think of any valid way for this error condition to trigger, however I do
+    // believe the explicit check is required to keep the in kernel ebpf verifier happy.
+    if (data + sizeof(ip6) > data_end) return TC_ACT_SHOT;
+
+    // Copy over the new ipv6 header without an ethernet header.
+    *(struct ipv6hdr*)data = ip6;
+
+    // Redirect to non v4-* interface.  Tcpdump only sees packet after this redirect.
+    return bpf_redirect(v->oif, 0 /* this is effectively BPF_F_EGRESS */);
+}
+
+LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
+CRITICAL("netd");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.c b/bpf_progs/netd.c
index 8f2863e..f347028 100644
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.c
+++ b/bpf_progs/netd.c
@@ -14,8 +14,271 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "netd.h"
+#include <bpf_helpers.h>
 #include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
+#include <linux/if_packet.h>
+#include <linux/in.h>
+#include <linux/in6.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/ipv6.h>
+#include <linux/tcp.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
+#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
+
+// This is defined for cgroup bpf filter only.
+#define BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS 2
+#define BPF_PASS 1
+#define BPF_DROP 0
+
+// This is used for xt_bpf program only.
+#define BPF_NOMATCH 0
+#define BPF_MATCH 1
+
+#define BPF_EGRESS 0
+#define BPF_INGRESS 1
+
+#define IP_PROTO_OFF offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol)
+#define IPV6_PROTO_OFF offsetof(struct ipv6hdr, nexthdr)
+#define IPPROTO_IHL_OFF 0
+#define TCP_FLAG_OFF 13
+#define RST_OFFSET 2
+
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRO(cookie_tag_map, HASH, uint64_t, UidTagValue, COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE,
+                   AID_NET_BW_ACCT)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRO(uid_counterset_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE,
+                   AID_NET_BW_ACCT)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRO(app_uid_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, StatsValue, APP_STATS_MAP_SIZE,
+                   AID_NET_BW_STATS)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(stats_map_A, HASH, StatsKey, StatsValue, STATS_MAP_SIZE, AID_NET_BW_STATS)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(stats_map_B, HASH, StatsKey, StatsValue, STATS_MAP_SIZE, AID_NET_BW_STATS)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRO(iface_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, StatsValue, IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE,
+                   AID_NET_BW_STATS)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRO(configuration_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE,
+                   AID_NET_BW_STATS)
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP(uid_owner_map, HASH, uint32_t, UidOwnerValue, UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE)
+
+/* never actually used from ebpf */
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRO(iface_index_name_map, HASH, uint32_t, IfaceValue, IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE,
+                   AID_NET_BW_STATS)
+
+static __always_inline int is_system_uid(uint32_t uid) {
+    return (uid <= MAX_SYSTEM_UID) && (uid >= MIN_SYSTEM_UID);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Note: this blindly assumes an MTU of 1500, and that packets > MTU are always TCP,
+ * and that TCP is using the Linux default settings with TCP timestamp option enabled
+ * which uses 12 TCP option bytes per frame.
+ *
+ * These are not unreasonable assumptions:
+ *
+ * The internet does not really support MTUs greater than 1500, so most TCP traffic will
+ * be at that MTU, or slightly below it (worst case our upwards adjustment is too small).
+ *
+ * The chance our traffic isn't IP at all is basically zero, so the IP overhead correction
+ * is bound to be needed.
+ *
+ * Furthermore, the likelyhood that we're having to deal with GSO (ie. > MTU) packets that
+ * are not IP/TCP is pretty small (few other things are supported by Linux) and worse case
+ * our extra overhead will be slightly off, but probably still better than assuming none.
+ *
+ * Most servers are also Linux and thus support/default to using TCP timestamp option
+ * (and indeed TCP timestamp option comes from RFC 1323 titled "TCP Extensions for High
+ * Performance" which also defined TCP window scaling and are thus absolutely ancient...).
+ *
+ * All together this should be more correct than if we simply ignored GSO frames
+ * (ie. counted them as single packets with no extra overhead)
+ *
+ * Especially since the number of packets is important for any future clat offload correction.
+ * (which adjusts upward by 20 bytes per packet to account for ipv4 -> ipv6 header conversion)
+ */
+#define DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(the_stats_map, TypeOfKey)                                          \
+    static __always_inline inline void update_##the_stats_map(struct __sk_buff* skb,           \
+                                                              int direction, TypeOfKey* key) { \
+        StatsValue* value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                            \
+        if (!value) {                                                                          \
+            StatsValue newValue = {};                                                          \
+            bpf_##the_stats_map##_update_elem(key, &newValue, BPF_NOEXIST);                    \
+            value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                                    \
+        }                                                                                      \
+        if (value) {                                                                           \
+            const int mtu = 1500;                                                              \
+            uint64_t packets = 1;                                                              \
+            uint64_t bytes = skb->len;                                                         \
+            if (bytes > mtu) {                                                                 \
+                bool is_ipv6 = (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6));                           \
+                int ip_overhead = (is_ipv6 ? sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) : sizeof(struct iphdr));   \
+                int tcp_overhead = ip_overhead + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;                   \
+                int mss = mtu - tcp_overhead;                                                  \
+                uint64_t payload = bytes - tcp_overhead;                                       \
+                packets = (payload + mss - 1) / mss;                                           \
+                bytes = tcp_overhead * packets + payload;                                      \
+            }                                                                                  \
+            if (direction == BPF_EGRESS) {                                                     \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txPackets, packets);                              \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txBytes, bytes);                                  \
+            } else if (direction == BPF_INGRESS) {                                             \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxPackets, packets);                              \
+                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxBytes, bytes);                                  \
+            }                                                                                  \
+        }                                                                                      \
+    }
+
+DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(app_uid_stats_map, uint32_t)
+DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(iface_stats_map, uint32_t)
+DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(stats_map_A, StatsKey)
+DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(stats_map_B, StatsKey)
+
+static inline bool skip_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    int offset = -1;
+    int ret = 0;
+    if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IP)) {
+        offset = IP_PROTO_OFF;
+        uint8_t proto, ihl;
+        uint8_t flag;
+        ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, offset, &proto, 1);
+        if (!ret) {
+            if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) {
+                return true;
+            } else if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
+                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, IPPROTO_IHL_OFF, &ihl, 1);
+                ihl = ihl & 0x0F;
+                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, ihl * 4 + TCP_FLAG_OFF, &flag, 1);
+                if (ret == 0 && (flag >> RST_OFFSET & 1)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (skb->protocol == htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) {
+        offset = IPV6_PROTO_OFF;
+        uint8_t proto;
+        ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, offset, &proto, 1);
+        if (!ret) {
+            if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) {
+                return true;
+            } else if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
+                uint8_t flag;
+                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + TCP_FLAG_OFF, &flag, 1);
+                if (ret == 0 && (flag >> RST_OFFSET & 1)) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static __always_inline BpfConfig getConfig(uint32_t configKey) {
+    uint32_t mapSettingKey = configKey;
+    BpfConfig* config = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
+    if (!config) {
+        // Couldn't read configuration entry. Assume everything is disabled.
+        return DEFAULT_CONFIG;
+    }
+    return *config;
+}
+
+static inline int bpf_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb, uint32_t uid, int direction) {
+    if (skip_owner_match(skb)) return BPF_PASS;
+
+    if (is_system_uid(uid)) return BPF_PASS;
+
+    BpfConfig enabledRules = getConfig(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
+
+    UidOwnerValue* uidEntry = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&uid);
+    uint8_t uidRules = uidEntry ? uidEntry->rule : 0;
+    uint32_t allowed_iif = uidEntry ? uidEntry->iif : 0;
+
+    if (enabledRules) {
+        if ((enabledRules & DOZABLE_MATCH) && !(uidRules & DOZABLE_MATCH)) {
+            return BPF_DROP;
+        }
+        if ((enabledRules & STANDBY_MATCH) && (uidRules & STANDBY_MATCH)) {
+            return BPF_DROP;
+        }
+        if ((enabledRules & POWERSAVE_MATCH) && !(uidRules & POWERSAVE_MATCH)) {
+            return BPF_DROP;
+        }
+    }
+    if (direction == BPF_INGRESS && (uidRules & IIF_MATCH)) {
+        // Drops packets not coming from lo nor the whitelisted interface
+        if (allowed_iif && skb->ifindex != 1 && skb->ifindex != allowed_iif) {
+            return BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS;
+        }
+    }
+    return BPF_PASS;
+}
+
+static __always_inline inline void update_stats_with_config(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction,
+                                                            StatsKey* key, uint8_t selectedMap) {
+    if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_A) {
+        update_stats_map_A(skb, direction, key);
+    } else if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_B) {
+        update_stats_map_B(skb, direction, key);
+    }
+}
+
+static __always_inline inline int bpf_traffic_account(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction) {
+    uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
+    // Always allow and never count clat traffic. Only the IPv4 traffic on the stacked
+    // interface is accounted for and subject to usage restrictions.
+    if (sock_uid == AID_CLAT) {
+        return BPF_PASS;
+    }
+
+    int match = bpf_owner_match(skb, sock_uid, direction);
+    if ((direction == BPF_EGRESS) && (match == BPF_DROP)) {
+        // If an outbound packet is going to be dropped, we do not count that
+        // traffic.
+        return match;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t cookie = bpf_get_socket_cookie(skb);
+    UidTagValue* utag = bpf_cookie_tag_map_lookup_elem(&cookie);
+    uint32_t uid, tag;
+    if (utag) {
+        uid = utag->uid;
+        tag = utag->tag;
+    } else {
+        uid = sock_uid;
+        tag = 0;
+    }
+
+// Workaround for secureVPN with VpnIsolation enabled, refer to b/159994981 for details.
+// Keep TAG_SYSTEM_DNS in sync with DnsResolver/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h
+// and TrafficStatsConstants.java
+#define TAG_SYSTEM_DNS 0xFFFFFF82
+    if (tag == TAG_SYSTEM_DNS && uid == AID_DNS) {
+        uid = sock_uid;
+        if (match == BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = BPF_PASS;
+    } else {
+        if (match == BPF_DROP_UNLESS_DNS) match = BPF_DROP;
+    }
+
+    StatsKey key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = 0, .ifaceIndex = skb->ifindex};
+
+    uint8_t* counterSet = bpf_uid_counterset_map_lookup_elem(&uid);
+    if (counterSet) key.counterSet = (uint32_t)*counterSet;
+
+    uint32_t mapSettingKey = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
+    uint8_t* selectedMap = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
+    if (!selectedMap) {
+        return match;
+    }
+
+    if (key.tag) {
+        update_stats_with_config(skb, direction, &key, *selectedMap);
+        key.tag = 0;
+    }
+
+    update_stats_with_config(skb, direction, &key, *selectedMap);
+    update_app_uid_stats_map(skb, direction, &uid);
+    return match;
+}
 
 SEC("cgroupskb/ingress/stats")
 int bpf_cgroup_ingress(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
@@ -27,41 +290,61 @@
     return bpf_traffic_account(skb, BPF_EGRESS);
 }
 
-SEC("skfilter/egress/xtbpf")
-int xt_bpf_egress_prog(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/egress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_egress_prog)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    // Clat daemon does not generate new traffic, all its traffic is accounted for already
+    // on the v4-* interfaces (except for the 20 (or 28) extra bytes of IPv6 vs IPv4 overhead,
+    // but that can be corrected for later when merging v4-foo stats into interface foo's).
+    uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
+    if (sock_uid == AID_CLAT) return BPF_NOMATCH;
+
     uint32_t key = skb->ifindex;
     update_iface_stats_map(skb, BPF_EGRESS, &key);
     return BPF_MATCH;
 }
 
-SEC("skfilter/ingress/xtbpf")
-int xt_bpf_ingress_prog(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/ingress/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_ingress_prog)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    // Clat daemon traffic is not accounted by virtue of iptables raw prerouting drop rule
+    // (in clat_raw_PREROUTING chain), which triggers before this (in bw_raw_PREROUTING chain).
+    // It will be accounted for on the v4-* clat interface instead.
+    // Keep that in mind when moving this out of iptables xt_bpf and into tc ingress (or xdp).
+
     uint32_t key = skb->ifindex;
     update_iface_stats_map(skb, BPF_INGRESS, &key);
     return BPF_MATCH;
 }
 
-SEC("skfilter/whitelist/xtbpf")
-int xt_bpf_whitelist_prog(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/whitelist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_whitelist_prog)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     if (is_system_uid(sock_uid)) return BPF_MATCH;
+
+    // 65534 is the overflow 'nobody' uid, usually this being returned means
+    // that skb->sk is NULL during RX (early decap socket lookup failure),
+    // which commonly happens for incoming packets to an unconnected udp socket.
+    // Additionally bpf_get_socket_cookie() returns 0 if skb->sk is NULL
+    if ((sock_uid == 65534) && !bpf_get_socket_cookie(skb) && is_received_skb(skb))
+        return BPF_MATCH;
+
     UidOwnerValue* whitelistMatch = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&sock_uid);
-    if (whitelistMatch) return whitelistMatch->rule & HAPPY_BOX_MATCH;
+    if (whitelistMatch) return whitelistMatch->rule & HAPPY_BOX_MATCH ? BPF_MATCH : BPF_NOMATCH;
     return BPF_NOMATCH;
 }
 
-SEC("skfilter/blacklist/xtbpf")
-int xt_bpf_blacklist_prog(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG("skfilter/blacklist/xtbpf", AID_ROOT, AID_NET_ADMIN, xt_bpf_blacklist_prog)
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
     uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
     UidOwnerValue* blacklistMatch = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&sock_uid);
-    if (blacklistMatch) return blacklistMatch->rule & PENALTY_BOX_MATCH;
+    if (blacklistMatch) return blacklistMatch->rule & PENALTY_BOX_MATCH ? BPF_MATCH : BPF_NOMATCH;
     return BPF_NOMATCH;
 }
 
 DEFINE_BPF_MAP(uid_permission_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE)
 
-SEC("cgroupsock/inet/create")
-int inet_socket_create(struct bpf_sock* sk) {
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("cgroupsock/inet/create", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT, inet_socket_create,
+                     KVER(4, 14, 0))
+(struct bpf_sock* sk) {
     uint64_t gid_uid = bpf_get_current_uid_gid();
     /*
      * A given app is guaranteed to have the same app ID in all the profiles in
@@ -80,4 +363,5 @@
     return (*permissions & BPF_PERMISSION_INTERNET) == BPF_PERMISSION_INTERNET;
 }
 
-char _license[] SEC("license") = "Apache 2.0";
+LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
+CRITICAL("netd");
diff --git a/bpf_progs/netd.h b/bpf_progs/netd.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8be21be..0000000
--- a/bpf_progs/netd.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-/*
- * This h file together with netd.c is used for compiling the eBPF kernel
- * program.
- */
-
-#include <bpf_helpers.h>
-#include <linux/bpf.h>
-#include <linux/if.h>
-#include <linux/if_ether.h>
-#include <linux/in.h>
-#include <linux/in6.h>
-#include <linux/ip.h>
-#include <linux/ipv6.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint32_t uid;
-    uint32_t tag;
-} uid_tag;
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint32_t uid;
-    uint32_t tag;
-    uint32_t counterSet;
-    uint32_t ifaceIndex;
-} stats_key;
-
-typedef struct {
-    uint64_t rxPackets;
-    uint64_t rxBytes;
-    uint64_t txPackets;
-    uint64_t txBytes;
-} stats_value;
-
-typedef struct {
-    char name[IFNAMSIZ];
-} IfaceValue;
-
-// This is defined for cgroup bpf filter only.
-#define BPF_PASS 1
-#define BPF_DROP 0
-
-// This is used for xt_bpf program only.
-#define BPF_NOMATCH 0
-#define BPF_MATCH 1
-
-#define BPF_EGRESS 0
-#define BPF_INGRESS 1
-
-#define IP_PROTO_OFF offsetof(struct iphdr, protocol)
-#define IPV6_PROTO_OFF offsetof(struct ipv6hdr, nexthdr)
-#define IPPROTO_IHL_OFF 0
-#define TCP_FLAG_OFF 13
-#define RST_OFFSET 2
-
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(cookie_tag_map, HASH, uint64_t, uid_tag, COOKIE_UID_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(uid_counterset_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(app_uid_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, stats_value, APP_STATS_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(stats_map_A, HASH, stats_key, stats_value, STATS_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(stats_map_B, HASH, stats_key, stats_value, STATS_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(iface_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, stats_value, IFACE_STATS_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(configuration_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint8_t, CONFIGURATION_MAP_SIZE)
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP(uid_owner_map, HASH, uint32_t, UidOwnerValue, UID_OWNER_MAP_SIZE)
-
-/* never actually used from ebpf */
-DEFINE_BPF_MAP_NO_ACCESSORS(iface_index_name_map, HASH, uint32_t, IfaceValue,
-                            IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_SIZE)
-
-static __always_inline int is_system_uid(uint32_t uid) {
-    return (uid <= MAX_SYSTEM_UID) && (uid >= MIN_SYSTEM_UID);
-}
-
-#define DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(the_stats_map, TypeOfKey)                                          \
-    static __always_inline inline void update_##the_stats_map(struct __sk_buff* skb,           \
-                                                              int direction, TypeOfKey* key) { \
-        stats_value* value;                                                                    \
-        value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                                        \
-        if (!value) {                                                                          \
-            stats_value newValue = {};                                                         \
-            bpf_##the_stats_map##_update_elem(key, &newValue, BPF_NOEXIST);                    \
-            value = bpf_##the_stats_map##_lookup_elem(key);                                    \
-        }                                                                                      \
-        if (value) {                                                                           \
-            if (direction == BPF_EGRESS) {                                                     \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txPackets, 1);                                    \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->txBytes, skb->len);                               \
-            } else if (direction == BPF_INGRESS) {                                             \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxPackets, 1);                                    \
-                __sync_fetch_and_add(&value->rxBytes, skb->len);                               \
-            }                                                                                  \
-        }                                                                                      \
-    }
-
-DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(app_uid_stats_map, uint32_t)
-DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(iface_stats_map, uint32_t)
-DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(stats_map_A, stats_key)
-DEFINE_UPDATE_STATS(stats_map_B, stats_key)
-
-static inline bool skip_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
-    int offset = -1;
-    int ret = 0;
-    if (skb->protocol == ETH_P_IP) {
-        offset = IP_PROTO_OFF;
-        uint8_t proto, ihl;
-        uint16_t flag;
-        ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, offset, &proto, 1);
-        if (!ret) {
-            if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) {
-                return true;
-            } else if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
-                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, IPPROTO_IHL_OFF, &ihl, 1);
-                ihl = ihl & 0x0F;
-                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, ihl * 4 + TCP_FLAG_OFF, &flag, 1);
-                if (ret == 0 && (flag >> RST_OFFSET & 1)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else if (skb->protocol == ETH_P_IPV6) {
-        offset = IPV6_PROTO_OFF;
-        uint8_t proto;
-        ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, offset, &proto, 1);
-        if (!ret) {
-            if (proto == IPPROTO_ESP) {
-                return true;
-            } else if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
-                uint16_t flag;
-                ret = bpf_skb_load_bytes(skb, sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + TCP_FLAG_OFF, &flag, 1);
-                if (ret == 0 && (flag >> RST_OFFSET & 1)) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-static __always_inline BpfConfig getConfig(uint32_t configKey) {
-    uint32_t mapSettingKey = configKey;
-    BpfConfig* config = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
-    if (!config) {
-        // Couldn't read configuration entry. Assume everything is disabled.
-        return DEFAULT_CONFIG;
-    }
-    return *config;
-}
-
-static inline int bpf_owner_match(struct __sk_buff* skb, uint32_t uid, int direction) {
-    if (skip_owner_match(skb)) return BPF_PASS;
-
-    if ((uid <= MAX_SYSTEM_UID) && (uid >= MIN_SYSTEM_UID)) return BPF_PASS;
-
-    BpfConfig enabledRules = getConfig(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
-
-    UidOwnerValue* uidEntry = bpf_uid_owner_map_lookup_elem(&uid);
-    uint8_t uidRules = uidEntry ? uidEntry->rule : 0;
-    uint32_t allowed_iif = uidEntry ? uidEntry->iif : 0;
-
-    if (enabledRules) {
-        if ((enabledRules & DOZABLE_MATCH) && !(uidRules & DOZABLE_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & STANDBY_MATCH) && (uidRules & STANDBY_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-        if ((enabledRules & POWERSAVE_MATCH) && !(uidRules & POWERSAVE_MATCH)) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-    }
-    if (direction == BPF_INGRESS && (uidRules & IIF_MATCH)) {
-        // Drops packets not coming from lo nor the whitelisted interface
-        if (allowed_iif && skb->ifindex != 1 && skb->ifindex != allowed_iif) {
-            return BPF_DROP;
-        }
-    }
-    return BPF_PASS;
-}
-
-static __always_inline inline void update_stats_with_config(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction,
-                                                            stats_key* key, uint8_t selectedMap) {
-    if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_A) {
-        update_stats_map_A(skb, direction, key);
-    } else if (selectedMap == SELECT_MAP_B) {
-        update_stats_map_B(skb, direction, key);
-    }
-}
-
-static __always_inline inline int bpf_traffic_account(struct __sk_buff* skb, int direction) {
-    uint32_t sock_uid = bpf_get_socket_uid(skb);
-    int match = bpf_owner_match(skb, sock_uid, direction);
-    if ((direction == BPF_EGRESS) && (match == BPF_DROP)) {
-        // If an outbound packet is going to be dropped, we do not count that
-        // traffic.
-        return match;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t cookie = bpf_get_socket_cookie(skb);
-    uid_tag* utag = bpf_cookie_tag_map_lookup_elem(&cookie);
-    uint32_t uid, tag;
-    if (utag) {
-        uid = utag->uid;
-        tag = utag->tag;
-    } else {
-        uid = sock_uid;
-        tag = 0;
-    }
-
-    stats_key key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = 0, .ifaceIndex = skb->ifindex};
-
-    uint8_t* counterSet = bpf_uid_counterset_map_lookup_elem(&uid);
-    if (counterSet) key.counterSet = (uint32_t)*counterSet;
-
-    uint32_t mapSettingKey = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
-    uint8_t* selectedMap = bpf_configuration_map_lookup_elem(&mapSettingKey);
-    if (!selectedMap) {
-        return match;
-    }
-
-    if (key.tag) {
-        update_stats_with_config(skb, direction, &key, *selectedMap);
-        key.tag = 0;
-    }
-
-    update_stats_with_config(skb, direction, &key, *selectedMap);
-    update_app_uid_stats_map(skb, direction, &uid);
-    return match;
-}
diff --git a/bpf_progs/offload.c b/bpf_progs/offload.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16dbe1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bpf_progs/offload.c
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/ip.h>
+#include <linux/ipv6.h>
+#include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
+#include <linux/tcp.h>
+
+#include "bpf_helpers.h"
+#include "bpf_net_helpers.h"
+#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
+
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_ingress_map, HASH, TetherIngressKey, TetherIngressValue, 64,
+                   AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+
+// Tethering stats, indexed by upstream interface.
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_stats_map, HASH, uint32_t, TetherStatsValue, 16, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+
+// Tethering data limit, indexed by upstream interface.
+// (tethering allowed when stats[iif].rxBytes + stats[iif].txBytes < limit[iif])
+DEFINE_BPF_MAP_GRW(tether_limit_map, HASH, uint32_t, uint64_t, 16, AID_NETWORK_STACK)
+
+static inline __always_inline int do_forward(struct __sk_buff* skb, bool is_ethernet) {
+    int l2_header_size = is_ethernet ? sizeof(struct ethhdr) : 0;
+    void* data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+    const void* data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+    struct ethhdr* eth = is_ethernet ? data : NULL;  // used iff is_ethernet
+    struct ipv6hdr* ip6 = is_ethernet ? (void*)(eth + 1) : data;
+
+    // Must be meta-ethernet IPv6 frame
+    if (skb->protocol != htons(ETH_P_IPV6)) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Must have (ethernet and) ipv6 header
+    if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip6) > data_end) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Ethertype - if present - must be IPv6
+    if (is_ethernet && (eth->h_proto != htons(ETH_P_IPV6))) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // IP version must be 6
+    if (ip6->version != 6) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Cannot decrement during forward if already zero or would be zero,
+    // Let the kernel's stack handle these cases and generate appropriate ICMP errors.
+    if (ip6->hop_limit <= 1) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Protect against forwarding packets sourced from ::1 or fe80::/64 or other weirdness.
+    __be32 src32 = ip6->saddr.s6_addr32[0];
+    if (src32 != htonl(0x0064ff9b) &&                        // 64:ff9b:/32 incl. XLAT464 WKP
+        (src32 & htonl(0xe0000000)) != htonl(0x20000000))    // 2000::/3 Global Unicast
+        return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    TetherIngressKey k = {
+            .iif = skb->ifindex,
+            .neigh6 = ip6->daddr,
+    };
+
+    TetherIngressValue* v = bpf_tether_ingress_map_lookup_elem(&k);
+
+    // If we don't find any offload information then simply let the core stack handle it...
+    if (!v) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    uint32_t stat_and_limit_k = skb->ifindex;
+
+    TetherStatsValue* stat_v = bpf_tether_stats_map_lookup_elem(&stat_and_limit_k);
+
+    // If we don't have anywhere to put stats, then abort...
+    if (!stat_v) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    uint64_t* limit_v = bpf_tether_limit_map_lookup_elem(&stat_and_limit_k);
+
+    // If we don't have a limit, then abort...
+    if (!limit_v) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Required IPv6 minimum mtu is 1280, below that not clear what we should do, abort...
+    const int pmtu = v->pmtu;
+    if (pmtu < IPV6_MIN_MTU) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    // Approximate handling of TCP/IPv6 overhead for incoming LRO/GRO packets: default
+    // outbound path mtu of 1500 is not necessarily correct, but worst case we simply
+    // undercount, which is still better then not accounting for this overhead at all.
+    // Note: this really shouldn't be device/path mtu at all, but rather should be
+    // derived from this particular connection's mss (ie. from gro segment size).
+    // This would require a much newer kernel with newer ebpf accessors.
+    // (This is also blindly assuming 12 bytes of tcp timestamp option in tcp header)
+    uint64_t packets = 1;
+    uint64_t bytes = skb->len;
+    if (bytes > pmtu) {
+        const int tcp_overhead = sizeof(struct ipv6hdr) + sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 12;
+        const int mss = pmtu - tcp_overhead;
+        const uint64_t payload = bytes - tcp_overhead;
+        packets = (payload + mss - 1) / mss;
+        bytes = tcp_overhead * packets + payload;
+    }
+
+    // Are we past the limit?  If so, then abort...
+    // Note: will not overflow since u64 is 936 years even at 5Gbps.
+    // Do not drop here.  Offload is just that, whenever we fail to handle
+    // a packet we let the core stack deal with things.
+    // (The core stack needs to handle limits correctly anyway,
+    // since we don't offload all traffic in both directions)
+    if (stat_v->rxBytes + stat_v->txBytes + bytes > *limit_v) return TC_ACT_OK;
+
+    if (!is_ethernet) {
+        is_ethernet = true;
+        l2_header_size = sizeof(struct ethhdr);
+        // Try to inject an ethernet header, and simply return if we fail
+        if (bpf_skb_change_head(skb, l2_header_size, /*flags*/ 0)) {
+            __sync_fetch_and_add(&stat_v->rxErrors, 1);
+            return TC_ACT_OK;
+        }
+
+        // bpf_skb_change_head() invalidates all pointers - reload them
+        data = (void*)(long)skb->data;
+        data_end = (void*)(long)skb->data_end;
+        eth = data;
+        ip6 = (void*)(eth + 1);
+
+        // I do not believe this can ever happen, but keep the verifier happy...
+        if (data + l2_header_size + sizeof(*ip6) > data_end) return TC_ACT_SHOT;
+    };
+
+    // CHECKSUM_COMPLETE is a 16-bit one's complement sum,
+    // thus corrections for it need to be done in 16-byte chunks at even offsets.
+    // IPv6 nexthdr is at offset 6, while hop limit is at offset 7
+    uint8_t old_hl = ip6->hop_limit;
+    --ip6->hop_limit;
+    uint8_t new_hl = ip6->hop_limit;
+
+    // bpf_csum_update() always succeeds if the skb is CHECKSUM_COMPLETE and returns an error
+    // (-ENOTSUPP) if it isn't.
+    bpf_csum_update(skb, 0xFFFF - ntohs(old_hl) + ntohs(new_hl));
+
+    __sync_fetch_and_add(&stat_v->rxPackets, packets);
+    __sync_fetch_and_add(&stat_v->rxBytes, bytes);
+
+    // Overwrite any mac header with the new one
+    *eth = v->macHeader;
+
+    // Redirect to forwarded interface.
+    //
+    // Note that bpf_redirect() cannot fail unless you pass invalid flags.
+    // The redirect actually happens after the ebpf program has already terminated,
+    // and can fail for example for mtu reasons at that point in time, but there's nothing
+    // we can do about it here.
+    return bpf_redirect(v->oif, 0 /* this is effectively BPF_F_EGRESS */);
+}
+
+SEC("schedcls/ingress/tether_ether")
+int sched_cls_ingress_tether_ether(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return do_forward(skb, true);
+}
+
+// Note: section names must be unique to prevent programs from appending to each other,
+// so instead the bpf loader will strip everything past the final $ symbol when actually
+// pinning the program into the filesystem.
+//
+// bpf_skb_change_head() is only present on 4.14+ and 2 trivial kernel patches are needed:
+//   ANDROID: net: bpf: Allow TC programs to call BPF_FUNC_skb_change_head
+//   ANDROID: net: bpf: permit redirect from ingress L3 to egress L2 devices at near max mtu
+// (the first of those has already been upstreamed)
+//
+// 5.4 kernel support was only added to Android Common Kernel in R,
+// and thus a 5.4 kernel always supports this.
+//
+// Hence, this mandatory (must load successfully) implementation for 5.4+ kernels:
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER("schedcls/ingress/tether_rawip$5_4", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT,
+                     sched_cls_ingress_tether_rawip_5_4, KVER(5, 4, 0))
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return do_forward(skb, false);
+}
+
+// and this identical optional (may fail to load) implementation for [4.14..5.4) patched kernels:
+DEFINE_OPTIONAL_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/ingress/tether_rawip$4_14", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT,
+                                    sched_cls_ingress_tether_rawip_4_14, KVER(4, 14, 0),
+                                    KVER(5, 4, 0))
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return do_forward(skb, false);
+}
+
+// and define a no-op stub for [4.9,4.14) and unpatched [4.14,5.4) kernels.
+// (if the above real 4.14+ program loaded successfully, then bpfloader will have already pinned
+// it at the same location this one would be pinned at and will thus skip loading this stub)
+DEFINE_BPF_PROG_KVER_RANGE("schedcls/ingress/tether_rawip$stub", AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT,
+                           sched_cls_ingress_tether_rawip_stub, KVER_NONE, KVER(5, 4, 0))
+(struct __sk_buff* skb) {
+    return TC_ACT_OK;
+}
+
+LICENSE("Apache 2.0");
+CRITICAL("netd");
diff --git a/client/Android.bp b/client/Android.bp
index 3a6e97d..53afc97 100644
--- a/client/Android.bp
+++ b/client/Android.bp
@@ -19,20 +19,19 @@
         "NetdClient.cpp",
     ],
     header_libs: [
+        "dnsproxyd_protocol_headers", // NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
         "libnetd_client_headers",
         "libbase_headers", // for unique_fd.h
+        "libnetd_resolv_headers",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: ["libnetd_client_headers"],
     include_dirs: [
-        "system/netd/resolv",
         "system/netd/libnetdutils/include",
     ],
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    product_variables: {
-        debuggable: {
-            cflags: ["-DNETD_CLIENT_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD"],
-        }
-    }
+    sanitize: {
+        cfi: true,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_test {
@@ -43,9 +42,10 @@
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
     include_dirs: [
-        "system/netd/resolv",
         "system/netd/include",
-        "system/netd/libnetdutils/include",
+    ],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libnetd_resolv_headers",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libgmock",
diff --git a/client/FwmarkClient.cpp b/client/FwmarkClient.cpp
index cc4893d..592fe31 100644
--- a/client/FwmarkClient.cpp
+++ b/client/FwmarkClient.cpp
@@ -31,21 +31,11 @@
 namespace {
 
 // Env flag to control whether FwmarkClient sends sockets to netd for marking.
-// This can only be disabled in debuggable builds and is meant for kernel testing.
+// This can only be disabled when the process running as root and is meant for kernel testing.
 inline constexpr char ANDROID_NO_USE_FWMARK_CLIENT[] = "ANDROID_NO_USE_FWMARK_CLIENT";
 
 const sockaddr_un FWMARK_SERVER_PATH = {AF_UNIX, "/dev/socket/fwmarkd"};
 
-#if defined(NETD_CLIENT_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD)
-constexpr bool isBuildDebuggable = true;
-#else
-constexpr bool isBuildDebuggable = false;
-#endif
-
-bool isOverriddenBy(const char *name) {
-    return isBuildDebuggable && getenv(name);
-}
-
 bool commandHasFd(int cmdId) {
     return (cmdId != FwmarkCommand::QUERY_USER_ACCESS) &&
         (cmdId != FwmarkCommand::SET_COUNTERSET) &&
@@ -55,13 +45,20 @@
 }  // namespace
 
 bool FwmarkClient::shouldSetFwmark(int family) {
-    if (isOverriddenBy(ANDROID_NO_USE_FWMARK_CLIENT)) return false;
-    return FwmarkCommand::isSupportedFamily(family);
-}
+    // Checking whether family is supported before checking whether this can be
+    // disabled. Because there are existing processes using AF_LOCAL socket but it
+    // doesn't have permission to call geteuid(). Reference b/135422468.
+    if (!FwmarkCommand::isSupportedFamily(family)) {
+        return false;
+    }
 
-bool FwmarkClient::shouldReportConnectComplete(int family) {
-    if (isOverriddenBy(ANDROID_NO_USE_FWMARK_CLIENT)) return false;
-    return shouldSetFwmark(family);
+    // Permit processes running as root to disable marking. This is required, for
+    // example, to run the kernel networking tests.
+    if (getenv(ANDROID_NO_USE_FWMARK_CLIENT) && geteuid() == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 FwmarkClient::FwmarkClient() : mChannel(-1) {
diff --git a/client/FwmarkClient.h b/client/FwmarkClient.h
index 31fcbc4..c51688f 100644
--- a/client/FwmarkClient.h
+++ b/client/FwmarkClient.h
@@ -28,10 +28,6 @@
     // its SO_MARK set.
     static bool shouldSetFwmark(int family);
 
-    // Returns true if an additional call should be made after ON_CONNECT calls, to log extra
-    // information like latency and source IP.
-    static bool shouldReportConnectComplete(int family);
-
     FwmarkClient();
     ~FwmarkClient();
 
diff --git a/client/NetdClient.cpp b/client/NetdClient.cpp
index df1ece6..0105a04 100644
--- a/client/NetdClient.cpp
+++ b/client/NetdClient.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <resolv.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <DnsProxydProtocol.h>  // NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
@@ -49,21 +51,49 @@
 
 // Keep this in sync with CMD_BUF_SIZE in FrameworkListener.cpp.
 constexpr size_t MAX_CMD_SIZE = 4096;
+// Whether sendto(), sendmsg(), sendmmsg() in libc are shimmed or not. This property is evaluated at
+// process start time and cannot change at runtime on a given device.
+constexpr char PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS[] = "ro.vendor.redirect_socket_calls";
+// Whether some shimmed functions dispatch FwmarkCommand or not. The property can be changed by
+// System Server at runtime. Note: accept4(), socket(), connect() are always shimmed.
+constexpr char PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS_HOOKED[] = "net.redirect_socket_calls.hooked";
 
 std::atomic_uint netIdForProcess(NETID_UNSET);
 std::atomic_uint netIdForResolv(NETID_UNSET);
+std::atomic_bool allowNetworkingForProcess(true);
 
 typedef int (*Accept4FunctionType)(int, sockaddr*, socklen_t*, int);
 typedef int (*ConnectFunctionType)(int, const sockaddr*, socklen_t);
 typedef int (*SocketFunctionType)(int, int, int);
 typedef unsigned (*NetIdForResolvFunctionType)(unsigned);
 typedef int (*DnsOpenProxyType)();
+typedef int (*SendmmsgFunctionType)(int, const mmsghdr*, unsigned int, int);
+typedef ssize_t (*SendmsgFunctionType)(int, const msghdr*, unsigned int);
+typedef int (*SendtoFunctionType)(int, const void*, size_t, int, const sockaddr*, socklen_t);
 
 // These variables are only modified at startup (when libc.so is loaded) and never afterwards, so
 // it's okay that they are read later at runtime without a lock.
 Accept4FunctionType libcAccept4 = nullptr;
 ConnectFunctionType libcConnect = nullptr;
 SocketFunctionType libcSocket = nullptr;
+SendmmsgFunctionType libcSendmmsg = nullptr;
+SendmsgFunctionType libcSendmsg = nullptr;
+SendtoFunctionType libcSendto = nullptr;
+
+static bool propertyValueIsTrue(const char* prop_name) {
+    char prop_value[PROP_VALUE_MAX] = {0};
+    if (__system_property_get(prop_name, prop_value) > 0) {
+        if (strcmp(prop_value, "true") == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+static bool redirectSocketCallsIsTrue() {
+    static bool cached_result = propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS);
+    return cached_result;
+}
 
 int checkSocket(int socketFd) {
     if (socketFd < 0) {
@@ -120,7 +150,15 @@
     const bool shouldSetFwmark = shouldMarkSocket(sockfd, addr);
     if (shouldSetFwmark) {
         FwmarkCommand command = {FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT, 0, 0, 0};
-        if (int error = FwmarkClient().send(&command, sockfd, nullptr)) {
+        int error;
+        if (redirectSocketCallsIsTrue()) {
+            FwmarkConnectInfo connectInfo(0, 0, addr);
+            error = FwmarkClient().send(&command, sockfd, &connectInfo);
+        } else {
+            error = FwmarkClient().send(&command, sockfd, nullptr);
+        }
+
+        if (error) {
             errno = -error;
             return -1;
         }
@@ -130,9 +168,9 @@
     const int ret = libcConnect(sockfd, addr, addrlen);
     // Save errno so it isn't clobbered by sending ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE
     const int connectErrno = errno;
-    const unsigned latencyMs = lround(s.timeTaken());
+    const auto latencyMs = static_cast<unsigned>(s.timeTakenUs() / 1000);
     // Send an ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE command that includes sockaddr and connect latency for reporting
-    if (shouldSetFwmark && FwmarkClient::shouldReportConnectComplete(addr->sa_family)) {
+    if (shouldSetFwmark) {
         FwmarkConnectInfo connectInfo(ret == 0 ? 0 : connectErrno, latencyMs, addr);
         // TODO: get the netId from the socket mark once we have continuous benchmark runs
         FwmarkCommand command = {FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE, /* netId (ignored) */ 0,
@@ -145,6 +183,11 @@
 }
 
 int netdClientSocket(int domain, int type, int protocol) {
+    // Block creating AF_INET/AF_INET6 socket if networking is not allowed.
+    if (FwmarkCommand::isSupportedFamily(domain) && !allowNetworkingForProcess.load()) {
+        errno = EPERM;
+        return -1;
+    }
     int socketFd = libcSocket(domain, type, protocol);
     if (socketFd == -1) {
         return -1;
@@ -158,6 +201,48 @@
     return socketFd;
 }
 
+int netdClientSendmmsg(int sockfd, const mmsghdr* msgs, unsigned int msgcount, int flags) {
+    if (propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS_HOOKED) && !checkSocket(sockfd)) {
+        const sockaddr* addr = nullptr;
+        if ((msgcount > 0) && (msgs != nullptr) && (msgs[0].msg_hdr.msg_name != nullptr)) {
+            addr = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(msgs[0].msg_hdr.msg_name);
+            if ((addr != nullptr) && (FwmarkCommand::isSupportedFamily(addr->sa_family))) {
+                FwmarkConnectInfo sendmmsgInfo(0, 0, addr);
+                FwmarkCommand command = {FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDMMSG, 0, 0, 0};
+                FwmarkClient().send(&command, sockfd, &sendmmsgInfo);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return libcSendmmsg(sockfd, msgs, msgcount, flags);
+}
+
+ssize_t netdClientSendmsg(int sockfd, const msghdr* msg, unsigned int flags) {
+    if (propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS_HOOKED) && !checkSocket(sockfd)) {
+        const sockaddr* addr = nullptr;
+        if ((msg != nullptr) && (msg->msg_name != nullptr)) {
+            addr = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(msg->msg_name);
+            if ((addr != nullptr) && (FwmarkCommand::isSupportedFamily(addr->sa_family))) {
+                FwmarkConnectInfo sendmsgInfo(0, 0, addr);
+                FwmarkCommand command = {FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDMSG, 0, 0, 0};
+                FwmarkClient().send(&command, sockfd, &sendmsgInfo);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return libcSendmsg(sockfd, msg, flags);
+}
+
+int netdClientSendto(int sockfd, const void* buf, size_t bufsize, int flags, const sockaddr* addr,
+                     socklen_t addrlen) {
+    if (propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS_HOOKED) && !checkSocket(sockfd)) {
+        if ((addr != nullptr) && (FwmarkCommand::isSupportedFamily(addr->sa_family))) {
+            FwmarkConnectInfo sendtoInfo(0, 0, addr);
+            FwmarkCommand command = {FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDTO, 0, 0, 0};
+            FwmarkClient().send(&command, sockfd, &sendtoInfo);
+        }
+    }
+    return libcSendto(sockfd, buf, bufsize, flags, addr, addrlen);
+}
+
 unsigned getNetworkForResolv(unsigned netId) {
     if (netId != NETID_UNSET) {
         return netId;
@@ -206,6 +291,13 @@
         return -1;
     }
 
+    // If networking is not allowed, dns_open_proxy should just fail here.
+    // Then eventually, the DNS related functions in local mode will get
+    // EPERM while creating socket.
+    if (!allowNetworkingForProcess.load()) {
+        errno = EPERM;
+        return -1;
+    }
     const auto socketFunc = libcSocket ? libcSocket : socket;
     int s = socketFunc(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     if (s == -1) {
@@ -304,34 +396,52 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-#define CHECK_SOCKET_IS_MARKABLE(sock)          \
-    do {                                        \
-        int err;                                \
-        if ((err = checkSocket(sock)) != 0) {   \
-            return err;                         \
-        }                                       \
-    } while (false);
+#define CHECK_SOCKET_IS_MARKABLE(sock) \
+    do {                               \
+        int err = checkSocket(sock);   \
+        if (err) return err;           \
+    } while (false)
+
+#define HOOK_ON_FUNC(remoteFunc, nativeFunc, localFunc) \
+    do {                                                \
+        if ((remoteFunc) && *(remoteFunc)) {            \
+            (nativeFunc) = *(remoteFunc);               \
+            *(remoteFunc) = (localFunc);                \
+        }                                               \
+    } while (false)
 
 // accept() just calls accept4(..., 0), so there's no need to handle accept() separately.
 extern "C" void netdClientInitAccept4(Accept4FunctionType* function) {
-    if (function && *function) {
-        libcAccept4 = *function;
-        *function = netdClientAccept4;
-    }
+    HOOK_ON_FUNC(function, libcAccept4, netdClientAccept4);
 }
 
 extern "C" void netdClientInitConnect(ConnectFunctionType* function) {
-    if (function && *function) {
-        libcConnect = *function;
-        *function = netdClientConnect;
-    }
+    HOOK_ON_FUNC(function, libcConnect, netdClientConnect);
 }
 
 extern "C" void netdClientInitSocket(SocketFunctionType* function) {
-    if (function && *function) {
-        libcSocket = *function;
-        *function = netdClientSocket;
+    HOOK_ON_FUNC(function, libcSocket, netdClientSocket);
+}
+
+extern "C" void netdClientInitSendmmsg(SendmmsgFunctionType* function) {
+    if (!propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS)) {
+        return;
     }
+    HOOK_ON_FUNC(function, libcSendmmsg, netdClientSendmmsg);
+}
+
+extern "C" void netdClientInitSendmsg(SendmsgFunctionType* function) {
+    if (!propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    HOOK_ON_FUNC(function, libcSendmsg, netdClientSendmsg);
+}
+
+extern "C" void netdClientInitSendto(SendtoFunctionType* function) {
+    if (!propertyValueIsTrue(PROPERTY_REDIRECT_SOCKET_CALLS)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    HOOK_ON_FUNC(function, libcSendto, netdClientSendto);
 }
 
 extern "C" void netdClientInitNetIdForResolv(NetIdForResolvFunctionType* function) {
@@ -378,9 +488,7 @@
 }
 
 extern "C" int protectFromVpn(int socketFd) {
-    if (socketFd < 0) {
-        return -EBADF;
-    }
+    CHECK_SOCKET_IS_MARKABLE(socketFd);
     FwmarkCommand command = {FwmarkCommand::PROTECT_FROM_VPN, 0, 0, 0};
     return FwmarkClient().send(&command, socketFd, nullptr);
 }
@@ -498,6 +606,10 @@
     close(fd);
 }
 
+extern "C" void setAllowNetworkingForProcess(bool allowNetworking) {
+    allowNetworkingForProcess.store(allowNetworking);
+}
+
 extern "C" int getNetworkForDns(unsigned* dnsNetId) {
     if (dnsNetId == nullptr) return -EFAULT;
     int fd = dns_open_proxy();
diff --git a/client/NetdClientTest.cpp b/client/NetdClientTest.cpp
index 6f2fc09..20f601a 100644
--- a/client/NetdClientTest.cpp
+++ b/client/NetdClientTest.cpp
@@ -31,14 +31,25 @@
 // Keep in sync with FrameworkListener.cpp (500, "Command not recognized")
 constexpr char NOT_SUPPORT_MSG[] = "500 Command not recognized";
 
+int openDnsProxyFuncStub() {
+    return -1;
+};
+
+typedef int (*DnsOpenProxyType)();
+typedef int (*SocketFunctionType)(int, int, int);
+
+DnsOpenProxyType openDnsProxyFuncPtr = openDnsProxyFuncStub;
+SocketFunctionType socketFuncPtr = socket;
+
 void serverLoop(int dnsProxyFd) {
     while (true) {
         pollfd fds[1] = {{.fd = dnsProxyFd, .events = POLLIN}};
         enum { SERVERFD = 0 };
 
-        const int s = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(fds, std::size(fds), -1));
-        if (s <= 0) break;
+        int poll_result = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(fds, std::size(fds), -1));
+        ASSERT_GT(poll_result, 0);
 
+        if (fds[SERVERFD].revents & POLLERR) return;
         if (fds[SERVERFD].revents & POLLIN) {
             char buf[4096];
             TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fds[SERVERFD].fd, &buf, sizeof(buf)));
@@ -48,6 +59,35 @@
     }
 }
 
+void expectAllowNetworkingForProcess() {
+    // netdClientSocket
+    android::base::unique_fd ipv4(socketFuncPtr(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0)),
+            ipv6(socketFuncPtr(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_LE(3, ipv4);
+    EXPECT_LE(3, ipv6);
+
+    // dns_open_proxy
+    android::base::unique_fd dnsproxydSocket(openDnsProxyFuncPtr());
+    EXPECT_LE(3, dnsproxydSocket);
+}
+
+void expectNotAllowNetworkingForProcess() {
+    // netdClientSocket
+    android::base::unique_fd unixSocket(socketFuncPtr(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_LE(3, unixSocket);
+    android::base::unique_fd ipv4(socketFuncPtr(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ipv4);
+    EXPECT_EQ(errno, EPERM);
+    android::base::unique_fd ipv6(socketFuncPtr(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ipv6);
+    EXPECT_EQ(errno, EPERM);
+
+    // dns_open_proxy
+    android::base::unique_fd dnsproxydSocket(openDnsProxyFuncPtr());
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, dnsproxydSocket);
+    EXPECT_EQ(errno, EPERM);
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 TEST(NetdClientTest, getNetworkForDnsInternal) {
@@ -73,3 +113,34 @@
     unsigned* testNull = nullptr;
     EXPECT_EQ(-EFAULT, getNetworkForDns(testNull));
 }
+
+TEST(NetdClientTest, protectFromVpnBadFd) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EBADF, protectFromVpn(-1));
+}
+
+TEST(NetdClientTest, protectFromVpnUnixStream) {
+    int s = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(s, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EAFNOSUPPORT, protectFromVpn(s));
+    close(s);
+}
+
+TEST(NetdClientTest, protectFromVpnTcp6) {
+    int s = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(s, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, protectFromVpn(s));
+    close(s);
+}
+
+TEST(NetdClientTest, setAllowNetworkingForProcess) {
+    netdClientInitDnsOpenProxy(&openDnsProxyFuncPtr);
+    netdClientInitSocket(&socketFuncPtr);
+    // At the beginning, we should be able to use socket since the default setting is allowing.
+    expectAllowNetworkingForProcess();
+    // Disable
+    setAllowNetworkingForProcess(false);
+    expectNotAllowNetworkingForProcess();
+    // Reset
+    setAllowNetworkingForProcess(true);
+    expectAllowNetworkingForProcess();
+}
diff --git a/client/netdclient_priv.h b/client/netdclient_priv.h
index 52952c5..c2fbc53 100644
--- a/client/netdclient_priv.h
+++ b/client/netdclient_priv.h
@@ -19,4 +19,9 @@
 
 int getNetworkForDnsInternal(int fd, unsigned* dnsNetId);
 
+extern "C" {
+void netdClientInitDnsOpenProxy(int (**DnsOpenProxyType)());
+void netdClientInitSocket(int (**SocketFunctionType)(int, int, int));
+}
+
 #endif  // NETD_CLIENT_NETD_CLIENT_PRIV_H
diff --git a/include/FwmarkCommand.h b/include/FwmarkCommand.h
index a78542a..83e62d3 100644
--- a/include/FwmarkCommand.h
+++ b/include/FwmarkCommand.h
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         sockaddr_in6 sin6;
     } addr;
 
-    FwmarkConnectInfo() {}
+    FwmarkConnectInfo() : error(0), latencyMs(0) {}
 
     FwmarkConnectInfo(const int connectErrno, const unsigned latency, const sockaddr* saddr) {
         error = connectErrno;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 // TODO: rework this struct into a more flexible data structure such as union or
 // a hierarchy class.
 struct FwmarkCommand {
-    enum {
+    enum CmdId {
         ON_ACCEPT,
         ON_CONNECT,
         SELECT_NETWORK,
@@ -69,6 +69,9 @@
         // command.
         SET_COUNTERSET,
         DELETE_TAGDATA,
+        ON_SENDMMSG,
+        ON_SENDMSG,
+        ON_SENDTO,
     } cmdId;
     unsigned netId;  // used only in the SELECT_NETWORK command; ignored otherwise.
     uid_t uid;       // used in the SELECT_FOR_USER, QUERY_USER_ACCESS, TAG_SOCKET,
diff --git a/include/NetdClient.h b/include/NetdClient.h
index 0cfc187..cc835ed 100644
--- a/include/NetdClient.h
+++ b/include/NetdClient.h
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
-#define NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS 0x80000000
-
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
 // All functions below that return an int return 0 on success or a negative errno value on failure.
@@ -42,6 +40,8 @@
 
 int queryUserAccess(uid_t uid, unsigned netId);
 
+void setAllowNetworkingForProcess(bool allowNetworking);
+
 int tagSocket(int socketFd, uint32_t tag, uid_t uid);
 
 int untagSocket(int socketFd);
diff --git a/include/BinderUtil.h b/include/binder_utils/BinderUtil.h
similarity index 96%
rename from include/BinderUtil.h
rename to include/binder_utils/BinderUtil.h
index 9333dcd..6b41465 100644
--- a/include/BinderUtil.h
+++ b/include/binder_utils/BinderUtil.h
@@ -14,8 +14,11 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_INCLUDE_BINDER_UTIL_H
-#define NETD_INCLUDE_BINDER_UTIL_H
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <json/value.h>
+#include <json/writer.h>
 
 #ifdef ANDROID_BINDER_STATUS_H
 #define IS_BINDER_OK(__ex__) (__ex__ == ::android::binder::Status::EX_NONE)
@@ -104,5 +107,3 @@
             ::android::base::StringPrintf(" <%.2fms>", logTransaction["duration_ms"].asFloat()));
     logFn(output);
 }
-
-#endif /* NETD_INCLUDE_BINDER_UTIL_H */
diff --git a/include/NetdPermissions.h b/include/binder_utils/NetdPermissions.h
similarity index 100%
rename from include/NetdPermissions.h
rename to include/binder_utils/NetdPermissions.h
diff --git a/libnetdbpf/Android.bp b/libnetdbpf/Android.bp
index bd25535..72e0fec 100644
--- a/libnetdbpf/Android.bp
+++ b/libnetdbpf/Android.bp
@@ -26,15 +26,18 @@
         "libbpf_android",
         "liblog",
         "libnetdutils",
-        "libutils",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
+    sanitize: {
+        cfi: true,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "libnetdbpf_test",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    require_root: true,
     srcs: [
         "BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp b/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
index fe86cc1..a77f6f9 100644
--- a/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
+++ b/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.cpp
@@ -38,29 +38,27 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
 
-using netdutils::Status;
+using base::Result;
 
 // The target map for stats reading should be the inactive map, which is oppsite
 // from the config value.
 static constexpr char const* STATS_MAP_PATH[] = {STATS_MAP_B_PATH, STATS_MAP_A_PATH};
 
-static constexpr uint32_t BPF_OPEN_FLAGS = BPF_F_RDONLY;
-
 int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, Stats* stats,
                            const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& appUidStatsMap) {
     auto statsEntry = appUidStatsMap.readValue(uid);
-    if (isOk(statsEntry)) {
+    if (statsEntry.ok()) {
         stats->rxPackets = statsEntry.value().rxPackets;
         stats->txPackets = statsEntry.value().txPackets;
         stats->rxBytes = statsEntry.value().rxBytes;
         stats->txBytes = statsEntry.value().txBytes;
     }
-    return statsEntry.status().code() == ENOENT ? 0 : -statsEntry.status().code();
+    return (statsEntry.ok() || statsEntry.error().code() == ENOENT) ? 0
+                                                                    : -statsEntry.error().code();
 }
 
 int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, Stats* stats) {
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(
-        mapRetrieve(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
 
     if (!appUidStatsMap.isValid()) {
         int ret = -errno;
@@ -76,37 +74,40 @@
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
     stats->tcpRxPackets = -1;
     stats->tcpTxPackets = -1;
-    const auto processIfaceStats = [iface, stats, &ifaceNameMap, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal]
-                                   (const uint32_t& key,
-                                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& ifaceStatsMap) {
+    const auto processIfaceStats =
+            [iface, stats, &ifaceNameMap, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal](
+                    const uint32_t& key,
+                    const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& ifaceStatsMap) -> Result<void> {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
         if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceNameMap, ifaceStatsMap, key, ifname, key,
                                 &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         }
         if (!iface || !strcmp(iface, ifname)) {
-            StatsValue statsEntry;
-            ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(statsEntry, ifaceStatsMap.readValue(key));
-            stats->rxPackets += statsEntry.rxPackets;
-            stats->txPackets += statsEntry.txPackets;
-            stats->rxBytes += statsEntry.rxBytes;
-            stats->txBytes += statsEntry.txBytes;
+            Result<StatsValue> statsEntry = ifaceStatsMap.readValue(key);
+            if (!statsEntry.ok()) {
+                return statsEntry.error();
+            }
+            stats->rxPackets += statsEntry.value().rxPackets;
+            stats->txPackets += statsEntry.value().txPackets;
+            stats->rxBytes += statsEntry.value().rxBytes;
+            stats->txBytes += statsEntry.value().txBytes;
         }
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return Result<void>();
     };
-    return -ifaceStatsMap.iterate(processIfaceStats).code();
+    auto res = ifaceStatsMap.iterate(processIfaceStats);
+    return res.ok() ? 0 : -res.error().code();
 }
 
 int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, Stats* stats) {
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(mapRetrieve(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     int ret;
     if (!ifaceStatsMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(
-        mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
     if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -134,37 +135,39 @@
                                        int limitUid, const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap,
                                        const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap) {
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
-    const auto processDetailUidStats = [lines, &limitIfaces, &limitTag, &limitUid,
-                                        &unknownIfaceBytesTotal,
-                                        &ifaceMap](const StatsKey& key,
-                                                   const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap) {
+    const auto processDetailUidStats =
+            [lines, &limitIfaces, &limitTag, &limitUid, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal, &ifaceMap](
+                    const StatsKey& key,
+                    const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& statsMap) -> Result<void> {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
         if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceMap, statsMap, key.ifaceIndex, ifname, key,
                                 &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         }
         std::string ifnameStr(ifname);
         if (limitIfaces.size() > 0 &&
             std::find(limitIfaces.begin(), limitIfaces.end(), ifnameStr) == limitIfaces.end()) {
             // Nothing matched; skip this line.
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         }
         if (limitTag != TAG_ALL && uint32_t(limitTag) != key.tag) {
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         }
         if (limitUid != UID_ALL && uint32_t(limitUid) != key.uid) {
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         }
-        StatsValue statsEntry;
-        ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(statsEntry, statsMap.readValue(key));
-        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry, ifname));
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        Result<StatsValue> statsEntry = statsMap.readValue(key);
+        if (!statsEntry.ok()) {
+            return base::ResultError(statsEntry.error().message(), statsEntry.error().code());
+        }
+        lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(key, statsEntry.value(), ifname));
+        return Result<void>();
     };
-    Status res = statsMap.iterate(processDetailUidStats);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
+    Result<void> res = statsMap.iterate(processDetailUidStats);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("failed to iterate per uid Stats map for detail traffic stats: %s",
-              strerror(res.code()));
-        return -res.code();
+              strerror(res.error().code()));
+        return -res.error().code();
     }
 
     // Since eBPF use hash map to record stats, network stats collected from
@@ -183,28 +186,27 @@
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
                                const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
                                int limitUid) {
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(
-        mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
     if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
         int ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
 
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> configurationMap(mapRetrieve(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, uint8_t> configurationMap(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH);
     if (!configurationMap.isValid()) {
         int ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get configuration map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
     auto configuration = configurationMap.readValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
-    if (!isOk(configuration)) {
+    if (!configuration.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
-              configuration.status().msg().c_str());
-        return -configuration.status().code();
+              configuration.error().message().c_str());
+        return -configuration.error().code();
     }
     const char* statsMapPath = STATS_MAP_PATH[configuration.value()];
-    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMap(mapRetrieve(statsMapPath, 0));
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMap(statsMapPath);
     if (!statsMap.isValid()) {
         int ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get stats map fd failed: %s, path: %s", strerror(errno), statsMapPath);
@@ -220,10 +222,10 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    Status res = statsMap.clear();
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        ALOGE("Clean up current stats map failed: %s", strerror(res.code()));
-        return -res.code();
+    Result<void> res = statsMap.clear();
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("Clean up current stats map failed: %s", strerror(res.error().code()));
+        return -res.error().code();
     }
 
     return 0;
@@ -238,18 +240,21 @@
                                              const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
         char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
         if (getIfaceNameFromMap(ifaceMap, statsMap, key, ifname, key, &unknownIfaceBytesTotal)) {
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         }
         StatsKey fakeKey = {
-            .uid = (uint32_t)UID_ALL, .counterSet = (uint32_t)SET_ALL, .tag = (uint32_t)TAG_NONE};
+                .uid = (uint32_t)UID_ALL,
+                .tag = (uint32_t)TAG_NONE,
+                .counterSet = (uint32_t)SET_ALL,
+        };
         lines->push_back(populateStatsEntry(fakeKey, value, ifname));
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return Result<void>();
     };
-    Status res = statsMap.iterateWithValue(processDetailIfaceStats);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
+    Result<void> res = statsMap.iterateWithValue(processDetailIfaceStats);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("failed to iterate per uid Stats map for detail traffic stats: %s",
-              strerror(res.code()));
-        return -res.code();
+              strerror(res.error().code()));
+        return -res.error().code();
     }
 
     groupNetworkStats(lines);
@@ -258,15 +263,14 @@
 
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDev(std::vector<stats_line>* lines) {
     int ret = 0;
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(
-        mapRetrieve(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, IfaceValue> ifaceIndexNameMap(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH);
     if (!ifaceIndexNameMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceIndexName map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
         return ret;
     }
 
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(mapRetrieve(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, BPF_OPEN_FLAGS));
+    BpfMapRO<uint32_t, StatsValue> ifaceStatsMap(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     if (!ifaceStatsMap.isValid()) {
         ret = -errno;
         ALOGE("get ifaceStats map fd failed: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -321,6 +325,8 @@
 }
 
 stats_line& stats_line::operator=(const stats_line& rhs) {
+    if (this == &rhs) return *this;
+
     strlcpy(iface, rhs.iface, sizeof(iface));
     uid = rhs.uid;
     set = rhs.set;
diff --git a/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp b/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
index 8153127..a9581ce 100644
--- a/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
+++ b/libnetdbpf/BpfNetworkStatsTest.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
 
+using base::Result;
 using base::unique_fd;
 
 constexpr int TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@
 class BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
     BpfNetworkStatsHelperTest() {}
-    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mFakeCookieTagMap;
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mFakeCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue> mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap;
@@ -80,31 +81,25 @@
         SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
         ASSERT_EQ(0, setrlimitForTest());
 
-        mFakeCookieTagMap = BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>(createMap(
-            BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t), sizeof(struct UidTag), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeCookieTagMap = BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
         ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeCookieTagMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeAppUidStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(createMap(
-            BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeAppUidStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
         ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeAppUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeStatsMap = BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>(
-                createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey), sizeof(struct StatsValue),
-                          TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeStatsMap = BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
         ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeStatsMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>(
-            createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(IfaceValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
         ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.getMap());
 
-        mFakeIfaceStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(createMap(
-            BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeIfaceStatsMap = BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0);
         ASSERT_LE(0, mFakeIfaceStatsMap.getMap());
     }
 
     void expectUidTag(uint64_t cookie, uid_t uid, uint32_t tag) {
         auto tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(tagResult);
         EXPECT_EQ(uid, tagResult.value().uid);
         EXPECT_EQ(tag, tagResult.value().tag);
     }
@@ -113,13 +108,13 @@
                            StatsValue value, BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& map) {
         StatsKey key = {
             .uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = counterSet, .ifaceIndex = ifaceIndex};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(map.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY)));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(map.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY));
     }
 
     void updateIfaceMap(const char* ifaceName, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
         IfaceValue iface;
         strlcpy(iface.name, ifaceName, IFNAMSIZ);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY)));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, iface, BPF_ANY));
     }
 
     void expectStatsEqual(const StatsValue& target, const Stats& result) {
@@ -149,29 +144,29 @@
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
         uint64_t cookie = i + 1;
-        struct UidTag tag = {.uid = TEST_UID1, .tag = TEST_TAG};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, tag, BPF_ANY)));
+        UidTagValue tag = {.uid = TEST_UID1, .tag = TEST_TAG};
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, tag, BPF_ANY));
     }
     uint64_t curCookie = 0;
     auto nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(nextCookie);
     uint64_t headOfMap = nextCookie.value();
     curCookie = nextCookie.value();
     // Find the second entry in the map, then immediately delete it.
     nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.deleteValue((nextCookie.value()))));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(nextCookie);
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.deleteValue((nextCookie.value())));
     // Find the entry that is now immediately after headOfMap, then delete that.
     nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.deleteValue((nextCookie.value()))));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(nextCookie);
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.deleteValue((nextCookie.value())));
     // Attempting to read an entry that has been deleted fails with ENOENT.
     curCookie = nextCookie.value();
     auto tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(curCookie);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.status().code());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.error().code());
     // Finding the entry after our deleted entry restarts iteration from the beginning of the map.
     nextCookie = mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(curCookie);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(nextCookie));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(nextCookie);
     EXPECT_EQ(headOfMap, nextCookie.value());
 }
 
@@ -180,19 +175,19 @@
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
         uint64_t cookie = i + 1;
-        struct UidTag tag = {.uid = TEST_UID1, .tag = TEST_TAG};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, tag, BPF_ANY)));
+        UidTagValue tag = {.uid = TEST_UID1, .tag = TEST_TAG};
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, tag, BPF_ANY));
     }
     int totalCount = 0;
     int totalSum = 0;
-    const auto iterateWithoutDeletion = [&totalCount, &totalSum](const uint64_t& key,
-                                                                 const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>&) {
-        EXPECT_GE((uint64_t)5, key);
-        totalCount++;
-        totalSum += key;
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
-    };
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.iterate(iterateWithoutDeletion)));
+    const auto iterateWithoutDeletion =
+            [&totalCount, &totalSum](const uint64_t& key, const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>&) {
+                EXPECT_GE((uint64_t)5, key);
+                totalCount++;
+                totalSum += key;
+                return Result<void>();
+            };
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.iterate(iterateWithoutDeletion));
     EXPECT_EQ(5, totalCount);
     EXPECT_EQ(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, totalSum);
 }
@@ -201,10 +196,10 @@
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
     StatsValue value1 = {
-            .rxBytes = 0,
             .rxPackets = 0,
-            .txBytes = 0,
+            .rxBytes = 0,
             .txPackets = 0,
+            .txBytes = 0,
     };
     Stats result1 = {};
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID1, &result1, mFakeAppUidStatsMap));
@@ -217,18 +212,20 @@
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME2, IFACE_INDEX2);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME3, IFACE_INDEX3);
-    StatsValue value1 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-                         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-                         .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-                         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
-    StatsValue value2 = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
+    StatsValue value1 = {
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID1, value1, BPF_ANY)));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID2, value2, BPF_ANY)));
+    StatsValue value2 = {
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
+    };
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID1, value1, BPF_ANY));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID2, value2, BPF_ANY));
     Stats result1 = {};
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetUidStatsInternal(TEST_UID1, &result1, mFakeAppUidStatsMap));
     expectStatsEqual(value1, result1);
@@ -258,23 +255,23 @@
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME2, IFACE_INDEX2);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME3, IFACE_INDEX3);
     StatsValue value1 = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
     StatsValue value2 = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
     };
     uint32_t ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX1;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX2;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX3;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
 
     Stats result1 = {};
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(IFACE_NAME1, &result1, mFakeIfaceStatsMap,
@@ -288,10 +285,10 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(NULL, &totalResult, mFakeIfaceStatsMap,
                                           mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
     StatsValue totalValue = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2 + TEST_BYTES1,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2 + TEST_PACKET1,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2 + TEST_BYTES0,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2 + TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2 + TEST_PACKET1,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2 + TEST_BYTES1,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2 + TEST_PACKET0,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2 + TEST_BYTES0,
     };
     expectStatsEqual(totalValue, totalResult);
 }
@@ -301,10 +298,12 @@
 
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME2, IFACE_INDEX2);
-    StatsValue value1 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-                         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-                         .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-                         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
+    StatsValue value1 = {
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
+    };
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, TEST_TAG + 1, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1,
@@ -336,10 +335,12 @@
 
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME2, IFACE_INDEX2);
-    StatsValue value1 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-                         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-                         .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-                         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
+    StatsValue value1 = {
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
+    };
     populateFakeStats(0, 0, 0, OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
@@ -370,22 +371,28 @@
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
-    StatsValue value1 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 20,
-                         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-                         .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 20,
-                         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
+    StatsValue value1 = {
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 20,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 20,
+    };
     uint32_t ifaceIndex = UNKNOWN_IFACE;
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, ifaceIndex, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX1, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value1, mFakeStatsMap);
-    StatsValue value2 = {.rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 40,
-                         .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-                         .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 40,
-                         .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,};
+    StatsValue value2 = {
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 40,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 40,
+    };
     populateFakeStats(TEST_UID1, 0, IFACE_INDEX2, TEST_COUNTERSET0, value2, mFakeStatsMap);
-    StatsKey curKey = {.uid = TEST_UID1,
-                       .tag = 0,
-                       .ifaceIndex = ifaceIndex,
-                       .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET0};
+    StatsKey curKey = {
+            .uid = TEST_UID1,
+            .tag = 0,
+            .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET0,
+            .ifaceIndex = ifaceIndex,
+    };
     char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
     int64_t unknownIfaceBytesTotal = 0;
     ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, getIfaceNameFromMap(mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap, mFakeStatsMap, ifaceIndex,
@@ -412,25 +419,25 @@
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME3, IFACE_INDEX3);
     updateIfaceMap(LONG_IFACE_NAME, IFACE_INDEX4);
     StatsValue value1 = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
     StatsValue value2 = {
-        .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
-        .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
-        .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
-        .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
+            .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
     };
     uint32_t ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX1;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX2;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX3;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX4;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY));
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
     ASSERT_EQ(0,
               parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(&lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
@@ -452,22 +459,22 @@
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX3);  // Duplicate!
 
     StatsValue value1 = {
-            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
             .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
     StatsValue value2 = {
-            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
             .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
-            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
     };
     StatsValue value3 = {
-            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
             .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0 * 2,
-            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0 * 2,
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1 * 2,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1 * 2,
     };
 
     std::vector<stats_line> lines;
@@ -516,13 +523,13 @@
 
     // Perform test on IfaceStats.
     uint32_t ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX2;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value2, BPF_ANY));
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX1;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
 
     // This should be grouped.
     ifaceStatsKey = IFACE_INDEX3;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeIfaceStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceStatsKey, value1, BPF_ANY));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0,
               parseBpfNetworkStatsDevInternal(&lines, mFakeIfaceStatsMap, mFakeIfaceIndexNameMap));
@@ -541,10 +548,10 @@
     updateIfaceMap(IFACE_NAME1, IFACE_INDEX1);
 
     StatsValue value1 = {
-            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
             .rxPackets = TEST_PACKET0,
-            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
+            .rxBytes = TEST_BYTES0,
             .txPackets = TEST_PACKET1,
+            .txBytes = TEST_BYTES1,
     };
 
     // Mutate uid, 0 < TEST_UID1 < INT_MAX < INT_MIN < UINT_MAX.
diff --git a/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h b/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
index 503f090..8ab7e25 100644
--- a/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
+++ b/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/BpfNetworkStats.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define _BPF_NETWORKSTATS_H
 
 #include <bpf/BpfMap.h>
+#include "bpf_shared.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@
 bool operator<(const stats_line& lhs, const stats_line& rhs);
 
 // For test only
-int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, struct Stats* stats,
+int bpfGetUidStatsInternal(uid_t uid, Stats* stats,
                            const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& appUidStatsMap);
 // For test only
 int bpfGetIfaceStatsInternal(const char* iface, Stats* stats,
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@
                         const BpfMap<Key, StatsValue>& statsMap, uint32_t ifaceIndex, char* ifname,
                         const Key& curKey, int64_t* unknownIfaceBytesTotal) {
     auto iface = ifaceMap.readValue(ifaceIndex);
-    if (!isOk(iface)) {
+    if (!iface.ok()) {
         maybeLogUnknownIface(ifaceIndex, statsMap, curKey, unknownIfaceBytesTotal);
         return -ENODEV;
     }
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@
 
     // Are we undercounting enough data to be worth logging?
     auto statsEntry = statsMap.readValue(curKey);
-    if (!netdutils::isOk(statsEntry)) {
+    if (!statsEntry.ok()) {
         // No data is being undercounted.
         return;
     }
@@ -110,8 +111,8 @@
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& statsMap,
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>& ifaceMap);
 
-int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, struct Stats* stats);
-int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, struct Stats* stats);
+int bpfGetUidStats(uid_t uid, Stats* stats);
+int bpfGetIfaceStats(const char* iface, Stats* stats);
 int parseBpfNetworkStatsDetail(std::vector<stats_line>* lines,
                                const std::vector<std::string>& limitIfaces, int limitTag,
                                int limitUid);
diff --git a/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/bpf_shared.h b/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/bpf_shared.h
index 66d20ec..6f31879 100644
--- a/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/bpf_shared.h
+++ b/libnetdbpf/include/netdbpf/bpf_shared.h
@@ -17,11 +17,44 @@
 #ifndef NETDBPF_BPF_SHARED_H
 #define NETDBPF_BPF_SHARED_H
 
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
 #include <linux/in.h>
 #include <linux/in6.h>
 #include <netdutils/UidConstants.h>
-// const values shared by bpf kernel program bpfloader and netd
 
+// This header file is shared by eBPF kernel programs and netd
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t uid;
+    uint32_t tag;
+} UidTagValue;
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t uid;
+    uint32_t tag;
+    uint32_t counterSet;
+    uint32_t ifaceIndex;
+} StatsKey;
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t rxPackets;
+    uint64_t rxBytes;
+    uint64_t txPackets;
+    uint64_t txBytes;
+} StatsValue;
+
+typedef struct {
+    char name[IFNAMSIZ];
+} IfaceValue;
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t rxBytes;
+    uint64_t rxPackets;
+    uint64_t txBytes;
+    uint64_t txPackets;
+    uint64_t tcpRxPackets;
+    uint64_t tcpTxPackets;
+} Stats;
 
 // Since we cannot garbage collect the stats map since device boot, we need to make these maps as
 // large as possible. The maximum size of number of map entries we can have is depend on the rlimit
@@ -87,7 +120,7 @@
     IIF_MATCH = (1 << 5),
 };
 
-enum BpfPemissionMatch {
+enum BpfPermissionMatch {
     BPF_PERMISSION_INTERNET = 1 << 2,
     BPF_PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS = 1 << 3,
 };
@@ -133,4 +166,59 @@
     struct in_addr local4;  // The destination IPv4 address
 } ClatIngressValue;
 
+#define CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress_clat_rawip"
+#define CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME "prog_clatd_schedcls_egress_clat_ether"
+
+#define CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_PATH BPF_PATH "/" CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME
+#define CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_ETHER_PATH BPF_PATH "/" CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME
+
+#define CLAT_EGRESS_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "/map_clatd_clat_egress_map"
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t iif;           // The input interface index
+    struct in_addr local4;  // The source IPv4 address
+} ClatEgressKey;
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t oif;            // The output interface to redirect to
+    struct in6_addr local6;  // The full 128-bits of the source IPv6 address
+    struct in6_addr pfx96;   // The destination /96 nat64 prefix, bottom 32 bits must be 0
+    bool oifIsEthernet;      // Whether the output interface requires ethernet header
+} ClatEgressValue;
+
+#define TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME "prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_rawip"
+#define TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME "prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_ether"
+
+#define TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_PATH BPF_PATH "/" TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME
+#define TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_PATH BPF_PATH "/" TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME
+
+#define TETHER_INGRESS_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "/map_offload_tether_ingress_map"
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t iif;            // The input interface index
+    struct in6_addr neigh6;  // The destination IPv6 address
+} TetherIngressKey;
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint32_t oif;  // The output interface to redirect to
+    // For now tethering offload only needs to support downstreams that use 6-byte MAC addresses,
+    // because all downstream types that are currently supported (WiFi, USB, Bluetooth and
+    // Ethernet) have 6-byte MAC addresses.
+    struct ethhdr macHeader;  // includes dst/src mac and ethertype
+    uint16_t pmtu;            // The maximum L3 output path/route mtu
+} TetherIngressValue;
+
+#define TETHER_STATS_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "/map_offload_tether_stats_map"
+
+typedef struct {
+    uint64_t rxPackets;
+    uint64_t rxBytes;
+    uint64_t rxErrors;
+    uint64_t txPackets;
+    uint64_t txBytes;
+    uint64_t txErrors;
+} TetherStatsValue;
+
+#define TETHER_LIMIT_MAP_PATH BPF_PATH "/map_offload_tether_limit_map"
+
 #endif  // NETDBPF_BPF_SHARED_H
diff --git a/libnetdutils/Android.bp b/libnetdutils/Android.bp
index b3fcfc7..00bdc74 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libnetdutils/Android.bp
@@ -25,6 +25,15 @@
         "libbase",
     ],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    sanitize: {
+        cfi: true,
+    },
+
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
+        "com.android.resolv",
+    ],
+    min_sdk_version: "29",
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/libnetdutils/AndroidTest.xml b/libnetdutils/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index dc13361..0000000
--- a/libnetdutils/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<configuration description="Config for netdutils_test">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
-        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="netdutils_test->/data/local/tmp/netdutils_test" />
-    </target_preparer>
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
-        <option name="module-name" value="netdutils_test" />
-    </test>
-</configuration>
diff --git a/libnetdutils/FdTest.cpp b/libnetdutils/FdTest.cpp
index 889c1b7..7080f83 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/FdTest.cpp
+++ b/libnetdutils/FdTest.cpp
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
     UniqueFd u1(kFd);
     {
         UniqueFd u2(std::move(u1));
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE bugprone-use-after-move
         EXPECT_FALSE(isWellFormed(u1));
         EXPECT_TRUE(isWellFormed(u2));
         EXPECT_CALL(mSyscalls, close(kFd)).WillOnce(Return(status::ok));
@@ -115,10 +116,12 @@
     UniqueFd u1(kFd);
     {
         UniqueFd u2 = std::move(u1);
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE bugprone-use-after-move
         EXPECT_FALSE(isWellFormed(u1));
         EXPECT_TRUE(isWellFormed(u2));
         UniqueFd u3;
         u3 = std::move(u2);
+        // NOLINTNEXTLINE bugprone-use-after-move
         EXPECT_FALSE(isWellFormed(u2));
         EXPECT_TRUE(isWellFormed(u3));
         EXPECT_CALL(mSyscalls, close(kFd)).WillOnce(Return(status::ok));
diff --git a/libnetdutils/InternetAddresses.cpp b/libnetdutils/InternetAddresses.cpp
index 944ed91..322f1b1 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/InternetAddresses.cpp
+++ b/libnetdutils/InternetAddresses.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #include "netdutils/InternetAddresses.h"
 
+#include <string>
+
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
@@ -61,9 +63,8 @@
     };
     addrinfo* res;
     const int ret = getaddrinfo(repr.c_str(), nullptr, &hints, &res);
-    // TODO: move ScopedAddrinfo into libnetdutils and use it here.
+    ScopedAddrinfo res_cleanup(res);
     if (ret != 0) {
-        freeaddrinfo(res);
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -84,7 +85,6 @@
             break;
     }
 
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
     return rval;
 }
 
@@ -125,6 +125,28 @@
     return mData == empty;
 }
 
+bool IPPrefix::forString(const std::string& repr, IPPrefix* prefix) {
+    size_t index = repr.find('/');
+    if (index == std::string::npos) return false;
+
+    // Parse the IP address.
+    IPAddress ip;
+    if (!IPAddress::forString(repr.substr(0, index), &ip)) return false;
+
+    // Parse the prefix length. Can't use base::ParseUint because it accepts non-base 10 input.
+    const char* prefixString = repr.c_str() + index + 1;
+    if (!isdigit(*prefixString)) return false;
+    char* endptr;
+    unsigned long prefixlen = strtoul(prefixString, &endptr, 10);
+    if (*endptr != '\0') return false;
+
+    uint8_t maxlen = (ip.family() == AF_INET) ? 32 : 128;
+    if (prefixlen > maxlen) return false;
+
+    *prefix = IPPrefix(ip, prefixlen);
+    return true;
+}
+
 std::string IPPrefix::toString() const noexcept {
     return StringPrintf("%s/%d", ip().toString().c_str(), mData.cidrlen);
 }
diff --git a/libnetdutils/InternetAddressesTest.cpp b/libnetdutils/InternetAddressesTest.cpp
index 2129ca7..f75fa76 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/InternetAddressesTest.cpp
+++ b/libnetdutils/InternetAddressesTest.cpp
@@ -171,6 +171,43 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(IPAddress(FE80_1, 1), IPAddress::forString("fe80::1%lo"));
 }
 
+TEST(IPPrefixTest, forString) {
+    IPPrefix prefix;
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("invalid", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("192.0.2.0", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001::db8::", &prefix));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8:://32", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/32z", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/32/", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/0x20", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8:: /32", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/ 32", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString(" 2001:db8::/32", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/32 ", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/+32", &prefix));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("192.0.2.0/33", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/129", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("192.0.2.0/-1", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/-1", &prefix));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8::/32", &prefix));
+    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8::/32", prefix.toString());
+    EXPECT_EQ(IPPrefix(IPAddress::forString("2001:db8::"), 32), prefix);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(IPPrefix(), IPPrefix::forString("invalid"));
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("0.0.0.0/0", IPPrefix::forString("0.0.0.0/0").toString());
+    EXPECT_EQ("::/0", IPPrefix::forString("::/0").toString());
+    EXPECT_EQ("192.0.2.128/25", IPPrefix::forString("192.0.2.131/25").toString());
+    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8:1:2:3:4:5:4/126",
+              IPPrefix::forString("2001:db8:1:2:3:4:5:6/126").toString());
+}
+
 TEST(IPPrefixTest, IPv4Truncation) {
     const auto prefixStr = [](int length) -> std::string {
         return IPPrefix(IPAddress(IPV4_ONES), length).toString();
diff --git a/libnetdutils/ThreadUtilTest.cpp b/libnetdutils/ThreadUtilTest.cpp
index 2fe63b7..8fad8b8 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/ThreadUtilTest.cpp
+++ b/libnetdutils/ThreadUtilTest.cpp
@@ -14,22 +14,49 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/expected.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <netdutils/ThreadUtil.h>
 
-#include "netdutils/ThreadUtil.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace netdutils {
+namespace android::netdutils {
 
 namespace {
 
+android::base::expected<std::string, int> getThreadName() {
+    char name[16] = {};
+    if (const int ret = pthread_getname_np(pthread_self(), name, sizeof(name)); ret != 0) {
+        return android::base::unexpected(ret);
+    }
+    return std::string(name);
+}
+
 class NoopRun {
   public:
-    NoopRun() { instanceNum++; }
-    ~NoopRun() { instanceNum--; }
+    explicit NoopRun(const std::string& name = "") : mName(name) { instanceNum++; }
+
+    // Destructor happens in the thread.
+    ~NoopRun() {
+        if (checkName) {
+            auto expected = getThreadName();
+            EXPECT_TRUE(expected.has_value());
+            EXPECT_EQ(mExpectedName, expected.value());
+        }
+        instanceNum--;
+    }
 
     void run() {}
 
+    std::string threadName() { return mName; }
+
+    // Set the expected thread name which will be used to check if it matches the actual thread
+    // name which is returned from the system call. The check will happen in the destructor.
+    void setExpectedName(const std::string& expectedName) {
+        checkName = true;
+        mExpectedName = expectedName;
+    }
+
     static bool waitForAllReleased(int timeoutMs) {
         constexpr int intervalMs = 20;
         int limit = timeoutMs / intervalMs;
@@ -44,6 +71,11 @@
 
     // To track how many instances are alive.
     static std::atomic<int> instanceNum;
+
+  private:
+    std::string mName;
+    std::string mExpectedName;
+    bool checkName = false;
 };
 
 std::atomic<int> NoopRun::instanceNum;
@@ -61,5 +93,30 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, NoopRun::instanceNum);
 }
 
-}  // namespace netdutils
-}  // namespace android
+TEST(ThreadUtilTest, SetThreadName) {
+    NoopRun::instanceNum = 0;
+
+    // Test thread name empty.
+    NoopRun* obj1 = new NoopRun();
+    obj1->setExpectedName("");
+
+    // Test normal case.
+    NoopRun* obj2 = new NoopRun("TestName");
+    obj2->setExpectedName("TestName");
+
+    // Test thread name too long.
+    std::string name("TestNameTooooLong");
+    NoopRun* obj3 = new NoopRun(name);
+    obj3->setExpectedName(name.substr(0, 15));
+
+    // Thread names are examined in their destructors.
+    EXPECT_EQ(3, NoopRun::instanceNum);
+    threadLaunch(obj1);
+    threadLaunch(obj2);
+    threadLaunch(obj3);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(NoopRun::waitForAllReleased(1000));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, NoopRun::instanceNum);
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::netdutils
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h
index 6deb067..a52e72d 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/BackoffSequence.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
         time_type endOfSequenceIndicator{TIME_ZERO};
     };
 
-    BackoffSequence() {}
+    BackoffSequence() : BackoffSequence(Parameters{}) {}
     BackoffSequence(const BackoffSequence &) = default;
     BackoffSequence(BackoffSequence &&) = default;
     BackoffSequence& operator=(const BackoffSequence &) = default;
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/InternetAddresses.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/InternetAddresses.h
index 07a6e90..d5cbe2b 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/InternetAddresses.h
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/InternetAddresses.h
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETDUTILS_INTERNETADDRESSES_H_
-#define NETDUTILS_INTERNETADDRESSES_H_
+#pragma once
 
+#include <netdb.h>
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -104,6 +104,16 @@
 
 }  // namespace internal_
 
+struct AddrinfoDeleter {
+    void operator()(struct addrinfo* p) const {
+        if (p != nullptr) {
+            freeaddrinfo(p);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+typedef std::unique_ptr<struct addrinfo, struct AddrinfoDeleter> ScopedAddrinfo;
+
 inline bool usesScopedIds(const in6_addr& ipv6) {
     return (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&ipv6) || IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_LINKLOCAL(&ipv6));
 }
@@ -185,7 +195,12 @@
 
 class IPPrefix {
   public:
-    // TODO: "static forString(...)" using NetdConstants' parsePrefix().
+    static bool forString(const std::string& repr, IPPrefix* prefix);
+    static IPPrefix forString(const std::string& repr) {
+        IPPrefix prefix;
+        if (!forString(repr, &prefix)) return IPPrefix();
+        return prefix;
+    }
 
     IPPrefix() = default;
     IPPrefix(const IPPrefix&) = default;
@@ -232,6 +247,23 @@
   public:
     // TODO: static forString
 
+    static IPSockAddr toIPSockAddr(const std::string& repr, in_port_t port) {
+        return IPSockAddr(IPAddress::forString(repr), port);
+    }
+    static IPSockAddr toIPSockAddr(const sockaddr& sa) {
+        switch (sa.sa_family) {
+            case AF_INET:
+                return IPSockAddr(*reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in*>(&sa));
+            case AF_INET6:
+                return IPSockAddr(*reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6*>(&sa));
+            default:
+                return IPSockAddr();
+        }
+    }
+    static IPSockAddr toIPSockAddr(const sockaddr_storage& ss) {
+        return toIPSockAddr(*reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(&ss));
+    }
+
     IPSockAddr() = default;
     IPSockAddr(const IPSockAddr&) = default;
     IPSockAddr(IPSockAddr&&) = default;
@@ -291,5 +323,3 @@
 
 }  // namespace netdutils
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETDUTILS_INTERNETADDRESSES_H_
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/NetworkConstants.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/NetworkConstants.h
index 682ceaf..dead9a1 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/NetworkConstants.h
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/NetworkConstants.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETDUTILS_NETWORKCONSTANTS_H_
-#define NETDUTILS_NETWORKCONSTANTS_H_
+#pragma once
 
 namespace android {
 namespace netdutils {
@@ -26,7 +25,8 @@
 constexpr int IPV6_ADDR_LEN = 16;
 constexpr int IPV6_ADDR_BITS = 128;
 
+// Referred from SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH in boringssl
+constexpr size_t SHA256_SIZE = 32;
+
 }  // namespace netdutils
 }  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETDUTILS_NETWORKCONSTANTS_H_
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Status.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Status.h
index 503eea3..bc347d5 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Status.h
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Status.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <ostream>
 
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+
 namespace android {
 namespace netdutils {
 
@@ -39,6 +41,10 @@
     // Constructs an error Status, |code| must be non-zero.
     Status(int code, std::string msg) : mCode(code), mMsg(std::move(msg)) { assert(!ok()); }
 
+    Status(android::base::Result<void> result)
+        : mCode(result.ok() ? 0 : result.error().code()),
+          mMsg(result.ok() ? "" : result.error().message()) {}
+
     int code() const { return mCode; }
 
     bool ok() const { return code() == 0; }
@@ -73,8 +79,9 @@
     return status.ok();
 }
 
-// For use only in tests.
-#define EXPECT_OK(status) EXPECT_TRUE((status).ok())
+// For use only in tests. Used for both Status and Status-like objects. See also isOk().
+#define EXPECT_OK(status) EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(status))
+#define ASSERT_OK(status) ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(status))
 
 // Documents that status is expected to be ok. This function may log
 // (or assert when running in debug mode) if status has an unexpected value.
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Stopwatch.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Stopwatch.h
index 18e2050..e7b4326 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Stopwatch.h
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/Stopwatch.h
@@ -29,22 +29,12 @@
 
   public:
     Stopwatch() : mStart(clock::now()) {}
-
     virtual ~Stopwatch() = default;
 
-    float timeTaken() const { return getElapsed(clock::now()); }
-
     int64_t timeTakenUs() const { return getElapsedUs(clock::now()); }
-
-    float getTimeAndReset() {
+    int64_t getTimeAndResetUs() {
         const auto& now = clock::now();
-        float elapsed = getElapsed(now);
-        mStart = now;
-        return elapsed;
-    }
-    float getTimeAndResetUs() {
-        const auto& now = clock::now();
-        float elapsed = getElapsedUs(now);
+        int64_t elapsed = getElapsedUs(now);
         mStart = now;
         return elapsed;
     }
@@ -52,10 +42,6 @@
   private:
     time_point mStart;
 
-    float getElapsed(const time_point& now) const {
-        using ms = std::chrono::duration<float, std::ratio<1, 1000>>;
-        return (std::chrono::duration_cast<ms>(now - mStart)).count();
-    }
     int64_t getElapsedUs(const time_point& now) const {
         return (std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(now - mStart)).count();
     }
diff --git a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/ThreadUtil.h b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/ThreadUtil.h
index 2ef97ef..62e6f70 100644
--- a/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/ThreadUtil.h
+++ b/libnetdutils/include/netdutils/ThreadUtil.h
@@ -34,9 +34,22 @@
     pthread_attr_t attr;
 };
 
+inline void setThreadName(std::string name) {
+    // MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN=16 is not exported by bionic.
+    const size_t MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN = 16;
+
+    // Crop name to 16 bytes including the NUL byte, as required by pthread_setname_np()
+    if (name.size() >= MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN) name.resize(MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN - 1);
+
+    if (int ret = pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), name.c_str()); ret != 0) {
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to set thread name to " << name << ": " << strerror(ret);
+    }
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 inline void* runAndDelete(void* obj) {
     std::unique_ptr<T> handler(reinterpret_cast<T*>(obj));
+    setThreadName(handler->threadName().c_str());
     handler->run();
     return nullptr;
 }
diff --git a/netutils_wrappers/Android.bp b/netutils_wrappers/Android.bp
index 5074071..af7d8c3 100644
--- a/netutils_wrappers/Android.bp
+++ b/netutils_wrappers/Android.bp
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
     ],
+    sanitize: {
+        cfi: true,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_test {
diff --git a/resolv/Android.bp b/resolv/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 06f7f85..0000000
--- a/resolv/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,220 +0,0 @@
-cc_library_headers {
-    name: "libnetd_resolv_headers",
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-}
-
-aidl_interface {
-    name: "dnsresolver_aidl_interface",
-    local_include_dir: "binder",
-    srcs: [
-        "binder/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl",
-        "binder/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl",
-    ],
-    imports: [
-        "netd_event_listener_interface",
-    ],
-    backend: {
-        ndk: {
-            gen_log: true,
-        },
-    },
-    api_dir: "aidl/dnsresolver",
-    versions: [
-        "1",
-        "2",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_test_library {
-    name: "libnetd_test_metrics_listener",
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.cpp",
-        "tests/TestMetrics.cpp",
-    ],
-    include_dirs: [
-        "system/netd/include",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbinder",
-        "libutils",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-V1-cpp",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libnetd_resolv",
-    version_script: "libnetd_resolv.map.txt",
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "getaddrinfo.cpp",
-        "gethnamaddr.cpp",
-        "sethostent.cpp",
-        "res_cache.cpp",
-        "res_comp.cpp",
-        "res_debug.cpp",
-        "res_init.cpp",
-        "res_mkquery.cpp",
-        "res_query.cpp",
-        "res_send.cpp",
-        "res_state.cpp",
-        "res_stats.cpp",
-        "Dns64Configuration.cpp",
-        "DnsProxyListener.cpp",
-        "DnsResolver.cpp",
-        "DnsResolverService.cpp",
-        "DnsTlsDispatcher.cpp",
-        "DnsTlsQueryMap.cpp",
-        "DnsTlsTransport.cpp",
-        "DnsTlsServer.cpp",
-        "DnsTlsSessionCache.cpp",
-        "DnsTlsSocket.cpp",
-        "PrivateDnsConfiguration.cpp",
-        "ResolverController.cpp",
-        "ResolverEventReporter.cpp",
-    ],
-    // Link everything statically (except for libc) to minimize our dependence
-    // on system ABIs
-    stl: "libc++_static",
-    static_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libcrypto",
-        "libcutils",
-        "libjsoncpp",
-        "liblog",
-        "libnetdutils",
-        "libssl",
-        "libstatslog_resolv",
-        "libstatssocket",
-        "libsysutils",
-        "libutils",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-ndk_platform",
-        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-ndk_platform",
-        "server_configurable_flags",
-        "stats_proto",
-        "libprotobuf-cpp-lite",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbinder_ndk",
-    ],
-    include_dirs: [
-        "system/netd/include",
-        "system/netd/server",
-    ],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
-    // TODO: pie in the sky: make this code clang-tidy clean
-    tidy: false,
-    product_variables: {
-        debuggable: {
-            cppflags: [
-                "-DRESOLV_ALLOW_VERBOSE_LOGGING=1",
-            ],
-        },
-    },
-}
-
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "stats_proto",
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    proto: {
-        export_proto_headers: true,
-        type: "lite",
-    },
-    srcs: [
-        "stats.proto",
-    ],
-}
-
-genrule {
-    name: "statslog_resolv.h",
-    tools: ["stats-log-api-gen"],
-    cmd: "$(location stats-log-api-gen) --header $(genDir)/statslog_resolv.h --module resolv --namespace android,net,stats",
-    out: [
-        "statslog_resolv.h",
-    ],
-}
-
-genrule {
-    name: "statslog_resolv.cpp",
-    tools: ["stats-log-api-gen"],
-    cmd: "$(location stats-log-api-gen) --cpp $(genDir)/statslog_resolv.cpp --module resolv --namespace android,net,stats --importHeader statslog_resolv.h",
-    out: [
-        "statslog_resolv.cpp",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libstatslog_resolv",
-    generated_sources: ["statslog_resolv.cpp"],
-    generated_headers: ["statslog_resolv.h"],
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    export_generated_headers: ["statslog_resolv.h"],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
-        "libstatssocket",
-        "libutils",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "resolv_integration_test",
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "dns_responder/dns_responder.cpp",
-        "resolver_test.cpp",
-        "dnsresolver_binder_test.cpp",
-    ],
-    include_dirs: [
-        "system/netd/resolv/include",
-        "system/netd/server",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libbinder",
-        "libcrypto",
-        "liblog",
-        "libnetd_client",
-        "libssl",
-        "libutils",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libgmock",
-        "libnetd_test_dnsresponder",
-        "libnetd_test_metrics_listener",
-        "libnetd_test_tun_interface",
-        "liblogwrap",
-        "libnetdutils",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-V1-cpp",
-        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-    ],
-    compile_multilib: "both",
-    sanitize: {
-        address: true,
-        recover: ["all"],
-    },
-}
-
-cc_test {
-    name: "resolv_unit_test",
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "dns_tls_test.cpp",
-        "libnetd_resolv_test.cpp",
-    ],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libcrypto",
-        "liblog",
-        "libssl",
-    ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libnetd_resolv",
-        "libnetd_test_dnsresponder",
-        "libnetdutils",
-        "server_configurable_flags",
-    ],
-}
diff --git a/resolv/AndroidTest.xml b/resolv/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index f5715c9..0000000
--- a/resolv/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<!-- This test config file is auto-generated. -->
-<configuration description="Config for resolv_integration_test.">
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-native" />
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
-        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="resolv_integration_test->/data/local/tmp/resolv_integration_test" />
-    </target_preparer>
-
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
-        <option name="module-name" value="resolv_integration_test" />
-        <!--
-            On 2018-12-12, GetAddrInfoStressTest_Binder_100 suddenly jumped
-            from ~1xs to ~70s runtime in APCT continuous integration, causing
-            resolv_integration_test to flake with the default 60s timeout.
-            We're not sure what caused the regression, but it's not due to a change
-            in the Android image and unlikely to affect users.
-            Just bump the timeout to 120s for now.
-        -->
-        <option name="native-test-timeout" value="120000" />
-    </test>
-</configuration>
diff --git a/resolv/Dns64Configuration.cpp b/resolv/Dns64Configuration.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 6cd9c2e..0000000
--- a/resolv/Dns64Configuration.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "Dns64Configuration"
-#define DBG 0
-
-#include "Dns64Configuration.h"
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <thread>
-#include <utility>
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-
-#include "DnsResolver.h"
-#include "NetdConstants.h"  // ScopedAddrinfo
-#include "getaddrinfo.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netdutils/BackoffSequence.h"
-#include "netdutils/DumpWriter.h"
-#include "netid_client.h"
-
-namespace android {
-
-using netdutils::DumpWriter;
-using netdutils::IPAddress;
-using netdutils::IPPrefix;
-
-namespace net {
-
-const char Dns64Configuration::kIPv4OnlyHost[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-const char Dns64Configuration::kIPv4Literal1[] = "192.0.0.170";
-const char Dns64Configuration::kIPv4Literal2[] = "192.0.0.171";
-
-void Dns64Configuration::startPrefixDiscovery(unsigned netId) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-
-    // TODO: Keep previous prefix for a while
-    // Currently, we remove current prefix, if any, before starting a prefix discovery.
-    // This causes that Netd and framework temporarily forgets DNS64 prefix even the prefix may be
-    // discovered in a short time.
-    removeDns64Config(netId);
-
-    Dns64Config cfg(getNextId(), netId);
-    // Emplace a copy of |cfg| in the map.
-    mDns64Configs.emplace(std::make_pair(netId, cfg));
-
-    // Note that capturing |cfg| in this lambda creates a copy.
-    std::thread discovery_thread([this, cfg] {
-        // Make a mutable copy rather than mark the whole lambda mutable.
-        // No particular reason.
-        Dns64Config evalCfg(cfg);
-
-        auto backoff = netdutils::BackoffSequence<>::Builder()
-                               .withInitialRetransmissionTime(std::chrono::seconds(1))
-                               .withMaximumRetransmissionTime(std::chrono::seconds(3600))
-                               .build();
-
-        while (true) {
-            if (!this->shouldContinueDiscovery(evalCfg)) break;
-
-            android_net_context netcontext{};
-            mGetNetworkContextCallback(evalCfg.netId, 0, &netcontext);
-
-            // Prefix discovery must bypass private DNS because in strict mode
-            // the server generally won't know the NAT64 prefix.
-            netcontext.flags |= NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-            if (doRfc7050PrefixDiscovery(netcontext, &evalCfg)) {
-                this->recordDns64Config(evalCfg);
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (!this->shouldContinueDiscovery(evalCfg)) break;
-
-            if (!backoff.hasNextTimeout()) break;
-            {
-                std::unique_lock<std::mutex> cvGuard(mMutex);
-                // TODO: Consider some chrono math, combined with wait_until()
-                // perhaps, to prevent early re-resolves from the removal of
-                // other netids with IPv6-only nameservers.
-                mCv.wait_for(cvGuard, backoff.getNextTimeout());
-            }
-        }
-    });
-    discovery_thread.detach();
-}
-
-void Dns64Configuration::stopPrefixDiscovery(unsigned netId) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    removeDns64Config(netId);
-    mCv.notify_all();
-}
-
-IPPrefix Dns64Configuration::getPrefix64Locked(unsigned netId) const REQUIRES(mMutex) {
-    const auto& iter = mDns64Configs.find(netId);
-    if (iter != mDns64Configs.end()) return iter->second.prefix64;
-
-    return IPPrefix{};
-}
-
-IPPrefix Dns64Configuration::getPrefix64(unsigned netId) const {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    return getPrefix64Locked(netId);
-}
-
-void Dns64Configuration::dump(DumpWriter& dw, unsigned netId) {
-    static const char kLabel[] = "DNS64 config";
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-
-    const auto& iter = mDns64Configs.find(netId);
-    if (iter == mDns64Configs.end()) {
-        dw.println("%s: none", kLabel);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const Dns64Config& cfg = iter->second;
-    if (cfg.prefix64.length() == 0) {
-        dw.println("%s: no prefix yet discovered", kLabel);
-    } else {
-        dw.println("%s: discovered prefix %s", kLabel, cfg.prefix64.toString().c_str());
-    }
-}
-
-// NOTE: The full RFC 7050 DNS64 discovery process is not implemented here.
-// Instead, and more simplistic version of the same thing is done, and it
-// currently assumes the DNS64 prefix is a /96.
-bool Dns64Configuration::doRfc7050PrefixDiscovery(const android_net_context& netcontext,
-                                                  Dns64Config* cfg) {
-    ALOGW("(%u, %u) Detecting NAT64 prefix from DNS...", cfg->netId, cfg->discoveryId);
-
-    const struct addrinfo hints = {
-            .ai_family = AF_INET6,
-    };
-
-    // TODO: Refactor so that netd can get all the regular getaddrinfo handling
-    // that regular apps get. We bypass the UNIX socket connection back to
-    // ourselves, which means we also bypass all the special netcontext flag
-    // handling and the resolver event logging.
-    struct addrinfo* res = nullptr;
-    const int status =
-            android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(kIPv4OnlyHost, nullptr, &hints, &netcontext, &res);
-    ScopedAddrinfo result(res);
-    if (status != 0) {
-        ALOGW("(%u, %u) plat_prefix/dns(%s) status = %d/%s", cfg->netId, cfg->discoveryId,
-              kIPv4OnlyHost, status, gai_strerror(status));
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Use only the first result.  If other records are present, possibly
-    // with differing DNS64 prefixes they are ignored. Note that this is a
-    // violation of https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7050#section-3
-    //
-    //     "A node MUST look through all of the received AAAA resource records
-    //      to collect one or more Pref64::/n."
-    //
-    // TODO: Consider remedying this.
-    if (result->ai_family != AF_INET6) {
-        ALOGW("(%u, %u) plat_prefix/unexpected address family: %d", cfg->netId, cfg->discoveryId,
-              result->ai_family);
-        return false;
-    }
-    const IPAddress ipv6(reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(result->ai_addr)->sin6_addr);
-    // Only /96 DNS64 prefixes are supported at this time.
-    cfg->prefix64 = IPPrefix(ipv6, 96);
-
-    ALOGW("(%u, %u) Detected NAT64 prefix %s", cfg->netId, cfg->discoveryId,
-          cfg->prefix64.toString().c_str());
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Dns64Configuration::isDiscoveryInProgress(const Dns64Config& cfg) const REQUIRES(mMutex) {
-    const auto& iter = mDns64Configs.find(cfg.netId);
-    if (iter == mDns64Configs.end()) return false;
-
-    const Dns64Config& currentCfg = iter->second;
-    return (currentCfg.discoveryId == cfg.discoveryId);
-}
-
-bool Dns64Configuration::reportNat64PrefixStatus(unsigned netId, bool added, const IPPrefix& pfx) {
-    if (pfx.ip().family() != AF_INET6 || pfx.ip().scope_id() != 0) {
-        ALOGW("Abort to send NAT64 prefix notification. Unexpected NAT64 prefix (%u, %d, %s).",
-              netId, added, pfx.toString().c_str());
-        return false;
-    }
-    Nat64PrefixInfo args = {netId, added, pfx.ip().toString(), (uint8_t)pfx.length()};
-    mPrefixCallback(args);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Dns64Configuration::shouldContinueDiscovery(const Dns64Config& cfg) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    return isDiscoveryInProgress(cfg);
-}
-
-void Dns64Configuration::removeDns64Config(unsigned netId) REQUIRES(mMutex) {
-    IPPrefix prefix = getPrefix64Locked(netId);
-    mDns64Configs.erase(netId);
-    if (!prefix.isUninitialized()) {
-        reportNat64PrefixStatus(netId, PREFIX_REMOVED, prefix);
-    }
-}
-
-void Dns64Configuration::recordDns64Config(const Dns64Config& cfg) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    if (!isDiscoveryInProgress(cfg)) return;
-
-    removeDns64Config(cfg.netId);
-    mDns64Configs.emplace(std::make_pair(cfg.netId, cfg));
-
-    reportNat64PrefixStatus(cfg.netId, PREFIX_ADDED, cfg.prefix64);
-
-    // TODO: consider extending INetdEventListener to report the DNS64 prefix
-    // up to ConnectivityService to potentially include this in LinkProperties.
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/Dns64Configuration.h b/resolv/Dns64Configuration.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 58b115e..0000000
--- a/resolv/Dns64Configuration.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef DNS_DNS64CONFIGURATION_H_
-#define DNS_DNS64CONFIGURATION_H_
-
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <condition_variable>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <unordered_map>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include "netdutils/DumpWriter.h"
-#include "netdutils/InternetAddresses.h"
-
-struct android_net_context;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-/**
- * This class handles RFC 7050 -style DNS64 prefix discovery.
- *
- * The ResolverController starts DNS64 prefix discovery when it observes a
- * a network with only IPv6 nameservers. (It stops discovery whenever an IPv4
- * nameserver is added or the network is deleted.)
- *
- * Each time prefix discovery is started, a new discoveryId is generated so
- * that running resolution threads can notice they are no longer the most
- * recent resolution attempt. This results in the backoff schedule of resolution
- * being reset.
- *
- * Thread-safety: All public methods in this class MUST be thread-safe.
- * (In other words: this class handles all its locking privately.)
- */
-class Dns64Configuration {
-  public:
-    // Simple data struct for passing back packet NAT64 prefix event information to the
-    // Dns64PrefixCallback callback.
-    struct Nat64PrefixInfo {
-        unsigned netId;
-        bool added;
-        std::string prefixString;
-        uint8_t prefixLength;
-    };
-
-    // Callback that is triggered for every NAT64 prefix event.
-    using Nat64PrefixCallback = std::function<void(const Nat64PrefixInfo&)>;
-
-    using GetNetworkContextCallback = std::function<void(uint32_t, uint32_t, android_net_context*)>;
-
-    // Parameters from RFC 7050 section 8.
-    static const char kIPv4OnlyHost[];  // "ipv4only.arpa."
-    static const char kIPv4Literal1[];  // 192.0.0.170
-    static const char kIPv4Literal2[];  // 192.0.0.171
-
-    Dns64Configuration() = delete;
-    Dns64Configuration(GetNetworkContextCallback getNetworkCallback,
-                       Nat64PrefixCallback prefixCallback)
-        : mGetNetworkContextCallback(std::move(getNetworkCallback)),
-          mPrefixCallback(std::move(prefixCallback)) {}
-    Dns64Configuration(const Dns64Configuration&) = delete;
-    Dns64Configuration(Dns64Configuration&&) = delete;
-    Dns64Configuration& operator=(const Dns64Configuration&) = delete;
-    Dns64Configuration& operator=(Dns64Configuration&&) = delete;
-
-    void startPrefixDiscovery(unsigned netId);
-    void stopPrefixDiscovery(unsigned netId);
-    netdutils::IPPrefix getPrefix64(unsigned netId) const;
-
-    void dump(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw, unsigned netId);
-
-  private:
-    struct Dns64Config {
-        Dns64Config(unsigned pseudoRandomId, unsigned network)
-            : discoveryId(pseudoRandomId), netId(network) {}
-
-        const unsigned int discoveryId;
-        const unsigned int netId;
-        netdutils::IPPrefix prefix64{};
-    };
-
-    enum { PREFIX_REMOVED, PREFIX_ADDED };
-
-    static bool doRfc7050PrefixDiscovery(const android_net_context& netcontext, Dns64Config* cfg);
-
-    unsigned getNextId() REQUIRES(mMutex) { return mNextId++; }
-    netdutils::IPPrefix getPrefix64Locked(unsigned netId) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    bool isDiscoveryInProgress(const Dns64Config& cfg) const REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    bool reportNat64PrefixStatus(unsigned netId, bool added, const netdutils::IPPrefix& pfx)
-            REQUIRES(mMutex);
-
-    bool shouldContinueDiscovery(const Dns64Config& cfg);
-    void recordDns64Config(const Dns64Config& cfg);
-    void removeDns64Config(unsigned netId) REQUIRES(mMutex);
-
-    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
-    std::condition_variable mCv;
-    unsigned int mNextId GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    std::unordered_map<unsigned, Dns64Config> mDns64Configs GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    const GetNetworkContextCallback mGetNetworkContextCallback;
-    const Nat64PrefixCallback mPrefixCallback;
-};
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // DNS_DNS64CONFIGURATION_H_
diff --git a/resolv/DnsProxyListener.cpp b/resolv/DnsProxyListener.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 63aa331..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsProxyListener.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1221 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "DnsProxyListener.h"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <linux/if.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <net/if.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsProxyListener"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <list>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android/multinetwork.h>  // ResNsendFlags
-#include <cutils/misc.h>           // FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
-#include <netdutils/InternetAddresses.h>
-#include <netdutils/OperationLimiter.h>
-#include <netdutils/ResponseCode.h>
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-#include <netdutils/Stopwatch.h>
-#include <netdutils/ThreadUtil.h>
-#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>  // AID_SYSTEM
-#include <statslog_resolv.h>
-#include <sysutils/SocketClient.h>
-
-#include "DnsResolver.h"
-#include "NetdClient.h"  // NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
-#include "NetdPermissions.h"
-#include "PrivateDnsConfiguration.h"
-#include "ResolverEventReporter.h"
-#include "getaddrinfo.h"
-#include "gethnamaddr.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/stats.h"  // RCODE_TIMEOUT
-#include "res_send.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-#include "stats.pb.h"
-
-using aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener;
-using android::net::NetworkDnsEventReported;
-
-namespace android {
-
-using netdutils::ResponseCode;
-using netdutils::Stopwatch;
-
-namespace net {
-namespace {
-
-// Limits the number of outstanding DNS queries by client UID.
-constexpr int MAX_QUERIES_PER_UID = 256;
-
-// Max packet size for answer, sync with getaddrinfo.c
-constexpr int MAXPACKET = 8 * 1024;
-
-android::netdutils::OperationLimiter<uid_t> queryLimiter(MAX_QUERIES_PER_UID);
-
-void logArguments(int argc, char** argv) {
-    if (!WOULD_LOG(VERBOSE)) return;
-    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": argv[" << i << "]=" << (argv[i] ? argv[i] : "null");
-    }
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-void tryThreadOrError(SocketClient* cli, T* handler) {
-    cli->incRef();
-
-    const int rval = netdutils::threadLaunch(handler);
-    if (rval == 0) {
-        // SocketClient decRef() happens in the handler's run() method.
-        return;
-    }
-
-    char* msg = nullptr;
-    asprintf(&msg, "%s (%d)", strerror(-rval), -rval);
-    cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::OperationFailed, msg, false);
-    free(msg);
-
-    delete handler;
-    cli->decRef();
-}
-
-bool checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(unsigned* netid) {
-    if (netid == nullptr || ((*netid) & NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS) == 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    *netid = (*netid) & ~NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    return true;
-}
-
-constexpr bool requestingUseLocalNameservers(unsigned flags) {
-    return (flags & NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS) != 0;
-}
-
-inline bool queryingViaTls(unsigned dns_netid) {
-    // TODO: The simpler PrivateDnsStatus should suffice here.
-    ExternalPrivateDnsStatus privateDnsStatus = {PrivateDnsMode::OFF, 0, {}};
-    gPrivateDnsConfiguration.getStatus(dns_netid, &privateDnsStatus);
-    switch (static_cast<PrivateDnsMode>(privateDnsStatus.mode)) {
-        case PrivateDnsMode::OPPORTUNISTIC:
-            for (int i = 0; i < privateDnsStatus.numServers; i++) {
-                if (privateDnsStatus.serverStatus[i].validation == Validation::success) {
-                    return true;
-                }
-            }
-            return false;
-        case PrivateDnsMode::STRICT:
-            return true;
-        default:
-            return false;
-    }
-}
-
-bool hasPermissionToBypassPrivateDns(uid_t uid) {
-    static_assert(AID_SYSTEM >= 0 && AID_SYSTEM < FIRST_APPLICATION_UID,
-        "Calls from AID_SYSTEM must not result in a permission check to avoid deadlock.");
-    if (uid >= 0 && uid < FIRST_APPLICATION_UID) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    for (const char* const permission :
-         {PERM_CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, PERM_NETWORK_BYPASS_PRIVATE_DNS,
-          PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK}) {
-        if (gResNetdCallbacks.check_calling_permission(permission)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-void maybeFixupNetContext(android_net_context* ctx) {
-    if (requestingUseLocalNameservers(ctx->flags) && !hasPermissionToBypassPrivateDns(ctx->uid)) {
-        // Not permitted; clear the flag.
-        ctx->flags &= ~NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    }
-
-    if (!requestingUseLocalNameservers(ctx->flags)) {
-        // If we're not explicitly bypassing DNS-over-TLS servers, check whether
-        // DNS-over-TLS is in use as an indicator for when to use more modern
-        // DNS resolution mechanics.
-        if (queryingViaTls(ctx->dns_netid)) {
-            ctx->flags |= NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_EDNS;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void addIpAddrWithinLimit(std::vector<std::string>* ip_addrs, const sockaddr* addr,
-                          socklen_t addrlen);
-
-int extractResNsendAnswers(const uint8_t* answer, size_t anslen, int ipType,
-                           std::vector<std::string>* ip_addrs) {
-    int total_ip_addr_count = 0;
-    ns_msg handle;
-    if (ns_initparse((const uint8_t*) answer, anslen, &handle) < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    int ancount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_an);
-    ns_rr rr;
-    for (int i = 0; i < ancount; i++) {
-        if (ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_an, i, &rr) < 0) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        const uint8_t* rdata = ns_rr_rdata(rr);
-        if (ipType == ns_t_a) {
-            sockaddr_in sin = {.sin_family = AF_INET};
-            memcpy(&sin.sin_addr, rdata, sizeof(sin.sin_addr));
-            addIpAddrWithinLimit(ip_addrs, (sockaddr*) &sin, sizeof(sin));
-            total_ip_addr_count++;
-        } else if (ipType == ns_t_aaaa) {
-            sockaddr_in6 sin6 = {.sin6_family = AF_INET6};
-            memcpy(&sin6.sin6_addr, rdata, sizeof(sin6.sin6_addr));
-            addIpAddrWithinLimit(ip_addrs, (sockaddr*) &sin6, sizeof(sin6));
-            total_ip_addr_count++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return total_ip_addr_count;
-}
-
-int extractGetAddrInfoAnswers(const addrinfo* result, std::vector<std::string>* ip_addrs) {
-    int total_ip_addr_count = 0;
-    if (result == nullptr) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    for (const addrinfo* ai = result; ai; ai = ai->ai_next) {
-        sockaddr* ai_addr = ai->ai_addr;
-        if (ai_addr) {
-            addIpAddrWithinLimit(ip_addrs, ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
-            total_ip_addr_count++;
-        }
-    }
-    return total_ip_addr_count;
-}
-
-int extractGetHostByNameAnswers(const hostent* hp, std::vector<std::string>* ip_addrs) {
-    int total_ip_addr_count = 0;
-    if (hp == nullptr) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (hp->h_addrtype == AF_INET) {
-        in_addr** list = (in_addr**) hp->h_addr_list;
-        for (int i = 0; list[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-            sockaddr_in sin = {.sin_family = AF_INET, .sin_addr = *list[i]};
-            addIpAddrWithinLimit(ip_addrs, (sockaddr*) &sin, sizeof(sin));
-            total_ip_addr_count++;
-        }
-    } else if (hp->h_addrtype == AF_INET6) {
-        in6_addr** list = (in6_addr**) hp->h_addr_list;
-        for (int i = 0; list[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-            sockaddr_in6 sin6 = {.sin6_family = AF_INET6, .sin6_addr = *list[i]};
-            addIpAddrWithinLimit(ip_addrs, (sockaddr*) &sin6, sizeof(sin6));
-            total_ip_addr_count++;
-        }
-    }
-    return total_ip_addr_count;
-}
-
-int rcodeToAiError(int rcode) {
-    switch (rcode) {
-        case NOERROR:
-            return 0;
-        case RCODE_TIMEOUT:
-            return NETD_RESOLV_TIMEOUT;
-        default:
-            return EAI_NODATA;
-    }
-}
-
-int resNSendToAiError(int err, int rcode) {
-    if (err > 0) {
-        return rcodeToAiError(rcode);
-    }
-    if (err == -ETIMEDOUT) {
-        return NETD_RESOLV_TIMEOUT;
-    }
-    return EAI_SYSTEM;
-}
-
-template <typename IntegralType>
-bool simpleStrtoul(const char* input, IntegralType* output, int base = 10) {
-    char* endPtr;
-    errno = 0;
-    auto result = strtoul(input, &endPtr, base);
-    // Check the length in order to ensure there is no "-" sign
-    if (!*input || *endPtr || (endPtr - input) != static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(strlen(input)) ||
-        (errno == ERANGE && (result == ULONG_MAX))) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    *output = result;
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool setQueryId(uint8_t* msg, size_t msgLen, uint16_t query_id) {
-    if (msgLen < sizeof(HEADER)) {
-        errno = EINVAL;
-        return false;
-    }
-    auto hp = reinterpret_cast<HEADER*>(msg);
-    hp->id = htons(query_id);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool parseQuery(const uint8_t* msg, size_t msgLen, uint16_t* query_id, int* rr_type,
-                std::string* rr_name) {
-    ns_msg handle;
-    ns_rr rr;
-    if (ns_initparse((const uint8_t*)msg, msgLen, &handle) < 0 ||
-        ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_qd, 0, &rr) < 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    *query_id = ns_msg_id(handle);
-    *rr_name = ns_rr_name(rr);
-    *rr_type = ns_rr_type(rr);
-    return true;
-}
-
-void reportDnsEvent(int eventType, const android_net_context& netContext, int latencyUs,
-                    int returnCode, const NetworkDnsEventReported& dnsEvent,
-                    const std::string& query_name, const std::vector<std::string>& ip_addrs = {},
-                    int total_ip_addr_count = 0) {
-    std::string dnsQueryStats = dnsEvent.dns_query_events().SerializeAsString();
-    char const* dnsQueryStatsBytes = dnsQueryStats.c_str();
-    stats::BytesField dnsQueryBytesField{dnsQueryStatsBytes, dnsQueryStats.size()};
-    android::net::stats::stats_write(android::net::stats::NETWORK_DNS_EVENT_REPORTED, eventType,
-                                     returnCode, latencyUs, dnsEvent.hints_ai_flags(),
-                                     dnsEvent.res_nsend_flags(), dnsEvent.network_type(),
-                                     dnsEvent.private_dns_modes(), dnsQueryBytesField);
-
-    const auto& listeners = ResolverEventReporter::getInstance().getListeners();
-    if (listeners.size() == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__
-                   << ": DNS event not sent since no INetdEventListener receiver is available.";
-        return;
-    }
-    const int latencyMs = latencyUs / 1000;
-    for (const auto& it : listeners) {
-        it->onDnsEvent(netContext.dns_netid, eventType, returnCode, latencyMs, query_name, ip_addrs,
-                       total_ip_addr_count, netContext.uid);
-    }
-}
-
-bool onlyIPv4Answers(const addrinfo* res) {
-    // Null addrinfo pointer isn't checked because the caller doesn't pass null pointer.
-
-    for (const addrinfo* ai = res; ai; ai = ai->ai_next)
-        if (ai->ai_family != AF_INET) return false;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool isSpecialUseIPv4Address(const struct in_addr& ia) {
-    const uint32_t addr = ntohl(ia.s_addr);
-
-    // Only check necessary IP ranges in RFC 5735 section 4
-    return ((addr & 0xff000000) == 0x00000000) ||  // "This" Network
-           ((addr & 0xff000000) == 0x7f000000) ||  // Loopback
-           ((addr & 0xffff0000) == 0xa9fe0000) ||  // Link Local
-           ((addr & 0xf0000000) == 0xe0000000) ||  // Multicast
-           (addr == INADDR_BROADCAST);             // Limited Broadcast
-}
-
-bool isSpecialUseIPv4Address(const struct sockaddr* sa) {
-    if (sa->sa_family != AF_INET) return false;
-
-    return isSpecialUseIPv4Address(((struct sockaddr_in*) sa)->sin_addr);
-}
-
-bool onlyNonSpecialUseIPv4Addresses(struct hostent* hp) {
-    // Null hostent pointer isn't checked because the caller doesn't pass null pointer.
-
-    if (hp->h_addrtype != AF_INET) return false;
-
-    for (int i = 0; hp->h_addr_list[i] != nullptr; i++)
-        if (isSpecialUseIPv4Address(*(struct in_addr*) hp->h_addr_list[i])) return false;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool onlyNonSpecialUseIPv4Addresses(const addrinfo* res) {
-    // Null addrinfo pointer isn't checked because the caller doesn't pass null pointer.
-
-    for (const addrinfo* ai = res; ai; ai = ai->ai_next) {
-        if (ai->ai_family != AF_INET) return false;
-        if (isSpecialUseIPv4Address(ai->ai_addr)) return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void logDnsQueryResult(const struct hostent* hp) {
-    if (!WOULD_LOG(DEBUG)) return;
-    if (hp == nullptr) return;
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": DNS records:";
-    for (int i = 0; hp->h_addr_list[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-        char ip_addr[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-        if (inet_ntop(hp->h_addrtype, hp->h_addr_list[i], ip_addr, sizeof(ip_addr)) != nullptr) {
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": [" << i << "] " << hp->h_addrtype;
-        } else {
-            PLOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": [" << i << "] numeric hostname translation fail";
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void logDnsQueryResult(const addrinfo* res) {
-    if (!WOULD_LOG(DEBUG)) return;
-    if (res == nullptr) return;
-
-    int i;
-    const addrinfo* ai;
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": DNS records:";
-    for (ai = res, i = 0; ai; ai = ai->ai_next, i++) {
-        if ((ai->ai_family != AF_INET) && (ai->ai_family != AF_INET6)) continue;
-        char ip_addr[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-        int ret = getnameinfo(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen, ip_addr, sizeof(ip_addr), nullptr, 0,
-                              NI_NUMERICHOST);
-        if (!ret) {
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": [" << i << "] " << ai->ai_flags << " " << ai->ai_family
-                       << " " << ai->ai_socktype << " " << ai->ai_protocol;
-        } else {
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": [" << i << "] numeric hostname translation fail " << ret;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-bool isValidNat64Prefix(const netdutils::IPPrefix prefix) {
-    if (prefix.family() != AF_INET6) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Only IPv6 NAT64 prefixes are supported " << prefix.family();
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (prefix.length() != 96) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Only /96 NAT64 prefixes are supported " << prefix.length();
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool synthesizeNat64PrefixWithARecord(const netdutils::IPPrefix& prefix, struct hostent* hp) {
-    if (hp == nullptr) return false;
-    if (!onlyNonSpecialUseIPv4Addresses(hp)) return false;
-    if (!isValidNat64Prefix(prefix)) return false;
-
-    struct sockaddr_storage ss = netdutils::IPSockAddr(prefix.ip());
-    struct sockaddr_in6* v6prefix = (struct sockaddr_in6*) &ss;
-    for (int i = 0; hp->h_addr_list[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-        struct in_addr iaOriginal = *(struct in_addr*) hp->h_addr_list[i];
-        struct in6_addr* ia6 = (struct in6_addr*) hp->h_addr_list[i];
-        memset(ia6, 0, sizeof(struct in6_addr));
-
-        // Synthesize /96 NAT64 prefix in place. The space has reserved by getanswer() and
-        // _hf_gethtbyname2() in system/netd/resolv/gethnamaddr.cpp and
-        // system/netd/resolv/sethostent.cpp.
-        *ia6 = v6prefix->sin6_addr;
-        ia6->s6_addr32[3] = iaOriginal.s_addr;
-
-        if (WOULD_LOG(DEBUG)) {
-            char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];  // big enough for either IPv4 or IPv6
-            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &iaOriginal.s_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": DNS A record: " << buf;
-            inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &v6prefix->sin6_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": NAT64 prefix: " << buf;
-            inet_ntop(AF_INET6, ia6, buf, sizeof(buf));
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": DNS64 Synthesized AAAA record: " << buf;
-        }
-    }
-    hp->h_addrtype = AF_INET6;
-    hp->h_length = sizeof(in6_addr);
-
-    logDnsQueryResult(hp);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool synthesizeNat64PrefixWithARecord(const netdutils::IPPrefix& prefix, addrinfo* result) {
-    if (result == nullptr) return false;
-    if (!onlyNonSpecialUseIPv4Addresses(result)) return false;
-    if (!isValidNat64Prefix(prefix)) return false;
-
-    struct sockaddr_storage ss = netdutils::IPSockAddr(prefix.ip());
-    struct sockaddr_in6* v6prefix = (struct sockaddr_in6*) &ss;
-    for (addrinfo* ai = result; ai; ai = ai->ai_next) {
-        struct sockaddr_in sinOriginal = *(struct sockaddr_in*) ai->ai_addr;
-        struct sockaddr_in6* sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) ai->ai_addr;
-        memset(sin6, 0, sizeof(sockaddr_in6));
-
-        // Synthesize /96 NAT64 prefix in place. The space has reserved by get_ai() in
-        // system/netd/resolv/getaddrinfo.cpp.
-        sin6->sin6_addr = v6prefix->sin6_addr;
-        sin6->sin6_addr.s6_addr32[3] = sinOriginal.sin_addr.s_addr;
-        sin6->sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-        sin6->sin6_port = sinOriginal.sin_port;
-        ai->ai_addrlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
-        ai->ai_family = AF_INET6;
-
-        if (WOULD_LOG(DEBUG)) {
-            char buf[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];  // big enough for either IPv4 or IPv6
-            inet_ntop(AF_INET, &sinOriginal.sin_addr.s_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": DNS A record: " << buf;
-            inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &v6prefix->sin6_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": NAT64 prefix: " << buf;
-            inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &sin6->sin6_addr, buf, sizeof(buf));
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": DNS64 Synthesized AAAA record: " << buf;
-        }
-    }
-    logDnsQueryResult(result);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool getDns64Prefix(unsigned netId, netdutils::IPPrefix* prefix) {
-    return !gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.getPrefix64(netId, prefix);
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-DnsProxyListener::DnsProxyListener() : FrameworkListener(SOCKET_NAME) {
-    registerCmd(new GetAddrInfoCmd());
-    registerCmd(new GetHostByAddrCmd());
-    registerCmd(new GetHostByNameCmd());
-    registerCmd(new ResNSendCommand());
-    registerCmd(new GetDnsNetIdCommand());
-}
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoHandler::GetAddrInfoHandler(SocketClient* c, char* host, char* service,
-                                                         addrinfo* hints,
-                                                         const android_net_context& netcontext)
-    : mClient(c), mHost(host), mService(service), mHints(hints), mNetContext(netcontext) {}
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoHandler::~GetAddrInfoHandler() {
-    free(mHost);
-    free(mService);
-    free(mHints);
-}
-
-static bool sendBE32(SocketClient* c, uint32_t data) {
-    uint32_t be_data = htonl(data);
-    return c->sendData(&be_data, sizeof(be_data)) == 0;
-}
-
-// Sends 4 bytes of big-endian length, followed by the data.
-// Returns true on success.
-static bool sendLenAndData(SocketClient* c, const int len, const void* data) {
-    return sendBE32(c, len) && (len == 0 || c->sendData(data, len) == 0);
-}
-
-// Returns true on success
-static bool sendhostent(SocketClient* c, hostent* hp) {
-    bool success = true;
-    int i;
-    if (hp->h_name != nullptr) {
-        success &= sendLenAndData(c, strlen(hp->h_name)+1, hp->h_name);
-    } else {
-        success &= sendLenAndData(c, 0, "") == 0;
-    }
-
-    for (i=0; hp->h_aliases[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-        success &= sendLenAndData(c, strlen(hp->h_aliases[i])+1, hp->h_aliases[i]);
-    }
-    success &= sendLenAndData(c, 0, ""); // null to indicate we're done
-
-    uint32_t buf = htonl(hp->h_addrtype);
-    success &= c->sendData(&buf, sizeof(buf)) == 0;
-
-    buf = htonl(hp->h_length);
-    success &= c->sendData(&buf, sizeof(buf)) == 0;
-
-    for (i=0; hp->h_addr_list[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-        success &= sendLenAndData(c, 16, hp->h_addr_list[i]);
-    }
-    success &= sendLenAndData(c, 0, ""); // null to indicate we're done
-    return success;
-}
-
-static bool sendaddrinfo(SocketClient* c, addrinfo* ai) {
-    // struct addrinfo {
-    //      int     ai_flags;       /* AI_PASSIVE, AI_CANONNAME, AI_NUMERICHOST */
-    //      int     ai_family;      /* PF_xxx */
-    //      int     ai_socktype;    /* SOCK_xxx */
-    //      int     ai_protocol;    /* 0 or IPPROTO_xxx for IPv4 and IPv6 */
-    //      socklen_t ai_addrlen;   /* length of ai_addr */
-    //      char    *ai_canonname;  /* canonical name for hostname */
-    //      struct  sockaddr *ai_addr;      /* binary address */
-    //      struct  addrinfo *ai_next;      /* next structure in linked list */
-    // };
-
-    // Write the struct piece by piece because we might be a 64-bit netd
-    // talking to a 32-bit process.
-    bool success =
-            sendBE32(c, ai->ai_flags) &&
-            sendBE32(c, ai->ai_family) &&
-            sendBE32(c, ai->ai_socktype) &&
-            sendBE32(c, ai->ai_protocol);
-    if (!success) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // ai_addrlen and ai_addr.
-    if (!sendLenAndData(c, ai->ai_addrlen, ai->ai_addr)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // strlen(ai_canonname) and ai_canonname.
-    if (!sendLenAndData(c, ai->ai_canonname ? strlen(ai->ai_canonname) + 1 : 0, ai->ai_canonname)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoHandler::doDns64Synthesis(int32_t* rv, addrinfo** res) {
-    if (mHost == nullptr) return;
-
-    const bool ipv6WantedButNoData = (mHints && mHints->ai_family == AF_INET6 && *rv == EAI_NODATA);
-    const bool unspecWantedButNoIPv6 =
-            ((!mHints || mHints->ai_family == AF_UNSPEC) && *rv == 0 && onlyIPv4Answers(*res));
-
-    if (!ipv6WantedButNoData && !unspecWantedButNoIPv6) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    netdutils::IPPrefix prefix{};
-    if (!getDns64Prefix(mNetContext.dns_netid, &prefix)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (ipv6WantedButNoData) {
-        // If caller wants IPv6 answers but no data, try to query IPv4 answers for synthesis
-        const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-        if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-            mHints->ai_family = AF_INET;
-            // Don't need to do freeaddrinfo(res) before starting new DNS lookup because previous
-            // DNS lookup is failed with error EAI_NODATA.
-            *rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(mHost, mService, mHints, &mNetContext, res);
-            queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-            if (*rv) {
-                *rv = EAI_NODATA;  // return original error code
-                return;
-            }
-        } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": from UID " << uid << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!synthesizeNat64PrefixWithARecord(prefix, *res)) {
-        if (ipv6WantedButNoData) {
-            // If caller wants IPv6 answers but no data and failed to synthesize IPv6 answers,
-            // don't return the IPv4 answers.
-            *rv = EAI_NODATA;  // return original error code
-            if (*res) {
-                freeaddrinfo(*res);
-                *res = nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoHandler::run() {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "GetAddrInfoHandler::run: {" << mNetContext.app_netid << " "
-               << mNetContext.app_mark << " " << mNetContext.dns_netid << " "
-               << mNetContext.dns_mark << " " << mNetContext.uid << " " << mNetContext.flags << "}";
-
-    addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-    Stopwatch s;
-    maybeFixupNetContext(&mNetContext);
-    const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-    int32_t rv = 0;
-    NetworkDnsEventReported dnsEvent;
-    if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-        rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(mHost, mService, mHints, &mNetContext, &result);
-        queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-    } else {
-        // Note that this error code is currently not passed down to the client.
-        // android_getaddrinfo_proxy() returns EAI_NODATA on any error.
-        rv = EAI_MEMORY;
-        LOG(ERROR) << "GetAddrInfoHandler::run: from UID " << uid
-                   << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-    }
-
-    doDns64Synthesis(&rv, &result);
-    const int latencyUs = int(s.timeTakenUs());
-
-    if (rv) {
-        // getaddrinfo failed
-        mClient->sendBinaryMsg(ResponseCode::DnsProxyOperationFailed, &rv, sizeof(rv));
-    } else {
-        bool success = !mClient->sendCode(ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult);
-        addrinfo* ai = result;
-        while (ai && success) {
-            success = sendBE32(mClient, 1) && sendaddrinfo(mClient, ai);
-            ai = ai->ai_next;
-        }
-        success = success && sendBE32(mClient, 0);
-        if (!success) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "GetAddrInfoHandler::run: Error writing DNS result to client";
-        }
-    }
-    std::vector<std::string> ip_addrs;
-    const int total_ip_addr_count = extractGetAddrInfoAnswers(result, &ip_addrs);
-    reportDnsEvent(INetdEventListener::EVENT_GETADDRINFO, mNetContext, latencyUs, rv, dnsEvent,
-                   mHost, ip_addrs, total_ip_addr_count);
-    freeaddrinfo(result);
-    mClient->decRef();
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-void addIpAddrWithinLimit(std::vector<std::string>* ip_addrs, const sockaddr* addr,
-                          socklen_t addrlen) {
-    // ipAddresses array is limited to first INetdEventListener::DNS_REPORTED_IP_ADDRESSES_LIMIT
-    // addresses for A and AAAA. Total count of addresses is provided, to be able to tell whether
-    // some addresses didn't get logged.
-    if (ip_addrs->size() < INetdEventListener::DNS_REPORTED_IP_ADDRESSES_LIMIT) {
-        char ip_addr[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-        if (getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, ip_addr, sizeof(ip_addr), nullptr, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST) == 0) {
-            ip_addrs->push_back(std::string(ip_addr));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoCmd::GetAddrInfoCmd() : FrameworkCommand("getaddrinfo") {}
-
-int DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoCmd::runCommand(SocketClient *cli,
-                                            int argc, char **argv) {
-    logArguments(argc, argv);
-
-    if (argc != 8) {
-        char* msg = nullptr;
-        asprintf( &msg, "Invalid number of arguments to getaddrinfo: %i", argc);
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetAddrInfoCmd::runCommand: " << (msg ? msg : "null");
-        cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::CommandParameterError, msg, false);
-        free(msg);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    char* name = argv[1];
-    if (strcmp("^", name) == 0) {
-        name = nullptr;
-    } else {
-        name = strdup(name);
-    }
-
-    char* service = argv[2];
-    if (strcmp("^", service) == 0) {
-        service = nullptr;
-    } else {
-        service = strdup(service);
-    }
-
-    addrinfo* hints = nullptr;
-    int ai_flags = strtol(argv[3], nullptr, 10);
-    int ai_family = strtol(argv[4], nullptr, 10);
-    int ai_socktype = strtol(argv[5], nullptr, 10);
-    int ai_protocol = strtol(argv[6], nullptr, 10);
-    unsigned netId = strtoul(argv[7], nullptr, 10);
-    const bool useLocalNameservers = checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(&netId);
-    const uid_t uid = cli->getUid();
-
-    android_net_context netcontext;
-    gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context(netId, uid, &netcontext);
-
-    if (useLocalNameservers) {
-        netcontext.flags |= NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    }
-
-    if (ai_flags != -1 || ai_family != -1 ||
-        ai_socktype != -1 || ai_protocol != -1) {
-        hints = (addrinfo*) calloc(1, sizeof(addrinfo));
-        hints->ai_flags = ai_flags;
-        hints->ai_family = ai_family;
-        hints->ai_socktype = ai_socktype;
-        hints->ai_protocol = ai_protocol;
-    }
-
-    DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoHandler* handler =
-            new DnsProxyListener::GetAddrInfoHandler(cli, name, service, hints, netcontext);
-    tryThreadOrError(cli, handler);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*******************************************************
- *                  ResNSendCommand                    *
- *******************************************************/
-DnsProxyListener::ResNSendCommand::ResNSendCommand() : FrameworkCommand("resnsend") {}
-
-int DnsProxyListener::ResNSendCommand::runCommand(SocketClient* cli, int argc, char** argv) {
-    logArguments(argc, argv);
-
-    const uid_t uid = cli->getUid();
-    if (argc != 4) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendCommand::runCommand: resnsend: from UID " << uid
-                     << ", invalid number of arguments to resnsend: " << argc;
-        sendBE32(cli, -EINVAL);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    unsigned netId;
-    if (!simpleStrtoul(argv[1], &netId)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendCommand::runCommand: resnsend: from UID " << uid
-                     << ", invalid netId";
-        sendBE32(cli, -EINVAL);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    uint32_t flags;
-    if (!simpleStrtoul(argv[2], &flags)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendCommand::runCommand: resnsend: from UID " << uid
-                     << ", invalid flags";
-        sendBE32(cli, -EINVAL);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    const bool useLocalNameservers = checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(&netId);
-
-    android_net_context netcontext;
-    gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context(netId, uid, &netcontext);
-
-    if (useLocalNameservers) {
-        netcontext.flags |= NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    }
-
-    DnsProxyListener::ResNSendHandler* handler =
-            new DnsProxyListener::ResNSendHandler(cli, argv[3], flags, netcontext);
-    tryThreadOrError(cli, handler);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-DnsProxyListener::ResNSendHandler::ResNSendHandler(SocketClient* c, std::string msg, uint32_t flags,
-                                                   const android_net_context& netcontext)
-    : mClient(c), mMsg(std::move(msg)), mFlags(flags), mNetContext(netcontext) {}
-
-DnsProxyListener::ResNSendHandler::~ResNSendHandler() {
-    mClient->decRef();
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::ResNSendHandler::run() {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "ResNSendHandler::run: " << mFlags << " / {" << mNetContext.app_netid << " "
-               << mNetContext.app_mark << " " << mNetContext.dns_netid << " "
-               << mNetContext.dns_mark << " " << mNetContext.uid << " " << mNetContext.flags << "}";
-
-    Stopwatch s;
-    maybeFixupNetContext(&mNetContext);
-
-    // Decode
-    std::vector<uint8_t> msg(MAXPACKET, 0);
-
-    // Max length of mMsg is less than 1024 since the CMD_BUF_SIZE in FrameworkListener is 1024
-    int msgLen = b64_pton(mMsg.c_str(), msg.data(), MAXPACKET);
-    if (msgLen == -1) {
-        // Decode fail
-        sendBE32(mClient, -EILSEQ);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-    int rr_type = 0;
-    std::string rr_name;
-    uint16_t original_query_id = 0;
-
-    // TODO: Handle the case which is msg contains more than one query
-    if (!parseQuery(msg.data(), msgLen, &original_query_id, &rr_type, &rr_name) ||
-        !setQueryId(msg.data(), msgLen, arc4random_uniform(65536))) {
-        // If the query couldn't be parsed, block the request.
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendHandler::run: resnsend: from UID " << uid << ", invalid query";
-        sendBE32(mClient, -EINVAL);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Send DNS query
-    std::vector<uint8_t> ansBuf(MAXPACKET, 0);
-    int arcode, nsendAns = -1;
-    NetworkDnsEventReported dnsEvent;
-    if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-        nsendAns = resolv_res_nsend(&mNetContext, msg.data(), msgLen, ansBuf.data(), MAXPACKET,
-                                    &arcode, static_cast<ResNsendFlags>(mFlags));
-        queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-    } else {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendHandler::run: resnsend: from UID " << uid
-                     << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-        nsendAns = -EBUSY;
-    }
-
-    const int latencyUs = int(s.timeTakenUs());
-
-    // Fail, send -errno
-    if (nsendAns < 0) {
-        sendBE32(mClient, nsendAns);
-        if (rr_type == ns_t_a || rr_type == ns_t_aaaa) {
-            reportDnsEvent(INetdEventListener::EVENT_RES_NSEND, mNetContext, latencyUs,
-                           resNSendToAiError(nsendAns, arcode), dnsEvent, rr_name);
-        }
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Send rcode
-    if (!sendBE32(mClient, arcode)) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendHandler::run: resnsend: failed to send rcode to uid " << uid;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Restore query id and send answer
-    if (!setQueryId(ansBuf.data(), nsendAns, original_query_id) ||
-        !sendLenAndData(mClient, nsendAns, ansBuf.data())) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "ResNSendHandler::run: resnsend: failed to send answer to uid " << uid;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (rr_type == ns_t_a || rr_type == ns_t_aaaa) {
-        std::vector<std::string> ip_addrs;
-        const int total_ip_addr_count =
-                extractResNsendAnswers((uint8_t*) ansBuf.data(), nsendAns, rr_type, &ip_addrs);
-        reportDnsEvent(INetdEventListener::EVENT_RES_NSEND, mNetContext, latencyUs,
-                       resNSendToAiError(nsendAns, arcode), dnsEvent, rr_name, ip_addrs,
-                       total_ip_addr_count);
-    }
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-bool sendCodeAndBe32(SocketClient* c, int code, int data) {
-    return !c->sendCode(code) && sendBE32(c, data);
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-/*******************************************************
- *                  GetDnsNetId                        *
- *******************************************************/
-DnsProxyListener::GetDnsNetIdCommand::GetDnsNetIdCommand() : FrameworkCommand("getdnsnetid") {}
-
-int DnsProxyListener::GetDnsNetIdCommand::runCommand(SocketClient* cli, int argc, char** argv) {
-    logArguments(argc, argv);
-
-    const uid_t uid = cli->getUid();
-    if (argc != 2) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetDnsNetIdCommand::runCommand: getdnsnetid: from UID " << uid
-                     << ", invalid number of arguments to getdnsnetid: " << argc;
-        sendCodeAndBe32(cli, ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult, -EINVAL);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    unsigned netId;
-    if (!simpleStrtoul(argv[1], &netId)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetDnsNetIdCommand::runCommand: getdnsnetid: from UID " << uid
-                     << ", invalid netId";
-        sendCodeAndBe32(cli, ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult, -EINVAL);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    const bool useLocalNameservers = checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(&netId);
-    android_net_context netcontext;
-    gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context(netId, uid, &netcontext);
-
-    if (useLocalNameservers) {
-        netcontext.app_netid |= NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    }
-
-    return sendCodeAndBe32(cli, ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult, netcontext.app_netid) ? 0 : -1;
-}
-
-/*******************************************************
- *                  GetHostByName                      *
- *******************************************************/
-DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameCmd::GetHostByNameCmd() : FrameworkCommand("gethostbyname") {}
-
-int DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameCmd::runCommand(SocketClient *cli,
-                                            int argc, char **argv) {
-    logArguments(argc, argv);
-
-    if (argc != 4) {
-        char* msg = nullptr;
-        asprintf(&msg, "Invalid number of arguments to gethostbyname: %i", argc);
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetHostByNameCmd::runCommand: " << (msg ? msg : "null");
-        cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::CommandParameterError, msg, false);
-        free(msg);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    uid_t uid = cli->getUid();
-    unsigned netId = strtoul(argv[1], nullptr, 10);
-    const bool useLocalNameservers = checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(&netId);
-    char* name = argv[2];
-    int af = strtol(argv[3], nullptr, 10);
-
-    if (strcmp(name, "^") == 0) {
-        name = nullptr;
-    } else {
-        name = strdup(name);
-    }
-
-    android_net_context netcontext;
-    gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context(netId, uid, &netcontext);
-
-    if (useLocalNameservers) {
-        netcontext.flags |= NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    }
-
-    DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameHandler* handler =
-            new DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameHandler(cli, name, af, netcontext);
-    tryThreadOrError(cli, handler);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameHandler::GetHostByNameHandler(SocketClient* c, char* name, int af,
-                                                             const android_net_context& netcontext)
-    : mClient(c), mName(name), mAf(af), mNetContext(netcontext) {}
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameHandler::~GetHostByNameHandler() {
-    free(mName);
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameHandler::doDns64Synthesis(int32_t* rv, struct hostent** hpp) {
-    // Don't have to consider family AF_UNSPEC case because gethostbyname{, 2} only supports
-    // family AF_INET or AF_INET6.
-    const bool ipv6WantedButNoData = (mAf == AF_INET6 && *rv == EAI_NODATA);
-
-    if (!ipv6WantedButNoData) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    netdutils::IPPrefix prefix{};
-    if (!getDns64Prefix(mNetContext.dns_netid, &prefix)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // If caller wants IPv6 answers but no data, try to query IPv4 answers for synthesis
-    const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-    if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-        *rv = android_gethostbynamefornetcontext(mName, AF_INET, &mNetContext, hpp);
-        queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-        if (*rv) {
-            *rv = EAI_NODATA;  // return original error code
-            return;
-        }
-    } else {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": from UID " << uid << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (!synthesizeNat64PrefixWithARecord(prefix, *hpp)) {
-        // If caller wants IPv6 answers but no data and failed to synthesize IPv4 answers,
-        // don't return the IPv4 answers.
-        *hpp = nullptr;
-    }
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::GetHostByNameHandler::run() {
-    Stopwatch s;
-    maybeFixupNetContext(&mNetContext);
-    const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-    hostent* hp = nullptr;
-    int32_t rv = 0;
-    NetworkDnsEventReported dnsEvent;
-    if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-        rv = android_gethostbynamefornetcontext(mName, mAf, &mNetContext, &hp);
-        queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-    } else {
-        rv = EAI_MEMORY;
-        LOG(ERROR) << "GetHostByNameHandler::run: from UID " << uid
-                   << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-    }
-
-    doDns64Synthesis(&rv, &hp);
-    const int latencyUs = lround(s.timeTakenUs());
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "GetHostByNameHandler::run: errno: " << (hp ? "success" : strerror(errno));
-
-    bool success = true;
-    if (hp) {
-        // hp is not nullptr iff. rv is 0.
-        success = mClient->sendCode(ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult) == 0;
-        success &= sendhostent(mClient, hp);
-    } else {
-        success = mClient->sendBinaryMsg(ResponseCode::DnsProxyOperationFailed, nullptr, 0) == 0;
-    }
-
-    if (!success) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetHostByNameHandler::run: Error writing DNS result to client";
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::string> ip_addrs;
-    const int total_ip_addr_count = extractGetHostByNameAnswers(hp, &ip_addrs);
-    reportDnsEvent(INetdEventListener::EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME, mNetContext, latencyUs, rv, dnsEvent,
-                   mName, ip_addrs, total_ip_addr_count);
-    mClient->decRef();
-}
-
-
-/*******************************************************
- *                  GetHostByAddr                      *
- *******************************************************/
-DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrCmd::GetHostByAddrCmd() : FrameworkCommand("gethostbyaddr") {}
-
-int DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrCmd::runCommand(SocketClient *cli,
-                                            int argc, char **argv) {
-    logArguments(argc, argv);
-
-    if (argc != 5) {
-        char* msg = nullptr;
-        asprintf(&msg, "Invalid number of arguments to gethostbyaddr: %i", argc);
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetHostByAddrCmd::runCommand: " << (msg ? msg : "null");
-        cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::CommandParameterError, msg, false);
-        free(msg);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    char* addrStr = argv[1];
-    int addrLen = strtol(argv[2], nullptr, 10);
-    int addrFamily = strtol(argv[3], nullptr, 10);
-    uid_t uid = cli->getUid();
-    unsigned netId = strtoul(argv[4], nullptr, 10);
-    const bool useLocalNameservers = checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(&netId);
-
-    void* addr = malloc(sizeof(in6_addr));
-    errno = 0;
-    int result = inet_pton(addrFamily, addrStr, addr);
-    if (result <= 0) {
-        char* msg = nullptr;
-        asprintf(&msg, "inet_pton(\"%s\") failed %s", addrStr, strerror(errno));
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetHostByAddrCmd::runCommand: " << (msg ? msg : "null");
-        cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::OperationFailed, msg, false);
-        free(addr);
-        free(msg);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    android_net_context netcontext;
-    gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context(netId, uid, &netcontext);
-
-    if (useLocalNameservers) {
-        netcontext.flags |= NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    }
-
-    DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrHandler* handler = new DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrHandler(
-            cli, addr, addrLen, addrFamily, netcontext);
-    tryThreadOrError(cli, handler);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrHandler::GetHostByAddrHandler(SocketClient* c, void* address,
-                                                             int addressLen, int addressFamily,
-                                                             const android_net_context& netcontext)
-    : mClient(c),
-      mAddress(address),
-      mAddressLen(addressLen),
-      mAddressFamily(addressFamily),
-      mNetContext(netcontext) {}
-
-DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrHandler::~GetHostByAddrHandler() {
-    free(mAddress);
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrHandler::doDns64ReverseLookup(struct hostent** hpp) {
-    if (*hpp != nullptr || mAddressFamily != AF_INET6 || !mAddress) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    netdutils::IPPrefix prefix{};
-    if (!getDns64Prefix(mNetContext.dns_netid, &prefix)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (!isValidNat64Prefix(prefix)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    struct sockaddr_storage ss = netdutils::IPSockAddr(prefix.ip());
-    struct sockaddr_in6* v6prefix = (struct sockaddr_in6*) &ss;
-    struct in6_addr v6addr = *(in6_addr*) mAddress;
-    // Check if address has NAT64 prefix. Only /96 IPv6 NAT64 prefixes are supported
-    if ((v6addr.s6_addr32[0] != v6prefix->sin6_addr.s6_addr32[0]) ||
-        (v6addr.s6_addr32[1] != v6prefix->sin6_addr.s6_addr32[1]) ||
-        (v6addr.s6_addr32[2] != v6prefix->sin6_addr.s6_addr32[2])) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-    if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-        // Remove NAT64 prefix and do reverse DNS query
-        struct in_addr v4addr = {.s_addr = v6addr.s6_addr32[3]};
-        android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext(&v4addr, sizeof(v4addr), AF_INET, &mNetContext, hpp);
-        queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-        if (*hpp) {
-            // Replace IPv4 address with original queried IPv6 address in place. The space has
-            // reserved by dns_gethtbyaddr() and netbsd_gethostent_r() in
-            // system/netd/resolv/gethnamaddr.cpp.
-            // Note that android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext returns only one entry in result.
-            memcpy((*hpp)->h_addr_list[0], &v6addr, sizeof(v6addr));
-            (*hpp)->h_addrtype = AF_INET6;
-            (*hpp)->h_length = sizeof(struct in6_addr);
-        }
-    } else {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": from UID " << uid << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-    }
-}
-
-void DnsProxyListener::GetHostByAddrHandler::run() {
-    Stopwatch s;
-    maybeFixupNetContext(&mNetContext);
-    const uid_t uid = mClient->getUid();
-    hostent* hp = nullptr;
-    int32_t rv = 0;
-    NetworkDnsEventReported dnsEvent;
-    if (queryLimiter.start(uid)) {
-        rv = android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext(mAddress, mAddressLen, mAddressFamily,
-                                                &mNetContext, &hp);
-        queryLimiter.finish(uid);
-    } else {
-        rv = EAI_MEMORY;
-        LOG(ERROR) << "GetHostByAddrHandler::run: from UID " << uid
-                   << ", max concurrent queries reached";
-    }
-
-    doDns64ReverseLookup(&hp);
-    const int latencyUs = int(s.timeTakenUs());
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "GetHostByAddrHandler::run: result: " << (hp ? "success" : gai_strerror(rv));
-
-    bool success = true;
-    if (hp) {
-        success = mClient->sendCode(ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult) == 0;
-        success &= sendhostent(mClient, hp);
-    } else {
-        success = mClient->sendBinaryMsg(ResponseCode::DnsProxyOperationFailed, nullptr, 0) == 0;
-    }
-
-    if (!success) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "GetHostByAddrHandler::run: Error writing DNS result to client";
-    }
-
-    reportDnsEvent(INetdEventListener::EVENT_GETHOSTBYADDR, mNetContext, latencyUs, rv, dnsEvent,
-                   (hp && hp->h_name) ? hp->h_name : "null", {}, 0);
-    mClient->decRef();
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsProxyListener.h b/resolv/DnsProxyListener.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 423e77f..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsProxyListener.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <netd_resolv/resolv.h>  // android_net_context
-#include <sysutils/FrameworkCommand.h>
-#include <sysutils/FrameworkListener.h>
-
-struct addrinfo;
-struct hostent;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class DnsProxyListener : public FrameworkListener {
-  public:
-    DnsProxyListener();
-    virtual ~DnsProxyListener() {}
-
-    static constexpr const char* SOCKET_NAME = "dnsproxyd";
-
-  private:
-    class GetAddrInfoCmd : public FrameworkCommand {
-      public:
-        GetAddrInfoCmd();
-        virtual ~GetAddrInfoCmd() {}
-        int runCommand(SocketClient* c, int argc, char** argv) override;
-    };
-
-    /* ------ getaddrinfo ------*/
-    class GetAddrInfoHandler {
-      public:
-        // Note: All of host, service, and hints may be NULL
-        GetAddrInfoHandler(SocketClient* c, char* host, char* service, addrinfo* hints,
-                           const android_net_context& netcontext);
-        ~GetAddrInfoHandler();
-
-        void run();
-
-      private:
-        void doDns64Synthesis(int32_t* rv, addrinfo** res);
-
-        SocketClient* mClient;  // ref counted
-        char* mHost;            // owned. TODO: convert to std::string.
-        char* mService;         // owned. TODO: convert to std::string.
-        addrinfo* mHints;       // owned
-        android_net_context mNetContext;
-    };
-
-    /* ------ gethostbyname ------*/
-    class GetHostByNameCmd : public FrameworkCommand {
-      public:
-        GetHostByNameCmd();
-        virtual ~GetHostByNameCmd() {}
-        int runCommand(SocketClient* c, int argc, char** argv) override;
-    };
-
-    class GetHostByNameHandler {
-      public:
-        GetHostByNameHandler(SocketClient* c, char* name, int af,
-                             const android_net_context& netcontext);
-        ~GetHostByNameHandler();
-
-        void run();
-
-      private:
-        void doDns64Synthesis(int32_t* rv, hostent** hpp);
-
-        SocketClient* mClient;  // ref counted
-        char* mName;            // owned. TODO: convert to std::string.
-        int mAf;
-        android_net_context mNetContext;
-    };
-
-    /* ------ gethostbyaddr ------*/
-    class GetHostByAddrCmd : public FrameworkCommand {
-      public:
-        GetHostByAddrCmd();
-        virtual ~GetHostByAddrCmd() {}
-        int runCommand(SocketClient* c, int argc, char** argv) override;
-    };
-
-    class GetHostByAddrHandler {
-      public:
-        GetHostByAddrHandler(SocketClient* c, void* address, int addressLen, int addressFamily,
-                             const android_net_context& netcontext);
-        ~GetHostByAddrHandler();
-
-        void run();
-
-      private:
-        void doDns64ReverseLookup(hostent** hpp);
-
-        SocketClient* mClient;  // ref counted
-        void* mAddress;         // address to lookup; owned
-        int mAddressLen;        // length of address to look up
-        int mAddressFamily;     // address family
-        android_net_context mNetContext;
-    };
-
-    /* ------ resnsend ------*/
-    class ResNSendCommand : public FrameworkCommand {
-      public:
-        ResNSendCommand();
-        virtual ~ResNSendCommand() {}
-        int runCommand(SocketClient* c, int argc, char** argv) override;
-    };
-
-    class ResNSendHandler {
-      public:
-        ResNSendHandler(SocketClient* c, std::string msg, uint32_t flags,
-                        const android_net_context& netcontext);
-        ~ResNSendHandler();
-
-        void run();
-
-      private:
-        SocketClient* mClient;  // ref counted
-        std::string mMsg;
-        uint32_t mFlags;
-        android_net_context mNetContext;
-    };
-
-    /* ------ getdnsnetid ------*/
-    class GetDnsNetIdCommand : public FrameworkCommand {
-      public:
-        GetDnsNetIdCommand();
-        virtual ~GetDnsNetIdCommand() {}
-        int runCommand(SocketClient* c, int argc, char** argv) override;
-    };
-};
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsResolver.cpp b/resolv/DnsResolver.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 092ff3f..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsResolver.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "DnsResolver.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
-
-#include "DnsProxyListener.h"
-#include "DnsResolverService.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "res_debug.h"
-
-bool resolv_init(const ResolverNetdCallbacks* callbacks) {
-    android::base::InitLogging(/*argv=*/nullptr);
-    android::base::SetDefaultTag("libnetd_resolv");
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": Initializing resolver";
-    resolv_set_log_severity(android::base::WARNING);
-
-    android::net::gResNetdCallbacks = *callbacks;
-    android::net::gDnsResolv = android::net::DnsResolver::getInstance();
-    return android::net::gDnsResolv->start();
-}
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-namespace {
-
-bool verifyCallbacks() {
-    return gResNetdCallbacks.check_calling_permission && gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context &&
-           gResNetdCallbacks.log;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-DnsResolver* gDnsResolv = nullptr;
-ResolverNetdCallbacks gResNetdCallbacks;
-netdutils::Log gDnsResolverLog("dnsResolver");
-
-DnsResolver* DnsResolver::getInstance() {
-    // Instantiated on first use.
-    static DnsResolver instance;
-    return &instance;
-}
-
-bool DnsResolver::start() {
-    if (!verifyCallbacks()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Callback verification failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (mDnsProxyListener.startListener()) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Unable to start DnsProxyListener";
-        return false;
-    }
-    binder_status_t ret;
-    if ((ret = DnsResolverService::start()) != STATUS_OK) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Unable to start DnsResolverService: " << ret;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-int DnsResolver::setLogSeverity(int32_t logSeverity) {
-    return resolv_set_log_severity(logSeverity);
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsResolver.h b/resolv/DnsResolver.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d8d2ce..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsResolver.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_RESOLVER_H_
-#define _DNS_RESOLVER_H_
-
-#include "DnsProxyListener.h"
-#include "ResolverController.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netdutils/Log.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class DnsResolver {
-  public:
-    static DnsResolver* getInstance();
-    bool start();
-    int setLogSeverity(int32_t logSeverity);
-
-    DnsResolver(DnsResolver const&) = delete;
-    void operator=(DnsResolver const&) = delete;
-
-    ResolverController resolverCtrl;
-
-  private:
-    DnsResolver() {}
-    DnsProxyListener mDnsProxyListener;
-};
-
-extern DnsResolver* gDnsResolv;
-extern ResolverNetdCallbacks gResNetdCallbacks;
-extern netdutils::Log gDnsResolverLog;
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_RESOLVER_H_
diff --git a/resolv/DnsResolverService.cpp b/resolv/DnsResolverService.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 8eefd22..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsResolverService.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,297 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsResolverService"
-
-#include "DnsResolverService.h"
-
-#include <set>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android/binder_manager.h>
-#include <android/binder_process.h>
-#include <json/value.h>
-#include <json/writer.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <netdutils/DumpWriter.h>
-#include <openssl/base64.h>
-#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>  // AID_SYSTEM
-
-#include "BinderUtil.h"
-#include "DnsResolver.h"
-#include "NetdConstants.h"    // SHA256_SIZE
-#include "NetdPermissions.h"  // PERM_*
-#include "ResolverEventReporter.h"
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-
-using aidl::android::net::ResolverParamsParcel;
-using android::base::Join;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::netdutils::DumpWriter;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-namespace {
-
-#define ENFORCE_ANY_PERMISSION(...)                                      \
-    do {                                                                 \
-        ::ndk::ScopedAStatus status = checkAnyPermission({__VA_ARGS__}); \
-        if (!status.isOk()) {                                            \
-            return status;                                               \
-        }                                                                \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS() \
-    ENFORCE_ANY_PERMISSION(PERM_CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
-
-#define ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS() \
-    ENFORCE_ANY_PERMISSION(PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
-
-inline ::ndk::ScopedAStatus statusFromErrcode(int ret) {
-    if (ret) {
-        return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(
-                AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(-ret, strerror(-ret)));
-    }
-    return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-DnsResolverService::DnsResolverService() {
-    // register log callback to BnDnsResolver::logFunc
-    BnDnsResolver::logFunc =
-            std::bind(binderCallLogFn, std::placeholders::_1,
-                      [](const std::string& msg) { gResNetdCallbacks.log(msg.c_str()); });
-}
-
-binder_status_t DnsResolverService::start() {
-    // TODO: Add disableBackgroundScheduling(true) after libbinder_ndk support it. b/126506010
-    // NetdNativeService does call disableBackgroundScheduling currently, so it is fine now.
-    DnsResolverService* resolverService = new DnsResolverService();
-    binder_status_t status =
-            AServiceManager_addService(resolverService->asBinder().get(), getServiceName());
-    if (status != STATUS_OK) {
-        return status;
-    }
-
-    ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
-
-    // TODO: register log callback if binder NDK backend support it. b/126501406
-
-    return STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-binder_status_t DnsResolverService::dump(int fd, const char**, uint32_t) {
-    auto dump_permission = checkAnyPermission({PERM_DUMP});
-    if (!dump_permission.isOk()) {
-        return STATUS_PERMISSION_DENIED;
-    }
-
-    // This method does not grab any locks. If individual classes need locking
-    // their dump() methods MUST handle locking appropriately.
-    DumpWriter dw(fd);
-    for (auto netId : resolv_list_caches()) {
-        dw.println("NetId: %u", netId);
-        gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.dump(dw, netId);
-        dw.blankline();
-    }
-
-    return STATUS_OK;
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::isAlive(bool* alive) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    *alive = true;
-
-    return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::registerEventListener(
-        const std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener>& listener) {
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    int res = ResolverEventReporter::getInstance().addListener(listener);
-
-    return statusFromErrcode(res);
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::checkAnyPermission(
-        const std::vector<const char*>& permissions) {
-    // TODO: Remove callback and move this to unnamed namespace after libbiner_ndk supports
-    // check_permission.
-    if (!gResNetdCallbacks.check_calling_permission) {
-        return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromExceptionCodeWithMessage(
-                EX_NULL_POINTER, "check_calling_permission is null"));
-    }
-    pid_t pid = AIBinder_getCallingPid();
-    uid_t uid = AIBinder_getCallingUid();
-
-    // If the caller is the system UID, don't check permissions.
-    // Otherwise, if the system server's binder thread pool is full, and all the threads are
-    // blocked on a thread that's waiting for us to complete, we deadlock. http://b/69389492
-    //
-    // From a security perspective, there is currently no difference, because:
-    // 1. The only permissions we check in netd's binder interface are CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL
-    //    and NETWORK_STACK, which the system server always has (or MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, which
-    //    is equivalent to having both CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL and NETWORK_STACK).
-    // 2. AID_SYSTEM always has all permissions. See ActivityManager#checkComponentPermission.
-    if (uid == AID_SYSTEM) {
-        return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-    }
-
-    for (const char* permission : permissions) {
-        if (gResNetdCallbacks.check_calling_permission(permission)) {
-            return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto err = StringPrintf("UID %d / PID %d does not have any of the following permissions: %s",
-                            uid, pid, Join(permissions, ',').c_str());
-    return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromExceptionCodeWithMessage(EX_SECURITY, err.c_str()));
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-// Parse a base64 encoded string into a vector of bytes.
-// On failure, return an empty vector.
-static std::vector<uint8_t> parseBase64(const std::string& input) {
-    std::vector<uint8_t> decoded;
-    size_t out_len;
-    if (EVP_DecodedLength(&out_len, input.size()) != 1) {
-        return decoded;
-    }
-    // out_len is now an upper bound on the output length.
-    decoded.resize(out_len);
-    if (EVP_DecodeBase64(decoded.data(), &out_len, decoded.size(),
-                         reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(input.data()), input.size()) == 1) {
-        // Possibly shrink the vector if the actual output was smaller than the bound.
-        decoded.resize(out_len);
-    } else {
-        decoded.clear();
-    }
-    if (out_len != SHA256_SIZE) {
-        decoded.clear();
-    }
-    return decoded;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::setResolverConfiguration(
-        const ResolverParamsParcel& resolverParams) {
-    // Locking happens in PrivateDnsConfiguration and res_* functions.
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-    // TODO: Remove this log after AIDL gen_log supporting more types, b/129732660
-    auto entry =
-            gDnsResolverLog.newEntry()
-                    .prettyFunction(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__)
-                    .args(resolverParams.netId, resolverParams.servers, resolverParams.domains,
-                          resolverParams.sampleValiditySeconds, resolverParams.successThreshold,
-                          resolverParams.minSamples, resolverParams.maxSamples,
-                          resolverParams.baseTimeoutMsec, resolverParams.retryCount,
-                          resolverParams.tlsServers, resolverParams.tlsFingerprints);
-
-    std::set<std::vector<uint8_t>> decoded_fingerprints;
-    for (const std::string& fingerprint : resolverParams.tlsFingerprints) {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> decoded = parseBase64(fingerprint);
-        if (decoded.empty()) {
-            return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_fromServiceSpecificErrorWithMessage(
-                    EINVAL, "ResolverController error: bad fingerprint"));
-        }
-        decoded_fingerprints.emplace(decoded);
-    }
-
-    int res =
-            gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.setResolverConfiguration(resolverParams, decoded_fingerprints);
-
-    gResNetdCallbacks.log(entry.returns(res).withAutomaticDuration().toString().c_str());
-
-    return statusFromErrcode(res);
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::getResolverInfo(
-        int32_t netId, std::vector<std::string>* servers, std::vector<std::string>* domains,
-        std::vector<std::string>* tlsServers, std::vector<int32_t>* params,
-        std::vector<int32_t>* stats, std::vector<int32_t>* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count) {
-    // Locking happens in PrivateDnsConfiguration and res_* functions.
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    int res = gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.getResolverInfo(netId, servers, domains, tlsServers, params,
-                                                       stats, wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-
-    return statusFromErrcode(res);
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::startPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId) {
-    // Locking happens in Dns64Configuration.
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.startPrefix64Discovery(netId);
-
-    return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::stopPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId) {
-    // Locking happens in Dns64Configuration.
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.stopPrefix64Discovery(netId);
-
-    return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::getPrefix64(int netId, std::string* stringPrefix) {
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    netdutils::IPPrefix prefix{};
-    int res = gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.getPrefix64(netId, &prefix);
-    *stringPrefix = prefix.toString();
-
-    return statusFromErrcode(res);
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::setLogSeverity(int32_t logSeverity) {
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    int res = gDnsResolv->setLogSeverity(logSeverity);
-
-    return statusFromErrcode(res);
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::destroyNetworkCache(int netId) {
-    // Locking happens in res_cache.cpp functions.
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.destroyNetworkCache(netId);
-
-    return ::ndk::ScopedAStatus(AStatus_newOk());
-}
-
-::ndk::ScopedAStatus DnsResolverService::createNetworkCache(int netId) {
-    // Locking happens in res_cache.cpp functions.
-    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-
-    int res = gDnsResolv->resolverCtrl.createNetworkCache(netId);
-
-    return statusFromErrcode(res);
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsResolverService.h b/resolv/DnsResolverService.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a1c9e7..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsResolverService.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_RESOLVER_SERVICE_H_
-#define _DNS_RESOLVER_SERVICE_H_
-
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <aidl/android/net/BnDnsResolver.h>
-#include <aidl/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.h>
-#include <android/binder_ibinder.h>
-
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class DnsResolverService : public aidl::android::net::BnDnsResolver {
-  public:
-    static binder_status_t start();
-    static char const* getServiceName() { return "dnsresolver"; }
-
-    binder_status_t dump(int fd, const char** args, uint32_t numArgs) override;
-
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus isAlive(bool* alive) override;
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus registerEventListener(
-            const std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener>& listener)
-            override;
-
-    // Resolver commands.
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setResolverConfiguration(
-            const aidl::android::net::ResolverParamsParcel& resolverParams) override;
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus getResolverInfo(
-            int32_t netId, std::vector<std::string>* servers, std::vector<std::string>* domains,
-            std::vector<std::string>* tlsServers, std::vector<int32_t>* params,
-            std::vector<int32_t>* stats,
-            std::vector<int32_t>* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count) override;
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus destroyNetworkCache(int32_t netId) override;
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus createNetworkCache(int32_t netId) override;
-
-    // DNS64-related commands
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus startPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId) override;
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus stopPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId) override;
-    // (internal use only)
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus getPrefix64(int netId, std::string* stringPrefix) override;
-
-    // Debug log command
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus setLogSeverity(int32_t logSeverity) override;
-
-  private:
-    DnsResolverService();
-    // TODO: Remove below items after libbiner_ndk supports check_permission.
-    ::ndk::ScopedAStatus checkAnyPermission(const std::vector<const char*>& permissions);
-};
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_RESOLVER_SERVICE_H_
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsDispatcher.cpp b/resolv/DnsTlsDispatcher.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d9896ad..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsDispatcher.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsTlsDispatcher"
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-#include "DnsTlsDispatcher.h"
-#include "DnsTlsSocketFactory.h"
-
-#include "log/log.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-using netdutils::Slice;
-
-// static
-std::mutex DnsTlsDispatcher::sLock;
-
-DnsTlsDispatcher::DnsTlsDispatcher() {
-    mFactory.reset(new DnsTlsSocketFactory());
-}
-
-std::list<DnsTlsServer> DnsTlsDispatcher::getOrderedServerList(
-        const std::list<DnsTlsServer> &tlsServers, unsigned mark) const {
-    // Our preferred DnsTlsServer order is:
-    //     1) reuse existing IPv6 connections
-    //     2) reuse existing IPv4 connections
-    //     3) establish new IPv6 connections
-    //     4) establish new IPv4 connections
-    std::list<DnsTlsServer> existing6;
-    std::list<DnsTlsServer> existing4;
-    std::list<DnsTlsServer> new6;
-    std::list<DnsTlsServer> new4;
-
-    // Pull out any servers for which we might have existing connections and
-    // place them at the from the list of servers to try.
-    {
-        std::lock_guard guard(sLock);
-
-        for (const auto& tlsServer : tlsServers) {
-            const Key key = std::make_pair(mark, tlsServer);
-            if (mStore.find(key) != mStore.end()) {
-                switch (tlsServer.ss.ss_family) {
-                    case AF_INET:
-                        existing4.push_back(tlsServer);
-                        break;
-                    case AF_INET6:
-                        existing6.push_back(tlsServer);
-                        break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                switch (tlsServer.ss.ss_family) {
-                    case AF_INET:
-                        new4.push_back(tlsServer);
-                        break;
-                    case AF_INET6:
-                        new6.push_back(tlsServer);
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto& out = existing6;
-    out.splice(out.cend(), existing4);
-    out.splice(out.cend(), new6);
-    out.splice(out.cend(), new4);
-    return out;
-}
-
-DnsTlsTransport::Response DnsTlsDispatcher::query(
-        const std::list<DnsTlsServer> &tlsServers, unsigned mark,
-        const Slice query, const Slice ans, int *resplen) {
-    const std::list<DnsTlsServer> orderedServers(getOrderedServerList(tlsServers, mark));
-
-    if (orderedServers.empty()) ALOGW("Empty DnsTlsServer list");
-
-    DnsTlsTransport::Response code = DnsTlsTransport::Response::internal_error;
-    for (const auto& server : orderedServers) {
-        code = this->query(server, mark, query, ans, resplen);
-        switch (code) {
-            // These response codes are valid responses and not expected to
-            // change if another server is queried.
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::success:
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::limit_error:
-                return code;
-                break;
-            // These response codes might differ when trying other servers, so
-            // keep iterating to see if we can get a different (better) result.
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::network_error:
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::internal_error:
-                continue;
-                break;
-            // No "default" statement.
-        }
-    }
-
-    return code;
-}
-
-DnsTlsTransport::Response DnsTlsDispatcher::query(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark,
-                                                  const Slice query,
-                                                  const Slice ans, int *resplen) {
-    const Key key = std::make_pair(mark, server);
-    Transport* xport;
-    {
-        std::lock_guard guard(sLock);
-        auto it = mStore.find(key);
-        if (it == mStore.end()) {
-            xport = new Transport(server, mark, mFactory.get());
-            mStore[key].reset(xport);
-        } else {
-            xport = it->second.get();
-        }
-        ++xport->useCount;
-    }
-
-    ALOGV("Sending query of length %zu", query.size());
-    auto res = xport->transport.query(query);
-    ALOGV("Awaiting response");
-    const auto& result = res.get();
-    DnsTlsTransport::Response code = result.code;
-    if (code == DnsTlsTransport::Response::success) {
-        if (result.response.size() > ans.size()) {
-            ALOGV("Response too large: %zu > %zu", result.response.size(), ans.size());
-            code = DnsTlsTransport::Response::limit_error;
-        } else {
-            ALOGV("Got response successfully");
-            *resplen = result.response.size();
-            netdutils::copy(ans, netdutils::makeSlice(result.response));
-        }
-    } else {
-        ALOGV("Query failed: %u", (unsigned int) code);
-    }
-
-    auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    {
-        std::lock_guard guard(sLock);
-        --xport->useCount;
-        xport->lastUsed = now;
-        cleanup(now);
-    }
-    return code;
-}
-
-// This timeout effectively controls how long to keep SSL session tickets.
-static constexpr std::chrono::minutes IDLE_TIMEOUT(5);
-void DnsTlsDispatcher::cleanup(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> now) {
-    // To avoid scanning mStore after every query, return early if a cleanup has been
-    // performed recently.
-    if (now - mLastCleanup < IDLE_TIMEOUT) {
-        return;
-    }
-    for (auto it = mStore.begin(); it != mStore.end();) {
-        auto& s = it->second;
-        if (s->useCount == 0 && now - s->lastUsed > IDLE_TIMEOUT) {
-            it = mStore.erase(it);
-        } else {
-            ++it;
-        }
-    }
-    mLastCleanup = now;
-}
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsDispatcher.h b/resolv/DnsTlsDispatcher.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a48089..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsDispatcher.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSDISPATCHER_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSDISPATCHER_H
-
-#include <list>
-#include <map>
-#include <memory>
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-#include "DnsTlsTransport.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// This is a singleton class that manages the collection of active DnsTlsTransports.
-// Queries made here are dispatched to an existing or newly constructed DnsTlsTransport.
-class DnsTlsDispatcher {
-  public:
-    // Default constructor.
-    DnsTlsDispatcher();
-
-    // Constructor with dependency injection for testing.
-    explicit DnsTlsDispatcher(std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocketFactory> factory)
-        : mFactory(std::move(factory)) {}
-
-    // Enqueues |query| for resolution via the given |tlsServers| on the
-    // network indicated by |mark|; writes the response into |ans|, and stores
-    // the count of bytes written in |resplen|. Returns a success or error code.
-    // The order in which servers from |tlsServers| are queried may not be the
-    // order passed in by the caller.
-    DnsTlsTransport::Response query(const std::list<DnsTlsServer>& tlsServers, unsigned mark,
-                                    const netdutils::Slice query, const netdutils::Slice ans,
-                                    int* _Nonnull resplen);
-
-    // Given a |query|, sends it to the server on the network indicated by |mark|,
-    // and writes the response into |ans|,  and indicates
-    // the number of bytes written in |resplen|.  Returns a success or error code.
-    DnsTlsTransport::Response query(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark,
-                                    const netdutils::Slice query, const netdutils::Slice ans,
-                                    int* _Nonnull resplen);
-
-  private:
-    // This lock is static so that it can be used to annotate the Transport struct.
-    // DnsTlsDispatcher is a singleton in practice, so making this static does not change
-    // the locking behavior.
-    static std::mutex sLock;
-
-    // Key = <mark, server>
-    typedef std::pair<unsigned, const DnsTlsServer> Key;
-
-    // Transport is a thin wrapper around DnsTlsTransport, adding reference counting and
-    // usage monitoring so we can expire idle sessions from the cache.
-    struct Transport {
-        Transport(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark, IDnsTlsSocketFactory* _Nonnull factory)
-            : transport(server, mark, factory) {}
-        // DnsTlsTransport is thread-safe, so it doesn't need to be guarded.
-        DnsTlsTransport transport;
-        // This use counter and timestamp are used to ensure that only idle sessions are
-        // destroyed.
-        int useCount GUARDED_BY(sLock) = 0;
-        // lastUsed is only guaranteed to be meaningful after useCount is decremented to zero.
-        std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> lastUsed GUARDED_BY(sLock);
-    };
-
-    // Cache of reusable DnsTlsTransports.  Transports stay in cache as long as
-    // they are in use and for a few minutes after.
-    // The key is a (netid, server) pair.  The netid is first for lexicographic comparison speed.
-    std::map<Key, std::unique_ptr<Transport>> mStore GUARDED_BY(sLock);
-
-    // The last time we did a cleanup.  For efficiency, we only perform a cleanup once every
-    // few minutes.
-    std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> mLastCleanup GUARDED_BY(sLock);
-
-    // Drop any cache entries whose useCount is zero and which have not been used recently.
-    // This function performs a linear scan of mStore.
-    void cleanup(std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::steady_clock> now) REQUIRES(sLock);
-
-    // Return a sorted list of DnsTlsServers in preference order.
-    std::list<DnsTlsServer> getOrderedServerList(const std::list<DnsTlsServer>& tlsServers,
-                                                 unsigned mark) const;
-
-    // Trivial factory for DnsTlsSockets.  Dependency injection is only used for testing.
-    std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocketFactory> mFactory;
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSDISPATCHER_H
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsQueryMap.cpp b/resolv/DnsTlsQueryMap.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 6e6399c..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsQueryMap.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsTlsQueryMap"
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-#include "DnsTlsQueryMap.h"
-
-#include "log/log.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-std::unique_ptr<DnsTlsQueryMap::QueryFuture> DnsTlsQueryMap::recordQuery(
-        const netdutils::Slice query) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-
-    // Store the query so it can be matched to the response or reissued.
-    if (query.size() < 2) {
-        ALOGW("Query is too short");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    int32_t newId = getFreeId();
-    if (newId < 0) {
-        ALOGW("All query IDs are in use");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    Query q = { .newId = static_cast<uint16_t>(newId), .query = query };
-    std::map<uint16_t, QueryPromise>::iterator it;
-    bool inserted;
-    std::tie(it, inserted) = mQueries.emplace(newId, q);
-    if (!inserted) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to store pending query");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return std::make_unique<QueryFuture>(q, it->second.result.get_future());
-}
-
-void DnsTlsQueryMap::expire(QueryPromise* p) {
-    Result r = { .code = Response::network_error };
-    p->result.set_value(r);
-}
-
-void DnsTlsQueryMap::markTried(uint16_t newId) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    auto it = mQueries.find(newId);
-    if (it != mQueries.end()) {
-        it->second.tries++;
-    }
-}
-
-void DnsTlsQueryMap::cleanup() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    for (auto it = mQueries.begin(); it != mQueries.end();) {
-        auto& p = it->second;
-        if (p.tries >= kMaxTries) {
-            expire(&p);
-            it = mQueries.erase(it);
-        } else {
-            ++it;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-int32_t DnsTlsQueryMap::getFreeId() {
-    if (mQueries.empty()) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    uint16_t maxId = mQueries.rbegin()->first;
-    if (maxId < UINT16_MAX) {
-        return maxId + 1;
-    }
-    if (mQueries.size() == UINT16_MAX + 1) {
-        // Map is full.
-        return -1;
-    }
-    // Linear scan.
-    uint16_t nextId = 0;
-    for (auto& pair : mQueries) {
-        uint16_t id = pair.first;
-        if (id != nextId) {
-            // Found a gap.
-            return nextId;
-        }
-        nextId = id + 1;
-    }
-    // Unreachable (but the compiler isn't smart enough to prove it).
-    return -1;
-}
-
-std::vector<DnsTlsQueryMap::Query> DnsTlsQueryMap::getAll() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    std::vector<DnsTlsQueryMap::Query> queries;
-    for (auto& q : mQueries) {
-        queries.push_back(q.second.query);
-    }
-    return queries;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsQueryMap::empty() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    return mQueries.empty();
-}
-
-void DnsTlsQueryMap::clear() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    for (auto& q : mQueries) {
-        expire(&q.second);
-    }
-    mQueries.clear();
-}
-
-void DnsTlsQueryMap::onResponse(std::vector<uint8_t> response) {
-    ALOGV("Got response of size %zu", response.size());
-    if (response.size() < 2) {
-        ALOGW("Response is too short");
-        return;
-    }
-    uint16_t id = response[0] << 8 | response[1];
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    auto it = mQueries.find(id);
-    if (it == mQueries.end()) {
-        ALOGW("Discarding response: unknown ID %d", id);
-        return;
-    }
-    Result r = { .code = Response::success, .response = std::move(response) };
-    // Rewrite ID to match the query
-    const uint8_t* data = it->second.query.query.base();
-    r.response[0] = data[0];
-    r.response[1] = data[1];
-    ALOGV("Sending result to dispatcher");
-    it->second.result.set_value(std::move(r));
-    mQueries.erase(it);
-}
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsQueryMap.h b/resolv/DnsTlsQueryMap.h
deleted file mode 100644
index c5ab023..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsQueryMap.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSQUERYMAP_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSQUERYMAP_H
-
-#include <future>
-#include <map>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// Keeps track of queries and responses.  This class matches responses with queries.
-// All methods are thread-safe and non-blocking.
-class DnsTlsQueryMap {
-  public:
-    struct Query {
-        // The new ID number assigned to this query.
-        uint16_t newId;
-        // A query that has been passed to recordQuery(), with its original ID number.
-        const netdutils::Slice query;
-    };
-
-    typedef DnsTlsServer::Response Response;
-    typedef DnsTlsServer::Result Result;
-
-    struct QueryFuture {
-        QueryFuture(Query query, std::future<Result> result)
-            : query(query), result(std::move(result)) {}
-        Query query;
-        // A future which will resolve to the result of this query.
-        std::future<Result> result;
-    };
-
-    // Returns an object containing everything needed to complete processing of
-    // this query, or null if the query could not be recorded.
-    std::unique_ptr<QueryFuture> recordQuery(const netdutils::Slice query);
-
-    // Process a response, including a new ID.  If the response
-    // is not recognized as matching any query, it will be ignored.
-    void onResponse(std::vector<uint8_t> response);
-
-    // Clear all map contents.  This causes all pending queries to resolve with failure.
-    void clear();
-
-    // Get all pending queries.  This returns a shallow copy, mostly for thread-safety.
-    std::vector<Query> getAll();
-
-    // Mark a query has having been retried.  If the query hits the retry limit, it will
-    // be expired at the next call to cleanup.
-    void markTried(uint16_t newId);
-    void cleanup();
-
-    // Returns true if there are no pending queries.
-    bool empty();
-
-  private:
-    std::mutex mLock;
-
-    struct QueryPromise {
-        QueryPromise(Query query) : query(query) {}
-        Query query;
-        // Number of times the query has been tried.  Limited to kMaxTries.
-        int tries = 0;
-        // A promise whose future is returned by recordQuery()
-        // It is fulfilled by onResponse().
-        std::promise<Result> result;
-    };
-
-    // The maximum number of times we will send a query before abandoning it.
-    static constexpr int kMaxTries = 3;
-
-    // Outstanding queries by newId.
-    std::map<uint16_t, QueryPromise> mQueries GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-
-    // Get a "newId" number that is not currently in use.  Returns -1 if there are none.
-    int32_t getFreeId() REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // Fulfill the result with an error code.
-    static void expire(QueryPromise* _Nonnull p);
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSQUERYMAP_H
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsServer.cpp b/resolv/DnsTlsServer.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a97c672..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsServer.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-
-namespace {
-
-// Returns a tuple of references to the elements of a.
-auto make_tie(const sockaddr_in& a) {
-    return std::tie(a.sin_port, a.sin_addr.s_addr);
-}
-
-// Returns a tuple of references to the elements of a.
-auto make_tie(const sockaddr_in6& a) {
-    // Skip flowinfo, which is not relevant.
-    return std::tie(
-        a.sin6_port,
-        a.sin6_addr,
-        a.sin6_scope_id
-    );
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-// These binary operators make sockaddr_storage comparable.  They need to be
-// in the global namespace so that the std::tuple < and == operators can see them.
-static bool operator <(const in6_addr& x, const in6_addr& y) {
-    return std::lexicographical_compare(
-            std::begin(x.s6_addr), std::end(x.s6_addr),
-            std::begin(y.s6_addr), std::end(y.s6_addr));
-}
-
-static bool operator ==(const in6_addr& x, const in6_addr& y) {
-    return std::equal(
-            std::begin(x.s6_addr), std::end(x.s6_addr),
-            std::begin(y.s6_addr), std::end(y.s6_addr));
-}
-
-static bool operator <(const sockaddr_storage& x, const sockaddr_storage& y) {
-    if (x.ss_family != y.ss_family) {
-        return x.ss_family < y.ss_family;
-    }
-    // Same address family.
-    if (x.ss_family == AF_INET) {
-        const sockaddr_in& x_sin = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in&>(x);
-        const sockaddr_in& y_sin = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in&>(y);
-        return make_tie(x_sin) < make_tie(y_sin);
-    } else if (x.ss_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const sockaddr_in6& x_sin6 = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6&>(x);
-        const sockaddr_in6& y_sin6 = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6&>(y);
-        return make_tie(x_sin6) < make_tie(y_sin6);
-    }
-    return false;  // Unknown address type.  This is an error.
-}
-
-static bool operator ==(const sockaddr_storage& x, const sockaddr_storage& y) {
-    if (x.ss_family != y.ss_family) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Same address family.
-    if (x.ss_family == AF_INET) {
-        const sockaddr_in& x_sin = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in&>(x);
-        const sockaddr_in& y_sin = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in&>(y);
-        return make_tie(x_sin) == make_tie(y_sin);
-    } else if (x.ss_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const sockaddr_in6& x_sin6 = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6&>(x);
-        const sockaddr_in6& y_sin6 = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6&>(y);
-        return make_tie(x_sin6) == make_tie(y_sin6);
-    }
-    return false;  // Unknown address type.  This is an error.
-}
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// This comparison ignores ports and fingerprints.
-bool AddressComparator::operator() (const DnsTlsServer& x, const DnsTlsServer& y) const {
-    if (x.ss.ss_family != y.ss.ss_family) {
-        return x.ss.ss_family < y.ss.ss_family;
-    }
-    // Same address family.
-    if (x.ss.ss_family == AF_INET) {
-        const sockaddr_in& x_sin = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in&>(x.ss);
-        const sockaddr_in& y_sin = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in&>(y.ss);
-        return x_sin.sin_addr.s_addr < y_sin.sin_addr.s_addr;
-    } else if (x.ss.ss_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const sockaddr_in6& x_sin6 = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6&>(x.ss);
-        const sockaddr_in6& y_sin6 = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6&>(y.ss);
-        return std::tie(x_sin6.sin6_addr, x_sin6.sin6_scope_id) <
-                std::tie(y_sin6.sin6_addr, y_sin6.sin6_scope_id);
-    }
-    return false;  // Unknown address type.  This is an error.
-}
-
-// Returns a tuple of references to the elements of s.
-auto make_tie(const DnsTlsServer& s) {
-    return std::tie(
-        s.ss,
-        s.name,
-        s.fingerprints,
-        s.protocol
-    );
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsServer::operator <(const DnsTlsServer& other) const {
-    return make_tie(*this) < make_tie(other);
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsServer::operator ==(const DnsTlsServer& other) const {
-    return make_tie(*this) == make_tie(other);
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsServer::wasExplicitlyConfigured() const {
-    return !name.empty() || !fingerprints.empty();
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsServer.h b/resolv/DnsTlsServer.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fc4a35..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsServer.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSSERVER_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSSERVER_H
-
-#include <set>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-
-#include <netd_resolv/params.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// DnsTlsServer represents a recursive resolver that supports, or may support, a
-// secure protocol.
-struct DnsTlsServer {
-    // Default constructor.
-    DnsTlsServer() {}
-
-    // Allow sockaddr_storage to be promoted to DnsTlsServer automatically.
-    DnsTlsServer(const sockaddr_storage& ss) : ss(ss) {}
-
-    enum class Response : uint8_t { success, network_error, limit_error, internal_error };
-
-    struct Result {
-        Response code;
-        std::vector<uint8_t> response;
-    };
-
-    // The server location, including IP and port.
-    sockaddr_storage ss = {};
-
-    // A set of SHA256 public key fingerprints.  If this set is nonempty, the server
-    // must present a self-consistent certificate chain that contains a certificate
-    // whose public key matches one of these fingerprints.  Otherwise, the client will
-    // terminate the connection.
-    std::set<std::vector<uint8_t>> fingerprints;
-
-    // The server's hostname.  If this string is nonempty, the server must present a
-    // certificate that indicates this name and has a valid chain to a trusted root CA.
-    std::string name;
-
-    // Placeholder.  More protocols might be defined in the future.
-    int protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
-
-    // Exact comparison of DnsTlsServer objects
-    bool operator<(const DnsTlsServer& other) const;
-    bool operator==(const DnsTlsServer& other) const;
-
-    bool wasExplicitlyConfigured() const;
-};
-
-// This comparison only checks the IP address.  It ignores ports, names, and fingerprints.
-struct AddressComparator {
-    bool operator()(const DnsTlsServer& x, const DnsTlsServer& y) const;
-};
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSSERVER_H
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsSessionCache.cpp b/resolv/DnsTlsSessionCache.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d6dc6b..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsSessionCache.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "DnsTlsSessionCache.h"
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsTlsSessionCache"
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-#include "log/log.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-bool DnsTlsSessionCache::prepareSsl(SSL* ssl) {
-    // Add this cache as the 0-index extra data for the socket.
-    // This is used by newSessionCallback.
-    int ret = SSL_set_ex_data(ssl, 0, this);
-    return ret == 1;
-}
-
-void DnsTlsSessionCache::prepareSslContext(SSL_CTX* ssl_ctx) {
-    SSL_CTX_set_session_cache_mode(ssl_ctx, SSL_SESS_CACHE_CLIENT);
-    SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(ssl_ctx, &DnsTlsSessionCache::newSessionCallback);
-}
-
-// static
-int DnsTlsSessionCache::newSessionCallback(SSL* ssl, SSL_SESSION* session) {
-    if (!ssl || !session) {
-        ALOGE("Null SSL object in new session callback");
-        return 0;
-    }
-    DnsTlsSessionCache* cache = reinterpret_cast<DnsTlsSessionCache*>(
-            SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, 0));
-    if (!cache) {
-        ALOGE("null transport in new session callback");
-        return 0;
-    }
-    ALOGV("Recording session");
-    cache->recordSession(session);
-    return 1;  // Increment the refcount of session.
-}
-
-void DnsTlsSessionCache::recordSession(SSL_SESSION* session) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    mSessions.emplace_front(session);
-    if (mSessions.size() > kMaxSize) {
-        ALOGV("Too many sessions; trimming");
-        mSessions.pop_back();
-    }
-}
-
-bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_SESSION> DnsTlsSessionCache::getSession() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    if (mSessions.size() == 0) {
-        ALOGV("No known sessions");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_SESSION> ret = std::move(mSessions.front());
-    mSessions.pop_front();
-    return ret;
-}
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsSessionCache.h b/resolv/DnsTlsSessionCache.h
deleted file mode 100644
index e1a88cf..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsSessionCache.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSSESSIONCACHE_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSSESSIONCACHE_H
-
-#include <deque>
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <openssl/ssl.h>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// Cache of recently seen SSL_SESSIONs.  This is used to support session tickets.
-// This class is thread-safe.
-class DnsTlsSessionCache {
-  public:
-    // Prepare SSL objects to use this session cache.  These methods must be called
-    // before making use of either object.
-    void prepareSslContext(SSL_CTX* _Nonnull ssl_ctx);
-    bool prepareSsl(SSL* _Nonnull ssl);
-
-    // Get the most recently discovered session.  For TLS 1.3 compatibility and
-    // maximum privacy, each session will only be returned once, so the caller
-    // gains ownership of the session.  (Here and throughout,
-    // bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_SESSION> is actually serving as a reference counted
-    // pointer.)
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_SESSION> getSession() EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-  private:
-    static constexpr size_t kMaxSize = 5;
-    static int newSessionCallback(SSL* _Nullable ssl, SSL_SESSION* _Nullable session);
-
-    std::mutex mLock;
-    void recordSession(SSL_SESSION* _Nullable session) EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-    // Queue of sessions, from least recently added to most recently.
-    std::deque<bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_SESSION>> mSessions GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSSESSIONCACHE_H
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsSocket.cpp b/resolv/DnsTlsSocket.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a63d221..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsSocket.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,548 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsTlsSocket"
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-#include "DnsTlsSocket.h"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <linux/tcp.h>
-#include <openssl/err.h>
-#include <openssl/sha.h>
-#include <sys/eventfd.h>
-#include <sys/poll.h>
-#include <algorithm>
-
-#include "DnsTlsSessionCache.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketObserver.h"
-
-#include "log/log.h"
-#include "netdutils/SocketOption.h"
-
-namespace android {
-
-using netdutils::enableSockopt;
-using netdutils::enableTcpKeepAlives;
-using netdutils::isOk;
-using netdutils::Slice;
-using netdutils::Status;
-
-namespace net {
-namespace {
-
-constexpr const char kCaCertDir[] = "/system/etc/security/cacerts";
-constexpr size_t SHA256_SIZE = SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH;
-
-int waitForReading(int fd) {
-    struct pollfd fds = { .fd = fd, .events = POLLIN };
-    const int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(&fds, 1, -1));
-    return ret;
-}
-
-int waitForWriting(int fd) {
-    struct pollfd fds = { .fd = fd, .events = POLLOUT };
-    const int ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(&fds, 1, -1));
-    return ret;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-Status DnsTlsSocket::tcpConnect() {
-    ALOGV("%u connecting TCP socket", mMark);
-    int type = SOCK_NONBLOCK | SOCK_CLOEXEC;
-    switch (mServer.protocol) {
-        case IPPROTO_TCP:
-            type |= SOCK_STREAM;
-            break;
-        default:
-            return Status(EPROTONOSUPPORT);
-    }
-
-    mSslFd.reset(socket(mServer.ss.ss_family, type, mServer.protocol));
-    if (mSslFd.get() == -1) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to create socket");
-        return Status(errno);
-    }
-
-    const socklen_t len = sizeof(mMark);
-    if (setsockopt(mSslFd.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mMark, len) == -1) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to set socket mark");
-        mSslFd.reset();
-        return Status(errno);
-    }
-
-    const Status tfo = enableSockopt(mSslFd.get(), SOL_TCP, TCP_FASTOPEN_CONNECT);
-    if (!isOk(tfo) && tfo.code() != ENOPROTOOPT) {
-        ALOGI("Failed to enable TFO: %s", tfo.msg().c_str());
-    }
-
-    // Send 5 keepalives, 3 seconds apart, after 15 seconds of inactivity.
-    enableTcpKeepAlives(mSslFd.get(), 15U, 5U, 3U).ignoreError();
-
-    if (connect(mSslFd.get(), reinterpret_cast<const struct sockaddr *>(&mServer.ss),
-                sizeof(mServer.ss)) != 0 &&
-            errno != EINPROGRESS) {
-        ALOGV("Socket failed to connect");
-        mSslFd.reset();
-        return Status(errno);
-    }
-
-    return netdutils::status::ok;
-}
-
-bool getSPKIDigest(const X509* cert, std::vector<uint8_t>* out) {
-    int spki_len = i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), nullptr);
-    unsigned char spki[spki_len];
-    unsigned char* temp = spki;
-    if (spki_len != i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), &temp)) {
-        ALOGW("SPKI length mismatch");
-        return false;
-    }
-    out->resize(SHA256_SIZE);
-    unsigned int digest_len = 0;
-    int ret = EVP_Digest(spki, spki_len, out->data(), &digest_len, EVP_sha256(), nullptr);
-    if (ret != 1) {
-        ALOGW("Server cert digest extraction failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (digest_len != out->size()) {
-        ALOGW("Wrong digest length: %d", digest_len);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsSocket::initialize() {
-    // This method should only be called once, at the beginning, so locking should be
-    // unnecessary.  This lock only serves to help catch bugs in code that calls this method.
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    if (mSslCtx) {
-        // This is a bug in the caller.
-        return false;
-    }
-    mSslCtx.reset(SSL_CTX_new(TLS_method()));
-    if (!mSslCtx) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Load system CA certs for hostname verification.
-    //
-    // For discussion of alternative, sustainable approaches see b/71909242.
-    if (SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(mSslCtx.get(), nullptr, kCaCertDir) != 1) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to load CA cert dir: %s", kCaCertDir);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Enable TLS false start
-    SSL_CTX_set_false_start_allowed_without_alpn(mSslCtx.get(), 1);
-    SSL_CTX_set_mode(mSslCtx.get(), SSL_MODE_ENABLE_FALSE_START);
-
-    // Enable session cache
-    mCache->prepareSslContext(mSslCtx.get());
-
-    // Connect
-    Status status = tcpConnect();
-    if (!status.ok()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    mSsl = sslConnect(mSslFd.get());
-    if (!mSsl) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    mEventFd.reset(eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC));
-
-    // Start the I/O loop.
-    mLoopThread.reset(new std::thread(&DnsTlsSocket::loop, this));
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> DnsTlsSocket::sslConnect(int fd) {
-    if (!mSslCtx) {
-        ALOGE("Internal error: context is null in sslConnect");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (!SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(mSslCtx.get(), TLS1_2_VERSION)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to set minimum TLS version");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> ssl(SSL_new(mSslCtx.get()));
-    // This file descriptor is owned by mSslFd, so don't let libssl close it.
-    bssl::UniquePtr<BIO> bio(BIO_new_socket(fd, BIO_NOCLOSE));
-    SSL_set_bio(ssl.get(), bio.get(), bio.get());
-    bio.release();
-
-    if (!mCache->prepareSsl(ssl.get())) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (!mServer.name.empty()) {
-        if (SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(ssl.get(), mServer.name.c_str()) != 1) {
-            ALOGE("Failed to set SNI to %s", mServer.name.c_str());
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        X509_VERIFY_PARAM* param = SSL_get0_param(ssl.get());
-        if (X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set1_host(param, mServer.name.data(), mServer.name.size()) != 1) {
-            ALOGE("Failed to set verify host param to %s", mServer.name.c_str());
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        // This will cause the handshake to fail if certificate verification fails.
-        SSL_set_verify(ssl.get(), SSL_VERIFY_PEER, nullptr);
-    }
-
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_SESSION> session = mCache->getSession();
-    if (session) {
-        ALOGV("Setting session");
-        SSL_set_session(ssl.get(), session.get());
-    } else {
-        ALOGV("No session available");
-    }
-
-    for (;;) {
-        ALOGV("%u Calling SSL_connect", mMark);
-        int ret = SSL_connect(ssl.get());
-        ALOGV("%u SSL_connect returned %d", mMark, ret);
-        if (ret == 1) break;  // SSL handshake complete;
-
-        const int ssl_err = SSL_get_error(ssl.get(), ret);
-        switch (ssl_err) {
-            case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
-                if (waitForReading(fd) != 1) {
-                    ALOGW("SSL_connect read error: %d", errno);
-                    return nullptr;
-                }
-                break;
-            case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
-                if (waitForWriting(fd) != 1) {
-                    ALOGW("SSL_connect write error");
-                    return nullptr;
-                }
-                break;
-            default:
-                ALOGW("SSL_connect error %d, errno=%d", ssl_err, errno);
-                return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Call SSL_shutdown before discarding the session if validation fails.
-    if (!mServer.fingerprints.empty()) {
-        ALOGV("Checking DNS over TLS fingerprint");
-
-        // We only care that the chain is internally self-consistent, not that
-        // it chains to a trusted root, so we can ignore some kinds of errors.
-        // TODO: Add a CA root verification mode that respects these errors.
-        int verify_result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl.get());
-        switch (verify_result) {
-            case X509_V_OK:
-            case X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT:
-            case X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN:
-            case X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED:
-                break;
-            default:
-                ALOGW("Invalid certificate chain, error %d", verify_result);
-                return nullptr;
-        }
-
-        STACK_OF(X509) *chain = SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(ssl.get());
-        if (!chain) {
-            ALOGW("Server has null certificate");
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        // Chain and its contents are owned by ssl, so we don't need to free explicitly.
-        bool matched = false;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < sk_X509_num(chain); ++i) {
-            // This appears to be O(N^2), but there doesn't seem to be a straightforward
-            // way to walk a STACK_OF nondestructively in linear time.
-            X509* cert = sk_X509_value(chain, i);
-            std::vector<uint8_t> digest;
-            if (!getSPKIDigest(cert, &digest)) {
-                ALOGE("Digest computation failed");
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-
-            if (mServer.fingerprints.count(digest) > 0) {
-                matched = true;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (!matched) {
-            ALOGW("No matching fingerprint");
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-
-        ALOGV("DNS over TLS fingerprint is correct");
-    }
-
-    ALOGV("%u handshake complete", mMark);
-
-    return ssl;
-}
-
-void DnsTlsSocket::sslDisconnect() {
-    if (mSsl) {
-        SSL_shutdown(mSsl.get());
-        mSsl.reset();
-    }
-    mSslFd.reset();
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsSocket::sslWrite(const Slice buffer) {
-    ALOGV("%u Writing %zu bytes", mMark, buffer.size());
-    for (;;) {
-        int ret = SSL_write(mSsl.get(), buffer.base(), buffer.size());
-        if (ret == int(buffer.size())) break;  // SSL write complete;
-
-        if (ret < 1) {
-            const int ssl_err = SSL_get_error(mSsl.get(), ret);
-            switch (ssl_err) {
-                case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
-                    if (waitForWriting(mSslFd.get()) != 1) {
-                        ALOGV("SSL_write error");
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                case 0:
-                    break;  // SSL write complete;
-                default:
-                    ALOGV("SSL_write error %d", ssl_err);
-                    return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    ALOGV("%u Wrote %zu bytes", mMark, buffer.size());
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DnsTlsSocket::loop() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    std::deque<std::vector<uint8_t>> q;
-
-    const int timeout_msecs = DnsTlsSocket::kIdleTimeout.count() * 1000;
-    while (true) {
-        // poll() ignores negative fds
-        struct pollfd fds[2] = { { .fd = -1 }, { .fd = -1 } };
-        enum { SSLFD = 0, EVENTFD = 1 };
-
-        // Always listen for a response from server.
-        fds[SSLFD].fd = mSslFd.get();
-        fds[SSLFD].events = POLLIN;
-
-        // If we have pending queries, wait for space to write one.
-        // Otherwise, listen for new queries.
-        // Note: This blocks the destructor until q is empty, i.e. until all pending
-        // queries are sent or have failed to send.
-        if (!q.empty()) {
-            fds[SSLFD].events |= POLLOUT;
-        } else {
-            fds[EVENTFD].fd = mEventFd.get();
-            fds[EVENTFD].events = POLLIN;
-        }
-
-        const int s = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(fds, std::size(fds), timeout_msecs));
-        if (s == 0) {
-            ALOGV("Idle timeout");
-            break;
-        }
-        if (s < 0) {
-            ALOGV("Poll failed: %d", errno);
-            break;
-        }
-        if (fds[SSLFD].revents & (POLLIN | POLLERR | POLLHUP)) {
-            if (!readResponse()) {
-                ALOGV("SSL remote close or read error.");
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (fds[EVENTFD].revents & (POLLIN | POLLERR)) {
-            int64_t num_queries;
-            ssize_t res = read(mEventFd.get(), &num_queries, sizeof(num_queries));
-            if (res < 0) {
-                ALOGW("Error during eventfd read");
-                break;
-            } else if (res == 0) {
-                ALOGW("eventfd closed; disconnecting");
-                break;
-            } else if (res != sizeof(num_queries)) {
-                ALOGE("Int size mismatch: %zd != %zu", res, sizeof(num_queries));
-                break;
-            } else if (num_queries < 0) {
-                ALOGV("Negative eventfd read indicates destructor-initiated shutdown");
-                break;
-            }
-            // Take ownership of all pending queries.  (q is always empty here.)
-            mQueue.swap(q);
-        } else if (fds[SSLFD].revents & POLLOUT) {
-            // q cannot be empty here.
-            // Sending the entire queue here would risk a TCP flow control deadlock, so
-            // we only send a single query on each cycle of this loop.
-            // TODO: Coalesce multiple pending queries if there is enough space in the
-            // write buffer.
-            if (!sendQuery(q.front())) {
-                break;
-            }
-            q.pop_front();
-        }
-    }
-    ALOGV("Disconnecting");
-    sslDisconnect();
-    ALOGV("Calling onClosed");
-    mObserver->onClosed();
-    ALOGV("Ending loop");
-}
-
-DnsTlsSocket::~DnsTlsSocket() {
-    ALOGV("Destructor");
-    // This will trigger an orderly shutdown in loop().
-    requestLoopShutdown();
-    {
-        // Wait for the orderly shutdown to complete.
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        if (mLoopThread && std::this_thread::get_id() == mLoopThread->get_id()) {
-            ALOGE("Violation of re-entrance precondition");
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-    if (mLoopThread) {
-        ALOGV("Waiting for loop thread to terminate");
-        mLoopThread->join();
-        mLoopThread.reset();
-    }
-    ALOGV("Destructor completed");
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsSocket::query(uint16_t id, const Slice query) {
-    // Compose the entire message in a single buffer, so that it can be
-    // sent as a single TLS record.
-    std::vector<uint8_t> buf(query.size() + 4);
-    // Write 2-byte length
-    uint16_t len = query.size() + 2;  // + 2 for the ID.
-    buf[0] = len >> 8;
-    buf[1] = len;
-    // Write 2-byte ID
-    buf[2] = id >> 8;
-    buf[3] = id;
-    // Copy body
-    std::memcpy(buf.data() + 4, query.base(), query.size());
-
-    mQueue.push(std::move(buf));
-    // Increment the mEventFd counter by 1.
-    return incrementEventFd(1);
-}
-
-void DnsTlsSocket::requestLoopShutdown() {
-    if (mEventFd != -1) {
-        // Write a negative number to the eventfd.  This triggers an immediate shutdown.
-        incrementEventFd(INT64_MIN);
-    }
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsSocket::incrementEventFd(const int64_t count) {
-    if (mEventFd == -1) {
-        ALOGE("eventfd is not initialized");
-        return false;
-    }
-    ssize_t written = write(mEventFd.get(), &count, sizeof(count));
-    if (written != sizeof(count)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to increment eventfd by %" PRId64, count);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Read exactly len bytes into buffer or fail with an SSL error code
-int DnsTlsSocket::sslRead(const Slice buffer, bool wait) {
-    size_t remaining = buffer.size();
-    while (remaining > 0) {
-        int ret = SSL_read(mSsl.get(), buffer.limit() - remaining, remaining);
-        if (ret == 0) {
-            ALOGW_IF(remaining < buffer.size(), "SSL closed with %zu of %zu bytes remaining",
-                     remaining, buffer.size());
-            return SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN;
-        }
-
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            const int ssl_err = SSL_get_error(mSsl.get(), ret);
-            if (wait && ssl_err == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
-                if (waitForReading(mSslFd.get()) != 1) {
-                    ALOGV("Poll failed in sslRead: %d", errno);
-                    return SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL;
-                }
-                continue;
-            } else {
-                ALOGV("SSL_read error %d", ssl_err);
-                return ssl_err;
-            }
-        }
-
-        remaining -= ret;
-        wait = true;  // Once a read is started, try to finish.
-    }
-    return SSL_ERROR_NONE;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsSocket::sendQuery(const std::vector<uint8_t>& buf) {
-    if (!sslWrite(netdutils::makeSlice(buf))) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    ALOGV("%u SSL_write complete", mMark);
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsSocket::readResponse() {
-    ALOGV("reading response");
-    uint8_t responseHeader[2];
-    int err = sslRead(Slice(responseHeader, 2), false);
-    if (err == SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ) {
-        ALOGV("Ignoring spurious wakeup from server");
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (err != SSL_ERROR_NONE) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Truncate responses larger than MAX_SIZE.  This is safe because a DNS packet is
-    // always invalid when truncated, so the response will be treated as an error.
-    constexpr uint16_t MAX_SIZE = 8192;
-    const uint16_t responseSize = (responseHeader[0] << 8) | responseHeader[1];
-    ALOGV("%u Expecting response of size %i", mMark, responseSize);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> response(std::min(responseSize, MAX_SIZE));
-    if (sslRead(netdutils::makeSlice(response), true) != SSL_ERROR_NONE) {
-        ALOGV("%u Failed to read %zu bytes", mMark, response.size());
-        return false;
-    }
-    uint16_t remainingBytes = responseSize - response.size();
-    while (remainingBytes > 0) {
-        constexpr uint16_t CHUNK_SIZE = 2048;
-        std::vector<uint8_t> discard(std::min(remainingBytes, CHUNK_SIZE));
-        if (sslRead(netdutils::makeSlice(discard), true) != SSL_ERROR_NONE) {
-            ALOGV("%u Failed to discard %zu bytes", mMark, discard.size());
-            return false;
-        }
-        remainingBytes -= discard.size();
-    }
-    ALOGV("%u SSL_read complete", mMark);
-
-    mObserver->onResponse(std::move(response));
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsSocket.h b/resolv/DnsTlsSocket.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 2940500..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsSocket.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSSOCKET_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSSOCKET_H
-
-#include <openssl/ssl.h>
-#include <future>
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-#include <netdutils/Status.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocket.h"
-#include "LockedQueue.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class IDnsTlsSocketObserver;
-class DnsTlsSessionCache;
-
-// A class for managing a TLS socket that sends and receives messages in
-// [length][value] format, with a 2-byte length (i.e. DNS-over-TCP format).
-// This class is not aware of query-response pairing or anything else about DNS.
-// For the observer:
-// This class is not re-entrant: the observer is not permitted to wait for a call to query()
-// or the destructor in a callback.  Doing so will result in deadlocks.
-// This class may call the observer at any time after initialize(), until the destructor
-// returns (but not after).
-class DnsTlsSocket : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    DnsTlsSocket(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark,
-                 IDnsTlsSocketObserver* _Nonnull observer, DnsTlsSessionCache* _Nonnull cache)
-        : mMark(mark), mServer(server), mObserver(observer), mCache(cache) {}
-    ~DnsTlsSocket();
-
-    // Creates the SSL context for this session and connect.  Returns false on failure.
-    // This method should be called after construction and before use of a DnsTlsSocket.
-    // Only call this method once per DnsTlsSocket.
-    bool initialize() EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-    // Send a query on the provided SSL socket.  |query| contains
-    // the body of a query, not including the ID header. This function will typically return before
-    // the query is actually sent.  If this function fails, DnsTlsSocketObserver will be
-    // notified that the socket is closed.
-    // Note that success here indicates successful sending, not receipt of a response.
-    // Thread-safe.
-    bool query(uint16_t id, const netdutils::Slice query) override EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-  private:
-    // Lock to be held by the SSL event loop thread.  This is not normally in contention.
-    std::mutex mLock;
-
-    // Forwards queries and receives responses.  Blocks until the idle timeout.
-    void loop() EXCLUDES(mLock);
-    std::unique_ptr<std::thread> mLoopThread GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-
-    // On success, sets mSslFd to a socket connected to mAddr (the
-    // connection will likely be in progress if mProtocol is IPPROTO_TCP).
-    // On error, returns the errno.
-    netdutils::Status tcpConnect() REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // Connect an SSL session on the provided socket.  If connection fails, closing the
-    // socket remains the caller's responsibility.
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> sslConnect(int fd) REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // Disconnect the SSL session and close the socket.
-    void sslDisconnect() REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // Writes a buffer to the socket.
-    bool sslWrite(const netdutils::Slice buffer) REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // Reads exactly the specified number of bytes from the socket, or fails.
-    // Returns SSL_ERROR_NONE on success.
-    // If |wait| is true, then this function always blocks.  Otherwise, it
-    // will return SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ if there is no data from the server to read.
-    int sslRead(const netdutils::Slice buffer, bool wait) REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    bool sendQuery(const std::vector<uint8_t>& buf) REQUIRES(mLock);
-    bool readResponse() REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // Similar to query(), this function uses incrementEventFd to send a message to the
-    // loop thread.  However, instead of incrementing the counter by one (indicating a
-    // new query), it wraps the counter to negative, which we use to indicate a shutdown
-    // request.
-    void requestLoopShutdown() EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-    // This function sends a message to the loop thread by incrementing mEventFd.
-    bool incrementEventFd(int64_t count) EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-    // Queue of pending queries.  query() pushes items onto the queue and notifies
-    // the loop thread by incrementing mEventFd.  loop() reads items off the queue.
-    LockedQueue<std::vector<uint8_t>> mQueue;
-
-    // eventfd socket used for notifying the SSL thread when queries are ready to send.
-    // This socket acts similarly to an atomic counter, incremented by query() and cleared
-    // by loop().  We have to use a socket because the SSL thread needs to wait in poll()
-    // for input from either a remote server or a query thread.  Since eventfd does not have
-    // EOF, we indicate a close request by setting the counter to a negative number.
-    // This file descriptor is opened by initialize(), and closed implicitly after
-    // destruction.
-    base::unique_fd mEventFd;
-
-    // SSL Socket fields.
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_CTX> mSslCtx GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    base::unique_fd mSslFd GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> mSsl GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    static constexpr std::chrono::seconds kIdleTimeout = std::chrono::seconds(20);
-
-    const unsigned mMark;  // Socket mark
-    const DnsTlsServer mServer;
-    IDnsTlsSocketObserver* _Nonnull const mObserver;
-    DnsTlsSessionCache* _Nonnull const mCache;
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSSOCKET_H
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsSocketFactory.h b/resolv/DnsTlsSocketFactory.h
deleted file mode 100644
index af4011d..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsSocketFactory.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSSOCKETFACTORY_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSSOCKETFACTORY_H
-
-#include <memory>
-
-#include "DnsTlsSocket.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class IDnsTlsSocketObserver;
-class DnsTlsSessionCache;
-struct DnsTlsServer;
-
-// Trivial RAII factory for DnsTlsSocket.  This is owned by DnsTlsDispatcher.
-class DnsTlsSocketFactory : public IDnsTlsSocketFactory {
-  public:
-    std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocket> createDnsTlsSocket(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark,
-                                                      IDnsTlsSocketObserver* _Nonnull observer,
-                                                      DnsTlsSessionCache* _Nonnull cache) override {
-        auto socket = std::make_unique<DnsTlsSocket>(server, mark, observer, cache);
-        if (!socket->initialize()) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        return std::move(socket);
-    }
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSSOCKETFACTORY_H
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsTransport.cpp b/resolv/DnsTlsTransport.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f9042e..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsTransport.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsTlsTransport"
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-#include "DnsTlsTransport.h"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsSocketFactory.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h"
-
-#include "log/log.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result> DnsTlsTransport::query(const netdutils::Slice query) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-
-    auto record = mQueries.recordQuery(query);
-    if (!record) {
-        return std::async(std::launch::deferred, []{
-            return (Result) { .code = Response::internal_error };
-        });
-    }
-
-    if (!mSocket) {
-        ALOGV("No socket for query.  Opening socket and sending.");
-        doConnect();
-    } else {
-        sendQuery(record->query);
-    }
-
-    return std::move(record->result);
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsTransport::sendQuery(const DnsTlsQueryMap::Query q) {
-    // Strip off the ID number and send the new ID instead.
-    bool sent = mSocket->query(q.newId, netdutils::drop(q.query, 2));
-    if (sent) {
-        mQueries.markTried(q.newId);
-    }
-    return sent;
-}
-
-void DnsTlsTransport::doConnect() {
-    ALOGV("Constructing new socket");
-    mSocket = mFactory->createDnsTlsSocket(mServer, mMark, this, &mCache);
-
-    if (mSocket) {
-        auto queries = mQueries.getAll();
-        ALOGV("Initialization succeeded.  Reissuing %zu queries.", queries.size());
-        for(auto& q : queries) {
-            if (!sendQuery(q)) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        ALOGV("Initialization failed.");
-        mSocket.reset();
-        ALOGV("Failing all pending queries.");
-        mQueries.clear();
-    }
-}
-
-void DnsTlsTransport::onResponse(std::vector<uint8_t> response) {
-    mQueries.onResponse(std::move(response));
-}
-
-void DnsTlsTransport::onClosed() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    if (mClosing) {
-        return;
-    }
-    // Move remaining operations to a new thread.
-    // This is necessary because
-    // 1. onClosed is currently running on a thread that blocks mSocket's destructor
-    // 2. doReconnect will call that destructor
-    if (mReconnectThread) {
-        // Complete cleanup of a previous reconnect thread, if present.
-        mReconnectThread->join();
-        // Joining a thread that is trying to acquire mLock, while holding mLock,
-        // looks like it risks a deadlock.  However, a deadlock will not occur because
-        // once onClosed is called, it cannot be called again until after doReconnect
-        // acquires mLock.
-    }
-    mReconnectThread.reset(new std::thread(&DnsTlsTransport::doReconnect, this));
-}
-
-void DnsTlsTransport::doReconnect() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-    if (mClosing) {
-        return;
-    }
-    mQueries.cleanup();
-    if (!mQueries.empty()) {
-        ALOGV("Fast reconnect to retry remaining queries");
-        doConnect();
-    } else {
-        ALOGV("No pending queries.  Going idle.");
-        mSocket.reset();
-    }
-}
-
-DnsTlsTransport::~DnsTlsTransport() {
-    ALOGV("Destructor");
-    {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        ALOGV("Locked destruction procedure");
-        mQueries.clear();
-        mClosing = true;
-    }
-    // It's possible that a reconnect thread was spawned and waiting for mLock.
-    // It's safe for that thread to run now because mClosing is true (and mQueries is empty),
-    // but we need to wait for it to finish before allowing destruction to proceed.
-    if (mReconnectThread) {
-        ALOGV("Waiting for reconnect thread to terminate");
-        mReconnectThread->join();
-        mReconnectThread.reset();
-    }
-    // Ensure that the socket is destroyed, and can clean up its callback threads,
-    // before any of this object's fields become invalid.
-    mSocket.reset();
-    ALOGV("Destructor completed");
-}
-
-// static
-// TODO: Use this function to preheat the session cache.
-// That may require moving it to DnsTlsDispatcher.
-bool DnsTlsTransport::validate(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned netid, uint32_t mark) {
-    ALOGV("Beginning validation on %u", netid);
-    // Generate "<random>-dnsotls-ds.metric.gstatic.com", which we will lookup through |ss| in
-    // order to prove that it is actually a working DNS over TLS server.
-    static const char kDnsSafeChars[] =
-            "abcdefhijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-            "ABCDEFHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-            "0123456789";
-    const auto c = [](uint8_t rnd) -> uint8_t {
-        return kDnsSafeChars[(rnd % std::size(kDnsSafeChars))];
-    };
-    uint8_t rnd[8];
-    arc4random_buf(rnd, std::size(rnd));
-    // We could try to use res_mkquery() here, but it's basically the same.
-    uint8_t query[] = {
-        rnd[6], rnd[7],  // [0-1]   query ID
-        1, 0,  // [2-3]   flags; query[2] = 1 for recursion desired (RD).
-        0, 1,  // [4-5]   QDCOUNT (number of queries)
-        0, 0,  // [6-7]   ANCOUNT (number of answers)
-        0, 0,  // [8-9]   NSCOUNT (number of name server records)
-        0, 0,  // [10-11] ARCOUNT (number of additional records)
-        17, c(rnd[0]), c(rnd[1]), c(rnd[2]), c(rnd[3]), c(rnd[4]), c(rnd[5]),
-            '-', 'd', 'n', 's', 'o', 't', 'l', 's', '-', 'd', 's',
-        6, 'm', 'e', 't', 'r', 'i', 'c',
-        7, 'g', 's', 't', 'a', 't', 'i', 'c',
-        3, 'c', 'o', 'm',
-        0,  // null terminator of FQDN (root TLD)
-        0, ns_t_aaaa,  // QTYPE
-        0, ns_c_in     // QCLASS
-    };
-    const int qlen = std::size(query);
-
-    int replylen = 0;
-    DnsTlsSocketFactory factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(server, mark, &factory);
-    auto r = transport.query(netdutils::Slice(query, qlen)).get();
-    if (r.code != Response::success) {
-        ALOGV("query failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const std::vector<uint8_t>& recvbuf = r.response;
-    if (recvbuf.size() < NS_HFIXEDSZ) {
-        ALOGW("short response: %d", replylen);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const int qdcount = (recvbuf[4] << 8) | recvbuf[5];
-    if (qdcount != 1) {
-        ALOGW("reply query count != 1: %d", qdcount);
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    const int ancount = (recvbuf[6] << 8) | recvbuf[7];
-    ALOGV("%u answer count: %d", netid, ancount);
-
-    // TODO: Further validate the response contents (check for valid AAAA record, ...).
-    // Note that currently, integration tests rely on this function accepting a
-    // response with zero records.
-#if 0
-    for (int i = 0; i < resplen; i++) {
-        ALOGD("recvbuf[%d] = %d %c", i, recvbuf[i], recvbuf[i]);
-    }
-#endif
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/DnsTlsTransport.h b/resolv/DnsTlsTransport.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c98fa6..0000000
--- a/resolv/DnsTlsTransport.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_DNSTLSTRANSPORT_H
-#define _DNS_DNSTLSTRANSPORT_H
-
-#include <future>
-#include <map>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsQueryMap.h"
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-#include "DnsTlsSessionCache.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocket.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketObserver.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class IDnsTlsSocketFactory;
-
-// Manages at most one DnsTlsSocket at a time.  This class handles socket lifetime issues,
-// such as reopening the socket and reissuing pending queries.
-class DnsTlsTransport : public IDnsTlsSocketObserver {
-  public:
-    DnsTlsTransport(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark,
-                    IDnsTlsSocketFactory* _Nonnull factory)
-        : mMark(mark), mServer(server), mFactory(factory) {}
-    ~DnsTlsTransport();
-
-    typedef DnsTlsServer::Response Response;
-    typedef DnsTlsServer::Result Result;
-
-    // Given a |query|, this method sends it to the server and returns the result asynchronously.
-    std::future<Result> query(const netdutils::Slice query) EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-    // Check that a given TLS server is fully working on the specified netid, and has the
-    // provided SHA-256 fingerprint (if nonempty).  This function is used in ResolverController
-    // to ensure that we don't enable DNS over TLS on networks where it doesn't actually work.
-    static bool validate(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned netid, uint32_t mark);
-
-    // Implement IDnsTlsSocketObserver
-    void onResponse(std::vector<uint8_t> response) override;
-    void onClosed() override EXCLUDES(mLock);
-
-  private:
-    std::mutex mLock;
-
-    DnsTlsSessionCache mCache;
-    DnsTlsQueryMap mQueries;
-
-    const unsigned mMark;  // Socket mark
-    const DnsTlsServer mServer;
-    IDnsTlsSocketFactory* _Nonnull const mFactory;
-
-    void doConnect() REQUIRES(mLock);
-
-    // doReconnect is used by onClosed.  It runs on the reconnect thread.
-    void doReconnect() EXCLUDES(mLock);
-    std::unique_ptr<std::thread> mReconnectThread GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-
-    // Used to prevent onClosed from starting a reconnect during the destructor.
-    bool mClosing GUARDED_BY(mLock) = false;
-
-    // Sending queries on the socket is thread-safe, but construction/destruction is not.
-    std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocket> mSocket GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-
-    // Send a query to the socket.
-    bool sendQuery(const DnsTlsQueryMap::Query q) REQUIRES(mLock);
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_DNSTLSTRANSPORT_H
diff --git a/resolv/IDnsTlsSocket.h b/resolv/IDnsTlsSocket.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f2800e..0000000
--- a/resolv/IDnsTlsSocket.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKET_H
-#define _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKET_H
-
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class IDnsTlsSocketObserver;
-class DnsTlsSessionCache;
-
-// A class for managing a TLS socket that sends and receives messages in
-// [length][value] format, with a 2-byte length (i.e. DNS-over-TCP format).
-// This interface is not aware of query-response pairing or anything else about DNS.
-class IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    virtual ~IDnsTlsSocket(){};
-    // Send a query on the provided SSL socket.  |query| contains
-    // the body of a query, not including the ID bytes.  This function will typically return before
-    // the query is actually sent.  If this function fails, the observer will be
-    // notified that the socket is closed.
-    // Note that a true return value indicates successful sending, not receipt of a response.
-    virtual bool query(uint16_t id, const netdutils::Slice query) = 0;
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKET_H
diff --git a/resolv/IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h b/resolv/IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h
deleted file mode 100644
index a391f59..0000000
--- a/resolv/IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKETFACTORY_H
-#define _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKETFACTORY_H
-
-#include "IDnsTlsSocket.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class IDnsTlsSocketObserver;
-class DnsTlsSessionCache;
-struct DnsTlsServer;
-
-// Dependency injection interface for DnsTlsSocketFactory.
-// This pattern allows mocking of DnsTlsSocket for tests.
-class IDnsTlsSocketFactory {
-  public:
-    virtual ~IDnsTlsSocketFactory(){};
-    virtual std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocket> createDnsTlsSocket(
-            const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned mark, IDnsTlsSocketObserver* _Nonnull observer,
-            DnsTlsSessionCache* _Nonnull cache) = 0;
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKETFACTORY_H
diff --git a/resolv/IDnsTlsSocketObserver.h b/resolv/IDnsTlsSocketObserver.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 980f74a..0000000
--- a/resolv/IDnsTlsSocketObserver.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKETOBSERVER_H
-#define _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKETOBSERVER_H
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// Interface to listen for DNS query responses on a socket, and to be notified
-// when the socket is closed by the remote peer.  This is only implemented by
-// DnsTlsTransport, but it is a separate interface for clarity and to avoid a
-// circular dependency with DnsTlsSocket.
-class IDnsTlsSocketObserver {
-  public:
-    virtual ~IDnsTlsSocketObserver(){};
-    virtual void onResponse(std::vector<uint8_t> response) = 0;
-
-    virtual void onClosed() = 0;
-};
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_IDNSTLSSOCKETOBSERVER_H
diff --git a/resolv/LockedQueue.h b/resolv/LockedQueue.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0481eda..0000000
--- a/resolv/LockedQueue.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _DNS_LOCKED_QUEUE_H
-#define _DNS_LOCKED_QUEUE_H
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <deque>
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-template <typename T>
-class LockedQueue {
-  public:
-    // Push an item onto the queue.
-    void push(T item) {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        mQueue.push_front(std::move(item));
-    }
-
-    // Swap out the contents of the queue
-    void swap(std::deque<T>& other) {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        mQueue.swap(other);
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::mutex mLock;
-    std::deque<T> mQueue GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-};
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
-
-#endif  // _DNS_LOCKEDQUEUE_H
diff --git a/resolv/NOTICE b/resolv/NOTICE
deleted file mode 100644
index 7504f4d..0000000
--- a/resolv/NOTICE
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,418 +0,0 @@
-Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
-All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
-All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
- * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
-   the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-   distribution.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
-FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
-INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
-BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
-OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
-AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
-OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
-OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
-All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
- * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
-   the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
-   distribution.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
-"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
-FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
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-INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
-BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
-OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
-AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
-OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
-OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
-
-Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-limitations under the License.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1989
-   The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 1985
-   The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-   must display the following acknowledgement:
-    This product includes software developed by the University of
-    California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
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-
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1988, 1993
-   The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
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-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
-Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
-
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
-the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
-publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
-specific, written prior permission.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
-WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
-OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
-CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
-PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
-ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
-SOFTWARE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1989, 1993
-   The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-   must display the following acknowledgement:
-    This product includes software developed by the University of
-    California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1993
-   The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
-   must display the following acknowledgement:
-    This product includes software developed by the University of
-    California, Berkeley and its contributors.
-4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 1985, 1993
-   The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
-
-Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
-modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
-are met:
-1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
-2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
-   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
-   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
-3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
-   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
-   without specific prior written permission.
-
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-SUCH DAMAGE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
-Copyright (c) 1995-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
-
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
-ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
-OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
-Copyright (c) 1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
-
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
-ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
-OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
-Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
-
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
-WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
-MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
-ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
-OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Portions Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009  Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
-Portions Copyright (C) 1996-2003  Internet Software Consortium.
-
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
-REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
-AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
-INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
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-OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
-PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
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-Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
-
-Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
-copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
-the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
-publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
-specific, written prior permission.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
-WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
-OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
-CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
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-ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
-SOFTWARE.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Portions Copyright (c) 1995 by International Business Machines, Inc.
-
-International Business Machines, Inc. (hereinafter called IBM) grants
-permission under its copyrights to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
-Software with or without fee, provided that the above copyright notice and
-all paragraphs of this notice appear in all copies, and that the name of IBM
-not be used in connection with the marketing of any product incorporating
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-permission.
-
-To the extent it has a right to do so, IBM grants an immunity from suit
-under its patents, if any, for the use, sale or manufacture of products to
-the extent that such products are used for performing Domain Name System
-dynamic updates in TCP/IP networks by means of the Software.  No immunity is
-granted for any product per se or for any other function of any product.
-
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-INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
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-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
-IF IBM IS APPRISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------
-
diff --git a/resolv/PrivateDnsConfiguration.cpp b/resolv/PrivateDnsConfiguration.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a88275..0000000
--- a/resolv/PrivateDnsConfiguration.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,315 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "PrivateDnsConfiguration"
-#define DBG 0
-
-#include "PrivateDnsConfiguration.h"
-
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsTransport.h"
-#include "ResolverEventReporter.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netdutils/BackoffSequence.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-std::string addrToString(const sockaddr_storage* addr) {
-    char out[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = {0};
-    getnameinfo((const sockaddr*) addr, sizeof(sockaddr_storage), out, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN, nullptr, 0,
-                NI_NUMERICHOST);
-    return std::string(out);
-}
-
-bool parseServer(const char* server, sockaddr_storage* parsed) {
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC, .ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST | AI_NUMERICSERV};
-    addrinfo* res;
-
-    int err = getaddrinfo(server, "853", &hints, &res);
-    if (err != 0) {
-        ALOGW("Failed to parse server address (%s): %s", server, gai_strerror(err));
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    memcpy(parsed, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
-    freeaddrinfo(res);
-    return true;
-}
-
-int PrivateDnsConfiguration::set(int32_t netId, uint32_t mark,
-                                 const std::vector<std::string>& servers, const std::string& name,
-                                 const std::set<std::vector<uint8_t>>& fingerprints) {
-    if (DBG) {
-        ALOGD("PrivateDnsConfiguration::set(%u, 0x%x, %zu, %s, %zu)", netId, mark, servers.size(),
-              name.c_str(), fingerprints.size());
-    }
-
-    const bool explicitlyConfigured = !name.empty() || !fingerprints.empty();
-
-    // Parse the list of servers that has been passed in
-    std::set<DnsTlsServer> tlsServers;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < servers.size(); ++i) {
-        sockaddr_storage parsed;
-        if (!parseServer(servers[i].c_str(), &parsed)) {
-            return -EINVAL;
-        }
-        DnsTlsServer server(parsed);
-        server.name = name;
-        server.fingerprints = fingerprints;
-        tlsServers.insert(server);
-    }
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(mPrivateDnsLock);
-    if (explicitlyConfigured) {
-        mPrivateDnsModes[netId] = PrivateDnsMode::STRICT;
-    } else if (!tlsServers.empty()) {
-        mPrivateDnsModes[netId] = PrivateDnsMode::OPPORTUNISTIC;
-    } else {
-        mPrivateDnsModes[netId] = PrivateDnsMode::OFF;
-        mPrivateDnsTransports.erase(netId);
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Create the tracker if it was not present
-    auto netPair = mPrivateDnsTransports.find(netId);
-    if (netPair == mPrivateDnsTransports.end()) {
-        // No TLS tracker yet for this netId.
-        bool added;
-        std::tie(netPair, added) = mPrivateDnsTransports.emplace(netId, PrivateDnsTracker());
-        if (!added) {
-            ALOGE("Memory error while recording private DNS for netId %d", netId);
-            return -ENOMEM;
-        }
-    }
-    auto& tracker = netPair->second;
-
-    // Remove any servers from the tracker that are not in |servers| exactly.
-    for (auto it = tracker.begin(); it != tracker.end();) {
-        if (tlsServers.count(it->first) == 0) {
-            it = tracker.erase(it);
-        } else {
-            ++it;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Add any new or changed servers to the tracker, and initiate async checks for them.
-    for (const auto& server : tlsServers) {
-        if (needsValidation(tracker, server)) {
-            validatePrivateDnsProvider(server, tracker, netId, mark);
-        }
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-PrivateDnsStatus PrivateDnsConfiguration::getStatus(unsigned netId) {
-    PrivateDnsStatus status{PrivateDnsMode::OFF, {}};
-    std::lock_guard guard(mPrivateDnsLock);
-
-    const auto mode = mPrivateDnsModes.find(netId);
-    if (mode == mPrivateDnsModes.end()) return status;
-    status.mode = mode->second;
-
-    const auto netPair = mPrivateDnsTransports.find(netId);
-    if (netPair != mPrivateDnsTransports.end()) {
-        for (const auto& serverPair : netPair->second) {
-            if (serverPair.second == Validation::success) {
-                status.validatedServers.push_back(serverPair.first);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return status;
-}
-
-void PrivateDnsConfiguration::getStatus(unsigned netId, ExternalPrivateDnsStatus* status) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mPrivateDnsLock);
-
-    const auto mode = mPrivateDnsModes.find(netId);
-    if (mode == mPrivateDnsModes.end()) return;
-    status->mode = mode->second;
-
-    const auto netPair = mPrivateDnsTransports.find(netId);
-    if (netPair != mPrivateDnsTransports.end()) {
-        int count = 0;
-        for (const auto& serverPair : netPair->second) {
-            status->serverStatus[count].ss = serverPair.first.ss;
-            status->serverStatus[count].hostname =
-                    serverPair.first.name.empty() ? "" : serverPair.first.name.c_str();
-            status->serverStatus[count].validation = serverPair.second;
-            count++;
-            if (count >= MAXNS) break;  // Lose the rest
-        }
-        status->numServers = count;
-    }
-}
-
-void PrivateDnsConfiguration::clear(unsigned netId) {
-    if (DBG) {
-        ALOGD("PrivateDnsConfiguration::clear(%u)", netId);
-    }
-    std::lock_guard guard(mPrivateDnsLock);
-    mPrivateDnsModes.erase(netId);
-    mPrivateDnsTransports.erase(netId);
-}
-
-void PrivateDnsConfiguration::validatePrivateDnsProvider(const DnsTlsServer& server,
-                                                         PrivateDnsTracker& tracker, unsigned netId,
-                                                         uint32_t mark) REQUIRES(mPrivateDnsLock) {
-    if (DBG) {
-        ALOGD("validatePrivateDnsProvider(%s, %u)", addrToString(&server.ss).c_str(), netId);
-    }
-
-    tracker[server] = Validation::in_process;
-    if (DBG) {
-        ALOGD("Server %s marked as in_process.  Tracker now has size %zu",
-              addrToString(&server.ss).c_str(), tracker.size());
-    }
-    // Note that capturing |server| and |netId| in this lambda create copies.
-    std::thread validate_thread([this, server, netId, mark] {
-        // cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syn_retries yields "6".
-        //
-        // Start with a 1 minute delay and backoff to once per hour.
-        //
-        // Assumptions:
-        //     [1] Each TLS validation is ~10KB of certs+handshake+payload.
-        //     [2] Network typically provision clients with <=4 nameservers.
-        //     [3] Average month has 30 days.
-        //
-        // Each validation pass in a given hour is ~1.2MB of data. And 24
-        // such validation passes per day is about ~30MB per month, in the
-        // worst case. Otherwise, this will cost ~600 SYNs per month
-        // (6 SYNs per ip, 4 ips per validation pass, 24 passes per day).
-        auto backoff = netdutils::BackoffSequence<>::Builder()
-                               .withInitialRetransmissionTime(std::chrono::seconds(60))
-                               .withMaximumRetransmissionTime(std::chrono::seconds(3600))
-                               .build();
-
-        while (true) {
-            // ::validate() is a blocking call that performs network operations.
-            // It can take milliseconds to minutes, up to the SYN retry limit.
-            const bool success = DnsTlsTransport::validate(server, netId, mark);
-            if (DBG) {
-                ALOGD("validateDnsTlsServer returned %d for %s", success,
-                      addrToString(&server.ss).c_str());
-            }
-
-            const bool needs_reeval = this->recordPrivateDnsValidation(server, netId, success);
-            if (!needs_reeval) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (backoff.hasNextTimeout()) {
-                std::this_thread::sleep_for(backoff.getNextTimeout());
-            } else {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    });
-    validate_thread.detach();
-}
-
-bool PrivateDnsConfiguration::recordPrivateDnsValidation(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned netId,
-                                                         bool success) {
-    constexpr bool NEEDS_REEVALUATION = true;
-    constexpr bool DONT_REEVALUATE = false;
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(mPrivateDnsLock);
-
-    auto netPair = mPrivateDnsTransports.find(netId);
-    if (netPair == mPrivateDnsTransports.end()) {
-        ALOGW("netId %u was erased during private DNS validation", netId);
-        return DONT_REEVALUATE;
-    }
-
-    const auto mode = mPrivateDnsModes.find(netId);
-    if (mode == mPrivateDnsModes.end()) {
-        ALOGW("netId %u has no private DNS validation mode", netId);
-        return DONT_REEVALUATE;
-    }
-    const bool modeDoesReevaluation = (mode->second == PrivateDnsMode::STRICT);
-
-    bool reevaluationStatus =
-            (success || !modeDoesReevaluation) ? DONT_REEVALUATE : NEEDS_REEVALUATION;
-
-    auto& tracker = netPair->second;
-    auto serverPair = tracker.find(server);
-    if (serverPair == tracker.end()) {
-        ALOGW("Server %s was removed during private DNS validation",
-              addrToString(&server.ss).c_str());
-        success = false;
-        reevaluationStatus = DONT_REEVALUATE;
-    } else if (!(serverPair->first == server)) {
-        // TODO: It doesn't seem correct to overwrite the tracker entry for
-        // |server| down below in this circumstance... Fix this.
-        ALOGW("Server %s was changed during private DNS validation",
-              addrToString(&server.ss).c_str());
-        success = false;
-        reevaluationStatus = DONT_REEVALUATE;
-    }
-
-    // Send a validation event to NetdEventListenerService.
-    const auto& listeners = ResolverEventReporter::getInstance().getListeners();
-    if (listeners.size() != 0) {
-        for (const auto& it : listeners) {
-            it->onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(netId, addrToString(&server.ss), server.name, success);
-        }
-        if (DBG) {
-            ALOGD("Sent validation %s event on netId %u for %s with hostname %s",
-                  success ? "success" : "failure", netId, addrToString(&server.ss).c_str(),
-                  server.name.c_str());
-        }
-    } else {
-        ALOGE("Validation event not sent since no INetdEventListener receiver is available.");
-    }
-
-    if (success) {
-        tracker[server] = Validation::success;
-        if (DBG) {
-            ALOGD("Validation succeeded for %s! Tracker now has %zu entries.",
-                  addrToString(&server.ss).c_str(), tracker.size());
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Validation failure is expected if a user is on a captive portal.
-        // TODO: Trigger a second validation attempt after captive portal login
-        // succeeds.
-        tracker[server] = (reevaluationStatus == NEEDS_REEVALUATION) ? Validation::in_process
-                                                                     : Validation::fail;
-        if (DBG) {
-            ALOGD("Validation failed for %s!", addrToString(&server.ss).c_str());
-        }
-    }
-
-    return reevaluationStatus;
-}
-
-// Start validation for newly added servers as well as any servers that have
-// landed in Validation::fail state. Note that servers that have failed
-// multiple validation attempts but for which there is still a validating
-// thread running are marked as being Validation::in_process.
-bool PrivateDnsConfiguration::needsValidation(const PrivateDnsTracker& tracker,
-                                              const DnsTlsServer& server) {
-    const auto& iter = tracker.find(server);
-    return (iter == tracker.end()) || (iter->second == Validation::fail);
-}
-
-PrivateDnsConfiguration gPrivateDnsConfiguration;
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/PrivateDnsConfiguration.h b/resolv/PrivateDnsConfiguration.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 50fb54d..0000000
--- a/resolv/PrivateDnsConfiguration.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_PRIVATEDNSCONFIGURATION_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_PRIVATEDNSCONFIGURATION_H
-
-#include <list>
-#include <map>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// The DNS over TLS mode on a specific netId.
-enum class PrivateDnsMode : uint8_t { OFF, OPPORTUNISTIC, STRICT };
-
-// Validation status of a DNS over TLS server (on a specific netId).
-enum class Validation : uint8_t { in_process, success, fail, unknown_server, unknown_netid };
-
-struct PrivateDnsStatus {
-    PrivateDnsMode mode;
-    std::list<DnsTlsServer> validatedServers;
-};
-
-// TODO: remove this C-style struct and use PrivateDnsStatus everywhere.
-struct ExternalPrivateDnsStatus {
-    PrivateDnsMode mode;
-    int numServers;
-    struct PrivateDnsInfo {
-        sockaddr_storage ss;
-        const char* hostname;
-        Validation validation;
-    } serverStatus[MAXNS];
-};
-
-class PrivateDnsConfiguration {
-  public:
-    int set(int32_t netId, uint32_t mark, const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-            const std::string& name, const std::set<std::vector<uint8_t>>& fingerprints);
-
-    PrivateDnsStatus getStatus(unsigned netId);
-
-    // DEPRECATED, use getStatus() above.
-    void getStatus(unsigned netId, ExternalPrivateDnsStatus* status);
-
-    void clear(unsigned netId);
-
-  private:
-    typedef std::map<DnsTlsServer, Validation, AddressComparator> PrivateDnsTracker;
-
-    void validatePrivateDnsProvider(const DnsTlsServer& server, PrivateDnsTracker& tracker,
-                                    unsigned netId, uint32_t mark) REQUIRES(mPrivateDnsLock);
-
-    bool recordPrivateDnsValidation(const DnsTlsServer& server, unsigned netId, bool success);
-
-    // Start validation for newly added servers as well as any servers that have
-    // landed in Validation::fail state. Note that servers that have failed
-    // multiple validation attempts but for which there is still a validating
-    // thread running are marked as being Validation::in_process.
-    bool needsValidation(const PrivateDnsTracker& tracker, const DnsTlsServer& server);
-
-    std::mutex mPrivateDnsLock;
-    std::map<unsigned, PrivateDnsMode> mPrivateDnsModes GUARDED_BY(mPrivateDnsLock);
-    // Structure for tracking the validation status of servers on a specific netId.
-    // Using the AddressComparator ensures at most one entry per IP address.
-    std::map<unsigned, PrivateDnsTracker> mPrivateDnsTransports GUARDED_BY(mPrivateDnsLock);
-};
-
-extern PrivateDnsConfiguration gPrivateDnsConfiguration;
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif /* NETD_RESOLV_PRIVATEDNSCONFIGURATION_H */
diff --git a/resolv/README.md b/resolv/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fe4c89..0000000
--- a/resolv/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-# DNS-over-TLS query forwarder design
-
-## Overview
-
-The DNS-over-TLS query forwarder consists of five classes:
- * `DnsTlsDispatcher`
- * `DnsTlsTransport`
- * `DnsTlsQueryMap`
- * `DnsTlsSessionCache`
- * `DnsTlsSocket`
-
-`DnsTlsDispatcher` is a singleton class whose `query` method is the DnsTls's
-only public interface.  `DnsTlsDispatcher` is just a table holding the
-`DnsTlsTransport` for each server (represented by a `DnsTlsServer` struct) and
-network.  `DnsTlsDispatcher` also blocks each query thread, waiting on a
-`std::future` returned by `DnsTlsTransport` that represents the response.
-
-`DnsTlsTransport` sends each query over a `DnsTlsSocket`, opening a
-new one if necessary.  It also has to listen for responses from the
-`DnsTlsSocket`, which happen on a different thread.
-`IDnsTlsSocketObserver` is an interface defining how `DnsTlsSocket` returns
-responses to `DnsTlsTransport`.
-
-`DnsTlsQueryMap` and `DnsTlsSessionCache` are helper classes owned by `DnsTlsTransport`.
-`DnsTlsQueryMap` handles ID renumbering and query-response pairing.
-`DnsTlsSessionCache` allows TLS session resumption.
-
-`DnsTlsSocket` interleaves all queries onto a single socket, and reports all
-responses to `DnsTlsTransport` (through the `IDnsTlsObserver` interface).  It doesn't
-know anything about which queries correspond to which responses, and does not retain
-state to indicate whether there is an outstanding query.
-
-## Threading
-
-### Overall patterns
-
-For clarity, each of the five classes in this design is thread-safe and holds one lock.
-Classes that spawn a helper thread call `thread::join()` in their destructor to ensure
-that it is cleaned up appropriately.
-
-All the classes here make full use of Clang thread annotations (and also null-pointer
-annotations) to minimize the likelihood of a latent threading bug.  The unit tests are
-also heavily threaded to exercise this functionality.
-
-This code creates O(1) threads per socket, and does not create a new thread for each
-query or response.  However, DnsProxyListener does create a thread for each query.
-
-### Threading in `DnsTlsSocket`
-
-`DnsTlsSocket` can receive queries on any thread, and send them over a
-"reliable datagram pipe" (`socketpair()` in `SOCK_SEQPACKET` mode).
-The query method writes a struct (containing a pointer to the query) to the pipe
-from its thread, and the loop thread (which owns the SSL socket)
-reads off the other end of the pipe.  The pipe doesn't actually have a queue "inside";
-instead, any queueing happens by blocking the query thread until the
-socket thread can read the datagram off the other end.
-
-We need to pass messages between threads using a pipe, and not a condition variable
-or a thread-safe queue, because the socket thread has to be blocked
-in `poll()` waiting for data from the server, but also has to be woken
-up on inputs from the query threads.  Therefore, inputs from the query
-threads have to arrive on a socket, so that `poll()` can listen for them.
-(There can only be a single thread because [you can't use different threads
-to read and write in OpenSSL](https://www.openssl.org/blog/blog/2017/02/21/threads/)).
-
-## ID renumbering
-
-`DnsTlsDispatcher` accepts queries that have colliding ID numbers and still sends them on
-a single socket.  To avoid confusion at the server, `DnsTlsQueryMap` assigns each
-query a new ID for transmission, records the mapping from input IDs to sent IDs, and
-applies the inverse mapping to responses before returning them to the caller.
-
-`DnsTlsQueryMap` assigns each new query the ID number one greater than the largest
-ID number of an outstanding query.  This means that ID numbers are initially sequential
-and usually small.  If the largest possible ID number is already in use,
-`DnsTlsQueryMap` will scan the ID space to find an available ID, or fail the query
-if there are no available IDs.  Queries will not block waiting for an ID number to
-become available.
-
-## Time constants
-
-`DnsTlsSocket` imposes a 20-second inactivity timeout.  A socket that has been idle for
-20 seconds will be closed.  This sets the limit of tolerance for slow replies,
-which could happen as a result of malfunctioning authoritative DNS servers.
-If there are any pending queries, `DnsTlsTransport` will retry them.
-
-`DnsTlsQueryMap` imposes a retry limit of 3.  `DnsTlsTransport` will retry the query up
-to 3 times before reporting failure to `DnsTlsDispatcher`.
-This limit helps to ensure proper functioning in the case of a recursive resolver that
-is malfunctioning or is flooded with requests that are stalled due to malfunctioning
-authoritative servers.
-
-`DnsTlsDispatcher` maintains a 5-minute timeout.  Any `DnsTlsTransport` that has had no
-outstanding queries for 5 minutes will be destroyed at the next query on a different
-transport.
-This sets the limit on how long session tickets will be preserved during idle periods,
-because each `DnsTlsTransport` owns a `DnsTlsSessionCache`.  Imposing this timeout
-increases latency on the first query after an idle period, but also helps to avoid
-unbounded memory usage.
-
-`DnsTlsSessionCache` sets a limit of 5 sessions in each cache, expiring the oldest one
-when the limit is reached.  However, because the client code does not currently
-reuse sessions more than once, it should not be possible to hit this limit.
-
-## Testing
-
-Unit tests are in `dns_tls_test.cpp`. They cover all the classes except
-`DnsTlsSocket` (which requires `CAP_NET_ADMIN` because it uses `setsockopt(SO_MARK)`) and
-`DnsTlsSessionCache` (which requires integration with libssl).  These classes are
-exercised by the integration tests in `../tests/resolv_test.cpp`.
-
-### Dependency Injection
-
-For unit testing, we would like to be able to mock out `DnsTlsSocket`.  This is
-particularly required for unit testing of `DnsTlsDispatcher` and `DnsTlsTransport`.
-To make these unit tests possible, this code uses a dependency injection pattern:
-`DnsTlsSocket` is produced by a `DnsTlsSocketFactory`, and both of these have a
-defined interface.
-
-`DnsTlsDispatcher`'s constructor takes an `IDnsTlsSocketFactory`,
-which in production is a `DnsTlsSocketFactory`.  However, in unit tests, we can
-substitute a test factory that returns a fake socket, so that the unit tests can
-run without actually connecting over TLS to a test server.  (The integration tests
-do actual TLS.)
-
-## Logging
-
-This code uses `ALOGV` throughout for low-priority logging, and does not use
-`ALOGD`.  `ALOGV` is disabled by default, unless activated by `#define LOG_NDEBUG 0`.
-(`ALOGD` is not disabled by default, requiring extra measures to avoid spamming the
-system log in production builds.)
-
-## Reference
- * [BoringSSL API docs](https://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/chromium-boringssl-docs/headers.html)
diff --git a/resolv/ResolverController.cpp b/resolv/ResolverController.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index e16ca69..0000000
--- a/resolv/ResolverController.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,382 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "ResolverController"
-
-#include "ResolverController.h"
-
-#include <set>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <netdb.h>
-
-#include <aidl/android/net/IDnsResolver.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-
-#include "Dns64Configuration.h"
-#include "DnsResolver.h"
-#include "Fwmark.h"
-#include "PrivateDnsConfiguration.h"
-#include "ResolverEventReporter.h"
-#include "ResolverStats.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/stats.h"
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-
-using namespace std::placeholders;
-using aidl::android::net::ResolverParamsParcel;
-
-namespace android {
-
-using netdutils::DumpWriter;
-
-namespace net {
-
-namespace {
-
-std::string addrToString(const sockaddr_storage* addr) {
-    char out[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = {0};
-    getnameinfo((const sockaddr*)addr, sizeof(sockaddr_storage), out, INET6_ADDRSTRLEN, nullptr, 0,
-                NI_NUMERICHOST);
-    return std::string(out);
-}
-
-const char* getPrivateDnsModeString(PrivateDnsMode mode) {
-    switch (mode) {
-        case PrivateDnsMode::OFF:
-            return "OFF";
-        case PrivateDnsMode::OPPORTUNISTIC:
-            return "OPPORTUNISTIC";
-        case PrivateDnsMode::STRICT:
-            return "STRICT";
-    }
-}
-
-constexpr const char* validationStatusToString(Validation value) {
-    switch (value) {
-        case Validation::in_process:
-            return "in_process";
-        case Validation::success:
-            return "success";
-        case Validation::fail:
-            return "fail";
-        case Validation::unknown_server:
-            return "unknown_server";
-        case Validation::unknown_netid:
-            return "unknown_netid";
-        default:
-            return "unknown_status";
-    }
-}
-
-void sendNat64PrefixEvent(const Dns64Configuration::Nat64PrefixInfo& args) {
-    const auto& listeners = ResolverEventReporter::getInstance().getListeners();
-    if (listeners.size() == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": No available listener. dropping NAT64 prefix event";
-        return;
-    }
-    for (const auto& it : listeners) {
-        it->onNat64PrefixEvent(args.netId, args.added, args.prefixString, args.prefixLength);
-    }
-}
-
-int getDnsInfo(unsigned netId, std::vector<std::string>* servers, std::vector<std::string>* domains,
-               res_params* params, std::vector<android::net::ResolverStats>* stats,
-               std::vector<int32_t>* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count) {
-    using aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver;
-    using android::net::ResolverStats;
-    static_assert(ResolverStats::STATS_SUCCESSES == IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_SUCCESSES &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_ERRORS == IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_ERRORS &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_TIMEOUTS == IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_TIMEOUTS &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS ==
-                                  IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_RTT_AVG == IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_RTT_AVG &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME ==
-                                  IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_USABLE == IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_USABLE &&
-                          ResolverStats::STATS_COUNT == IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_STATS_COUNT,
-                  "AIDL and ResolverStats.h out of sync");
-    int nscount = -1;
-    sockaddr_storage res_servers[MAXNS];
-    int dcount = -1;
-    char res_domains[MAXDNSRCH][MAXDNSRCHPATH];
-    res_stats res_stats[MAXNS];
-    servers->clear();
-    domains->clear();
-    *params = res_params{};
-    stats->clear();
-    int res_wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    int revision_id = android_net_res_stats_get_info_for_net(
-            netId, &nscount, res_servers, &dcount, res_domains, params, res_stats,
-            &res_wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-
-    // If the netId is unknown (which can happen for valid net IDs for which no DNS servers have
-    // yet been configured), there is no revision ID. In this case there is no data to return.
-    if (revision_id < 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Verify that the returned data is sane.
-    if (nscount < 0 || nscount > MAXNS || dcount < 0 || dcount > MAXDNSRCH) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": nscount = " << nscount << ", dcount = " << dcount;
-        return -ENOTRECOVERABLE;
-    }
-
-    // Determine which servers are considered usable by the resolver.
-    bool valid_servers[MAXNS];
-    std::fill_n(valid_servers, MAXNS, false);
-    android_net_res_stats_get_usable_servers(params, res_stats, nscount, valid_servers);
-
-    // Convert the server sockaddr structures to std::string.
-    stats->resize(nscount);
-    for (int i = 0; i < nscount; ++i) {
-        char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST];
-        int rv =
-                getnameinfo(reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(&res_servers[i]),
-                            sizeof(res_servers[i]), hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), nullptr, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);
-        std::string server_str;
-        if (rv == 0) {
-            server_str.assign(hbuf);
-        } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "getnameinfo() failed for server #" << i << ": " << gai_strerror(rv);
-            server_str.assign("<invalid>");
-        }
-        servers->push_back(std::move(server_str));
-        android::net::ResolverStats& cur_stats = (*stats)[i];
-        android_net_res_stats_aggregate(&res_stats[i], &cur_stats.successes, &cur_stats.errors,
-                                        &cur_stats.timeouts, &cur_stats.internal_errors,
-                                        &cur_stats.rtt_avg, &cur_stats.last_sample_time);
-        cur_stats.usable = valid_servers[i];
-    }
-
-    // Convert the stack-allocated search domain strings to std::string.
-    for (int i = 0; i < dcount; ++i) {
-        domains->push_back(res_domains[i]);
-    }
-
-    (*wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count)[0] = res_wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-ResolverController::ResolverController()
-    : mDns64Configuration(
-              [](uint32_t netId, uint32_t uid, android_net_context* netcontext) {
-                  gResNetdCallbacks.get_network_context(netId, uid, netcontext);
-              },
-              std::bind(sendNat64PrefixEvent, _1)) {}
-
-void ResolverController::destroyNetworkCache(unsigned netId) {
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": netId = " << netId;
-
-    resolv_delete_cache_for_net(netId);
-    mDns64Configuration.stopPrefixDiscovery(netId);
-    gPrivateDnsConfiguration.clear(netId);
-}
-
-int ResolverController::createNetworkCache(unsigned netId) {
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": netId = " << netId;
-
-    return resolv_create_cache_for_net(netId);
-}
-
-int ResolverController::setResolverConfiguration(
-        const ResolverParamsParcel& resolverParams,
-        const std::set<std::vector<uint8_t>>& tlsFingerprints) {
-    using aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver;
-
-    // At private DNS validation time, we only know the netId, so we have to guess/compute the
-    // corresponding socket mark.
-    Fwmark fwmark;
-    fwmark.netId = resolverParams.netId;
-    fwmark.explicitlySelected = true;
-    fwmark.protectedFromVpn = true;
-    fwmark.permission = PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
-
-    // Allow at most MAXNS private DNS servers in a network to prevent too many broken servers.
-    std::vector<std::string> tlsServers = resolverParams.tlsServers;
-    if (tlsServers.size() > MAXNS) {
-        tlsServers.resize(MAXNS);
-    }
-    const int err = gPrivateDnsConfiguration.set(resolverParams.netId, fwmark.intValue, tlsServers,
-                                                 resolverParams.tlsName, tlsFingerprints);
-    if (err != 0) {
-        return err;
-    }
-
-    // Convert network-assigned server list to bionic's format.
-    const size_t serverCount = std::min<size_t>(MAXNS, resolverParams.servers.size());
-    std::vector<const char*> server_ptrs;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < serverCount; ++i) {
-        server_ptrs.push_back(resolverParams.servers[i].c_str());
-    }
-
-    std::string domains_str = android::base::Join(resolverParams.domains, " ");
-
-    // TODO: Change resolv_set_nameservers_for_net() to use ResolverParamsParcel directly.
-    res_params res_params = {};
-    res_params.sample_validity = resolverParams.sampleValiditySeconds;
-    res_params.success_threshold = resolverParams.successThreshold;
-    res_params.min_samples = resolverParams.minSamples;
-    res_params.max_samples = resolverParams.maxSamples;
-    res_params.base_timeout_msec = resolverParams.baseTimeoutMsec;
-    res_params.retry_count = resolverParams.retryCount;
-
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "setDnsServers netId = " << resolverParams.netId
-                 << ", numservers = " << resolverParams.domains.size();
-
-    return -resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(resolverParams.netId, server_ptrs.data(),
-                                           server_ptrs.size(), domains_str.c_str(), &res_params);
-}
-
-int ResolverController::getResolverInfo(int32_t netId, std::vector<std::string>* servers,
-                                        std::vector<std::string>* domains,
-                                        std::vector<std::string>* tlsServers,
-                                        std::vector<int32_t>* params, std::vector<int32_t>* stats,
-                                        std::vector<int32_t>* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count) {
-    using aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver;
-    using android::net::ResolverStats;
-    res_params res_params;
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-    int ret = getDnsInfo(netId, servers, domains, &res_params, &res_stats,
-                         wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-    if (ret != 0) {
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    // Serialize the information for binder.
-    ResolverStats::encodeAll(res_stats, stats);
-
-    ExternalPrivateDnsStatus privateDnsStatus = {PrivateDnsMode::OFF, 0, {}};
-    gPrivateDnsConfiguration.getStatus(netId, &privateDnsStatus);
-    for (int i = 0; i < privateDnsStatus.numServers; i++) {
-        std::string tlsServer_str = addrToString(&(privateDnsStatus.serverStatus[i].ss));
-        tlsServers->push_back(std::move(tlsServer_str));
-    }
-
-    params->resize(IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT);
-    (*params)[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY] = res_params.sample_validity;
-    (*params)[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD] = res_params.success_threshold;
-    (*params)[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES] = res_params.min_samples;
-    (*params)[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES] = res_params.max_samples;
-    (*params)[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC] = res_params.base_timeout_msec;
-    (*params)[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT] = res_params.retry_count;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void ResolverController::startPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId) {
-    mDns64Configuration.startPrefixDiscovery(netId);
-}
-
-void ResolverController::stopPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId) {
-    return mDns64Configuration.stopPrefixDiscovery(netId);
-}
-
-// TODO: use StatusOr<T> to wrap the result.
-int ResolverController::getPrefix64(unsigned netId, netdutils::IPPrefix* prefix) {
-    netdutils::IPPrefix p = mDns64Configuration.getPrefix64(netId);
-    if (p.family() != AF_INET6 || p.length() == 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "No valid NAT64 prefix (" << netId << ", " << p.toString().c_str() << ")";
-
-        return -ENOENT;
-    }
-    *prefix = p;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-void ResolverController::dump(DumpWriter& dw, unsigned netId) {
-    // No lock needed since Bionic's resolver locks all accessed data structures internally.
-    using android::net::ResolverStats;
-    std::vector<std::string> servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> domains;
-    res_params params = {};
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> stats;
-    std::vector<int32_t> wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count(1, 0);
-    time_t now = time(nullptr);
-    int rv = getDnsInfo(netId, &servers, &domains, &params, &stats,
-                        &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-    dw.incIndent();
-    if (rv != 0) {
-        dw.println("getDnsInfo() failed for netid %u", netId);
-    } else {
-        if (servers.empty()) {
-            dw.println("No DNS servers defined");
-        } else {
-            dw.println(
-                    "DNS servers: # IP (total, successes, errors, timeouts, internal errors, "
-                    "RTT avg, last sample)");
-            dw.incIndent();
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < servers.size(); ++i) {
-                if (i < stats.size()) {
-                    const ResolverStats& s = stats[i];
-                    int total = s.successes + s.errors + s.timeouts + s.internal_errors;
-                    if (total > 0) {
-                        int time_delta = (s.last_sample_time > 0) ? now - s.last_sample_time : -1;
-                        dw.println("%s (%d, %d, %d, %d, %d, %dms, %ds)%s", servers[i].c_str(),
-                                   total, s.successes, s.errors, s.timeouts, s.internal_errors,
-                                   s.rtt_avg, time_delta, s.usable ? "" : " BROKEN");
-                    } else {
-                        dw.println("%s <no data>", servers[i].c_str());
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    dw.println("%s <no stats>", servers[i].c_str());
-                }
-            }
-            dw.decIndent();
-        }
-        if (domains.empty()) {
-            dw.println("No search domains defined");
-        } else {
-            std::string domains_str = android::base::Join(domains, ", ");
-            dw.println("search domains: %s", domains_str.c_str());
-        }
-        if (params.sample_validity != 0) {
-            dw.println(
-                    "DNS parameters: sample validity = %us, success threshold = %u%%, "
-                    "samples (min, max) = (%u, %u), base_timeout = %dmsec, retry count = "
-                    "%dtimes",
-                    params.sample_validity, params.success_threshold, params.min_samples,
-                    params.max_samples, params.base_timeout_msec, params.retry_count);
-        }
-
-        mDns64Configuration.dump(dw, netId);
-        ExternalPrivateDnsStatus privateDnsStatus = {PrivateDnsMode::OFF, 0, {}};
-        gPrivateDnsConfiguration.getStatus(netId, &privateDnsStatus);
-        dw.println("Private DNS mode: %s",
-                   getPrivateDnsModeString(static_cast<PrivateDnsMode>(privateDnsStatus.mode)));
-        if (!privateDnsStatus.numServers) {
-            dw.println("No Private DNS servers configured");
-        } else {
-            dw.println("Private DNS configuration (%u entries)", privateDnsStatus.numServers);
-            dw.incIndent();
-            for (int i = 0; i < privateDnsStatus.numServers; i++) {
-                dw.println("%s name{%s} status{%s}",
-                           addrToString(&(privateDnsStatus.serverStatus[i].ss)).c_str(),
-                           privateDnsStatus.serverStatus[i].hostname,
-                           validationStatusToString(static_cast<Validation>(
-                                   privateDnsStatus.serverStatus[i].validation)));
-            }
-            dw.decIndent();
-        }
-        dw.println("Concurrent DNS query timeout: %d", wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count[0]);
-    }
-    dw.decIndent();
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/ResolverController.h b/resolv/ResolverController.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6d08cdb..0000000
--- a/resolv/ResolverController.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _RESOLVER_CONTROLLER_H_
-#define _RESOLVER_CONTROLLER_H_
-
-#include <list>
-#include <set>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <aidl/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.h>
-#include "Dns64Configuration.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netdutils/DumpWriter.h"
-
-struct res_params;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-struct ResolverStats;
-
-class ResolverController {
-  public:
-    ResolverController();
-    ~ResolverController() = default;
-
-    void destroyNetworkCache(unsigned netid);
-    int createNetworkCache(unsigned netid);
-
-    int getPrefix64(unsigned netId, netdutils::IPPrefix* prefix);
-
-    // Binder specific functions, which convert between the ResolverParamsParcel and the
-    // actual data structures, and call setDnsServer() / getDnsInfo() for the actual processing.
-    int setResolverConfiguration(const aidl::android::net::ResolverParamsParcel& resolverParams,
-                                 const std::set<std::vector<uint8_t>>& tlsFingerprints);
-
-    int getResolverInfo(int32_t netId, std::vector<std::string>* servers,
-                        std::vector<std::string>* domains, std::vector<std::string>* tlsServers,
-                        std::vector<int32_t>* params, std::vector<int32_t>* stats,
-                        std::vector<int32_t>* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-
-    void startPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId);
-    void stopPrefix64Discovery(int32_t netId);
-
-    void dump(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw, unsigned netId);
-
-  private:
-    Dns64Configuration mDns64Configuration;
-};
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif /* _RESOLVER_CONTROLLER_H_ */
diff --git a/resolv/ResolverEventReporter.cpp b/resolv/ResolverEventReporter.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index ccec08b..0000000
--- a/resolv/ResolverEventReporter.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#define LOG_TAG "ResolverEventReporter"
-
-#include "ResolverEventReporter.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/binder_manager.h>
-
-using aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener;
-
-ResolverEventReporter& ResolverEventReporter::getInstance() {
-    // It should be initialized only once.
-    static ResolverEventReporter instance;
-
-    // Add framework metrics listener. Because the binder service "netd_listener" may be launched
-    // later than Netd, try to get binder handler in every instance query if any. The framework
-    // metrics listener should be added only once if it has been already added successfully.
-    instance.addDefaultListener();
-
-    return instance;
-}
-
-ResolverEventReporter::ListenerSet ResolverEventReporter::getListeners() const {
-    return getListenersImpl();
-}
-
-int ResolverEventReporter::addListener(const std::shared_ptr<INetdEventListener>& listener) {
-    return addListenerImpl(listener);
-}
-
-// TODO: Consider registering metrics listener from framework and remove this function.
-// Currently, the framework listener "netd_listener" is shared by netd and libnetd_resolv.
-// Consider breaking it into two listeners. Once it has done, may let framework register
-// the listener proactively.
-void ResolverEventReporter::addDefaultListener() {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-
-    static bool added = false;
-    if (added) return;
-
-    // Use the non-blocking call AServiceManager_checkService in order not to delay DNS
-    // lookup threads when the netd_listener service is not ready.
-    ndk::SpAIBinder binder = ndk::SpAIBinder(AServiceManager_checkService("netd_listener"));
-    std::shared_ptr<INetdEventListener> listener = INetdEventListener::fromBinder(binder);
-
-    if (listener == nullptr) return;
-
-    if (!addListenerImplLocked(listener)) added = true;
-}
-
-void ResolverEventReporter::handleBinderDied(const void* who) {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-
-    // Use the raw binder pointer address to be the identification of dead binder. Treat "who"
-    // which passes the raw address of dead binder as an identification only.
-    auto found = std::find_if(mListeners.begin(), mListeners.end(),
-                              [=](const auto& it) { return static_cast<void*>(it.get()) == who; });
-
-    if (found != mListeners.end()) mListeners.erase(found);
-}
-
-ResolverEventReporter::ListenerSet ResolverEventReporter::getListenersImpl() const {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-    return mListeners;
-}
-
-int ResolverEventReporter::addListenerImpl(const std::shared_ptr<INetdEventListener>& listener) {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
-    return addListenerImplLocked(listener);
-}
-
-int ResolverEventReporter::addListenerImplLocked(
-        const std::shared_ptr<INetdEventListener>& listener) {
-    if (listener == nullptr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "The listener should not be null";
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-
-    // TODO: Perhaps ignore the listener which comes from the same binder.
-    const auto& it = mListeners.find(listener);
-    if (it != mListeners.end()) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "The listener was already subscribed";
-        return -EEXIST;
-    }
-
-    static AIBinder_DeathRecipient* deathRecipient = nullptr;
-    if (deathRecipient == nullptr) {
-        // The AIBinder_DeathRecipient object is used to manage all death recipients for multiple
-        // binder objects. It doesn't released because there should have at least one binder object
-        // from framework.
-        // TODO: Considering to remove death recipient for the binder object from framework because
-        // it doesn't need death recipient actually.
-        deathRecipient = AIBinder_DeathRecipient_new([](void* cookie) {
-            ResolverEventReporter::getInstance().handleBinderDied(cookie);
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Pass the raw binder pointer address to be the cookie of the death recipient. While the death
-    // notification is fired, the cookie is used for identifying which binder was died. Because
-    // the NDK binder doesn't pass dead binder pointer to binder death handler, the binder death
-    // handler can't know who was died via wp<IBinder>. The reason for wp<IBinder> is not passed
-    // is that NDK binder can't transform a wp<IBinder> to a wp<AIBinder> in some cases.
-    // See more information in b/128712772.
-    auto binder = listener->asBinder().get();
-    auto cookie = static_cast<void*>(listener.get());  // Used for dead binder identification.
-    binder_status_t status = AIBinder_linkToDeath(binder, deathRecipient, cookie);
-
-    if (STATUS_OK != status) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to register death notification for INetdEventListener";
-        return -EAGAIN;
-    }
-
-    mListeners.insert(listener);
-    return 0;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/resolv/ResolverEventReporter.h b/resolv/ResolverEventReporter.h
deleted file mode 100644
index eb0d9cf..0000000
--- a/resolv/ResolverEventReporter.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_EVENT_REPORTER_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_EVENT_REPORTER_H
-
-#include <set>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-
-#include "aidl/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.h"
-
-/*
- * This class can be used to get the binder reference to the netd events listener service
- * via stable runtime ABI which is achieved from libbinder_ndk. It also allows that
- * register an event listener.
- */
-class ResolverEventReporter {
-  public:
-    ResolverEventReporter(ResolverEventReporter const&) = delete;
-    ResolverEventReporter(ResolverEventReporter&&) = delete;
-    ResolverEventReporter& operator=(ResolverEventReporter const&) = delete;
-    ResolverEventReporter& operator=(ResolverEventReporter&&) = delete;
-
-    using ListenerSet = std::set<std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener>>;
-
-    // Get the instance of the singleton ResolverEventReporter.
-    static ResolverEventReporter& getInstance();
-
-    // Return the binder from the singleton ResolverEventReporter. This method is threadsafe.
-    ListenerSet getListeners() const;
-
-    // Add the binder to the singleton ResolverEventReporter. This method is threadsafe.
-    int addListener(
-            const std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener>& listener);
-
-  private:
-    ResolverEventReporter() = default;
-    ~ResolverEventReporter() = default;
-
-    void addDefaultListener() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
-    int addListenerImpl(
-            const std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener>& listener)
-            EXCLUDES(mMutex);
-    int addListenerImplLocked(
-            const std::shared_ptr<aidl::android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener>& listener)
-            REQUIRES(mMutex);
-    ListenerSet getListenersImpl() const EXCLUDES(mMutex);
-    void handleBinderDied(const void* who) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
-
-    mutable std::mutex mMutex;
-    ListenerSet mListeners GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-};
-
-#endif  // NETD_RESOLV_EVENT_REPORTER_H
diff --git a/resolv/ResolverStats.h b/resolv/ResolverStats.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9140af8..0000000
--- a/resolv/ResolverStats.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _RESOLVER_STATS_H_
-#define _RESOLVER_STATS_H_
-
-#include <time.h>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-struct ResolverStats {
-    // Offsets into the per-server resolver stats as encoded in vector<int32_t> stats of
-    // getResolverInfo() of Netd's binder interface. The stats are based on data reported by
-    // android_net_res_stats_get_info_for_net(), the usability is calculated by applying
-    // android_net_res_stats_get_usable_servers() to this data.
-    enum ResolverStatsOffsets {
-        STATS_SUCCESSES = 0,     // # successes counted for this server
-        STATS_ERRORS,            // # errors
-        STATS_TIMEOUTS,          // # timeouts
-        STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS,   // # internal errors
-        STATS_RTT_AVG,           // average round-trip-time
-        STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME,  // time in s when the last sample was recorded
-        STATS_USABLE,            // whether the server is considered usable
-        STATS_COUNT              // total count of integers in the per-server data
-    };
-
-    int successes{-1};
-    int errors{-1};
-    int timeouts{-1};
-    int internal_errors{-1};
-    int rtt_avg{-1};
-    time_t last_sample_time{0};
-    bool usable{false};
-
-    // Serialize the resolver stats to the end of |out|.
-    void encode(std::vector<int32_t>* out) const;
-
-    // Read the serialized resolverstats starting at |in[ofs]|.
-    ssize_t decode(const std::vector<int32_t>& in, ssize_t ofs);
-
-    // Serialize the contents of |stats| and append them to the end of |out|. Multiple arrays
-    // can be written to the same output vector in sequence, however, the corresponding call
-    // to decodeAll() will return the combined contents in one vector.
-    static void encodeAll(const std::vector<ResolverStats>& stats, std::vector<int32_t>* out);
-
-    // Decodes the serialized ResolverStats from |in| and appends them to stats.
-    static bool decodeAll(const std::vector<int32_t>& in, std::vector<ResolverStats>* stats);
-};
-
-inline void ResolverStats::encode(std::vector<int32_t>* out) const {
-    size_t ofs = out->size();
-    out->resize(ofs + STATS_COUNT);
-    int32_t* cur = &(*out)[ofs];
-    cur[STATS_SUCCESSES] = successes;
-    cur[STATS_ERRORS] = errors;
-    cur[STATS_TIMEOUTS] = timeouts;
-    cur[STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS] = internal_errors;
-    cur[STATS_RTT_AVG] = rtt_avg;
-    cur[STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME] = last_sample_time;
-    cur[STATS_USABLE] = usable;
-}
-
-// Read the serialized resolverstats starting at |in[ofs]|.
-inline ssize_t ResolverStats::decode(const std::vector<int32_t>& in, ssize_t ofs) {
-    if (ofs < 0 || static_cast<size_t>(ofs) + STATS_COUNT > in.size()) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    const int32_t* cur = &in[ofs];
-    successes = cur[STATS_SUCCESSES];
-    errors = cur[STATS_ERRORS];
-    timeouts = cur[STATS_TIMEOUTS];
-    internal_errors = cur[STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS];
-    rtt_avg = cur[STATS_RTT_AVG];
-    last_sample_time = cur[STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME];
-    usable = cur[STATS_USABLE];
-    return ofs + STATS_COUNT;
-}
-
-inline void ResolverStats::encodeAll(const std::vector<ResolverStats>& stats,
-                                     std::vector<int32_t>* out) {
-    for (const auto& s : stats) {
-        s.encode(out);
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: Replace with a better representation, e.g. a Parcelable.
-inline bool ResolverStats::decodeAll(const std::vector<int32_t>& in,
-                                     std::vector<ResolverStats>* stats) {
-    ssize_t size = in.size();
-    if (size % STATS_COUNT) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    stats->resize(size / STATS_COUNT);
-    ssize_t ofs = 0;
-    for (auto& s : *stats) {
-        ofs = s.decode(in, ofs);
-        if (ofs < 0) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif /* _RESOLVER_STATS_H_ */
diff --git a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/1/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl b/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/1/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl
deleted file mode 100644
index c4b2b6d..0000000
--- a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/1/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-package android.net;
-interface IDnsResolver {
-  boolean isAlive();
-  void registerEventListener(android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener listener);
-  void setResolverConfiguration(in android.net.ResolverParamsParcel resolverParams);
-  void getResolverInfo(int netId, out @utf8InCpp String[] servers, out @utf8InCpp String[] domains, out @utf8InCpp String[] tlsServers, out int[] params, out int[] stats, out int[] wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-  void startPrefix64Discovery(int netId);
-  void stopPrefix64Discovery(int netId);
-  @utf8InCpp String getPrefix64(int netId);
-  void createNetworkCache(int netId);
-  void destroyNetworkCache(int netId);
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY = 0;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD = 1;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES = 2;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES = 3;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC = 4;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT = 5;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT = 6;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_SUCCESSES = 0;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_ERRORS = 1;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_TIMEOUTS = 2;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS = 3;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_RTT_AVG = 4;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME = 5;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_USABLE = 6;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_COUNT = 7;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/1/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl b/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/1/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl
deleted file mode 100644
index b808bae..0000000
--- a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/1/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-package android.net;
-parcelable ResolverParamsParcel {
-  int netId;
-  int sampleValiditySeconds;
-  int successThreshold;
-  int minSamples;
-  int maxSamples;
-  int baseTimeoutMsec;
-  int retryCount;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] servers;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] domains;
-  @utf8InCpp String tlsName;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] tlsServers;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] tlsFingerprints;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/2/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl b/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/2/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl
deleted file mode 100644
index 846bbec..0000000
--- a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/2/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-// This file is a frozen snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not
-// try to edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have
-// modified an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a
-// function from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the
-// build. That breakage is intended.
-//
-// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
-// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
-// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
-// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
-// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
-// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
-
-package android.net;
-interface IDnsResolver {
-  boolean isAlive();
-  void registerEventListener(android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener listener);
-  void setResolverConfiguration(in android.net.ResolverParamsParcel resolverParams);
-  void getResolverInfo(int netId, out @utf8InCpp String[] servers, out @utf8InCpp String[] domains, out @utf8InCpp String[] tlsServers, out int[] params, out int[] stats, out int[] wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-  void startPrefix64Discovery(int netId);
-  void stopPrefix64Discovery(int netId);
-  @utf8InCpp String getPrefix64(int netId);
-  void createNetworkCache(int netId);
-  void destroyNetworkCache(int netId);
-  void setLogSeverity(int logSeverity);
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY = 0;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD = 1;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES = 2;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES = 3;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC = 4;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT = 5;
-  const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT = 6;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_SUCCESSES = 0;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_ERRORS = 1;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_TIMEOUTS = 2;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS = 3;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_RTT_AVG = 4;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME = 5;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_USABLE = 6;
-  const int RESOLVER_STATS_COUNT = 7;
-  const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_VERBOSE = 0;
-  const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_DEBUG = 1;
-  const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_INFO = 2;
-  const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_WARNING = 3;
-  const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_ERROR = 4;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/2/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl b/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/2/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl
deleted file mode 100644
index a37f938..0000000
--- a/resolv/aidl/dnsresolver/2/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-// This file is a frozen snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not
-// try to edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have
-// modified an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a
-// function from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the
-// build. That breakage is intended.
-//
-// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
-// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
-// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
-// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
-// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
-// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
-
-package android.net;
-parcelable ResolverParamsParcel {
-  int netId;
-  int sampleValiditySeconds;
-  int successThreshold;
-  int minSamples;
-  int maxSamples;
-  int baseTimeoutMsec;
-  int retryCount;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] servers;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] domains;
-  @utf8InCpp String tlsName;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] tlsServers;
-  @utf8InCpp String[] tlsFingerprints;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/binder/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl b/resolv/binder/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl
deleted file mode 100644
index f6f4092..0000000
--- a/resolv/binder/android/net/IDnsResolver.aidl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net;
-
-import android.net.ResolverParamsParcel;
-import android.net.metrics.INetdEventListener;
-
-/** {@hide} */
-interface IDnsResolver {
-    /**
-     * Returns true if the service is responding.
-     */
-    boolean isAlive();
-
-   /**
-    * Register event listener
-    * DnsResolver supports multiple event listeners, but only one per unique address of the
-    * binder interface. A newer listener won't be registered if DnsResolver has an old one on
-    * the same address of the binder interface.
-    *
-    * @param listener event listener to register.
-    * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code corresponding to the
-    *         unix errno.
-    */
-    void registerEventListener(INetdEventListener listener);
-
-    // TODO: Delete these from the public interface
-    // Array indices for resolver parameters.
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY = 0;
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD = 1;
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES = 2;
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES = 3;
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC = 4;
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT = 5;
-    const int RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT = 6;
-
-    /**
-     * Sets the name servers, search domains and resolver params for the given network. Flushes the
-     * cache as needed (i.e. when the servers or the number of samples to store changes).
-     *
-     * @param resolverParams the resolver parameters to be wrapped into parcel.
-     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code corresponding to the
-     *         unix errno.
-     */
-    void setResolverConfiguration(in ResolverParamsParcel resolverParams);
-
-    // Array indices for resolver stats.
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_SUCCESSES = 0;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_ERRORS = 1;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_TIMEOUTS = 2;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_INTERNAL_ERRORS = 3;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_RTT_AVG = 4;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_LAST_SAMPLE_TIME = 5;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_USABLE = 6;
-    const int RESOLVER_STATS_COUNT = 7;
-
-    /**
-     * Retrieves the name servers, search domains and resolver stats associated with the given
-     * network ID.
-     *
-     * @param netId the network ID of the network for which information should be retrieved.
-     * @param servers the DNS servers that are currently configured for the network.
-     * @param domains the search domains currently configured.
-     * @param tlsServers the DNS-over-TLS servers that are currently configured for the network.
-     * @param params the resolver parameters configured, i.e. the contents of __res_params in order.
-     * @param stats the stats for each server in the order specified by RESOLVER_STATS_XXX
-     *         constants, serialized as an int array. The contents of this array are the number of
-     *         <ul>
-     *           <li> successes,
-     *           <li> errors,
-     *           <li> timeouts,
-     *           <li> internal errors,
-     *           <li> the RTT average,
-     *           <li> the time of the last recorded sample,
-     *           <li> and an integer indicating whether the server is usable (1) or broken (0).
-     *         </ul>
-     *         in this order. For example, the timeout counter for server N is stored at position
-     *         RESOLVER_STATS_COUNT*N + RESOLVER_STATS_TIMEOUTS
-     * @param wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count an internal counter used to count the number of
-     *        timeouts while resolver is handling concurrent DNS queries on the same hostname.
-     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code corresponding to the
-     *         unix errno.
-     *
-     * TODO: Consider replacing stats and params with parcelables.
-     */
-    void getResolverInfo(int netId, out @utf8InCpp String[] servers,
-            out @utf8InCpp String[] domains, out @utf8InCpp String[] tlsServers, out int[] params,
-            out int[] stats, out int[] wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-
-    /**
-     * Starts NAT64 prefix discovery on the given network.
-     *
-     * @param netId the netId to start prefix discovery on.
-     */
-    void startPrefix64Discovery(int netId);
-
-    /**
-     * Stops NAT64 prefix discovery on the given network.
-     *
-     * @param netId the netId to stop prefix discovery on.
-     */
-    void stopPrefix64Discovery(int netId);
-
-    /**
-     * Get NAT64 prefix in format Pref64::/n which is described in RFC6147 section 2. This
-     * interface is used for internal test only. Don't use it for other purposes because doing so
-     * would cause race conditions with the NAT64 prefix notifications.
-     *
-     * @param netId the network ID of the network to get the prefix
-     * @return the NAT64 prefix if the query operation was successful
-     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
-     *         cause of the the failure.
-     *
-     * TODO: Remove this once the tests have been updated to listen for onNat64PrefixEvent.
-     */
-    @utf8InCpp String getPrefix64(int netId);
-
-    /**
-     * Create cache for the given network.
-     *
-     * @param netId the network ID of the network to create.
-     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
-     *         cause of the failure.
-     */
-    void createNetworkCache(int netId);
-
-    /**
-     * Destroy cache for the given network.
-     *
-     * @param netId the network ID of the network to destroy.
-     */
-    void destroyNetworkCache(int netId);
-
-    // Refer to enum LogSeverity from system/core/base/include/android-base/logging.h
-    const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_VERBOSE = 0;
-    const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_DEBUG = 1;
-    const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_INFO = 2;
-    const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_WARNING = 3;
-    const int DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_ERROR = 4;
-
-    /**
-     * Set DNS resolver log severity
-     *
-     * @param logSeverity print log in "VERBOSE", "DEBUG", "INFO", "WARNING", "ERROR".
-     *
-     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code corresponding to the
-     *         POSIX errno.
-     */
-    void setLogSeverity(int logSeverity);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/binder/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl b/resolv/binder/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl
deleted file mode 100644
index d25880f..0000000
--- a/resolv/binder/android/net/ResolverParamsParcel.aidl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net;
-
-/**
- * Configuration for a resolver parameters.
- *
- * {@hide}
- */
-parcelable ResolverParamsParcel {
-    /**
-     * The network ID of the network for which information should be configured.
-     */
-    int netId;
-
-    /**
-     * Sample lifetime in seconds.
-     */
-    int sampleValiditySeconds;
-
-    /**
-     * Use to judge if the server is considered broken.
-     */
-    int successThreshold;
-
-    /**
-     * Min. # samples.
-     */
-    int minSamples;
-
-    /**
-     * Max # samples.
-     */
-    int maxSamples;
-
-    /**
-     * Retransmission interval in milliseconds.
-     */
-    int baseTimeoutMsec;
-
-    /**
-     * Number of retries.
-     */
-    int retryCount;
-
-    /**
-     * The DNS servers to configure for the network.
-     */
-    @utf8InCpp String[] servers;
-
-    /**
-     * The search domains to configure.
-     */
-    @utf8InCpp String[] domains;
-
-    /**
-     * The TLS subject name to require for all servers, or empty if there is none.
-     */
-    @utf8InCpp String   tlsName;
-
-    /**
-     * The DNS servers to configure for strict mode Private DNS.
-     */
-    @utf8InCpp String[] tlsServers;
-
-    /**
-     * An array containing TLS public key fingerprints (pins) of which each server must match
-     * at least one, or empty if there are no pinned keys.
-     */
-    // DEPRECATED: remove tlsFingerprints in new code
-    @utf8InCpp String[] tlsFingerprints;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/Android.bp b/resolv/dns_responder/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c28c21..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-cc_library_static {
-    name: "libnetd_test_dnsresponder",
-    defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libbinder",
-        "liblog",
-        "libnetd_client",
-        "libnetdutils",
-        "libssl",
-        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-    ],
-    static_libs: ["libutils"],
-    include_dirs: [
-        "system/netd/server",
-    ],
-    srcs: [
-        "dns_responder.cpp",
-        "dns_responder_client.cpp",
-        "dns_tls_frontend.cpp",
-    ],
-    export_include_dirs: ["."],
-}
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder.cpp b/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 5047255..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,994 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "dns_responder.h"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/epoll.h>
-#include <sys/eventfd.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <set>
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <vector>
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DNSResponder"
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <netdutils/SocketOption.h>
-
-#include "NetdConstants.h"
-
-using android::netdutils::enableSockopt;
-
-namespace test {
-
-std::string errno2str() {
-    char error_msg[512] = { 0 };
-    // It actually calls __gnu_strerror_r() which returns the type |char*| rather than |int|.
-    // PLOG is an option though it requires lots of changes from ALOGx() to LOG(x).
-    return strerror_r(errno, error_msg, sizeof(error_msg));
-}
-
-#define APLOGI(fmt, ...) ALOGI(fmt ": [%d] %s", __VA_ARGS__, errno, errno2str().c_str())
-
-#if 0
-#define DBGLOG(fmt, ...) ALOGI(fmt, __VA_ARGS__)
-#else
-#define DBGLOG(fmt, ...)
-#endif
-
-std::string str2hex(const char* buffer, size_t len) {
-    std::string str(len*2, '\0');
-    for (size_t i = 0 ; i < len ; ++i) {
-        static const char* hex = "0123456789ABCDEF";
-        uint8_t c = buffer[i];
-        str[i*2] = hex[c >> 4];
-        str[i*2 + 1] = hex[c & 0x0F];
-    }
-    return str;
-}
-
-std::string addr2str(const sockaddr* sa, socklen_t sa_len) {
-    char host_str[NI_MAXHOST] = { 0 };
-    int rv = getnameinfo(sa, sa_len, host_str, sizeof(host_str), nullptr, 0,
-                         NI_NUMERICHOST);
-    if (rv == 0) return std::string(host_str);
-    return std::string();
-}
-
-/* DNS struct helpers */
-
-const char* dnstype2str(unsigned dnstype) {
-    static std::unordered_map<unsigned, const char*> kTypeStrs = {
-        { ns_type::ns_t_a, "A" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_ns, "NS" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_md, "MD" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_mf, "MF" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_cname, "CNAME" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_soa, "SOA" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_mb, "MB" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_mb, "MG" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_mr, "MR" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_null, "NULL" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_wks, "WKS" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_ptr, "PTR" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_hinfo, "HINFO" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_minfo, "MINFO" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_mx, "MX" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_txt, "TXT" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_rp, "RP" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_afsdb, "AFSDB" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_x25, "X25" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_isdn, "ISDN" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_rt, "RT" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_nsap, "NSAP" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_nsap_ptr, "NSAP-PTR" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_sig, "SIG" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_key, "KEY" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_px, "PX" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_gpos, "GPOS" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "AAAA" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_loc, "LOC" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_nxt, "NXT" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_eid, "EID" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_nimloc, "NIMLOC" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_srv, "SRV" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_naptr, "NAPTR" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_kx, "KX" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_cert, "CERT" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_a6, "A6" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_dname, "DNAME" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_sink, "SINK" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_opt, "OPT" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_apl, "APL" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_tkey, "TKEY" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_tsig, "TSIG" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_ixfr, "IXFR" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_axfr, "AXFR" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_mailb, "MAILB" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_maila, "MAILA" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_any, "ANY" },
-        { ns_type::ns_t_zxfr, "ZXFR" },
-    };
-    auto it = kTypeStrs.find(dnstype);
-    static const char* kUnknownStr{ "UNKNOWN" };
-    if (it == kTypeStrs.end()) return kUnknownStr;
-    return it->second;
-}
-
-const char* dnsclass2str(unsigned dnsclass) {
-    static std::unordered_map<unsigned, const char*> kClassStrs = {
-        { ns_class::ns_c_in , "Internet" },
-        { 2, "CSNet" },
-        { ns_class::ns_c_chaos, "ChaosNet" },
-        { ns_class::ns_c_hs, "Hesiod" },
-        { ns_class::ns_c_none, "none" },
-        { ns_class::ns_c_any, "any" }
-    };
-    auto it = kClassStrs.find(dnsclass);
-    static const char* kUnknownStr{ "UNKNOWN" };
-    if (it == kClassStrs.end()) return kUnknownStr;
-    return it->second;
-}
-
-struct DNSName {
-    std::string name;
-    const char* read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end);
-    char* write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const;
-    const char* toString() const;
-private:
-    const char* parseField(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end,
-                           bool* last);
-};
-
-const char* DNSName::toString() const {
-    return name.c_str();
-}
-
-const char* DNSName::read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) {
-    const char* cur = buffer;
-    bool last = false;
-    do {
-        cur = parseField(cur, buffer_end, &last);
-        if (cur == nullptr) {
-            ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    } while (!last);
-    return cur;
-}
-
-char* DNSName::write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const {
-    char* buffer_cur = buffer;
-    for (size_t pos = 0 ; pos < name.size() ; ) {
-        size_t dot_pos = name.find('.', pos);
-        if (dot_pos == std::string::npos) {
-            // Sanity check, should never happen unless parseField is broken.
-            ALOGI("logic error: all names are expected to end with a '.'");
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        size_t len = dot_pos - pos;
-        if (len >= 256) {
-            ALOGI("name component '%s' is %zu long, but max is 255",
-                    name.substr(pos, dot_pos - pos).c_str(), len);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        if (buffer_cur + sizeof(uint8_t) + len > buffer_end) {
-            ALOGI("buffer overflow at line %d", __LINE__);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        *buffer_cur++ = len;
-        buffer_cur = std::copy(std::next(name.begin(), pos),
-                               std::next(name.begin(), dot_pos),
-                               buffer_cur);
-        pos = dot_pos + 1;
-    }
-    // Write final zero.
-    *buffer_cur++ = 0;
-    return buffer_cur;
-}
-
-const char* DNSName::parseField(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end,
-                                bool* last) {
-    if (buffer + sizeof(uint8_t) > buffer_end) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    unsigned field_type = *buffer >> 6;
-    unsigned ofs = *buffer & 0x3F;
-    const char* cur = buffer + sizeof(uint8_t);
-    if (field_type == 0) {
-        // length + name component
-        if (ofs == 0) {
-            *last = true;
-            return cur;
-        }
-        if (cur + ofs > buffer_end) {
-            ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        name.append(cur, ofs);
-        name.push_back('.');
-        return cur + ofs;
-    } else if (field_type == 3) {
-        ALOGI("name compression not implemented");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    ALOGI("invalid name field type");
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-struct DNSQuestion {
-    DNSName qname;
-    unsigned qtype;
-    unsigned qclass;
-    const char* read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end);
-    char* write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const;
-    std::string toString() const;
-};
-
-const char* DNSQuestion::read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) {
-    const char* cur = qname.read(buffer, buffer_end);
-    if (cur == nullptr) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (cur + 2*sizeof(uint16_t) > buffer_end) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    qtype = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cur));
-    qclass = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cur + sizeof(uint16_t)));
-    return cur + 2*sizeof(uint16_t);
-}
-
-char* DNSQuestion::write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const {
-    char* buffer_cur = qname.write(buffer, buffer_end);
-    if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    if (buffer_cur + 2*sizeof(uint16_t) > buffer_end) {
-        ALOGI("buffer overflow on line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(buffer_cur) = htons(qtype);
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(buffer_cur + sizeof(uint16_t)) =
-            htons(qclass);
-    return buffer_cur + 2*sizeof(uint16_t);
-}
-
-std::string DNSQuestion::toString() const {
-    char buffer[4096];
-    int len = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "Q<%s,%s,%s>", qname.toString(),
-                       dnstype2str(qtype), dnsclass2str(qclass));
-    return std::string(buffer, len);
-}
-
-struct DNSRecord {
-    DNSName name;
-    unsigned rtype;
-    unsigned rclass;
-    unsigned ttl;
-    std::vector<char> rdata;
-    const char* read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end);
-    char* write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const;
-    std::string toString() const;
-private:
-    struct IntFields {
-        uint16_t rtype;
-        uint16_t rclass;
-        uint32_t ttl;
-        uint16_t rdlen;
-    } __attribute__((__packed__));
-
-    const char* readIntFields(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end,
-            unsigned* rdlen);
-    char* writeIntFields(unsigned rdlen, char* buffer,
-                         const char* buffer_end) const;
-};
-
-const char* DNSRecord::read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) {
-    const char* cur = name.read(buffer, buffer_end);
-    if (cur == nullptr) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    unsigned rdlen = 0;
-    cur = readIntFields(cur, buffer_end, &rdlen);
-    if (cur == nullptr) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (cur + rdlen > buffer_end) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    rdata.assign(cur, cur + rdlen);
-    return cur + rdlen;
-}
-
-char* DNSRecord::write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const {
-    char* buffer_cur = name.write(buffer, buffer_end);
-    if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    buffer_cur = writeIntFields(rdata.size(), buffer_cur, buffer_end);
-    if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    if (buffer_cur + rdata.size() > buffer_end) {
-        ALOGI("buffer overflow on line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    return std::copy(rdata.begin(), rdata.end(), buffer_cur);
-}
-
-std::string DNSRecord::toString() const {
-    char buffer[4096];
-    int len = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "R<%s,%s,%s>", name.toString(),
-                       dnstype2str(rtype), dnsclass2str(rclass));
-    return std::string(buffer, len);
-}
-
-const char* DNSRecord::readIntFields(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end,
-                                     unsigned* rdlen) {
-    if (buffer + sizeof(IntFields) > buffer_end ) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    const auto& intfields = *reinterpret_cast<const IntFields*>(buffer);
-    rtype = ntohs(intfields.rtype);
-    rclass = ntohs(intfields.rclass);
-    ttl = ntohl(intfields.ttl);
-    *rdlen = ntohs(intfields.rdlen);
-    return buffer + sizeof(IntFields);
-}
-
-char* DNSRecord::writeIntFields(unsigned rdlen, char* buffer,
-                                const char* buffer_end) const {
-    if (buffer + sizeof(IntFields) > buffer_end ) {
-        ALOGI("buffer overflow on line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    auto& intfields = *reinterpret_cast<IntFields*>(buffer);
-    intfields.rtype = htons(rtype);
-    intfields.rclass = htons(rclass);
-    intfields.ttl = htonl(ttl);
-    intfields.rdlen = htons(rdlen);
-    return buffer + sizeof(IntFields);
-}
-
-struct DNSHeader {
-    unsigned id;
-    bool ra;
-    uint8_t rcode;
-    bool qr;
-    uint8_t opcode;
-    bool aa;
-    bool tr;
-    bool rd;
-    bool ad;
-    std::vector<DNSQuestion> questions;
-    std::vector<DNSRecord> answers;
-    std::vector<DNSRecord> authorities;
-    std::vector<DNSRecord> additionals;
-    const char* read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end);
-    char* write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const;
-    std::string toString() const;
-
-private:
-    struct Header {
-        uint16_t id;
-        uint8_t flags0;
-        uint8_t flags1;
-        uint16_t qdcount;
-        uint16_t ancount;
-        uint16_t nscount;
-        uint16_t arcount;
-    } __attribute__((__packed__));
-
-    const char* readHeader(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end,
-                           unsigned* qdcount, unsigned* ancount,
-                           unsigned* nscount, unsigned* arcount);
-};
-
-const char* DNSHeader::read(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) {
-    unsigned qdcount;
-    unsigned ancount;
-    unsigned nscount;
-    unsigned arcount;
-    const char* cur = readHeader(buffer, buffer_end, &qdcount, &ancount,
-                                 &nscount, &arcount);
-    if (cur == nullptr) {
-        ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (qdcount) {
-        questions.resize(qdcount);
-        for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < qdcount ; ++i) {
-            cur = questions[i].read(cur, buffer_end);
-            if (cur == nullptr) {
-                ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (ancount) {
-        answers.resize(ancount);
-        for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < ancount ; ++i) {
-            cur = answers[i].read(cur, buffer_end);
-            if (cur == nullptr) {
-                ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (nscount) {
-        authorities.resize(nscount);
-        for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < nscount ; ++i) {
-            cur = authorities[i].read(cur, buffer_end);
-            if (cur == nullptr) {
-                ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (arcount) {
-        additionals.resize(arcount);
-        for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < arcount ; ++i) {
-            cur = additionals[i].read(cur, buffer_end);
-            if (cur == nullptr) {
-                ALOGI("parsing failed at line %d", __LINE__);
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return cur;
-}
-
-char* DNSHeader::write(char* buffer, const char* buffer_end) const {
-    if (buffer + sizeof(Header) > buffer_end) {
-        ALOGI("buffer overflow on line %d", __LINE__);
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    Header& header = *reinterpret_cast<Header*>(buffer);
-    // bytes 0-1
-    header.id = htons(id);
-    // byte 2: 7:qr, 3-6:opcode, 2:aa, 1:tr, 0:rd
-    header.flags0 = (qr << 7) | (opcode << 3) | (aa << 2) | (tr << 1) | rd;
-    // byte 3: 7:ra, 6:zero, 5:ad, 4:cd, 0-3:rcode
-    // Fake behavior: if the query set the "ad" bit, set it in the response too.
-    // In a real server, this should be set only if the data is authentic and the
-    // query contained an "ad" bit or DNSSEC extensions.
-    header.flags1 = (ad << 5) | rcode;
-    // rest of header
-    header.qdcount = htons(questions.size());
-    header.ancount = htons(answers.size());
-    header.nscount = htons(authorities.size());
-    header.arcount = htons(additionals.size());
-    char* buffer_cur = buffer + sizeof(Header);
-    for (const DNSQuestion& question : questions) {
-        buffer_cur = question.write(buffer_cur, buffer_end);
-        if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (const DNSRecord& answer : answers) {
-        buffer_cur = answer.write(buffer_cur, buffer_end);
-        if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (const DNSRecord& authority : authorities) {
-        buffer_cur = authority.write(buffer_cur, buffer_end);
-        if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (const DNSRecord& additional : additionals) {
-        buffer_cur = additional.write(buffer_cur, buffer_end);
-        if (buffer_cur == nullptr) return nullptr;
-    }
-    return buffer_cur;
-}
-
-std::string DNSHeader::toString() const {
-    // TODO
-    return std::string();
-}
-
-const char* DNSHeader::readHeader(const char* buffer, const char* buffer_end,
-                                  unsigned* qdcount, unsigned* ancount,
-                                  unsigned* nscount, unsigned* arcount) {
-    if (buffer + sizeof(Header) > buffer_end)
-        return nullptr;
-    const auto& header = *reinterpret_cast<const Header*>(buffer);
-    // bytes 0-1
-    id = ntohs(header.id);
-    // byte 2: 7:qr, 3-6:opcode, 2:aa, 1:tr, 0:rd
-    qr = header.flags0 >> 7;
-    opcode = (header.flags0 >> 3) & 0x0F;
-    aa = (header.flags0 >> 2) & 1;
-    tr = (header.flags0 >> 1) & 1;
-    rd = header.flags0 & 1;
-    // byte 3: 7:ra, 6:zero, 5:ad, 4:cd, 0-3:rcode
-    ra = header.flags1 >> 7;
-    ad = (header.flags1 >> 5) & 1;
-    rcode = header.flags1 & 0xF;
-    // rest of header
-    *qdcount = ntohs(header.qdcount);
-    *ancount = ntohs(header.ancount);
-    *nscount = ntohs(header.nscount);
-    *arcount = ntohs(header.arcount);
-    return buffer + sizeof(Header);
-}
-
-/* DNS responder */
-
-DNSResponder::DNSResponder(std::string listen_address, std::string listen_service,
-                           int poll_timeout_ms, ns_rcode error_rcode)
-    : listen_address_(std::move(listen_address)),
-      listen_service_(std::move(listen_service)),
-      poll_timeout_ms_(poll_timeout_ms),
-      error_rcode_(error_rcode) {}
-
-DNSResponder::~DNSResponder() {
-    stopServer();
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::addMapping(const std::string& name, ns_type type, const std::string& addr) {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mappings_mutex_);
-    auto it = mappings_.find(QueryKey(name, type));
-    if (it != mappings_.end()) {
-        ALOGI("Overwriting mapping for (%s, %s), previous address %s, new "
-              "address %s",
-              name.c_str(), dnstype2str(type), it->second.c_str(), addr.c_str());
-        it->second = addr;
-        return;
-    }
-    mappings_.try_emplace({name, type}, addr);
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::removeMapping(const std::string& name, ns_type type) {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mappings_mutex_);
-    auto it = mappings_.find(QueryKey(name, type));
-    if (it != mappings_.end()) {
-        ALOGI("Cannot remove mapping mapping from (%s, %s), not present", name.c_str(),
-              dnstype2str(type));
-        return;
-    }
-    mappings_.erase(it);
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::setResponseProbability(double response_probability) {
-    response_probability_ = response_probability;
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::setEdns(Edns edns) {
-    edns_ = edns;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::running() const {
-    return socket_.get() != -1;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::startServer() {
-    if (running()) {
-        ALOGI("server already running");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Set up UDP socket.
-    addrinfo ai_hints{
-        .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
-        .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM,
-        .ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE
-    };
-    addrinfo* ai_res = nullptr;
-    int rv = getaddrinfo(listen_address_.c_str(), listen_service_.c_str(),
-                         &ai_hints, &ai_res);
-    ScopedAddrinfo ai_res_cleanup(ai_res);
-    if (rv) {
-        ALOGI("getaddrinfo(%s, %s) failed: %s", listen_address_.c_str(),
-            listen_service_.c_str(), gai_strerror(rv));
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (const addrinfo* ai = ai_res ; ai ; ai = ai->ai_next) {
-        socket_.reset(socket(ai->ai_family, ai->ai_socktype | SOCK_NONBLOCK, ai->ai_protocol));
-        if (socket_.get() < 0) {
-            APLOGI("ignore creating socket %d failed", socket_.get());
-            continue;
-        }
-        enableSockopt(socket_.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT).ignoreError();
-        enableSockopt(socket_.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR).ignoreError();
-        std::string host_str = addr2str(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
-        if (bind(socket_.get(), ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen)) {
-            APLOGI("failed to bind UDP %s:%s", host_str.c_str(), listen_service_.c_str());
-            continue;
-        }
-        ALOGI("bound to UDP %s:%s", host_str.c_str(), listen_service_.c_str());
-        break;
-    }
-
-    // Set up eventfd socket.
-    event_fd_.reset(eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC));
-    if (event_fd_.get() == -1) {
-        APLOGI("failed to create eventfd %d", event_fd_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Set up epoll socket.
-    epoll_fd_.reset(epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC));
-    if (epoll_fd_.get() < 0) {
-        APLOGI("epoll_create1() failed on fd %d", epoll_fd_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ALOGI("adding socket %d to epoll", socket_.get());
-    if (!addFd(socket_.get(), EPOLLIN)) {
-        ALOGE("failed to add the socket %d to epoll", socket_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-    ALOGI("adding eventfd %d to epoll", event_fd_.get());
-    if (!addFd(event_fd_.get(), EPOLLIN)) {
-        ALOGE("failed to add the eventfd %d to epoll", event_fd_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    {
-        std::lock_guard lock(update_mutex_);
-        handler_thread_ = std::thread(&DNSResponder::requestHandler, this);
-    }
-    ALOGI("server started successfully");
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::stopServer() {
-    std::lock_guard lock(update_mutex_);
-    if (!running()) {
-        ALOGI("server not running");
-        return false;
-    }
-    ALOGI("stopping server");
-    if (!sendToEventFd()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    handler_thread_.join();
-    epoll_fd_.reset();
-    socket_.reset();
-    ALOGI("server stopped successfully");
-    return true;
-}
-
-std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ns_type >> DNSResponder::queries() const {
-    std::lock_guard lock(queries_mutex_);
-    return queries_;
-}
-
-std::string DNSResponder::dumpQueries() const {
-    std::lock_guard lock(queries_mutex_);
-    std::string out;
-    for (const auto& q : queries_) {
-        out += "{\"" + q.first + "\", " + std::to_string(q.second) + "} ";
-    }
-    return out;
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::clearQueries() {
-    std::lock_guard lock(queries_mutex_);
-    queries_.clear();
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::requestHandler() {
-    epoll_event evs[EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS];
-    while (true) {
-        int n = epoll_wait(epoll_fd_.get(), evs, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, poll_timeout_ms_);
-        if (n == 0) continue;
-        if (n < 0) {
-            APLOGI("epoll_wait() failed, n=%d", n);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            const int fd = evs[i].data.fd;
-            const uint32_t events = evs[i].events;
-            if (fd == event_fd_.get() && (events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR))) {
-                handleEventFd();
-                return;
-            } else if (fd == socket_.get() && (events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLERR))) {
-                handleQuery();
-            } else {
-                ALOGW("unexpected epoll events 0x%x on fd %d", events, fd);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::handleDNSRequest(const char* buffer, ssize_t len,
-                                    char* response, size_t* response_len)
-                                    const {
-    DBGLOG("request: '%s'", str2hex(buffer, len).c_str());
-    const char* buffer_end = buffer + len;
-    DNSHeader header;
-    const char* cur = header.read(buffer, buffer_end);
-    // TODO(imaipi): for now, unparsable messages are silently dropped, fix.
-    if (cur == nullptr) {
-        ALOGI("failed to parse query");
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header.qr) {
-        ALOGI("response received instead of a query");
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (header.opcode != ns_opcode::ns_o_query) {
-        ALOGI("unsupported request opcode received");
-        return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_notimpl, response,
-                                 response_len);
-    }
-    if (header.questions.empty()) {
-        ALOGI("no questions present");
-        return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_formerr, response,
-                                 response_len);
-    }
-    if (!header.answers.empty()) {
-        ALOGI("already %zu answers present in query", header.answers.size());
-        return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_formerr, response,
-                                 response_len);
-    }
-
-    if (edns_ == Edns::FORMERR_UNCOND) {
-        ALOGI("force to return RCODE FORMERR");
-        return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_formerr, response, response_len);
-    }
-
-    if (!header.additionals.empty() && edns_ != Edns::ON) {
-        ALOGI("DNS request has an additional section (assumed EDNS). "
-              "Simulating an ancient (pre-EDNS) server, and returning %s",
-              edns_ == Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS ? "RCODE FORMERR." : "no response.");
-        if (edns_ == Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS) {
-            return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_formerr, response, response_len);
-        }
-        // No response.
-        return false;
-    }
-    {
-        std::lock_guard lock(queries_mutex_);
-        for (const DNSQuestion& question : header.questions) {
-            queries_.push_back(make_pair(question.qname.name,
-                                         ns_type(question.qtype)));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Ignore requests with the preset probability.
-    auto constexpr bound = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
-    if (arc4random_uniform(bound) > bound * response_probability_) {
-        if (error_rcode_ < 0) {
-            ALOGI("Returning no response");
-            return false;
-        } else {
-            ALOGI("returning RCODE %d in accordance with probability distribution",
-                  static_cast<int>(error_rcode_));
-            return makeErrorResponse(&header, error_rcode_, response, response_len);
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (const DNSQuestion& question : header.questions) {
-        if (question.qclass != ns_class::ns_c_in &&
-            question.qclass != ns_class::ns_c_any) {
-            ALOGI("unsupported question class %u", question.qclass);
-            return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_notimpl, response,
-                                     response_len);
-        }
-
-        if (!addAnswerRecords(question, &header.answers)) {
-            return makeErrorResponse(&header, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail, response, response_len);
-        }
-    }
-
-    header.qr = true;
-    char* response_cur = header.write(response, response + *response_len);
-    if (response_cur == nullptr) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    *response_len = response_cur - response;
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::addAnswerRecords(const DNSQuestion& question,
-                                    std::vector<DNSRecord>* answers) const {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mappings_mutex_);
-    std::string rname = question.qname.name;
-    std::vector<int> rtypes;
-
-    if (question.qtype == ns_type::ns_t_a || question.qtype == ns_type::ns_t_aaaa)
-        rtypes.push_back(ns_type::ns_t_cname);
-    rtypes.push_back(question.qtype);
-    for (int rtype : rtypes) {
-        std::set<std::string> cnames_Loop;
-        std::unordered_map<QueryKey, std::string, QueryKeyHash>::const_iterator it;
-        while ((it = mappings_.find(QueryKey(rname, rtype))) != mappings_.end()) {
-            if (rtype == ns_type::ns_t_cname) {
-                // When detect CNAME infinite loops by cnames_Loop, it won't save the duplicate one.
-                // As following, the query will stop on loop3 by detecting the same cname.
-                // loop1.{"a.xxx.com", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "b.xxx.com"}(insert in answer record)
-                // loop2.{"b.xxx.com", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "a.xxx.com"}(insert in answer record)
-                // loop3.{"a.xxx.com", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "b.xxx.com"}(When the same cname record
-                //   is found in cnames_Loop already, break the query loop.)
-                if (cnames_Loop.find(it->first.name) != cnames_Loop.end()) break;
-                cnames_Loop.insert(it->first.name);
-            }
-            DNSRecord record{
-                    .name = {.name = it->first.name},
-                    .rtype = it->first.type,
-                    .rclass = ns_class::ns_c_in,
-                    .ttl = 5,  // seconds
-            };
-            fillAnswerRdata(it->second, record);
-            answers->push_back(std::move(record));
-            if (rtype != ns_type::ns_t_cname) break;
-            rname = it->second;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (answers->size() == 0) {
-        // TODO(imaipi): handle correctly
-        ALOGI("no mapping found for %s %s, lazily refusing to add an answer",
-              question.qname.name.c_str(), dnstype2str(question.qtype));
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::fillAnswerRdata(const std::string& rdatastr, DNSRecord& record) const {
-    if (record.rtype == ns_type::ns_t_a) {
-        record.rdata.resize(4);
-        if (inet_pton(AF_INET, rdatastr.c_str(), record.rdata.data()) != 1) {
-            ALOGI("inet_pton(AF_INET, %s) failed", rdatastr.c_str());
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else if (record.rtype == ns_type::ns_t_aaaa) {
-        record.rdata.resize(16);
-        if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, rdatastr.c_str(), record.rdata.data()) != 1) {
-            ALOGI("inet_pton(AF_INET6, %s) failed", rdatastr.c_str());
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else if ((record.rtype == ns_type::ns_t_ptr) || (record.rtype == ns_type::ns_t_cname)) {
-        constexpr char delimiter = '.';
-        std::string name = rdatastr;
-        std::vector<char> rdata;
-
-        // Generating PTRDNAME field(section 3.3.12) or CNAME field(section 3.3.1) in rfc1035.
-        // The "name" should be an absolute domain name which ends in a dot.
-        if (name.back() != delimiter) {
-            ALOGI("invalid absolute domain name");
-            return false;
-        }
-        name.pop_back();  // remove the dot in tail
-        for (const std::string& label : android::base::Split(name, {delimiter})) {
-            // The length of label is limited to 63 octets or less. See RFC 1035 section 3.1.
-            if (label.length() == 0 || label.length() > 63) {
-                ALOGI("invalid label length");
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            rdata.push_back(label.length());
-            rdata.insert(rdata.end(), label.begin(), label.end());
-        }
-        rdata.push_back(0);  // Length byte of zero terminates the label list
-
-        // The length of domain name is limited to 255 octets or less. See RFC 1035 section 3.1.
-        if (rdata.size() > 255) {
-            ALOGI("invalid name length");
-            return false;
-        }
-        record.rdata = move(rdata);
-    } else {
-        ALOGI("unhandled qtype %s", dnstype2str(record.rtype));
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::makeErrorResponse(DNSHeader* header, ns_rcode rcode,
-                                     char* response, size_t* response_len)
-                                     const {
-    header->answers.clear();
-    header->authorities.clear();
-    header->additionals.clear();
-    header->rcode = rcode;
-    header->qr = true;
-    char* response_cur = header->write(response, response + *response_len);
-    if (response_cur == nullptr) return false;
-    *response_len = response_cur - response;
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::setDeferredResp(bool deferred_resp) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> guard(cv_mutex_for_deferred_resp_);
-    deferred_resp_ = deferred_resp;
-    if (!deferred_resp_) {
-        cv_for_deferred_resp_.notify_one();
-    }
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::addFd(int fd, uint32_t events) {
-    epoll_event ev;
-    ev.events = events;
-    ev.data.fd = fd;
-    if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd_.get(), EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &ev) < 0) {
-        APLOGI("epoll_ctl() for socket %d failed", fd);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::handleQuery() {
-    char buffer[4096];
-    sockaddr_storage sa;
-    socklen_t sa_len = sizeof(sa);
-    ssize_t len;
-    do {
-        len = recvfrom(socket_.get(), buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, (sockaddr*)&sa, &sa_len);
-    } while (len < 0 && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR));
-    if (len <= 0) {
-        APLOGI("recvfrom() failed, len=%zu", len);
-        return;
-    }
-    DBGLOG("read %zd bytes", len);
-    std::lock_guard lock(cv_mutex_);
-    char response[4096];
-    size_t response_len = sizeof(response);
-    if (handleDNSRequest(buffer, len, response, &response_len) && response_len > 0) {
-        // place wait_for after handleDNSRequest() so we can check the number of queries in
-        // test case before it got responded.
-        std::unique_lock guard(cv_mutex_for_deferred_resp_);
-        cv_for_deferred_resp_.wait(
-                guard, [this]() REQUIRES(cv_mutex_for_deferred_resp_) { return !deferred_resp_; });
-
-        len = sendto(socket_.get(), response, response_len, 0,
-                     reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(&sa), sa_len);
-        std::string host_str = addr2str(reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(&sa), sa_len);
-        if (len > 0) {
-            DBGLOG("sent %zu bytes to %s", len, host_str.c_str());
-        } else {
-            APLOGI("sendto() failed for %s", host_str.c_str());
-        }
-        // Test that the response is actually a correct DNS message.
-        const char* response_end = response + len;
-        DNSHeader header;
-        const char* cur = header.read(response, response_end);
-        if (cur == nullptr) ALOGW("response is flawed");
-    } else {
-        ALOGW("not responding");
-    }
-    cv.notify_one();
-    return;
-}
-
-bool DNSResponder::sendToEventFd() {
-    const uint64_t data = 1;
-    if (const ssize_t rt = write(event_fd_.get(), &data, sizeof(data)); rt != sizeof(data)) {
-        APLOGI("failed to write eventfd, rt=%zd", rt);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DNSResponder::handleEventFd() {
-    int64_t data;
-    if (const ssize_t rt = read(event_fd_.get(), &data, sizeof(data)); rt != sizeof(data)) {
-        APLOGI("ignore reading eventfd failed, rt=%zd", rt);
-    }
-}
-
-}  // namespace test
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder.h b/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 99b601f..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,186 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless requied by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
-
-#ifndef DNS_RESPONDER_H
-#define DNS_RESPONDER_H
-
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-
-#include <atomic>
-#include <condition_variable>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
-
-namespace test {
-
-struct DNSHeader;
-struct DNSQuestion;
-struct DNSRecord;
-
-inline const std::string kDefaultListenAddr = "127.0.0.3";
-inline const std::string kDefaultListenService = "53";
-inline const int kDefaultPollTimoutMillis = -1;
-
-/*
- * Simple DNS responder, which replies to queries with the registered response
- * for that type. Class is assumed to be IN. If no response is registered, the
- * default error response code is returned.
- */
-class DNSResponder {
-  public:
-    DNSResponder(std::string listen_address = kDefaultListenAddr,
-                 std::string listen_service = kDefaultListenService,
-                 int poll_timeout_ms = kDefaultPollTimoutMillis,
-                 ns_rcode error_rcode = ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    ~DNSResponder();
-
-    enum class Edns : uint8_t {
-        ON,
-        FORMERR_ON_EDNS, // DNS server not supporting EDNS will reply FORMERR.
-        FORMERR_UNCOND,  // DNS server reply FORMERR unconditionally
-        DROP             // DNS server not supporting EDNS will not do any response.
-    };
-
-    void addMapping(const std::string& name, ns_type type, const std::string& addr);
-    void removeMapping(const std::string& name, ns_type type);
-    void setResponseProbability(double response_probability);
-    void setEdns(Edns edns);
-    bool running() const;
-    bool startServer();
-    bool stopServer();
-    const std::string& listen_address() const {
-        return listen_address_;
-    }
-    const std::string& listen_service() const {
-        return listen_service_;
-    }
-    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ns_type>> queries() const;
-    std::string dumpQueries() const;
-    void clearQueries();
-    std::condition_variable& getCv() { return cv; }
-    std::mutex& getCvMutex() { return cv_mutex_; }
-    void setDeferredResp(bool deferred_resp);
-
-  private:
-    // Key used for accessing mappings.
-    struct QueryKey {
-        std::string name;
-        unsigned type;
-
-        QueryKey(std::string n, unsigned t) : name(move(n)), type(t) {}
-        bool operator == (const QueryKey& o) const {
-            return name == o.name && type == o.type;
-        }
-        bool operator < (const QueryKey& o) const {
-            if (name < o.name) return true;
-            if (name > o.name) return false;
-            return type < o.type;
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct QueryKeyHash {
-        size_t operator() (const QueryKey& key) const {
-            return std::hash<std::string>()(key.name) +
-                   static_cast<size_t>(key.type);
-        }
-    };
-
-    void requestHandler();
-
-    // Parses and generates a response message for incoming DNS requests.
-    // Returns false to ignore the request, which might be due to either parsing error
-    // or unresponsiveness.
-    bool handleDNSRequest(const char* buffer, ssize_t buffer_len,
-                          char* response, size_t* response_len) const;
-
-    bool addAnswerRecords(const DNSQuestion& question, std::vector<DNSRecord>* answers) const;
-
-    bool fillAnswerRdata(const std::string& rdatastr, DNSRecord& record) const;
-
-    bool generateErrorResponse(DNSHeader* header, ns_rcode rcode,
-                               char* response, size_t* response_len) const;
-    bool makeErrorResponse(DNSHeader* header, ns_rcode rcode, char* response,
-                           size_t* response_len) const;
-
-    // Add a new file descriptor to be polled by the handler thread.
-    bool addFd(int fd, uint32_t events);
-
-    // Read the query sent from the client and send the answer back to the client. It
-    // makes sure the I/O communicated with the client is correct.
-    void handleQuery();
-
-    // Trigger the handler thread to terminate.
-    bool sendToEventFd();
-
-    // Used in the handler thread for the termination signal.
-    void handleEventFd();
-
-    // Address and service to listen on, currently limited to UDP.
-    const std::string listen_address_;
-    const std::string listen_service_;
-    // epoll_wait() timeout in ms.
-    const int poll_timeout_ms_;
-    // Error code to return for requests for an unknown name.
-    const ns_rcode error_rcode_;
-    // Probability that a valid response is being sent instead of being sent
-    // instead of returning error_rcode_.
-    std::atomic<double> response_probability_ = 1.0;
-    // Maximum number of fds for epoll.
-    const int EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS = 2;
-
-    // Control how the DNS server behaves when it receives the requests containing OPT RR.
-    // If it's set Edns::ON, the server can recognize and reply the response; if it's set
-    // Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, the server behaves like an old DNS server that doesn't support EDNS0,
-    // and replying FORMERR; if it's Edns::DROP, the server doesn't support EDNS0 either, and
-    // ignoring the requests.
-    std::atomic<Edns> edns_ = Edns::ON;
-
-    // Mappings from (name, type) to registered response and the
-    // mutex protecting them.
-    std::unordered_map<QueryKey, std::string, QueryKeyHash> mappings_
-        GUARDED_BY(mappings_mutex_);
-    mutable std::mutex mappings_mutex_;
-    // Query names received so far and the corresponding mutex.
-    mutable std::vector<std::pair<std::string, ns_type>> queries_
-        GUARDED_BY(queries_mutex_);
-    mutable std::mutex queries_mutex_;
-    // Socket on which the server is listening.
-    android::base::unique_fd socket_;
-    // File descriptor for epoll.
-    android::base::unique_fd epoll_fd_;
-    // Eventfd used to signal for the handler thread termination.
-    android::base::unique_fd event_fd_;
-    // Thread for handling incoming threads.
-    std::thread handler_thread_ GUARDED_BY(update_mutex_);
-    std::mutex update_mutex_;
-    std::condition_variable cv;
-    std::mutex cv_mutex_;
-
-    std::condition_variable cv_for_deferred_resp_;
-    std::mutex cv_mutex_for_deferred_resp_;
-    bool deferred_resp_ GUARDED_BY(cv_mutex_for_deferred_resp_) = false;
-};
-
-}  // namespace test
-
-#endif  // DNS_RESPONDER_H
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder_client.cpp b/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder_client.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c71e04..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder_client.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "dns_responder_client"
-#include "dns_responder_client.h"
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
-// TODO: make this dynamic and stop depending on implementation details.
-#define TEST_OEM_NETWORK "oem29"
-#define TEST_NETID 30
-
-// TODO: move this somewhere shared.
-static const char* ANDROID_DNS_MODE = "ANDROID_DNS_MODE";
-
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::net::INetd;
-using android::net::ResolverParamsParcel;
-
-void DnsResponderClient::SetupMappings(unsigned num_hosts, const std::vector<std::string>& domains,
-        std::vector<Mapping>* mappings) {
-    mappings->resize(num_hosts * domains.size());
-    auto mappings_it = mappings->begin();
-    for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < num_hosts ; ++i) {
-        for (const auto& domain : domains) {
-            mappings_it->host = StringPrintf("host%u", i);
-            mappings_it->entry = StringPrintf("%s.%s.", mappings_it->host.c_str(),
-                    domain.c_str());
-            mappings_it->ip4 = StringPrintf("192.0.2.%u", i%253 + 1);
-            mappings_it->ip6 = StringPrintf("2001:db8::%x", i%65534 + 1);
-            ++mappings_it;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: Use SetResolverConfiguration() with ResolverParamsParcel struct directly.
-// DEPRECATED: Use SetResolverConfiguration() in new code
-static ResolverParamsParcel makeResolverParamsParcel(
-        int netId, const std::vector<int>& params, const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& domains, const std::string& tlsHostname,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& tlsServers,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& tlsFingerprints) {
-    using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-    ResolverParamsParcel paramsParcel;
-
-    paramsParcel.netId = netId;
-    paramsParcel.sampleValiditySeconds = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY];
-    paramsParcel.successThreshold = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD];
-    paramsParcel.minSamples = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES];
-    paramsParcel.maxSamples = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES];
-    if (params.size() > IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC) {
-        paramsParcel.baseTimeoutMsec = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC];
-    } else {
-        paramsParcel.baseTimeoutMsec = 0;
-    }
-    if (params.size() > IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT) {
-        paramsParcel.retryCount = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT];
-    } else {
-        paramsParcel.retryCount = 0;
-    }
-    paramsParcel.servers = servers;
-    paramsParcel.domains = domains;
-    paramsParcel.tlsName = tlsHostname;
-    paramsParcel.tlsServers = tlsServers;
-    paramsParcel.tlsFingerprints = tlsFingerprints;
-
-    return paramsParcel;
-}
-
-bool DnsResponderClient::SetResolversForNetwork(const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& domains, const std::vector<int>& params) {
-    const auto& resolverParams =
-            makeResolverParamsParcel(TEST_NETID, params, servers, domains, "", {}, {});
-    const auto rv = mDnsResolvSrv->setResolverConfiguration(resolverParams);
-    return rv.isOk();
-}
-
-bool DnsResponderClient::SetResolversWithTls(const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& domains, const std::vector<int>& params,
-        const std::vector<std::string>& tlsServers,
-        const std::string& name, const std::vector<std::string>& fingerprints) {
-    const auto& resolverParams = makeResolverParamsParcel(TEST_NETID, params, servers, domains,
-                                                          name, tlsServers, fingerprints);
-    const auto rv = mDnsResolvSrv->setResolverConfiguration(resolverParams);
-    if (!rv.isOk()) ALOGI("SetResolversWithTls() -> %s", rv.toString8().c_str());
-    return rv.isOk();
-}
-
-void DnsResponderClient::SetupDNSServers(unsigned num_servers, const std::vector<Mapping>& mappings,
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DNSResponder>>* dns,
-        std::vector<std::string>* servers) {
-    const char* listen_srv = "53";
-    dns->resize(num_servers);
-    servers->resize(num_servers);
-    for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < num_servers ; ++i) {
-        auto& server = (*servers)[i];
-        auto& d = (*dns)[i];
-        server = StringPrintf("127.0.0.%u", i + 100);
-        d = std::make_unique<test::DNSResponder>(server, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-        for (const auto& mapping : mappings) {
-            d->addMapping(mapping.entry.c_str(), ns_type::ns_t_a, mapping.ip4.c_str());
-            d->addMapping(mapping.entry.c_str(), ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, mapping.ip6.c_str());
-        }
-        d->startServer();
-    }
-}
-
-int DnsResponderClient::SetupOemNetwork() {
-    mNetdSrv->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID);
-    mDnsResolvSrv->destroyNetworkCache(TEST_NETID);
-    auto ret = mNetdSrv->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE);
-    if (!ret.isOk()) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Creating physical network %d failed, %s\n", TEST_NETID,
-                ret.toString8().string());
-        return -1;
-    }
-    ret = mDnsResolvSrv->createNetworkCache(TEST_NETID);
-    if (!ret.isOk()) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Creating network cache %d failed, %s\n", TEST_NETID,
-                ret.toString8().string());
-        return -1;
-    }
-    setNetworkForProcess(TEST_NETID);
-    if ((unsigned)TEST_NETID != getNetworkForProcess()) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return TEST_NETID;
-}
-
-void DnsResponderClient::TearDownOemNetwork(int oemNetId) {
-    if (oemNetId != -1) {
-        mNetdSrv->networkDestroy(oemNetId);
-        mDnsResolvSrv->destroyNetworkCache(oemNetId);
-    }
-}
-
-void DnsResponderClient::SetUp() {
-    // binder setup
-    auto binder = android::defaultServiceManager()->getService(android::String16("netd"));
-    mNetdSrv = android::interface_cast<android::net::INetd>(binder);
-
-    auto resolvBinder =
-            android::defaultServiceManager()->getService(android::String16("dnsresolver"));
-    mDnsResolvSrv = android::interface_cast<android::net::IDnsResolver>(resolvBinder);
-
-    // Ensure resolutions go via proxy.
-    setenv(ANDROID_DNS_MODE, "", 1);
-    mOemNetId = SetupOemNetwork();
-}
-
-void DnsResponderClient::TearDown() {
-    TearDownOemNetwork(mOemNetId);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder_client.h b/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder_client.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 17bc961..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_responder_client.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless requied by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
-
-#ifndef DNS_RESPONDER_CLIENT_H
-#define DNS_RESPONDER_CLIENT_H
-
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <cutils/sockets.h>
-
-#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
-#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
-
-#include "NetdClient.h"
-#include "android/net/IDnsResolver.h"
-#include "android/net/INetd.h"
-#include "binder/IServiceManager.h"
-#include "dns_responder.h"
-
-inline const std::vector<std::string> kDefaultServers = {"127.0.0.3"};
-inline const std::vector<std::string> kDefaultSearchDomains = {"example.com"};
-inline const std::vector<int> kDefaultParams = {
-        300,      // sample validity in seconds
-        25,       // success threshod in percent
-        8,    8,  // {MIN,MAX}_SAMPLES
-        1000,     // BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC
-        2,        // retry count
-};
-
-class DnsResponderClient {
-public:
-    struct Mapping {
-        std::string host;
-        std::string entry;
-        std::string ip4;
-        std::string ip6;
-    };
-
-    virtual ~DnsResponderClient() = default;
-
-    static void SetupMappings(unsigned num_hosts, const std::vector<std::string>& domains,
-            std::vector<Mapping>* mappings);
-
-    bool SetResolversForNetwork(const std::vector<std::string>& servers = kDefaultServers,
-                                const std::vector<std::string>& domains = kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                const std::vector<int>& params = kDefaultParams);
-
-    bool SetResolversForNetwork(const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& searchDomains,
-            const std::string& params);
-
-    bool SetResolversWithTls(const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& searchDomains,
-            const std::vector<int>& params,
-            const std::string& name,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& fingerprints) {
-        // Pass servers as both network-assigned and TLS servers.  Tests can
-        // determine on which server and by which protocol queries arrived.
-        return SetResolversWithTls(servers, searchDomains, params,
-                                   servers, name, fingerprints);
-    }
-
-    bool SetResolversWithTls(const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& searchDomains,
-            const std::vector<int>& params,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& tlsServers,
-            const std::string& name,
-            const std::vector<std::string>& fingerprints);
-
-    static void SetupDNSServers(unsigned num_servers, const std::vector<Mapping>& mappings,
-            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DNSResponder>>* dns,
-            std::vector<std::string>* servers);
-
-    int SetupOemNetwork();
-
-    void TearDownOemNetwork(int oemNetId);
-
-    virtual void SetUp();
-    virtual void TearDown();
-
-    android::net::IDnsResolver* resolvService() const { return mDnsResolvSrv.get(); }
-    android::net::INetd* netdService() const { return mNetdSrv.get(); }
-
-  private:
-    android::sp<android::net::INetd> mNetdSrv = nullptr;
-    android::sp<android::net::IDnsResolver> mDnsResolvSrv = nullptr;
-    int mOemNetId = -1;
-};
-
-#endif  // DNS_RESPONDER_CLIENT_H
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.cpp b/resolv/dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 83e36ed..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,421 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "dns_tls_frontend.h"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <openssl/err.h>
-#include <openssl/evp.h>
-#include <openssl/ssl.h>
-#include <sys/eventfd.h>
-#include <sys/poll.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#define LOG_TAG "DnsTlsFrontend"
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <netdutils/SocketOption.h>
-
-#include "NetdConstants.h"  // SHA256_SIZE
-
-using android::netdutils::enableSockopt;
-
-namespace {
-
-// Copied from DnsTlsTransport.
-bool getSPKIDigest(const X509* cert, std::vector<uint8_t>* out) {
-    int spki_len = i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), nullptr);
-    unsigned char spki[spki_len];
-    unsigned char* temp = spki;
-    if (spki_len != i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), &temp)) {
-        ALOGE("SPKI length mismatch");
-        return false;
-    }
-    out->resize(SHA256_SIZE);
-    unsigned int digest_len = 0;
-    int ret = EVP_Digest(spki, spki_len, out->data(), &digest_len, EVP_sha256(), nullptr);
-    if (ret != 1) {
-        ALOGE("Server cert digest extraction failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (digest_len != out->size()) {
-        ALOGE("Wrong digest length: %d", digest_len);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-std::string errno2str() {
-    char error_msg[512] = { 0 };
-    return strerror_r(errno, error_msg, sizeof(error_msg));
-}
-
-#define APLOGI(fmt, ...) ALOGI(fmt ": [%d] %s", __VA_ARGS__, errno, errno2str().c_str())
-
-std::string addr2str(const sockaddr* sa, socklen_t sa_len) {
-    char host_str[NI_MAXHOST] = { 0 };
-    int rv = getnameinfo(sa, sa_len, host_str, sizeof(host_str), nullptr, 0,
-                         NI_NUMERICHOST);
-    if (rv == 0) return std::string(host_str);
-    return std::string();
-}
-
-bssl::UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY> make_private_key() {
-    bssl::UniquePtr<BIGNUM> e(BN_new());
-    if (!e) {
-        ALOGE("BN_new failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (!BN_set_word(e.get(), RSA_F4)) {
-        ALOGE("BN_set_word failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    bssl::UniquePtr<RSA> rsa(RSA_new());
-    if (!rsa) {
-        ALOGE("RSA_new failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if (!RSA_generate_key_ex(rsa.get(), 2048, e.get(), nullptr)) {
-        ALOGE("RSA_generate_key_ex failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    bssl::UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY> privkey(EVP_PKEY_new());
-    if (!privkey) {
-        ALOGE("EVP_PKEY_new failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    if(!EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA(privkey.get(), rsa.get())) {
-        ALOGE("EVP_PKEY_assign_RSA failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // |rsa| is now owned by |privkey|, so no need to free it.
-    rsa.release();
-    return privkey;
-}
-
-bssl::UniquePtr<X509> make_cert(EVP_PKEY* privkey, EVP_PKEY* parent_key) {
-    bssl::UniquePtr<X509> cert(X509_new());
-    if (!cert) {
-        ALOGE("X509_new failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    ASN1_INTEGER_set(X509_get_serialNumber(cert.get()), 1);
-
-    // Set one hour expiration.
-    X509_gmtime_adj(X509_get_notBefore(cert.get()), 0);
-    X509_gmtime_adj(X509_get_notAfter(cert.get()), 60 * 60);
-
-    X509_set_pubkey(cert.get(), privkey);
-
-    if (!X509_sign(cert.get(), parent_key, EVP_sha256())) {
-        ALOGE("X509_sign failed");
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return cert;
-}
-
-}
-
-namespace test {
-
-bool DnsTlsFrontend::startServer() {
-    SSL_load_error_strings();
-    OpenSSL_add_ssl_algorithms();
-
-    // reset queries_ to 0 every time startServer called
-    // which would help us easy to check queries_ via calling waitForQueries
-    queries_ = 0;
-
-    ctx_.reset(SSL_CTX_new(TLS_server_method()));
-    if (!ctx_) {
-        ALOGE("SSL context creation failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    SSL_CTX_set_ecdh_auto(ctx_.get(), 1);
-
-    // Make certificate chain
-    std::vector<bssl::UniquePtr<EVP_PKEY>> keys(chain_length_);
-    for (int i = 0; i < chain_length_; ++i) {
-        keys[i] = make_private_key();
-    }
-    std::vector<bssl::UniquePtr<X509>> certs(chain_length_);
-    for (int i = 0; i < chain_length_; ++i) {
-        int next = std::min(i + 1, chain_length_ - 1);
-        certs[i] = make_cert(keys[i].get(), keys[next].get());
-    }
-
-    // Install certificate chain.
-    if (SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx_.get(), certs[0].get()) <= 0) {
-        ALOGE("SSL_CTX_use_certificate failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx_.get(), keys[0].get()) <= 0 ) {
-        ALOGE("SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-    for (int i = 1; i < chain_length_; ++i) {
-        if (SSL_CTX_add1_chain_cert(ctx_.get(), certs[i].get()) != 1) {
-            ALOGE("SSL_CTX_add1_chain_cert failed");
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Report the fingerprint of the "middle" cert.  For N = 2, this is the root.
-    int fp_index = chain_length_ / 2;
-    if (!getSPKIDigest(certs[fp_index].get(), &fingerprint_)) {
-        ALOGE("getSPKIDigest failed");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Set up TCP server socket for clients.
-    addrinfo frontend_ai_hints{
-        .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
-        .ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM,
-        .ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE
-    };
-    addrinfo* frontend_ai_res = nullptr;
-    int rv = getaddrinfo(listen_address_.c_str(), listen_service_.c_str(),
-                         &frontend_ai_hints, &frontend_ai_res);
-    ScopedAddrinfo frontend_ai_res_cleanup(frontend_ai_res);
-    if (rv) {
-        ALOGE("frontend getaddrinfo(%s, %s) failed: %s", listen_address_.c_str(),
-            listen_service_.c_str(), gai_strerror(rv));
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    for (const addrinfo* ai = frontend_ai_res ; ai ; ai = ai->ai_next) {
-        android::base::unique_fd s(socket(ai->ai_family, ai->ai_socktype, ai->ai_protocol));
-        if (s.get() < 0) {
-            APLOGI("ignore creating socket failed %d", s.get());
-            continue;
-        }
-        enableSockopt(s.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT).ignoreError();
-        enableSockopt(s.get(), SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR).ignoreError();
-        std::string host_str = addr2str(ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
-        if (bind(s.get(), ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen)) {
-            APLOGI("failed to bind TCP %s:%s", host_str.c_str(), listen_service_.c_str());
-            continue;
-        }
-        ALOGI("bound to TCP %s:%s", host_str.c_str(), listen_service_.c_str());
-        socket_ = std::move(s);
-        break;
-    }
-
-    if (listen(socket_.get(), 1) < 0) {
-        APLOGI("failed to listen socket %d", socket_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Set up UDP client socket to backend.
-    addrinfo backend_ai_hints{
-        .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
-        .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM
-    };
-    addrinfo* backend_ai_res = nullptr;
-    rv = getaddrinfo(backend_address_.c_str(), backend_service_.c_str(),
-                         &backend_ai_hints, &backend_ai_res);
-    ScopedAddrinfo backend_ai_res_cleanup(backend_ai_res);
-    if (rv) {
-        ALOGE("backend getaddrinfo(%s, %s) failed: %s", listen_address_.c_str(),
-            listen_service_.c_str(), gai_strerror(rv));
-        return false;
-    }
-    backend_socket_.reset(socket(backend_ai_res->ai_family, backend_ai_res->ai_socktype,
-                                 backend_ai_res->ai_protocol));
-    if (backend_socket_.get() < 0) {
-        APLOGI("backend socket %d creation failed", backend_socket_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // connect() always fails in the test DnsTlsSocketTest.SlowDestructor because of
-    // no backend server. Don't check it.
-    connect(backend_socket_.get(), backend_ai_res->ai_addr, backend_ai_res->ai_addrlen);
-
-    // Set up eventfd socket.
-    event_fd_.reset(eventfd(0, EFD_NONBLOCK | EFD_CLOEXEC));
-    if (event_fd_.get() == -1) {
-        APLOGI("failed to create eventfd %d", event_fd_.get());
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    {
-        std::lock_guard lock(update_mutex_);
-        handler_thread_ = std::thread(&DnsTlsFrontend::requestHandler, this);
-    }
-    ALOGI("server started successfully");
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DnsTlsFrontend::requestHandler() {
-    ALOGD("Request handler started");
-    enum { EVENT_FD = 0, LISTEN_FD = 1 };
-    pollfd fds[2] = {{.fd = event_fd_.get(), .events = POLLIN},
-                     {.fd = socket_.get(), .events = POLLIN}};
-
-    while (true) {
-        int poll_code = poll(fds, std::size(fds), -1);
-        if (poll_code <= 0) {
-            APLOGI("Poll failed with error %d", poll_code);
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (fds[EVENT_FD].revents & (POLLIN | POLLERR)) {
-            handleEventFd();
-            break;
-        }
-        if (fds[LISTEN_FD].revents & (POLLIN | POLLERR)) {
-            sockaddr_storage addr;
-            socklen_t len = sizeof(addr);
-
-            ALOGD("Trying to accept a client");
-            android::base::unique_fd client(
-                    accept4(socket_.get(), reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(&addr), &len, SOCK_CLOEXEC));
-            if (client.get() < 0) {
-                // Stop
-                APLOGI("failed to accept client socket %d", client.get());
-                break;
-            }
-
-            bssl::UniquePtr<SSL> ssl(SSL_new(ctx_.get()));
-            SSL_set_fd(ssl.get(), client.get());
-
-            ALOGD("Doing SSL handshake");
-            bool success = false;
-            if (SSL_accept(ssl.get()) <= 0) {
-                ALOGI("SSL negotiation failure");
-            } else {
-                ALOGD("SSL handshake complete");
-                success = handleOneRequest(ssl.get());
-            }
-
-            if (success) {
-                // Increment queries_ as late as possible, because it represents
-                // a query that is fully processed, and the response returned to the
-                // client, including cleanup actions.
-                ++queries_;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    ALOGD("Ending loop");
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsFrontend::handleOneRequest(SSL* ssl) {
-    uint8_t queryHeader[2];
-    if (SSL_read(ssl, &queryHeader, 2) != 2) {
-        ALOGI("Not enough header bytes");
-        return false;
-    }
-    const uint16_t qlen = (queryHeader[0] << 8) | queryHeader[1];
-    uint8_t query[qlen];
-    size_t qbytes = 0;
-    while (qbytes < qlen) {
-        int ret = SSL_read(ssl, query + qbytes, qlen - qbytes);
-        if (ret <= 0) {
-            ALOGI("Error while reading query");
-            return false;
-        }
-        qbytes += ret;
-    }
-    int sent = send(backend_socket_.get(), query, qlen, 0);
-    if (sent != qlen) {
-        ALOGI("Failed to send query");
-        return false;
-    }
-    const int max_size = 4096;
-    uint8_t recv_buffer[max_size];
-    int rlen = recv(backend_socket_.get(), recv_buffer, max_size, 0);
-    if (rlen <= 0) {
-        ALOGI("Failed to receive response");
-        return false;
-    }
-    uint8_t responseHeader[2];
-    responseHeader[0] = rlen >> 8;
-    responseHeader[1] = rlen;
-    if (SSL_write(ssl, responseHeader, 2) != 2) {
-        ALOGI("Failed to write response header");
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (SSL_write(ssl, recv_buffer, rlen) != rlen) {
-        ALOGI("Failed to write response body");
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsFrontend::stopServer() {
-    std::lock_guard lock(update_mutex_);
-    if (!running()) {
-        ALOGI("server not running");
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    ALOGI("stopping frontend");
-    if (!sendToEventFd()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    handler_thread_.join();
-    socket_.reset();
-    backend_socket_.reset();
-    event_fd_.reset();
-    ctx_.reset();
-    fingerprint_.clear();
-    ALOGI("frontend stopped successfully");
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsFrontend::waitForQueries(int number, int timeoutMs) const {
-    constexpr int intervalMs = 20;
-    int limit = timeoutMs / intervalMs;
-    for (int count = 0; count <= limit; ++count) {
-        bool done = queries_ >= number;
-        // Always sleep at least one more interval after we are done, to wait for
-        // any immediate post-query actions that the client may take (such as
-        // marking this server as reachable during validation).
-        usleep(intervalMs * 1000);
-        if (done) {
-            // For ensuring that calls have sufficient headroom for slow machines
-            ALOGD("Query arrived in %d/%d of allotted time", count, limit);
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-bool DnsTlsFrontend::sendToEventFd() {
-    const uint64_t data = 1;
-    if (const ssize_t rt = write(event_fd_.get(), &data, sizeof(data)); rt != sizeof(data)) {
-        APLOGI("failed to write eventfd, rt=%zd", rt);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-void DnsTlsFrontend::handleEventFd() {
-    int64_t data;
-    if (const ssize_t rt = read(event_fd_.get(), &data, sizeof(data)); rt != sizeof(data)) {
-        APLOGI("ignore reading eventfd failed, rt=%zd", rt);
-    }
-}
-
-}  // namespace test
diff --git a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.h b/resolv/dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 32a2771..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless requied by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
-
-#ifndef DNS_TLS_FRONTEND_H
-#define DNS_TLS_FRONTEND_H
-
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-
-#include <atomic>
-#include <mutex>
-#include <string>
-#include <thread>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <openssl/ssl.h>
-
-namespace test {
-
-/*
- * Simple DNS over TLS reverse proxy that forwards to a UDP backend.
- * Only handles a single request at a time.
- */
-class DnsTlsFrontend {
-  public:
-    DnsTlsFrontend(const std::string& listen_address, const std::string& listen_service,
-                   const std::string& backend_address, const std::string& backend_service)
-        : listen_address_(listen_address),
-          listen_service_(listen_service),
-          backend_address_(backend_address),
-          backend_service_(backend_service) {}
-    ~DnsTlsFrontend() {
-        stopServer();
-    }
-    const std::string& listen_address() const {
-        return listen_address_;
-    }
-    const std::string& listen_service() const {
-        return listen_service_;
-    }
-    bool running() const {
-        return socket_ != -1;
-    }
-    bool startServer();
-    bool stopServer();
-    int queries() const { return queries_; }
-    void clearQueries() { queries_ = 0; }
-    bool waitForQueries(int number, int timeoutMs) const;
-    void set_chain_length(int length) { chain_length_ = length; }
-    // Represents a fingerprint from the middle of the certificate chain.
-    const std::vector<uint8_t>& fingerprint() const { return fingerprint_; }
-
-  private:
-    void requestHandler();
-    bool handleOneRequest(SSL* ssl);
-
-    // Trigger the handler thread to terminate.
-    bool sendToEventFd();
-
-    // Used in the handler thread for the termination signal.
-    void handleEventFd();
-
-    std::string listen_address_;
-    std::string listen_service_;
-    std::string backend_address_;
-    std::string backend_service_;
-    bssl::UniquePtr<SSL_CTX> ctx_;
-    // Socket on which the server is listening for a TCP connection with a client.
-    android::base::unique_fd socket_;
-    // Socket used to communicate with the backend DNS server.
-    android::base::unique_fd backend_socket_;
-    // Eventfd used to signal for the handler thread termination.
-    android::base::unique_fd event_fd_;
-    std::atomic<int> queries_ = 0;
-    std::thread handler_thread_ GUARDED_BY(update_mutex_);
-    std::mutex update_mutex_;
-    int chain_length_ = 1;
-    std::vector<uint8_t> fingerprint_;
-};
-
-}  // namespace test
-
-#endif  // DNS_TLS_FRONTEND_H
diff --git a/resolv/dns_tls_test.cpp b/resolv/dns_tls_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bcad30..0000000
--- a/resolv/dns_tls_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,963 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "dns_tls_test"
-#define LOG_NDEBUG 1  // Set to 0 to enable verbose debug logging
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include "DnsTlsDispatcher.h"
-#include "DnsTlsQueryMap.h"
-#include "DnsTlsServer.h"
-#include "DnsTlsSessionCache.h"
-#include "DnsTlsSocket.h"
-#include "DnsTlsTransport.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocket.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketFactory.h"
-#include "IDnsTlsSocketObserver.h"
-
-#include "dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.h"
-
-#include <chrono>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <android-base/macros.h>
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-
-#include "log/log.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-using netdutils::Slice;
-using netdutils::makeSlice;
-
-typedef std::vector<uint8_t> bytevec;
-
-static void parseServer(const char* server, in_port_t port, sockaddr_storage* parsed) {
-    sockaddr_in* sin = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in*>(parsed);
-    if (inet_pton(AF_INET, server, &(sin->sin_addr)) == 1) {
-        // IPv4 parse succeeded, so it's IPv4
-        sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
-        sin->sin_port = htons(port);
-        return;
-    }
-    sockaddr_in6* sin6 = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(parsed);
-    if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, server, &(sin6->sin6_addr)) == 1){
-        // IPv6 parse succeeded, so it's IPv6.
-        sin6->sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-        sin6->sin6_port = htons(port);
-        return;
-    }
-    ALOGE("Failed to parse server address: %s", server);
-}
-
-bytevec FINGERPRINT1 = { 1 };
-bytevec FINGERPRINT2 = { 2 };
-
-std::string SERVERNAME1 = "dns.example.com";
-std::string SERVERNAME2 = "dns.example.org";
-
-// BaseTest just provides constants that are useful for the tests.
-class BaseTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    BaseTest() {
-        parseServer("192.0.2.1", 853, &V4ADDR1);
-        parseServer("192.0.2.2", 853, &V4ADDR2);
-        parseServer("2001:db8::1", 853, &V6ADDR1);
-        parseServer("2001:db8::2", 853, &V6ADDR2);
-
-        SERVER1 = DnsTlsServer(V4ADDR1);
-        SERVER1.fingerprints.insert(FINGERPRINT1);
-        SERVER1.name = SERVERNAME1;
-    }
-
-    sockaddr_storage V4ADDR1;
-    sockaddr_storage V4ADDR2;
-    sockaddr_storage V6ADDR1;
-    sockaddr_storage V6ADDR2;
-
-    DnsTlsServer SERVER1;
-};
-
-bytevec make_query(uint16_t id, size_t size) {
-    bytevec vec(size);
-    vec[0] = id >> 8;
-    vec[1] = id;
-    // Arbitrarily fill the query body with unique data.
-    for (size_t i = 2; i < size; ++i) {
-        vec[i] = id + i;
-    }
-    return vec;
-}
-
-// Query constants
-const unsigned MARK = 123;
-const uint16_t ID = 52;
-const uint16_t SIZE = 22;
-const bytevec QUERY = make_query(ID, SIZE);
-
-template <class T>
-class FakeSocketFactory : public IDnsTlsSocketFactory {
-  public:
-    FakeSocketFactory() {}
-    std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocket> createDnsTlsSocket(
-            const DnsTlsServer& server ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-            unsigned mark ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-            IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer,
-            DnsTlsSessionCache* cache ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) override {
-        return std::make_unique<T>(observer);
-    }
-};
-
-bytevec make_echo(uint16_t id, const Slice query) {
-    bytevec response(query.size() + 2);
-    response[0] = id >> 8;
-    response[1] = id;
-    // Echo the query as the fake response.
-    memcpy(response.data() + 2, query.base(), query.size());
-    return response;
-}
-
-// Simplest possible fake server.  This just echoes the query as the response.
-class FakeSocketEcho : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    explicit FakeSocketEcho(IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer) : mObserver(observer) {}
-    bool query(uint16_t id, const Slice query) override {
-        // Return the response immediately (asynchronously).
-        std::thread(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, make_echo(id, query)).detach();
-        return true;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    IDnsTlsSocketObserver* const mObserver;
-};
-
-class TransportTest : public BaseTest {};
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, Query) {
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketEcho> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    auto r = transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)).get();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-    EXPECT_EQ(QUERY, r.response);
-}
-
-// Fake Socket that echoes the observed query ID as the response body.
-class FakeSocketId : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    explicit FakeSocketId(IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer) : mObserver(observer) {}
-    bool query(uint16_t id, const Slice query ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) override {
-        // Return the response immediately (asynchronously).
-        bytevec response(4);
-        // Echo the ID in the header to match the response to the query.
-        // This will be overwritten by DnsTlsQueryMap.
-        response[0] = id >> 8;
-        response[1] = id;
-        // Echo the ID in the body, so that the test can verify which ID was used by
-        // DnsTlsQueryMap.
-        response[2] = id >> 8;
-        response[3] = id;
-        std::thread(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, response).detach();
-        return true;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    IDnsTlsSocketObserver* const mObserver;
-};
-
-// Test that IDs are properly reused
-TEST_F(TransportTest, IdReuse) {
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketId> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
-        // Send a query.
-        std::future<DnsTlsServer::Result> f = transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY));
-        // Wait for the response.
-        DnsTlsServer::Result r = f.get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-
-        // All queries should have an observed ID of zero, because it is returned to the ID pool
-        // after each use.
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, (r.response[2] << 8) | r.response[3]);
-    }
-}
-
-// These queries might be handled in serial or parallel as they race the
-// responses.
-TEST_F(TransportTest, RacingQueries_10000) {
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketEcho> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    // Fewer than 65536 queries to avoid ID exhaustion.
-    const int num_queries = 10000;
-    results.reserve(num_queries);
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_queries; ++i) {
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-    }
-    for (auto& result : results) {
-        auto r = result.get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(QUERY, r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-// A server that waits until sDelay queries are queued before responding.
-class FakeSocketDelay : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    explicit FakeSocketDelay(IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer) : mObserver(observer) {}
-    ~FakeSocketDelay() { std::lock_guard guard(mLock); }
-    static size_t sDelay;
-    static bool sReverse;
-
-    bool query(uint16_t id, const Slice query) override {
-        ALOGV("FakeSocketDelay got query with ID %d", int(id));
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        // Check for duplicate IDs.
-        EXPECT_EQ(0U, mIds.count(id));
-        mIds.insert(id);
-
-        // Store response.
-        mResponses.push_back(make_echo(id, query));
-
-        ALOGV("Up to %zu out of %zu queries", mResponses.size(), sDelay);
-        if (mResponses.size() == sDelay) {
-            std::thread(&FakeSocketDelay::sendResponses, this).detach();
-        }
-        return true;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    void sendResponses() {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        if (sReverse) {
-            std::reverse(std::begin(mResponses), std::end(mResponses));
-        }
-        for (auto& response : mResponses) {
-            mObserver->onResponse(response);
-        }
-        mIds.clear();
-        mResponses.clear();
-    }
-
-    std::mutex mLock;
-    IDnsTlsSocketObserver* const mObserver;
-    std::set<uint16_t> mIds GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::vector<bytevec> mResponses GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-};
-
-size_t FakeSocketDelay::sDelay;
-bool FakeSocketDelay::sReverse;
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ParallelColliding) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 10;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = false;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    // Fewer than 65536 queries to avoid ID exhaustion.
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-    }
-    for (auto& result : results) {
-        auto r = result.get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(QUERY, r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ParallelColliding_Max) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 65536;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = false;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    // Exactly 65536 queries should still be possible in parallel,
-    // even if they all have the same original ID.
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-    }
-    for (auto& result : results) {
-        auto r = result.get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(QUERY, r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ParallelUnique) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 10;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = false;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<bytevec> queries(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        queries[i] = make_query(i, SIZE);
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(queries[i])));
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0 ; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        auto r = results[i].get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(queries[i], r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ParallelUnique_Max) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 65536;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = false;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<bytevec> queries(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    // Exactly 65536 queries should still be possible in parallel,
-    // and they should all be mapped correctly back to the original ID.
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        queries[i] = make_query(i, SIZE);
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(queries[i])));
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0 ; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        auto r = results[i].get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(queries[i], r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, IdExhaustion) {
-    const int num_queries = 65536;
-    // A delay of 65537 is unreachable, because the maximum number
-    // of outstanding queries is 65536.
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = num_queries + 1;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = false;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    // Issue the maximum number of queries.
-    results.reserve(num_queries);
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_queries; ++i) {
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-    }
-
-    // The ID space is now full, so subsequent queries should fail immediately.
-    auto r = transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)).get();
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::internal_error, r.code);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(r.response.empty());
-
-    for (auto& result : results) {
-        // All other queries should remain outstanding.
-        EXPECT_EQ(std::future_status::timeout,
-                result.wait_for(std::chrono::duration<int>::zero()));
-    }
-}
-
-// Responses can come back from the server in any order.  This should have no
-// effect on Transport's observed behavior.
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ReverseOrder) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 10;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = true;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<bytevec> queries(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        queries[i] = make_query(i, SIZE);
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(queries[i])));
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0 ; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        auto r = results[i].get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(queries[i], r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ReverseOrder_Max) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 65536;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = true;
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    std::vector<bytevec> queries(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketDelay::sDelay);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        queries[i] = make_query(i, SIZE);
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(queries[i])));
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0 ; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay; ++i) {
-        auto r = results[i].get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(queries[i], r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-// Returning null from the factory indicates a connection failure.
-class NullSocketFactory : public IDnsTlsSocketFactory {
-  public:
-    NullSocketFactory() {}
-    std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocket> createDnsTlsSocket(
-            const DnsTlsServer& server ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-            unsigned mark ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-            IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-            DnsTlsSessionCache* cache ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) override {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-};
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, ConnectFail) {
-    NullSocketFactory factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    auto r = transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)).get();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::network_error, r.code);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(r.response.empty());
-}
-
-// Simulate a socket that connects but then immediately receives a server
-// close notification.
-class FakeSocketClose : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    explicit FakeSocketClose(IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer)
-        : mCloser(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onClosed, observer) {}
-    ~FakeSocketClose() { mCloser.join(); }
-    bool query(uint16_t id ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-               const Slice query ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) override {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::thread mCloser;
-};
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, CloseRetryFail) {
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketClose> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    auto r = transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)).get();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::network_error, r.code);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(r.response.empty());
-}
-
-// Simulate a server that occasionally closes the connection and silently
-// drops some queries.
-class FakeSocketLimited : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    static int sLimit;  // Number of queries to answer per socket.
-    static size_t sMaxSize;  // Silently discard queries greater than this size.
-    explicit FakeSocketLimited(IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer)
-        : mObserver(observer), mQueries(0) {}
-    ~FakeSocketLimited() {
-        {
-            ALOGV("~FakeSocketLimited acquiring mLock");
-            std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-            ALOGV("~FakeSocketLimited acquired mLock");
-            for (auto& thread : mThreads) {
-                ALOGV("~FakeSocketLimited joining response thread");
-                thread.join();
-                ALOGV("~FakeSocketLimited joined response thread");
-            }
-            mThreads.clear();
-        }
-
-        if (mCloser) {
-            ALOGV("~FakeSocketLimited joining closer thread");
-            mCloser->join();
-            ALOGV("~FakeSocketLimited joined closer thread");
-        }
-    }
-    bool query(uint16_t id, const Slice query) override {
-        ALOGV("FakeSocketLimited::query acquiring mLock");
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        ALOGV("FakeSocketLimited::query acquired mLock");
-        ++mQueries;
-
-        if (mQueries <= sLimit) {
-            ALOGV("size %zu vs. limit of %zu", query.size(), sMaxSize);
-            if (query.size() <= sMaxSize) {
-                // Return the response immediately (asynchronously).
-                mThreads.emplace_back(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, make_echo(id, query));
-            }
-        }
-        if (mQueries == sLimit) {
-            mCloser = std::make_unique<std::thread>(&FakeSocketLimited::sendClose, this);
-        }
-        return mQueries <= sLimit;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    void sendClose() {
-        {
-            ALOGV("FakeSocketLimited::sendClose acquiring mLock");
-            std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-            ALOGV("FakeSocketLimited::sendClose acquired mLock");
-            for (auto& thread : mThreads) {
-                ALOGV("FakeSocketLimited::sendClose joining response thread");
-                thread.join();
-                ALOGV("FakeSocketLimited::sendClose joined response thread");
-            }
-            mThreads.clear();
-        }
-        mObserver->onClosed();
-    }
-    std::mutex mLock;
-    IDnsTlsSocketObserver* const mObserver;
-    int mQueries GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::vector<std::thread> mThreads GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    std::unique_ptr<std::thread> mCloser GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-};
-
-int FakeSocketLimited::sLimit;
-size_t FakeSocketLimited::sMaxSize;
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, SilentDrop) {
-    FakeSocketLimited::sLimit = 10;  // Close the socket after 10 queries.
-    FakeSocketLimited::sMaxSize = 0;  // Silently drop all queries
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketLimited> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-
-    // Queue up 10 queries.  They will all be ignored, and after the 10th,
-    // the socket will close.  Transport will retry them all, until they
-    // all hit the retry limit and expire.
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    results.reserve(FakeSocketLimited::sLimit);
-    for (int i = 0; i < FakeSocketLimited::sLimit; ++i) {
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-    }
-    for (auto& result : results) {
-        auto r = result.get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::network_error, r.code);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(r.response.empty());
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, PartialDrop) {
-    FakeSocketLimited::sLimit = 10;  // Close the socket after 10 queries.
-    FakeSocketLimited::sMaxSize = SIZE - 2;  // Silently drop "long" queries
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketLimited> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-
-    // Queue up 100 queries, alternating "short" which will be served and "long"
-    // which will be dropped.
-    const int num_queries = 10 * FakeSocketLimited::sLimit;
-    std::vector<bytevec> queries(num_queries);
-    std::vector<std::future<DnsTlsTransport::Result>> results;
-    results.reserve(num_queries);
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_queries; ++i) {
-        queries[i] = make_query(i, SIZE + (i % 2));
-        results.push_back(transport.query(makeSlice(queries[i])));
-    }
-    // Just check the short queries, which are at the even indices.
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_queries; i += 2) {
-        auto r = results[i].get();
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        EXPECT_EQ(queries[i], r.response);
-    }
-}
-
-// Simulate a malfunctioning server that injects extra miscellaneous
-// responses to queries that were not asked.  This will cause wrong answers but
-// must not crash the Transport.
-class FakeSocketGarbage : public IDnsTlsSocket {
-  public:
-    explicit FakeSocketGarbage(IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer) : mObserver(observer) {
-        // Inject a garbage event.
-        mThreads.emplace_back(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, make_query(ID + 1, SIZE));
-    }
-    ~FakeSocketGarbage() {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        for (auto& thread : mThreads) {
-            thread.join();
-        }
-    }
-    bool query(uint16_t id, const Slice query) override {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        // Return the response twice.
-        auto echo = make_echo(id, query);
-        mThreads.emplace_back(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, echo);
-        mThreads.emplace_back(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, echo);
-        // Also return some other garbage
-        mThreads.emplace_back(&IDnsTlsSocketObserver::onResponse, mObserver, make_query(id + 1, query.size() + 2));
-        return true;
-    }
-
-  private:
-    std::mutex mLock;
-    std::vector<std::thread> mThreads GUARDED_BY(mLock);
-    IDnsTlsSocketObserver* const mObserver;
-};
-
-TEST_F(TransportTest, IgnoringGarbage) {
-    FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketGarbage> factory;
-    DnsTlsTransport transport(SERVER1, MARK, &factory);
-    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-        auto r = transport.query(makeSlice(QUERY)).get();
-
-        EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r.code);
-        // Don't check the response because this server is malfunctioning.
-    }
-}
-
-// Dispatcher tests
-class DispatcherTest : public BaseTest {};
-
-TEST_F(DispatcherTest, Query) {
-    bytevec ans(4096);
-    int resplen = 0;
-
-    auto factory = std::make_unique<FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketEcho>>();
-    DnsTlsDispatcher dispatcher(std::move(factory));
-    auto r = dispatcher.query(SERVER1, MARK, makeSlice(QUERY),
-                              makeSlice(ans), &resplen);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r);
-    EXPECT_EQ(int(QUERY.size()), resplen);
-    ans.resize(resplen);
-    EXPECT_EQ(QUERY, ans);
-}
-
-TEST_F(DispatcherTest, AnswerTooLarge) {
-    bytevec ans(SIZE - 1);  // Too small to hold the answer
-    int resplen = 0;
-
-    auto factory = std::make_unique<FakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketEcho>>();
-    DnsTlsDispatcher dispatcher(std::move(factory));
-    auto r = dispatcher.query(SERVER1, MARK, makeSlice(QUERY),
-                              makeSlice(ans), &resplen);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::limit_error, r);
-}
-
-template<class T>
-class TrackingFakeSocketFactory : public IDnsTlsSocketFactory {
-  public:
-    TrackingFakeSocketFactory() {}
-    std::unique_ptr<IDnsTlsSocket> createDnsTlsSocket(
-            const DnsTlsServer& server,
-            unsigned mark,
-            IDnsTlsSocketObserver* observer,
-            DnsTlsSessionCache* cache ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) override {
-        std::lock_guard guard(mLock);
-        keys.emplace(mark, server);
-        return std::make_unique<T>(observer);
-    }
-    std::multiset<std::pair<unsigned, DnsTlsServer>> keys;
-
-  private:
-    std::mutex mLock;
-};
-
-TEST_F(DispatcherTest, Dispatching) {
-    FakeSocketDelay::sDelay = 5;
-    FakeSocketDelay::sReverse = true;
-    auto factory = std::make_unique<TrackingFakeSocketFactory<FakeSocketDelay>>();
-    auto* weak_factory = factory.get();  // Valid as long as dispatcher is in scope.
-    DnsTlsDispatcher dispatcher(std::move(factory));
-
-    // Populate a vector of two servers and two socket marks, four combinations
-    // in total.
-    std::vector<std::pair<unsigned, DnsTlsServer>> keys;
-    keys.emplace_back(MARK, SERVER1);
-    keys.emplace_back(MARK + 1, SERVER1);
-    keys.emplace_back(MARK, V4ADDR2);
-    keys.emplace_back(MARK + 1, V4ADDR2);
-
-    // Do several queries on each server.  They should all succeed.
-    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < FakeSocketDelay::sDelay * keys.size(); ++i) {
-        auto key = keys[i % keys.size()];
-        threads.emplace_back([key, i] (DnsTlsDispatcher* dispatcher) {
-            auto q = make_query(i, SIZE);
-            bytevec ans(4096);
-            int resplen = 0;
-            unsigned mark = key.first;
-            const DnsTlsServer& server = key.second;
-            auto r = dispatcher->query(server, mark, makeSlice(q),
-                                       makeSlice(ans), &resplen);
-            EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsTransport::Response::success, r);
-            EXPECT_EQ(int(q.size()), resplen);
-            ans.resize(resplen);
-            EXPECT_EQ(q, ans);
-        }, &dispatcher);
-    }
-    for (auto& thread : threads) {
-        thread.join();
-    }
-    // We expect that the factory created one socket for each key.
-    EXPECT_EQ(keys.size(), weak_factory->keys.size());
-    for (auto& key : keys) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(1U, weak_factory->keys.count(key));
-    }
-}
-
-// Check DnsTlsServer's comparison logic.
-AddressComparator ADDRESS_COMPARATOR;
-bool isAddressEqual(const DnsTlsServer& s1, const DnsTlsServer& s2) {
-    bool cmp1 = ADDRESS_COMPARATOR(s1, s2);
-    bool cmp2 = ADDRESS_COMPARATOR(s2, s1);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(cmp1 && cmp2);
-    return !cmp1 && !cmp2;
-}
-
-void checkUnequal(const DnsTlsServer& s1, const DnsTlsServer& s2) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s1 == s1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s2 == s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s1));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s2, s2));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s1 < s2 ^ s2 < s1);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s1 == s2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s2 == s1);
-}
-
-class ServerTest : public BaseTest {};
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, IPv4) {
-    checkUnequal(V4ADDR1, V4ADDR2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isAddressEqual(V4ADDR1, V4ADDR2));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, IPv6) {
-    checkUnequal(V6ADDR1, V6ADDR2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isAddressEqual(V6ADDR1, V6ADDR2));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, MixedAddressFamily) {
-    checkUnequal(V6ADDR1, V4ADDR1);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isAddressEqual(V6ADDR1, V4ADDR1));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, IPv6ScopeId) {
-    DnsTlsServer s1(V6ADDR1), s2(V6ADDR1);
-    sockaddr_in6* addr1 = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(&s1.ss);
-    addr1->sin6_scope_id = 1;
-    sockaddr_in6* addr2 = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(&s2.ss);
-    addr2->sin6_scope_id = 2;
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s1.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s2.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, IPv6FlowInfo) {
-    DnsTlsServer s1(V6ADDR1), s2(V6ADDR1);
-    sockaddr_in6* addr1 = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(&s1.ss);
-    addr1->sin6_flowinfo = 1;
-    sockaddr_in6* addr2 = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6*>(&s2.ss);
-    addr2->sin6_flowinfo = 2;
-    // All comparisons ignore flowinfo.
-    EXPECT_EQ(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s1.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s2.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, Port) {
-    DnsTlsServer s1, s2;
-    parseServer("192.0.2.1", 853, &s1.ss);
-    parseServer("192.0.2.1", 854, &s2.ss);
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    DnsTlsServer s3, s4;
-    parseServer("2001:db8::1", 853, &s3.ss);
-    parseServer("2001:db8::1", 852, &s4.ss);
-    checkUnequal(s3, s4);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s3, s4));
-
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s1.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s2.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, Name) {
-    DnsTlsServer s1(V4ADDR1), s2(V4ADDR1);
-    s1.name = SERVERNAME1;
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    s2.name = SERVERNAME2;
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s1.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s2.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ServerTest, Fingerprint) {
-    DnsTlsServer s1(V4ADDR1), s2(V4ADDR1);
-
-    s1.fingerprints.insert(FINGERPRINT1);
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    s2.fingerprints.insert(FINGERPRINT2);
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    s2.fingerprints.insert(FINGERPRINT1);
-    checkUnequal(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    s1.fingerprints.insert(FINGERPRINT2);
-    EXPECT_EQ(s1, s2);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isAddressEqual(s1, s2));
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s1.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s2.wasExplicitlyConfigured());
-}
-
-TEST(QueryMapTest, Basic) {
-    DnsTlsQueryMap map;
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(map.empty());
-
-    bytevec q0 = make_query(999, SIZE);
-    bytevec q1 = make_query(888, SIZE);
-    bytevec q2 = make_query(777, SIZE);
-
-    auto f0 = map.recordQuery(makeSlice(q0));
-    auto f1 = map.recordQuery(makeSlice(q1));
-    auto f2 = map.recordQuery(makeSlice(q2));
-
-    // Check return values of recordQuery
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, f0->query.newId);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, f1->query.newId);
-    EXPECT_EQ(2, f2->query.newId);
-
-    // Check side effects of recordQuery
-    EXPECT_FALSE(map.empty());
-
-    auto all = map.getAll();
-    EXPECT_EQ(3U, all.size());
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, all[0].newId);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, all[1].newId);
-    EXPECT_EQ(2, all[2].newId);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(makeSlice(q0), all[0].query);
-    EXPECT_EQ(makeSlice(q1), all[1].query);
-    EXPECT_EQ(makeSlice(q2), all[2].query);
-
-    bytevec a0 = make_query(0, SIZE);
-    bytevec a1 = make_query(1, SIZE);
-    bytevec a2 = make_query(2, SIZE);
-
-    // Return responses out of order
-    map.onResponse(a2);
-    map.onResponse(a0);
-    map.onResponse(a1);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(map.empty());
-
-    auto r0 = f0->result.get();
-    auto r1 = f1->result.get();
-    auto r2 = f2->result.get();
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsQueryMap::Response::success, r0.code);
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsQueryMap::Response::success, r1.code);
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsQueryMap::Response::success, r2.code);
-
-    const bytevec& d0 = r0.response;
-    const bytevec& d1 = r1.response;
-    const bytevec& d2 = r2.response;
-
-    // The ID should match the query
-    EXPECT_EQ(999, d0[0] << 8 | d0[1]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(888, d1[0] << 8 | d1[1]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(777, d2[0] << 8 | d2[1]);
-    // The body should match the answer
-    EXPECT_EQ(bytevec(a0.begin() + 2, a0.end()), bytevec(d0.begin() + 2, d0.end()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(bytevec(a1.begin() + 2, a1.end()), bytevec(d1.begin() + 2, d1.end()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(bytevec(a2.begin() + 2, a2.end()), bytevec(d2.begin() + 2, d2.end()));
-}
-
-TEST(QueryMapTest, FillHole) {
-    DnsTlsQueryMap map;
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DnsTlsQueryMap::QueryFuture>> futures(UINT16_MAX + 1);
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= UINT16_MAX; ++i) {
-        futures[i] = map.recordQuery(makeSlice(QUERY));
-        ASSERT_TRUE(futures[i]);  // answers[i] should be nonnull.
-        EXPECT_EQ(i, futures[i]->query.newId);
-    }
-
-    // The map should now be full.
-    EXPECT_EQ(size_t(UINT16_MAX + 1), map.getAll().size());
-
-    // Trying to add another query should fail because the map is full.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(map.recordQuery(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-
-    // Send an answer to query 40000
-    auto answer = make_query(40000, SIZE);
-    map.onResponse(answer);
-    auto result = futures[40000]->result.get();
-    EXPECT_EQ(DnsTlsQueryMap::Response::success, result.code);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ID, result.response[0] << 8 | result.response[1]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(bytevec(answer.begin() + 2, answer.end()),
-              bytevec(result.response.begin() + 2, result.response.end()));
-
-    // There should now be room in the map.
-    EXPECT_EQ(size_t(UINT16_MAX), map.getAll().size());
-    auto f = map.recordQuery(makeSlice(QUERY));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(f);
-    EXPECT_EQ(40000, f->query.newId);
-
-    // The map should now be full again.
-    EXPECT_EQ(size_t(UINT16_MAX + 1), map.getAll().size());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(map.recordQuery(makeSlice(QUERY)));
-}
-
-class StubObserver : public IDnsTlsSocketObserver {
-  public:
-    bool closed = false;
-    void onResponse(std::vector<uint8_t>) override {}
-
-    void onClosed() override { closed = true; }
-};
-
-TEST(DnsTlsSocketTest, SlowDestructor) {
-    constexpr char tls_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char tls_port[] = "8530";  // High-numbered port so root isn't required.
-    // This test doesn't perform any queries, so the backend address can be invalid.
-    constexpr char backend_addr[] = "192.0.2.1";
-    constexpr char backend_port[] = "1";
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(tls_addr, tls_port, backend_addr, backend_port);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-
-    DnsTlsServer server;
-    parseServer(tls_addr, 8530, &server.ss);
-
-    StubObserver observer;
-    ASSERT_FALSE(observer.closed);
-    DnsTlsSessionCache cache;
-    auto socket = std::make_unique<DnsTlsSocket>(server, MARK, &observer, &cache);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(socket->initialize());
-
-    // Test: Time the socket destructor.  This should be fast.
-    auto before = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    socket.reset();
-    auto after = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    auto delay = after - before;
-    ALOGV("Shutdown took %lld ns", delay / std::chrono::nanoseconds{1});
-    EXPECT_TRUE(observer.closed);
-    // Shutdown should complete in milliseconds, but if the shutdown signal is lost
-    // it will wait for the timeout, which is expected to take 20seconds.
-    EXPECT_LT(delay, std::chrono::seconds{5});
-}
-
-} // end of namespace net
-} // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/dnsresolver_binder_test.cpp b/resolv/dnsresolver_binder_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a2de0e..0000000
--- a/resolv/dnsresolver_binder_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,369 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- * binder_test.cpp - unit tests for netd binder RPCs.
- */
-
-#ifdef NDEBUG
-#undef NDEBUG
-#endif
-
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <openssl/base64.h>
-
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android/net/IDnsResolver.h>
-#include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
-#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock-matchers.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netdutils/Stopwatch.h>
-#include "tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.h"
-#include "tests/TestMetrics.h"
-
-#include "NetdConstants.h"  // SHA256_SIZE
-#include "ResolverStats.h"
-#include "dns_responder.h"
-#include "dns_responder_client.h"
-
-namespace binder = android::binder;
-
-using android::IBinder;
-using android::IServiceManager;
-using android::ProcessState;
-using android::sp;
-using android::String16;
-using android::String8;
-using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-using android::net::ResolverParamsParcel;
-using android::net::ResolverStats;
-using android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener;
-using android::net::metrics::TestOnDnsEvent;
-using android::netdutils::Stopwatch;
-
-// TODO: make this dynamic and stop depending on implementation details.
-// Sync from TEST_NETID in dns_responder_client.cpp as resolver_test.cpp does.
-constexpr int TEST_NETID = 30;
-
-class DnsResolverBinderTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  public:
-    DnsResolverBinderTest() {
-        sp<IServiceManager> sm = android::defaultServiceManager();
-        sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("dnsresolver"));
-        if (binder != nullptr) {
-            mDnsResolver = android::interface_cast<IDnsResolver>(binder);
-        }
-        assert(nullptr != mDnsResolver.get());
-        // Create cache for test
-        mDnsResolver->createNetworkCache(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    ~DnsResolverBinderTest() {
-        // Destroy cache for test
-        mDnsResolver->destroyNetworkCache(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-  protected:
-    sp<IDnsResolver> mDnsResolver;
-};
-
-class TimedOperation : public Stopwatch {
-  public:
-    explicit TimedOperation(const std::string& name) : mName(name) {}
-    virtual ~TimedOperation() { fprintf(stderr, "    %s: %6.1f ms\n", mName.c_str(), timeTaken()); }
-
-  private:
-    std::string mName;
-};
-
-namespace {
-
-std::string base64Encode(const std::vector<uint8_t>& input) {
-    size_t out_len;
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, EVP_EncodedLength(&out_len, input.size()));
-    // out_len includes the trailing NULL.
-    uint8_t output_bytes[out_len];
-    EXPECT_EQ(out_len - 1, EVP_EncodeBlock(output_bytes, input.data(), input.size()));
-    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<char*>(output_bytes));
-}
-
-// TODO: Convert tests to ResolverParamsParcel and delete this stub.
-ResolverParamsParcel makeResolverParamsParcel(int netId, const std::vector<int>& params,
-                                              const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-                                              const std::vector<std::string>& domains,
-                                              const std::string& tlsHostname,
-                                              const std::vector<std::string>& tlsServers,
-                                              const std::vector<std::string>& tlsFingerprints) {
-    using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-    ResolverParamsParcel paramsParcel;
-
-    paramsParcel.netId = netId;
-    paramsParcel.sampleValiditySeconds = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY];
-    paramsParcel.successThreshold = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD];
-    paramsParcel.minSamples = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES];
-    paramsParcel.maxSamples = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES];
-    if (params.size() > IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC) {
-        paramsParcel.baseTimeoutMsec = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC];
-    } else {
-        paramsParcel.baseTimeoutMsec = 0;
-    }
-    if (params.size() > IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT) {
-        paramsParcel.retryCount = params[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT];
-    } else {
-        paramsParcel.retryCount = 0;
-    }
-    paramsParcel.servers = servers;
-    paramsParcel.domains = domains;
-    paramsParcel.tlsName = tlsHostname;
-    paramsParcel.tlsServers = tlsServers;
-    paramsParcel.tlsFingerprints = tlsFingerprints;
-
-    return paramsParcel;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST_F(DnsResolverBinderTest, IsAlive) {
-    TimedOperation t("isAlive RPC");
-    bool isAlive = false;
-    mDnsResolver->isAlive(&isAlive);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isAlive);
-}
-
-// TODO: Move this test to resolver_test.cpp
-TEST_F(DnsResolverBinderTest, EventListener_onDnsEvent) {
-    // The test configs are used to trigger expected events. The expected results are defined in
-    // expectedResults.
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        std::string hostname;
-        int returnCode;
-    } testConfigs[] = {
-            {"hi", 0 /*success*/},
-            {"nonexistent", EAI_NODATA},
-    };
-
-    // The expected results define expected event content for test verification.
-    static const std::vector<TestOnDnsEvent::TestResult> expectedResults = {
-            {TEST_NETID, INetdEventListener::EVENT_GETADDRINFO, 0 /*success*/, 1, "hi", "1.2.3.4"},
-            {TEST_NETID, INetdEventListener::EVENT_GETADDRINFO, EAI_NODATA, 0, "nonexistent", ""},
-    };
-
-    // Start the Binder thread pool.
-    // TODO: Consider doing this once if there has another event listener unit test.
-    android::ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
-
-    // Setup network.
-    // TODO: Setup device configuration and DNS responser server as resolver test does.
-    // Currently, leave DNS related configuration in this test because only it needs DNS
-    // client-server testing environment.
-    DnsResponderClient dnsClient;
-    dnsClient.SetUp();
-
-    // Setup DNS responder server.
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    dns.addMapping("hi.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-
-    // Setup DNS configuration.
-    const std::vector<std::string> test_servers = {listen_addr};
-    std::vector<std::string> test_domains = {"example.com"};
-    std::vector<int> test_params = {300 /*sample_validity*/, 25 /*success_threshold*/,
-                                    8 /*min_samples*/, 8 /*max_samples*/};
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(test_servers, test_domains, test_params));
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // Register event listener.
-    android::sp<TestOnDnsEvent> testOnDnsEvent = new TestOnDnsEvent(expectedResults);
-    android::binder::Status status = mDnsResolver->registerEventListener(
-            android::interface_cast<INetdEventListener>(testOnDnsEvent));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-
-    // DNS queries.
-    // Once all expected events of expectedResults are received by the listener, the unit test will
-    // be notified. Otherwise, notified with a timeout expired failure.
-    auto& cv = testOnDnsEvent->getCv();
-    auto& cvMutex = testOnDnsEvent->getCvMutex();
-    {
-        std::unique_lock lock(cvMutex);
-
-        for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(config.hostname);
-
-            addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-            addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET, .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM};
-            int status = getaddrinfo(config.hostname.c_str(), nullptr, &hints, &result);
-            EXPECT_EQ(config.returnCode, status);
-
-            if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-        }
-
-        // Wait for receiving expected events.
-        EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, cv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(2)));
-    }
-
-    // Verify that all testcases are passed.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(testOnDnsEvent->isVerified());
-
-    dnsClient.TearDown();
-}
-
-TEST_F(DnsResolverBinderTest, SetResolverConfiguration_Tls) {
-    const std::vector<std::string> LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_DNS{"8.8.8.8", "2001:4860:4860::8888"};
-    std::vector<uint8_t> fp(SHA256_SIZE);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> short_fp(1);
-    std::vector<uint8_t> long_fp(SHA256_SIZE + 1);
-    std::vector<std::string> test_domains;
-    std::vector<int> test_params = {300, 25, 8, 8};
-    static const struct TestData {
-        const std::vector<std::string> servers;
-        const std::string tlsName;
-        const std::vector<std::vector<uint8_t>> tlsFingerprints;
-        const int expectedReturnCode;
-    } kTlsTestData[] = {
-            {{"192.0.2.1"}, "", {}, 0},
-            {{"2001:db8::2"}, "host.name", {}, 0},
-            {{"192.0.2.3"}, "@@@@", {fp}, 0},
-            {{"2001:db8::4"}, "", {fp}, 0},
-            {{}, "", {}, 0},
-            {{""}, "", {}, EINVAL},
-            {{"192.0.*.5"}, "", {}, EINVAL},
-            {{"2001:dg8::6"}, "", {}, EINVAL},
-            {{"2001:db8::c"}, "", {short_fp}, EINVAL},
-            {{"192.0.2.12"}, "", {long_fp}, EINVAL},
-            {{"2001:db8::e"}, "", {fp, fp, fp}, 0},
-            {{"192.0.2.14"}, "", {fp, short_fp}, EINVAL},
-    };
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(kTlsTestData); i++) {
-        const auto& td = kTlsTestData[i];
-
-        std::vector<std::string> fingerprints;
-        for (const auto& fingerprint : td.tlsFingerprints) {
-            fingerprints.push_back(base64Encode(fingerprint));
-        }
-        const auto resolverParams =
-                makeResolverParamsParcel(TEST_NETID, test_params, LOCALLY_ASSIGNED_DNS,
-                                         test_domains, td.tlsName, td.servers, fingerprints);
-        binder::Status status = mDnsResolver->setResolverConfiguration(resolverParams);
-
-        if (td.expectedReturnCode == 0) {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("test case %zu should have passed", i));
-            SCOPED_TRACE(status.toString8());
-            EXPECT_EQ(0, status.exceptionCode());
-        } else {
-            SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("test case %zu should have failed", i));
-            EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
-            EXPECT_EQ(td.expectedReturnCode, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(DnsResolverBinderTest, GetResolverInfo) {
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {"127.0.0.1", "127.0.0.2"};
-    std::vector<std::string> domains = {"example.com"};
-    std::vector<int> testParams = {
-            300,     // sample validity in seconds
-            25,      // success threshod in percent
-            8,   8,  // {MIN,MAX}_SAMPLES
-            100,     // BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC
-            2,       // retry count
-    };
-    const auto resolverParams =
-            makeResolverParamsParcel(TEST_NETID, testParams, servers, domains, "", {}, {});
-    binder::Status status = mDnsResolver->setResolverConfiguration(resolverParams);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-
-    std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-    std::vector<int32_t> params32;
-    std::vector<int32_t> stats32;
-    std::vector<int32_t> wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count32{0};
-    status = mDnsResolver->getResolverInfo(TEST_NETID, &res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers,
-                                           &params32, &stats32,
-                                           &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count32);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-    EXPECT_EQ(servers.size(), res_servers.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(domains.size(), res_domains.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res_tls_servers.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT), testParams.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(testParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY],
-              params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(testParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD],
-              params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(testParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES],
-              params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(testParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES],
-              params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES]);
-    EXPECT_EQ(testParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC],
-              params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC]);
-
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> stats;
-    ResolverStats::decodeAll(stats32, &stats);
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(servers.size(), stats.size());
-
-    EXPECT_THAT(res_servers, testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(servers));
-    EXPECT_THAT(res_domains, testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(domains));
-}
-
-TEST_F(DnsResolverBinderTest, CreateDestroyNetworkCache) {
-    // Must not be the same as TEST_NETID
-    const int ANOTHER_TEST_NETID = TEST_NETID + 1;
-
-    // Create a new network cache.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->createNetworkCache(ANOTHER_TEST_NETID).isOk());
-
-    // create it again, expect a EEXIST.
-    EXPECT_EQ(EEXIST,
-              mDnsResolver->createNetworkCache(ANOTHER_TEST_NETID).serviceSpecificErrorCode());
-
-    // destroy it.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->destroyNetworkCache(ANOTHER_TEST_NETID).isOk());
-
-    // re-create it
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->createNetworkCache(ANOTHER_TEST_NETID).isOk());
-
-    // destroy it.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->destroyNetworkCache(ANOTHER_TEST_NETID).isOk());
-
-    // re-destroy it
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->destroyNetworkCache(ANOTHER_TEST_NETID).isOk());
-}
-
-TEST_F(DnsResolverBinderTest, setLogSeverity) {
-    // Expect fail
-    EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(-1).serviceSpecificErrorCode());
-
-    // Test set different log level
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_VERBOSE).isOk());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_DEBUG).isOk());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_INFO).isOk());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_WARNING).isOk());
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_ERROR).isOk());
-
-    // Set back to default
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsResolver->setLogSeverity(IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_WARNING).isOk());
-}
diff --git a/resolv/getaddrinfo.cpp b/resolv/getaddrinfo.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1d5038e..0000000
--- a/resolv/getaddrinfo.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1824 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: getaddrinfo.c,v 1.82 2006/03/25 12:09:40 rpaulo Exp $	*/
-/*	$KAME: getaddrinfo.c,v 1.29 2000/08/31 17:26:57 itojun Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "getaddrinfo"
-
-#include "getaddrinfo.h"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <net/if.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-#define ANY 0
-
-const char in_addrany[] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
-const char in_loopback[] = {127, 0, 0, 1};
-const char in6_addrany[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-const char in6_loopback[] = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1};
-
-const struct afd {
-    int a_af;
-    int a_addrlen;
-    int a_socklen;
-    int a_off;
-    const char* a_addrany;
-    const char* a_loopback;
-    int a_scoped;
-} afdl[] = {
-        {PF_INET6, sizeof(struct in6_addr), sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6),
-         offsetof(struct sockaddr_in6, sin6_addr), in6_addrany, in6_loopback, 1},
-        {PF_INET, sizeof(struct in_addr), sizeof(struct sockaddr_in),
-         offsetof(struct sockaddr_in, sin_addr), in_addrany, in_loopback, 0},
-        {0, 0, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, 0},
-};
-
-struct Explore {
-    int e_af;
-    int e_socktype;
-    int e_protocol;
-    int e_wild;
-#define WILD_AF(ex) ((ex).e_wild & 0x01)
-#define WILD_SOCKTYPE(ex) ((ex).e_wild & 0x02)
-#define WILD_PROTOCOL(ex) ((ex).e_wild & 0x04)
-};
-
-const Explore explore_options[] = {
-        {PF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP, 0x07},
-        {PF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP, 0x07},
-        {PF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, ANY, 0x05},
-        {PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP, 0x07},
-        {PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP, 0x07},
-        {PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, ANY, 0x05},
-        {PF_UNSPEC, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP, 0x07},
-        {PF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP, 0x07},
-        {PF_UNSPEC, SOCK_RAW, ANY, 0x05},
-};
-
-#define PTON_MAX 16
-#define MAXPACKET (8 * 1024)
-
-typedef union {
-    HEADER hdr;
-    u_char buf[MAXPACKET];
-} querybuf;
-
-struct res_target {
-    struct res_target* next;
-    const char* name;  /* domain name */
-    int qclass, qtype; /* class and type of query */
-    u_char* answer;    /* buffer to put answer */
-    int anslen;        /* size of answer buffer */
-    int n;             /* result length */
-};
-
-static int str2number(const char*);
-static int explore_fqdn(const struct addrinfo*, const char*, const char*, struct addrinfo**,
-                        const struct android_net_context*);
-static int explore_null(const struct addrinfo*, const char*, struct addrinfo**);
-static int explore_numeric(const struct addrinfo*, const char*, const char*, struct addrinfo**,
-                           const char*);
-static int explore_numeric_scope(const struct addrinfo*, const char*, const char*,
-                                 struct addrinfo**);
-static int get_canonname(const struct addrinfo*, struct addrinfo*, const char*);
-static struct addrinfo* get_ai(const struct addrinfo*, const struct afd*, const char*);
-static int get_portmatch(const struct addrinfo*, const char*);
-static int get_port(const struct addrinfo*, const char*, int);
-static const struct afd* find_afd(int);
-static int ip6_str2scopeid(const char*, struct sockaddr_in6*, u_int32_t*);
-
-static struct addrinfo* getanswer(const querybuf*, int, const char*, int, const struct addrinfo*,
-                                  int* herrno);
-static int dns_getaddrinfo(const char* name, const addrinfo* pai,
-                           const android_net_context* netcontext, addrinfo** rv);
-static void _sethtent(FILE**);
-static void _endhtent(FILE**);
-static struct addrinfo* _gethtent(FILE**, const char*, const struct addrinfo*);
-static bool files_getaddrinfo(const char* name, const addrinfo* pai, addrinfo** res);
-static int _find_src_addr(const struct sockaddr*, struct sockaddr*, unsigned, uid_t);
-
-static int res_queryN(const char* name, res_target* target, res_state res, int* herrno);
-static int res_searchN(const char* name, res_target* target, res_state res, int* herrno);
-static int res_querydomainN(const char* name, const char* domain, res_target* target, res_state res,
-                            int* herrno);
-
-const char* const ai_errlist[] = {
-        "Success",
-        "Address family for hostname not supported",    /* EAI_ADDRFAMILY */
-        "Temporary failure in name resolution",         /* EAI_AGAIN      */
-        "Invalid value for ai_flags",                   /* EAI_BADFLAGS   */
-        "Non-recoverable failure in name resolution",   /* EAI_FAIL       */
-        "ai_family not supported",                      /* EAI_FAMILY     */
-        "Memory allocation failure",                    /* EAI_MEMORY     */
-        "No address associated with hostname",          /* EAI_NODATA     */
-        "hostname nor servname provided, or not known", /* EAI_NONAME     */
-        "servname not supported for ai_socktype",       /* EAI_SERVICE    */
-        "ai_socktype not supported",                    /* EAI_SOCKTYPE   */
-        "System error returned in errno",               /* EAI_SYSTEM     */
-        "Invalid value for hints",                      /* EAI_BADHINTS	  */
-        "Resolved protocol is unknown",                 /* EAI_PROTOCOL   */
-        "Argument buffer overflow",                     /* EAI_OVERFLOW   */
-        "Unknown error",                                /* EAI_MAX        */
-};
-
-/* XXX macros that make external reference is BAD. */
-
-#define GET_AI(ai, afd, addr)                                \
-    do {                                                     \
-        /* external reference: pai, error, and label free */ \
-        (ai) = get_ai(pai, (afd), (addr));                   \
-        if ((ai) == NULL) {                                  \
-            error = EAI_MEMORY;                              \
-            goto free;                                       \
-        }                                                    \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define GET_PORT(ai, serv)                             \
-    do {                                               \
-        /* external reference: error and label free */ \
-        error = get_port((ai), (serv), 0);             \
-        if (error != 0) goto free;                     \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define MATCH_FAMILY(x, y, w) \
-    ((x) == (y) || ((w) && ((x) == PF_UNSPEC || (y) == PF_UNSPEC)))
-#define MATCH(x, y, w) ((x) == (y) || ((w) && ((x) == ANY || (y) == ANY)))
-
-const char* gai_strerror(int ecode) {
-    if (ecode < 0 || ecode > EAI_MAX) ecode = EAI_MAX;
-    return ai_errlist[ecode];
-}
-
-void freeaddrinfo(struct addrinfo* ai) {
-    while (ai) {
-        struct addrinfo* next = ai->ai_next;
-        if (ai->ai_canonname) free(ai->ai_canonname);
-        // Also frees ai->ai_addr which points to extra space beyond addrinfo
-        free(ai);
-        ai = next;
-    }
-}
-
-static int str2number(const char* p) {
-    char* ep;
-    unsigned long v;
-
-    assert(p != NULL);
-
-    if (*p == '\0') return -1;
-    ep = NULL;
-    errno = 0;
-    v = strtoul(p, &ep, 10);
-    if (errno == 0 && ep && *ep == '\0' && v <= UINT_MAX)
-        return v;
-    else
-        return -1;
-}
-
-/*
- * The following functions determine whether IPv4 or IPv6 connectivity is
- * available in order to implement AI_ADDRCONFIG.
- *
- * Strictly speaking, AI_ADDRCONFIG should not look at whether connectivity is
- * available, but whether addresses of the specified family are "configured
- * on the local system". However, bionic doesn't currently support getifaddrs,
- * so checking for connectivity is the next best thing.
- */
-static int have_ipv6(unsigned mark, uid_t uid) {
-    static const struct sockaddr_in6 sin6_test = {
-            .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
-            .sin6_addr.s6_addr = {// 2000::
-                                  0x20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}};
-    sockaddr_union addr = {.sin6 = sin6_test};
-    return _find_src_addr(&addr.sa, NULL, mark, uid) == 1;
-}
-
-static int have_ipv4(unsigned mark, uid_t uid) {
-    static const struct sockaddr_in sin_test = {
-            .sin_family = AF_INET,
-            .sin_addr.s_addr = __constant_htonl(0x08080808L)  // 8.8.8.8
-    };
-    sockaddr_union addr = {.sin = sin_test};
-    return _find_src_addr(&addr.sa, NULL, mark, uid) == 1;
-}
-
-// Internal version of getaddrinfo(), but limited to AI_NUMERICHOST.
-// NOTE: also called by resolv_set_nameservers_for_net().
-int getaddrinfo_numeric(const char* hostname, const char* servname, addrinfo hints,
-                        addrinfo** result) {
-    hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
-    const android_net_context netcontext = {
-            .app_netid = NETID_UNSET,
-            .app_mark = MARK_UNSET,
-            .dns_netid = NETID_UNSET,
-            .dns_mark = MARK_UNSET,
-            .uid = NET_CONTEXT_INVALID_UID,
-    };
-    return android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(hostname, servname, &hints, &netcontext, result);
-}
-
-int android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(const char* hostname, const char* servname,
-                                     const struct addrinfo* hints,
-                                     const struct android_net_context* netcontext,
-                                     struct addrinfo** res) {
-    struct addrinfo sentinel = {};
-    struct addrinfo* cur = &sentinel;
-    int error = 0;
-
-    // hostname is allowed to be nullptr
-    // servname is allowed to be nullptr
-    // hints is allowed to be nullptr
-    assert(res != nullptr);
-    assert(netcontext != nullptr);
-
-    struct addrinfo ai = {
-            .ai_flags = 0,
-            .ai_family = PF_UNSPEC,
-            .ai_socktype = ANY,
-            .ai_protocol = ANY,
-            .ai_addrlen = 0,
-            .ai_canonname = nullptr,
-            .ai_addr = nullptr,
-            .ai_next = nullptr,
-    };
-
-    do {
-        if (hostname == NULL && servname == NULL) {
-            error = EAI_NONAME;
-            break;
-        }
-        if (hints) {
-            /* error check for hints */
-            if (hints->ai_addrlen || hints->ai_canonname || hints->ai_addr || hints->ai_next) {
-                error = EAI_BADHINTS;
-                break;
-            }
-            if (hints->ai_flags & ~AI_MASK) {
-                error = EAI_BADFLAGS;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if (!(hints->ai_family == PF_UNSPEC || hints->ai_family == PF_INET ||
-                  hints->ai_family == PF_INET6)) {
-                error = EAI_FAMILY;
-                break;
-            }
-
-            ai = *hints;
-
-            /*
-             * if both socktype/protocol are specified, check if they
-             * are meaningful combination.
-             */
-            if (ai.ai_socktype != ANY && ai.ai_protocol != ANY) {
-                for (const Explore& ex : explore_options) {
-                    if (ai.ai_family != ex.e_af) continue;
-                    if (ex.e_socktype == ANY) continue;
-                    if (ex.e_protocol == ANY) continue;
-                    if (ai.ai_socktype == ex.e_socktype && ai.ai_protocol != ex.e_protocol) {
-                        error = EAI_BADHINTS;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (error) break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * Check for special cases:
-         * (1) numeric servname is disallowed if socktype/protocol are left unspecified.
-         * (2) servname is disallowed for raw and other inet{,6} sockets.
-         */
-        if (MATCH_FAMILY(ai.ai_family, PF_INET, 1) || MATCH_FAMILY(ai.ai_family, PF_INET6, 1)) {
-            struct addrinfo tmp = ai;
-            if (tmp.ai_family == PF_UNSPEC) {
-                tmp.ai_family = PF_INET6;
-            }
-            error = get_portmatch(&tmp, servname);
-            if (error) break;
-        }
-
-        // NULL hostname, or numeric hostname
-        for (const Explore& ex : explore_options) {
-            /* PF_UNSPEC entries are prepared for DNS queries only */
-            if (ex.e_af == PF_UNSPEC) continue;
-
-            if (!MATCH_FAMILY(ai.ai_family, ex.e_af, WILD_AF(ex))) continue;
-            if (!MATCH(ai.ai_socktype, ex.e_socktype, WILD_SOCKTYPE(ex))) continue;
-            if (!MATCH(ai.ai_protocol, ex.e_protocol, WILD_PROTOCOL(ex))) continue;
-
-            struct addrinfo tmp = ai;
-            if (tmp.ai_family == PF_UNSPEC) tmp.ai_family = ex.e_af;
-            if (tmp.ai_socktype == ANY && ex.e_socktype != ANY) tmp.ai_socktype = ex.e_socktype;
-            if (tmp.ai_protocol == ANY && ex.e_protocol != ANY) tmp.ai_protocol = ex.e_protocol;
-
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": explore_numeric: ai_family=" << tmp.ai_family
-                       << " ai_socktype=" << tmp.ai_socktype << " ai_protocol=" << tmp.ai_protocol;
-            if (hostname == nullptr)
-                error = explore_null(&tmp, servname, &cur->ai_next);
-            else
-                error = explore_numeric_scope(&tmp, hostname, servname, &cur->ai_next);
-
-            if (error) break;
-
-            while (cur->ai_next) cur = cur->ai_next;
-        }
-        if (error) break;
-
-        /*
-         * XXX
-         * If numeric representation of AF1 can be interpreted as FQDN
-         * representation of AF2, we need to think again about the code below.
-         */
-        if (sentinel.ai_next) break;
-
-        if (hostname == nullptr) {
-            error = EAI_NODATA;
-            break;
-        }
-        if (ai.ai_flags & AI_NUMERICHOST) {
-            error = EAI_NONAME;
-            break;
-        }
-
-        /*
-         * hostname as alphabetical name.
-         * We would like to prefer AF_INET6 over AF_INET, so we'll make a outer loop by AFs.
-         */
-        for (const Explore& ex : explore_options) {
-            // Require exact match for family field
-            if (ai.ai_family != ex.e_af) continue;
-
-            if (!MATCH(ai.ai_socktype, ex.e_socktype, WILD_SOCKTYPE(ex))) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!MATCH(ai.ai_protocol, ex.e_protocol, WILD_PROTOCOL(ex))) {
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            struct addrinfo tmp = ai;
-            if (tmp.ai_socktype == ANY && ex.e_socktype != ANY) tmp.ai_socktype = ex.e_socktype;
-            if (tmp.ai_protocol == ANY && ex.e_protocol != ANY) tmp.ai_protocol = ex.e_protocol;
-
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": explore_fqdn(): ai_family=" << tmp.ai_family
-                       << " ai_socktype=" << tmp.ai_socktype << " ai_protocol=" << tmp.ai_protocol;
-            error = explore_fqdn(&tmp, hostname, servname, &cur->ai_next, netcontext);
-
-            while (cur->ai_next) cur = cur->ai_next;
-        }
-
-        if (sentinel.ai_next) {
-            error = 0;
-        } else if (error == 0) {
-            error = EAI_FAIL;
-        }
-    } while (0);
-
-    if (error) {
-        freeaddrinfo(sentinel.ai_next);
-        *res = nullptr;
-    } else {
-        *res = sentinel.ai_next;
-    }
-    return error;
-}
-
-// FQDN hostname, DNS lookup
-static int explore_fqdn(const struct addrinfo* pai, const char* hostname, const char* servname,
-                        struct addrinfo** res, const struct android_net_context* netcontext) {
-    struct addrinfo* result;
-    int error = 0;
-
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-    /* hostname may be NULL */
-    /* servname may be NULL */
-    assert(res != NULL);
-
-    result = NULL;
-
-    // If the servname does not match socktype/protocol, ignore it.
-    if (get_portmatch(pai, servname) != 0) return 0;
-
-    if (!files_getaddrinfo(hostname, pai, &result)) {
-        error = dns_getaddrinfo(hostname, pai, netcontext, &result);
-    }
-    if (!error) {
-        struct addrinfo* cur;
-        for (cur = result; cur; cur = cur->ai_next) {
-            GET_PORT(cur, servname);
-            /* canonname should be filled already */
-        }
-        *res = result;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-free:
-    freeaddrinfo(result);
-    return error;
-}
-
-/*
- * hostname == NULL.
- * passive socket -> anyaddr (0.0.0.0 or ::)
- * non-passive socket -> localhost (127.0.0.1 or ::1)
- */
-static int explore_null(const struct addrinfo* pai, const char* servname, struct addrinfo** res) {
-    int s;
-    const struct afd* afd;
-    struct addrinfo* cur;
-    struct addrinfo sentinel;
-    int error;
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-    /* servname may be NULL */
-    assert(res != NULL);
-
-    *res = NULL;
-    sentinel.ai_next = NULL;
-    cur = &sentinel;
-
-    /*
-     * filter out AFs that are not supported by the kernel
-     * XXX errno?
-     */
-    s = socket(pai->ai_family, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
-    if (s < 0) {
-        if (errno != EMFILE) return 0;
-    } else
-        close(s);
-
-    /*
-     * if the servname does not match socktype/protocol, ignore it.
-     */
-    if (get_portmatch(pai, servname) != 0) return 0;
-
-    afd = find_afd(pai->ai_family);
-    if (afd == NULL) return 0;
-
-    if (pai->ai_flags & AI_PASSIVE) {
-        GET_AI(cur->ai_next, afd, afd->a_addrany);
-        GET_PORT(cur->ai_next, servname);
-    } else {
-        GET_AI(cur->ai_next, afd, afd->a_loopback);
-        GET_PORT(cur->ai_next, servname);
-    }
-    cur = cur->ai_next;
-
-    *res = sentinel.ai_next;
-    return 0;
-
-free:
-    freeaddrinfo(sentinel.ai_next);
-    return error;
-}
-
-/*
- * numeric hostname
- */
-static int explore_numeric(const struct addrinfo* pai, const char* hostname, const char* servname,
-                           struct addrinfo** res, const char* canonname) {
-    const struct afd* afd;
-    struct addrinfo* cur;
-    struct addrinfo sentinel;
-    int error;
-    char pton[PTON_MAX];
-
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-    /* hostname may be NULL */
-    /* servname may be NULL */
-    assert(res != NULL);
-
-    *res = NULL;
-    sentinel.ai_next = NULL;
-    cur = &sentinel;
-
-    /*
-     * if the servname does not match socktype/protocol, ignore it.
-     */
-    if (get_portmatch(pai, servname) != 0) return 0;
-
-    afd = find_afd(pai->ai_family);
-    if (afd == NULL) return 0;
-
-    if (inet_pton(afd->a_af, hostname, pton) == 1) {
-        if (pai->ai_family == afd->a_af || pai->ai_family == PF_UNSPEC /*?*/) {
-            GET_AI(cur->ai_next, afd, pton);
-            GET_PORT(cur->ai_next, servname);
-            if ((pai->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME)) {
-                /*
-                 * Set the numeric address itself as
-                 * the canonical name, based on a
-                 * clarification in rfc2553bis-03.
-                 */
-                error = get_canonname(pai, cur->ai_next, canonname);
-                if (error != 0) {
-                    freeaddrinfo(sentinel.ai_next);
-                    return error;
-                }
-            }
-            while (cur->ai_next) cur = cur->ai_next;
-        } else
-            return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-
-    *res = sentinel.ai_next;
-    return 0;
-
-free:
-    freeaddrinfo(sentinel.ai_next);
-    return error;
-}
-
-/*
- * numeric hostname with scope
- */
-static int explore_numeric_scope(const struct addrinfo* pai, const char* hostname,
-                                 const char* servname, struct addrinfo** res) {
-    const struct afd* afd;
-    struct addrinfo* cur;
-    int error;
-    const char *cp, *scope, *addr;
-    struct sockaddr_in6* sin6;
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-    /* hostname may be NULL */
-    /* servname may be NULL */
-    assert(res != NULL);
-
-    /*
-     * if the servname does not match socktype/protocol, ignore it.
-     */
-    if (get_portmatch(pai, servname) != 0) return 0;
-
-    afd = find_afd(pai->ai_family);
-    if (afd == NULL) return 0;
-
-    if (!afd->a_scoped) return explore_numeric(pai, hostname, servname, res, hostname);
-
-    cp = strchr(hostname, SCOPE_DELIMITER);
-    if (cp == NULL) return explore_numeric(pai, hostname, servname, res, hostname);
-
-    /*
-     * Handle special case of <scoped_address><delimiter><scope id>
-     */
-    char* hostname2 = strdup(hostname);
-    if (hostname2 == NULL) return EAI_MEMORY;
-    /* terminate at the delimiter */
-    hostname2[cp - hostname] = '\0';
-    addr = hostname2;
-    scope = cp + 1;
-
-    error = explore_numeric(pai, addr, servname, res, hostname);
-    if (error == 0) {
-        u_int32_t scopeid;
-
-        for (cur = *res; cur; cur = cur->ai_next) {
-            if (cur->ai_family != AF_INET6) continue;
-            sin6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) cur->ai_addr;
-            if (ip6_str2scopeid(scope, sin6, &scopeid) == -1) {
-                free(hostname2);
-                return (EAI_NODATA); /* XXX: is return OK? */
-            }
-            sin6->sin6_scope_id = scopeid;
-        }
-    }
-
-    free(hostname2);
-
-    return error;
-}
-
-static int get_canonname(const struct addrinfo* pai, struct addrinfo* ai, const char* str) {
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-    assert(ai != NULL);
-    assert(str != NULL);
-
-    if ((pai->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME) != 0) {
-        ai->ai_canonname = strdup(str);
-        if (ai->ai_canonname == NULL) return EAI_MEMORY;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static struct addrinfo* get_ai(const struct addrinfo* pai, const struct afd* afd,
-                               const char* addr) {
-    char* p;
-    struct addrinfo* ai;
-
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-    assert(afd != NULL);
-    assert(addr != NULL);
-
-    ai = (struct addrinfo*) malloc(sizeof(struct addrinfo) + sizeof(sockaddr_union));
-    if (ai == NULL) return NULL;
-
-    memcpy(ai, pai, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
-    ai->ai_addr = (struct sockaddr*) (void*) (ai + 1);
-    memset(ai->ai_addr, 0, sizeof(sockaddr_union));
-
-    ai->ai_addrlen = afd->a_socklen;
-    ai->ai_addr->sa_family = ai->ai_family = afd->a_af;
-    p = (char*) (void*) (ai->ai_addr);
-    memcpy(p + afd->a_off, addr, (size_t) afd->a_addrlen);
-    return ai;
-}
-
-static int get_portmatch(const struct addrinfo* ai, const char* servname) {
-    assert(ai != NULL);
-    /* servname may be NULL */
-
-    return get_port(ai, servname, 1);
-}
-
-static int get_port(const struct addrinfo* ai, const char* servname, int matchonly) {
-    const char* proto;
-    struct servent* sp;
-    int port;
-    int allownumeric;
-
-    assert(ai != NULL);
-    /* servname may be NULL */
-
-    if (servname == NULL) return 0;
-    switch (ai->ai_family) {
-        case AF_INET:
-        case AF_INET6:
-            break;
-        default:
-            return 0;
-    }
-
-    switch (ai->ai_socktype) {
-        case SOCK_RAW:
-            return EAI_SERVICE;
-        case SOCK_DGRAM:
-        case SOCK_STREAM:
-            allownumeric = 1;
-            break;
-        case ANY:
-            allownumeric = 1;
-            break;
-        default:
-            return EAI_SOCKTYPE;
-    }
-
-    port = str2number(servname);
-    if (port >= 0) {
-        if (!allownumeric) return EAI_SERVICE;
-        if (port < 0 || port > 65535) return EAI_SERVICE;
-        port = htons(port);
-    } else {
-        if (ai->ai_flags & AI_NUMERICSERV) return EAI_NONAME;
-
-        switch (ai->ai_socktype) {
-            case SOCK_DGRAM:
-                proto = "udp";
-                break;
-            case SOCK_STREAM:
-                proto = "tcp";
-                break;
-            default:
-                proto = NULL;
-                break;
-        }
-
-        if ((sp = getservbyname(servname, proto)) == NULL) return EAI_SERVICE;
-        port = sp->s_port;
-    }
-
-    if (!matchonly) {
-        switch (ai->ai_family) {
-            case AF_INET:
-                ((struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) ai->ai_addr)->sin_port = port;
-                break;
-            case AF_INET6:
-                ((struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) ai->ai_addr)->sin6_port = port;
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static const struct afd* find_afd(int af) {
-    const struct afd* afd;
-
-    if (af == PF_UNSPEC) return NULL;
-    for (afd = afdl; afd->a_af; afd++) {
-        if (afd->a_af == af) return afd;
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-// Convert a string to a scope identifier.
-static int ip6_str2scopeid(const char* scope, struct sockaddr_in6* sin6, u_int32_t* scopeid) {
-    u_long lscopeid;
-    struct in6_addr* a6;
-    char* ep;
-
-    assert(scope != NULL);
-    assert(sin6 != NULL);
-    assert(scopeid != NULL);
-
-    a6 = &sin6->sin6_addr;
-
-    /* empty scopeid portion is invalid */
-    if (*scope == '\0') return -1;
-
-    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(a6) || IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_LINKLOCAL(a6)) {
-        /*
-         * We currently assume a one-to-one mapping between links
-         * and interfaces, so we simply use interface indices for
-         * like-local scopes.
-         */
-        *scopeid = if_nametoindex(scope);
-        if (*scopeid == 0) goto trynumeric;
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* still unclear about literal, allow numeric only - placeholder */
-    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(a6) || IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_SITELOCAL(a6)) goto trynumeric;
-    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_ORGLOCAL(a6))
-        goto trynumeric;
-    else
-        goto trynumeric; /* global */
-
-    /* try to convert to a numeric id as a last resort */
-trynumeric:
-    errno = 0;
-    lscopeid = strtoul(scope, &ep, 10);
-    *scopeid = (u_int32_t)(lscopeid & 0xffffffffUL);
-    if (errno == 0 && ep && *ep == '\0' && *scopeid == lscopeid)
-        return 0;
-    else
-        return -1;
-}
-
-/* code duplicate with gethnamaddr.c */
-
-#define BOUNDED_INCR(x)      \
-    do {                     \
-        BOUNDS_CHECK(cp, x); \
-        cp += (x);           \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define BOUNDS_CHECK(ptr, count)     \
-    do {                             \
-        if (eom - (ptr) < (count)) { \
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;   \
-            return NULL;             \
-        }                            \
-    } while (0)
-
-static struct addrinfo* getanswer(const querybuf* answer, int anslen, const char* qname, int qtype,
-                                  const struct addrinfo* pai, int* herrno) {
-    struct addrinfo sentinel = {};
-    struct addrinfo *cur;
-    struct addrinfo ai;
-    const struct afd* afd;
-    char* canonname;
-    const HEADER* hp;
-    const u_char* cp;
-    int n;
-    const u_char* eom;
-    char *bp, *ep;
-    int type, ancount, qdcount;
-    int haveanswer, had_error;
-    char tbuf[MAXDNAME];
-    int (*name_ok)(const char*);
-    char hostbuf[8 * 1024];
-
-    assert(answer != NULL);
-    assert(qname != NULL);
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-
-    cur = &sentinel;
-
-    canonname = NULL;
-    eom = answer->buf + anslen;
-    switch (qtype) {
-        case T_A:
-        case T_AAAA:
-        case T_ANY: /*use T_ANY only for T_A/T_AAAA lookup*/
-            name_ok = res_hnok;
-            break;
-        default:
-            return NULL; /* XXX should be abort(); */
-    }
-    /*
-     * find first satisfactory answer
-     */
-    hp = &answer->hdr;
-    ancount = ntohs(hp->ancount);
-    qdcount = ntohs(hp->qdcount);
-    bp = hostbuf;
-    ep = hostbuf + sizeof hostbuf;
-    cp = answer->buf;
-    BOUNDED_INCR(HFIXEDSZ);
-    if (qdcount != 1) {
-        *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-        return (NULL);
-    }
-    n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, bp, ep - bp);
-    if ((n < 0) || !(*name_ok)(bp)) {
-        *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-        return (NULL);
-    }
-    BOUNDED_INCR(n + QFIXEDSZ);
-    if (qtype == T_A || qtype == T_AAAA || qtype == T_ANY) {
-        /* res_send() has already verified that the query name is the
-         * same as the one we sent; this just gets the expanded name
-         * (i.e., with the succeeding search-domain tacked on).
-         */
-        n = strlen(bp) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-        if (n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return (NULL);
-        }
-        canonname = bp;
-        bp += n;
-        /* The qname can be abbreviated, but h_name is now absolute. */
-        qname = canonname;
-    }
-    haveanswer = 0;
-    had_error = 0;
-    while (ancount-- > 0 && cp < eom && !had_error) {
-        n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, bp, ep - bp);
-        if ((n < 0) || !(*name_ok)(bp)) {
-            had_error++;
-            continue;
-        }
-        cp += n; /* name */
-        BOUNDS_CHECK(cp, 3 * INT16SZ + INT32SZ);
-        type = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ; /* type */
-        int cl = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ + INT32SZ; /* class, TTL */
-        n = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ; /* len */
-        BOUNDS_CHECK(cp, n);
-        if (cl != C_IN) {
-            /* XXX - debug? syslog? */
-            cp += n;
-            continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-        }
-        if ((qtype == T_A || qtype == T_AAAA || qtype == T_ANY) && type == T_CNAME) {
-            n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, tbuf, sizeof tbuf);
-            if ((n < 0) || !(*name_ok)(tbuf)) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            cp += n;
-            /* Get canonical name. */
-            n = strlen(tbuf) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-            if (n > ep - bp || n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            strlcpy(bp, tbuf, (size_t)(ep - bp));
-            canonname = bp;
-            bp += n;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (qtype == T_ANY) {
-            if (!(type == T_A || type == T_AAAA)) {
-                cp += n;
-                continue;
-            }
-        } else if (type != qtype) {
-            if (type != T_KEY && type != T_SIG)
-                LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": asked for \"" << qname << " " << p_class(C_IN) << " "
-                           << p_type(qtype) << "\", got type \"" << p_type(type) << "\"";
-            cp += n;
-            continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-        }
-        switch (type) {
-            case T_A:
-            case T_AAAA:
-                if (strcasecmp(canonname, bp) != 0) {
-                    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": asked for \"" << canonname << "\", got \"" << bp
-                               << "\"";
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-                }
-                if (type == T_A && n != INADDRSZ) {
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (type == T_AAAA && n != IN6ADDRSZ) {
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (type == T_AAAA) {
-                    struct in6_addr in6;
-                    memcpy(&in6, cp, IN6ADDRSZ);
-                    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(&in6)) {
-                        cp += n;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (!haveanswer) {
-                    int nn;
-
-                    canonname = bp;
-                    nn = strlen(bp) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-                    bp += nn;
-                }
-
-                /* don't overwrite pai */
-                ai = *pai;
-                ai.ai_family = (type == T_A) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
-                afd = find_afd(ai.ai_family);
-                if (afd == NULL) {
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                cur->ai_next = get_ai(&ai, afd, (const char*) cp);
-                if (cur->ai_next == NULL) had_error++;
-                while (cur && cur->ai_next) cur = cur->ai_next;
-                cp += n;
-                break;
-            default:
-                abort();
-        }
-        if (!had_error) haveanswer++;
-    }
-    if (haveanswer) {
-        if (!canonname)
-            (void) get_canonname(pai, sentinel.ai_next, qname);
-        else
-            (void) get_canonname(pai, sentinel.ai_next, canonname);
-        *herrno = NETDB_SUCCESS;
-        return sentinel.ai_next;
-    }
-
-    *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-struct addrinfo_sort_elem {
-    struct addrinfo* ai;
-    int has_src_addr;
-    sockaddr_union src_addr;
-    int original_order;
-};
-
-static int _get_scope(const struct sockaddr* addr) {
-    if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* addr6 = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) addr;
-        if (IN6_IS_ADDR_MULTICAST(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return IPV6_ADDR_MC_SCOPE(&addr6->sin6_addr);
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(&addr6->sin6_addr) ||
-                   IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            /*
-             * RFC 4291 section 2.5.3 says loopback is to be treated as having
-             * link-local scope.
-             */
-            return IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_SITELOCAL;
-        } else {
-            return IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
-        }
-    } else if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET) {
-        const struct sockaddr_in* addr4 = (const struct sockaddr_in*) addr;
-        unsigned long int na = ntohl(addr4->sin_addr.s_addr);
-
-        if (IN_LOOPBACK(na) ||                 /* 127.0.0.0/8 */
-            (na & 0xffff0000) == 0xa9fe0000) { /* 169.254.0.0/16 */
-            return IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_LINKLOCAL;
-        } else {
-            /*
-             * RFC 6724 section 3.2. Other IPv4 addresses, including private addresses
-             * and shared addresses (100.64.0.0/10), are assigned global scope.
-             */
-            return IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_GLOBAL;
-        }
-    } else {
-        /*
-         * This should never happen.
-         * Return a scope with low priority as a last resort.
-         */
-        return IPV6_ADDR_SCOPE_NODELOCAL;
-    }
-}
-
-/* These macros are modelled after the ones in <netinet/in6.h>. */
-
-/* RFC 4380, section 2.6 */
-#define IN6_IS_ADDR_TEREDO(a) \
-    ((*(const uint32_t*) (const void*) (&(a)->s6_addr[0]) == ntohl(0x20010000)))
-
-/* RFC 3056, section 2. */
-#define IN6_IS_ADDR_6TO4(a) (((a)->s6_addr[0] == 0x20) && ((a)->s6_addr[1] == 0x02))
-
-/* 6bone testing address area (3ffe::/16), deprecated in RFC 3701. */
-#define IN6_IS_ADDR_6BONE(a) (((a)->s6_addr[0] == 0x3f) && ((a)->s6_addr[1] == 0xfe))
-
-/*
- * Get the label for a given IPv4/IPv6 address.
- * RFC 6724, section 2.1.
- */
-
-static int _get_label(const struct sockaddr* addr) {
-    if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET) {
-        return 4;
-    } else if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* addr6 = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) addr;
-        if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 0;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 4;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_6TO4(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 2;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_TEREDO(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 5;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_ULA(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 13;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 3;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 11;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_6BONE(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 12;
-        } else {
-            /* All other IPv6 addresses, including global unicast addresses. */
-            return 1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        /*
-         * This should never happen.
-         * Return a semi-random label as a last resort.
-         */
-        return 1;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Get the precedence for a given IPv4/IPv6 address.
- * RFC 6724, section 2.1.
- */
-
-static int _get_precedence(const struct sockaddr* addr) {
-    if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET) {
-        return 35;
-    } else if (addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* addr6 = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) addr;
-        if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 50;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 35;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_6TO4(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 30;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_TEREDO(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 5;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_ULA(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 3;
-        } else if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT(&addr6->sin6_addr) ||
-                   IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL(&addr6->sin6_addr) ||
-                   IN6_IS_ADDR_6BONE(&addr6->sin6_addr)) {
-            return 1;
-        } else {
-            /* All other IPv6 addresses, including global unicast addresses. */
-            return 40;
-        }
-    } else {
-        return 1;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Find number of matching initial bits between the two addresses a1 and a2.
- */
-
-static int _common_prefix_len(const struct in6_addr* a1, const struct in6_addr* a2) {
-    const char* p1 = (const char*) a1;
-    const char* p2 = (const char*) a2;
-    unsigned i;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(*a1); ++i) {
-        int x, j;
-
-        if (p1[i] == p2[i]) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        x = p1[i] ^ p2[i];
-        for (j = 0; j < CHAR_BIT; ++j) {
-            if (x & (1 << (CHAR_BIT - 1))) {
-                return i * CHAR_BIT + j;
-            }
-            x <<= 1;
-        }
-    }
-    return sizeof(*a1) * CHAR_BIT;
-}
-
-/*
- * Compare two source/destination address pairs.
- * RFC 6724, section 6.
- */
-
-static int _rfc6724_compare(const void* ptr1, const void* ptr2) {
-    const struct addrinfo_sort_elem* a1 = (const struct addrinfo_sort_elem*) ptr1;
-    const struct addrinfo_sort_elem* a2 = (const struct addrinfo_sort_elem*) ptr2;
-    int scope_src1, scope_dst1, scope_match1;
-    int scope_src2, scope_dst2, scope_match2;
-    int label_src1, label_dst1, label_match1;
-    int label_src2, label_dst2, label_match2;
-    int precedence1, precedence2;
-    int prefixlen1, prefixlen2;
-
-    /* Rule 1: Avoid unusable destinations. */
-    if (a1->has_src_addr != a2->has_src_addr) {
-        return a2->has_src_addr - a1->has_src_addr;
-    }
-
-    /* Rule 2: Prefer matching scope. */
-    scope_src1 = _get_scope(&a1->src_addr.sa);
-    scope_dst1 = _get_scope(a1->ai->ai_addr);
-    scope_match1 = (scope_src1 == scope_dst1);
-
-    scope_src2 = _get_scope(&a2->src_addr.sa);
-    scope_dst2 = _get_scope(a2->ai->ai_addr);
-    scope_match2 = (scope_src2 == scope_dst2);
-
-    if (scope_match1 != scope_match2) {
-        return scope_match2 - scope_match1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Rule 3: Avoid deprecated addresses.
-     * TODO(sesse): We don't currently have a good way of finding this.
-     */
-
-    /*
-     * Rule 4: Prefer home addresses.
-     * TODO(sesse): We don't currently have a good way of finding this.
-     */
-
-    /* Rule 5: Prefer matching label. */
-    label_src1 = _get_label(&a1->src_addr.sa);
-    label_dst1 = _get_label(a1->ai->ai_addr);
-    label_match1 = (label_src1 == label_dst1);
-
-    label_src2 = _get_label(&a2->src_addr.sa);
-    label_dst2 = _get_label(a2->ai->ai_addr);
-    label_match2 = (label_src2 == label_dst2);
-
-    if (label_match1 != label_match2) {
-        return label_match2 - label_match1;
-    }
-
-    /* Rule 6: Prefer higher precedence. */
-    precedence1 = _get_precedence(a1->ai->ai_addr);
-    precedence2 = _get_precedence(a2->ai->ai_addr);
-    if (precedence1 != precedence2) {
-        return precedence2 - precedence1;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Rule 7: Prefer native transport.
-     * TODO(sesse): We don't currently have a good way of finding this.
-     */
-
-    /* Rule 8: Prefer smaller scope. */
-    if (scope_dst1 != scope_dst2) {
-        return scope_dst1 - scope_dst2;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Rule 9: Use longest matching prefix.
-     * We implement this for IPv6 only, as the rules in RFC 6724 don't seem
-     * to work very well directly applied to IPv4. (glibc uses information from
-     * the routing table for a custom IPv4 implementation here.)
-     */
-    if (a1->has_src_addr && a1->ai->ai_addr->sa_family == AF_INET6 && a2->has_src_addr &&
-        a2->ai->ai_addr->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* a1_src = &a1->src_addr.sin6;
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* a1_dst = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) a1->ai->ai_addr;
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* a2_src = &a2->src_addr.sin6;
-        const struct sockaddr_in6* a2_dst = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) a2->ai->ai_addr;
-        prefixlen1 = _common_prefix_len(&a1_src->sin6_addr, &a1_dst->sin6_addr);
-        prefixlen2 = _common_prefix_len(&a2_src->sin6_addr, &a2_dst->sin6_addr);
-        if (prefixlen1 != prefixlen2) {
-            return prefixlen2 - prefixlen1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Rule 10: Leave the order unchanged.
-     * We need this since qsort() is not necessarily stable.
-     */
-    return a1->original_order - a2->original_order;
-}
-
-/*
- * Find the source address that will be used if trying to connect to the given
- * address. src_addr must be large enough to hold a struct sockaddr_in6.
- *
- * Returns 1 if a source address was found, 0 if the address is unreachable,
- * and -1 if a fatal error occurred. If 0 or -1, the contents of src_addr are
- * undefined.
- */
-
-static int _find_src_addr(const struct sockaddr* addr, struct sockaddr* src_addr, unsigned mark,
-                          uid_t uid) {
-    int sock;
-    int ret;
-    socklen_t len;
-
-    switch (addr->sa_family) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            len = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
-            break;
-        default:
-            /* No known usable source address for non-INET families. */
-            return 0;
-    }
-
-    sock = socket(addr->sa_family, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_UDP);
-    if (sock == -1) {
-        if (errno == EAFNOSUPPORT) {
-            return 0;
-        } else {
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-    if (mark != MARK_UNSET && setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &mark, sizeof(mark)) < 0) {
-        close(sock);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (uid > 0 && uid != NET_CONTEXT_INVALID_UID && fchown(sock, uid, (gid_t) -1) < 0) {
-        close(sock);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    do {
-        ret = connect(sock, addr, len);
-    } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR);
-
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        close(sock);
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (src_addr && getsockname(sock, src_addr, &len) == -1) {
-        close(sock);
-        return -1;
-    }
-    close(sock);
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/*
- * Sort the linked list starting at sentinel->ai_next in RFC6724 order.
- * Will leave the list unchanged if an error occurs.
- */
-
-static void _rfc6724_sort(struct addrinfo* list_sentinel, unsigned mark, uid_t uid) {
-    struct addrinfo* cur;
-    int nelem = 0, i;
-    struct addrinfo_sort_elem* elems;
-
-    cur = list_sentinel->ai_next;
-    while (cur) {
-        ++nelem;
-        cur = cur->ai_next;
-    }
-
-    elems = (struct addrinfo_sort_elem*) malloc(nelem * sizeof(struct addrinfo_sort_elem));
-    if (elems == NULL) {
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Convert the linked list to an array that also contains the candidate
-     * source address for each destination address.
-     */
-    for (i = 0, cur = list_sentinel->ai_next; i < nelem; ++i, cur = cur->ai_next) {
-        int has_src_addr;
-        assert(cur != NULL);
-        elems[i].ai = cur;
-        elems[i].original_order = i;
-
-        has_src_addr = _find_src_addr(cur->ai_addr, &elems[i].src_addr.sa, mark, uid);
-        if (has_src_addr == -1) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-        elems[i].has_src_addr = has_src_addr;
-    }
-
-    /* Sort the addresses, and rearrange the linked list so it matches the sorted order. */
-    qsort((void*) elems, nelem, sizeof(struct addrinfo_sort_elem), _rfc6724_compare);
-
-    list_sentinel->ai_next = elems[0].ai;
-    for (i = 0; i < nelem - 1; ++i) {
-        elems[i].ai->ai_next = elems[i + 1].ai;
-    }
-    elems[nelem - 1].ai->ai_next = NULL;
-
-error:
-    free(elems);
-}
-
-static int dns_getaddrinfo(const char* name, const addrinfo* pai,
-                           const android_net_context* netcontext, addrinfo** rv) {
-    res_target q = {};
-    res_target q2 = {};
-
-    auto buf = std::make_unique<querybuf>();
-    auto buf2 = std::make_unique<querybuf>();
-
-    switch (pai->ai_family) {
-        case AF_UNSPEC: {
-            /* prefer IPv6 */
-            q.name = name;
-            q.qclass = C_IN;
-            q.answer = buf->buf;
-            q.anslen = sizeof(buf->buf);
-            int query_ipv6 = 1, query_ipv4 = 1;
-            if (pai->ai_flags & AI_ADDRCONFIG) {
-                query_ipv6 = have_ipv6(netcontext->app_mark, netcontext->uid);
-                query_ipv4 = have_ipv4(netcontext->app_mark, netcontext->uid);
-            }
-            if (query_ipv6) {
-                q.qtype = T_AAAA;
-                if (query_ipv4) {
-                    q.next = &q2;
-                    q2.name = name;
-                    q2.qclass = C_IN;
-                    q2.qtype = T_A;
-                    q2.answer = buf2->buf;
-                    q2.anslen = sizeof(buf2->buf);
-                }
-            } else if (query_ipv4) {
-                q.qtype = T_A;
-            } else {
-                return EAI_NODATA;
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-        case AF_INET:
-            q.name = name;
-            q.qclass = C_IN;
-            q.qtype = T_A;
-            q.answer = buf->buf;
-            q.anslen = sizeof(buf->buf);
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            q.name = name;
-            q.qclass = C_IN;
-            q.qtype = T_AAAA;
-            q.answer = buf->buf;
-            q.anslen = sizeof(buf->buf);
-            break;
-        default:
-            return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-
-    res_state res = res_get_state();
-    if (!res) return EAI_MEMORY;
-
-    /* this just sets our netid val in the thread private data so we don't have to
-     * modify the api's all the way down to res_send.c's res_nsend.  We could
-     * fully populate the thread private data here, but if we get down there
-     * and have a cache hit that would be wasted, so we do the rest there on miss
-     */
-    res_setnetcontext(res, netcontext);
-
-    int he;
-    if (res_searchN(name, &q, res, &he) < 0) {
-        // Return h_errno (he) to catch more detailed errors rather than EAI_NODATA.
-        // Note that res_searchN() doesn't set the pair NETDB_INTERNAL and errno.
-        // See also herrnoToAiErrno().
-        return herrnoToAiErrno(he);
-    }
-
-    addrinfo sentinel = {};
-    addrinfo* cur = &sentinel;
-    addrinfo* ai = getanswer(buf.get(), q.n, q.name, q.qtype, pai, &he);
-    if (ai) {
-        cur->ai_next = ai;
-        while (cur && cur->ai_next) cur = cur->ai_next;
-    }
-    if (q.next) {
-        ai = getanswer(buf2.get(), q2.n, q2.name, q2.qtype, pai, &he);
-        if (ai) cur->ai_next = ai;
-    }
-    if (sentinel.ai_next == NULL) {
-        // Note that getanswer() doesn't set the pair NETDB_INTERNAL and errno.
-        // See also herrnoToAiErrno().
-        return herrnoToAiErrno(he);
-    }
-
-    _rfc6724_sort(&sentinel, netcontext->app_mark, netcontext->uid);
-
-    *rv = sentinel.ai_next;
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void _sethtent(FILE** hostf) {
-    if (!*hostf)
-        *hostf = fopen(_PATH_HOSTS, "re");
-    else
-        rewind(*hostf);
-}
-
-static void _endhtent(FILE** hostf) {
-    if (*hostf) {
-        (void) fclose(*hostf);
-        *hostf = NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-static struct addrinfo* _gethtent(FILE** hostf, const char* name, const struct addrinfo* pai) {
-    char* p;
-    char *cp, *tname, *cname;
-    struct addrinfo *res0, *res;
-    int error;
-    const char* addr;
-    char hostbuf[8 * 1024];
-
-    assert(name != NULL);
-    assert(pai != NULL);
-
-    if (!*hostf && !(*hostf = fopen(_PATH_HOSTS, "re"))) return (NULL);
-again:
-    if (!(p = fgets(hostbuf, sizeof hostbuf, *hostf))) return (NULL);
-    if (*p == '#') goto again;
-    if (!(cp = strpbrk(p, "#\n"))) goto again;
-    *cp = '\0';
-    if (!(cp = strpbrk(p, " \t"))) goto again;
-    *cp++ = '\0';
-    addr = p;
-    /* if this is not something we're looking for, skip it. */
-    cname = NULL;
-    while (cp && *cp) {
-        if (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') {
-            cp++;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (!cname) cname = cp;
-        tname = cp;
-        if ((cp = strpbrk(cp, " \t")) != NULL) *cp++ = '\0';
-        if (strcasecmp(name, tname) == 0) goto found;
-    }
-    goto again;
-
-found:
-    error = getaddrinfo_numeric(addr, nullptr, *pai, &res0);
-    if (error) goto again;
-    for (res = res0; res; res = res->ai_next) {
-        /* cover it up */
-        res->ai_flags = pai->ai_flags;
-
-        if (pai->ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME) {
-            if (get_canonname(pai, res, cname) != 0) {
-                freeaddrinfo(res0);
-                goto again;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return res0;
-}
-
-static bool files_getaddrinfo(const char* name, const addrinfo* pai, addrinfo** res) {
-    struct addrinfo sentinel = {};
-    struct addrinfo *p, *cur;
-    FILE* hostf = NULL;
-
-    cur = &sentinel;
-
-    _sethtent(&hostf);
-    while ((p = _gethtent(&hostf, name, pai)) != NULL) {
-        cur->ai_next = p;
-        while (cur && cur->ai_next) cur = cur->ai_next;
-    }
-    _endhtent(&hostf);
-
-    *res = sentinel.ai_next;
-    return sentinel.ai_next != NULL;
-}
-
-/* resolver logic */
-
-/*
- * Formulate a normal query, send, and await answer.
- * Returned answer is placed in supplied buffer "answer".
- * Perform preliminary check of answer, returning success only
- * if no error is indicated and the answer count is nonzero.
- * Return the size of the response on success, -1 on error.
- * Error number is left in *herrno.
- *
- * Caller must parse answer and determine whether it answers the question.
- */
-static int res_queryN(const char* name, res_target* target, res_state res, int* herrno) {
-    u_char buf[MAXPACKET];
-    HEADER* hp;
-    int n;
-    struct res_target* t;
-    int rcode;
-    int ancount;
-
-    assert(name != NULL);
-    /* XXX: target may be NULL??? */
-
-    rcode = NOERROR;
-    ancount = 0;
-
-    for (t = target; t; t = t->next) {
-        u_char* answer;
-        int anslen;
-
-        hp = (HEADER*) (void*) t->answer;
-        bool retried = false;
-    again:
-        hp->rcode = NOERROR; /* default */
-
-        /* make it easier... */
-        int cl = t->qclass;
-        int type = t->qtype;
-        answer = t->answer;
-        anslen = t->anslen;
-
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": (" << cl << ", " << type << ")";
-
-        n = res_nmkquery(res, QUERY, name, cl, type, NULL, 0, NULL, buf, sizeof(buf));
-        if (n > 0 && (res->options & (RES_USE_EDNS0 | RES_USE_DNSSEC)) != 0 && !retried)
-            n = res_nopt(res, n, buf, sizeof(buf), anslen);
-        if (n <= 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": res_nmkquery failed";
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return n;
-        }
-
-        n = res_nsend(res, buf, n, answer, anslen, &rcode, 0);
-        if (n < 0 || hp->rcode != NOERROR || ntohs(hp->ancount) == 0) {
-            // Record rcode from DNS response header only if no timeout.
-            // Keep rcode timeout for reporting later if any.
-            if (rcode != RCODE_TIMEOUT) rcode = hp->rcode; /* record most recent error */
-            /* if the query choked with EDNS0, retry without EDNS0 */
-            if ((res->options & (RES_USE_EDNS0 | RES_USE_DNSSEC)) != 0 &&
-                (res->_flags & RES_F_EDNS0ERR) && !retried) {
-                LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": retry without EDNS0";
-                retried = true;
-                goto again;
-            }
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": rcode=" << hp->rcode << ", ancount=" << ntohs(hp->ancount);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        ancount += ntohs(hp->ancount);
-
-        t->n = n;
-    }
-
-    if (ancount == 0) {
-        switch (rcode) {
-            // Not defined in RFC.
-            case RCODE_TIMEOUT:
-                // DNS metrics monitors DNS query timeout.
-                *herrno = NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_TIMEOUT;  // extended h_errno.
-                break;
-            // Defined in RFC 1035 section 4.1.1.
-            case NXDOMAIN:
-                *herrno = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
-                break;
-            case SERVFAIL:
-                *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-                break;
-            case NOERROR:
-                *herrno = NO_DATA;
-                break;
-            case FORMERR:
-            case NOTIMP:
-            case REFUSED:
-            default:
-                *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-                break;
-        }
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return ancount;
-}
-
-/*
- * Formulate a normal query, send, and retrieve answer in supplied buffer.
- * Return the size of the response on success, -1 on error.
- * If enabled, implement search rules until answer or unrecoverable failure
- * is detected.  Error code, if any, is left in *herrno.
- */
-static int res_searchN(const char* name, res_target* target, res_state res, int* herrno) {
-    const char *cp, *const *domain;
-    HEADER* hp;
-    u_int dots;
-    int trailing_dot, ret, saved_herrno;
-    int got_nodata = 0, got_servfail = 0, tried_as_is = 0;
-
-    assert(name != NULL);
-    assert(target != NULL);
-
-    hp = (HEADER*) (void*) target->answer; /*XXX*/
-
-    errno = 0;
-    *herrno = HOST_NOT_FOUND; /* default, if we never query */
-    dots = 0;
-    for (cp = name; *cp; cp++) dots += (*cp == '.');
-    trailing_dot = 0;
-    if (cp > name && *--cp == '.') trailing_dot++;
-
-    /*
-     * If there are dots in the name already, let's just give it a try
-     * 'as is'.  The threshold can be set with the "ndots" option.
-     */
-    saved_herrno = -1;
-    if (dots >= res->ndots) {
-        ret = res_querydomainN(name, NULL, target, res, herrno);
-        if (ret > 0) return (ret);
-        saved_herrno = *herrno;
-        tried_as_is++;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * We do at least one level of search if
-     *	- there is no dot and RES_DEFNAME is set, or
-     *	- there is at least one dot, there is no trailing dot,
-     *	  and RES_DNSRCH is set.
-     */
-    if ((!dots && (res->options & RES_DEFNAMES)) ||
-        (dots && !trailing_dot && (res->options & RES_DNSRCH))) {
-        int done = 0;
-
-        /* Unfortunately we need to set stuff up before
-         * the domain stuff is tried.  Will have a better
-         * fix after thread pools are used.
-         */
-        _resolv_populate_res_for_net(res);
-
-        for (domain = (const char* const*) res->dnsrch; *domain && !done; domain++) {
-            ret = res_querydomainN(name, *domain, target, res, herrno);
-            if (ret > 0) return ret;
-
-            /*
-             * If no server present, give up.
-             * If name isn't found in this domain,
-             * keep trying higher domains in the search list
-             * (if that's enabled).
-             * On a NO_DATA error, keep trying, otherwise
-             * a wildcard entry of another type could keep us
-             * from finding this entry higher in the domain.
-             * If we get some other error (negative answer or
-             * server failure), then stop searching up,
-             * but try the input name below in case it's
-             * fully-qualified.
-             */
-            if (errno == ECONNREFUSED) {
-                *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-                return -1;
-            }
-
-            switch (*herrno) {
-                case NO_DATA:
-                    got_nodata++;
-                    [[fallthrough]];
-                case HOST_NOT_FOUND:
-                    /* keep trying */
-                    break;
-                case TRY_AGAIN:
-                    if (hp->rcode == SERVFAIL) {
-                        /* try next search element, if any */
-                        got_servfail++;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    [[fallthrough]];
-                default:
-                    /* anything else implies that we're done */
-                    done++;
-            }
-            /*
-             * if we got here for some reason other than DNSRCH,
-             * we only wanted one iteration of the loop, so stop.
-             */
-            if (!(res->options & RES_DNSRCH)) done++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * if we have not already tried the name "as is", do that now.
-     * note that we do this regardless of how many dots were in the
-     * name or whether it ends with a dot.
-     */
-    if (!tried_as_is) {
-        ret = res_querydomainN(name, NULL, target, res, herrno);
-        if (ret > 0) return ret;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * if we got here, we didn't satisfy the search.
-     * if we did an initial full query, return that query's h_errno
-     * (note that we wouldn't be here if that query had succeeded).
-     * else if we ever got a nodata, send that back as the reason.
-     * else send back meaningless h_errno, that being the one from
-     * the last DNSRCH we did.
-     */
-    if (saved_herrno != -1)
-        *herrno = saved_herrno;
-    else if (got_nodata)
-        *herrno = NO_DATA;
-    else if (got_servfail)
-        *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-    return -1;
-}
-
-/*
- * Perform a call on res_query on the concatenation of name and domain,
- * removing a trailing dot from name if domain is NULL.
- */
-static int res_querydomainN(const char* name, const char* domain, res_target* target, res_state res,
-                            int* herrno) {
-    char nbuf[MAXDNAME];
-    const char* longname = nbuf;
-    size_t n, d;
-
-    assert(name != NULL);
-
-    if (domain == NULL) {
-        // Check for trailing '.'; copy without '.' if present.
-        n = strlen(name);
-        if (n + 1 > sizeof(nbuf)) {
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (n > 0 && name[--n] == '.') {
-            strncpy(nbuf, name, n);
-            nbuf[n] = '\0';
-        } else
-            longname = name;
-    } else {
-        n = strlen(name);
-        d = strlen(domain);
-        if (n + 1 + d + 1 > sizeof(nbuf)) {
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        snprintf(nbuf, sizeof(nbuf), "%s.%s", name, domain);
-    }
-    return res_queryN(longname, target, res, herrno);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/getaddrinfo.h b/resolv/getaddrinfo.h
deleted file mode 100644
index cf54cab..0000000
--- a/resolv/getaddrinfo.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"  // struct android_net_context
-
-struct addrinfo;
-
-// This is the DNS proxy entry point for getaddrinfo().
-int android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(const char*, const char*, const addrinfo*,
-                                     const android_net_context*, addrinfo**);
diff --git a/resolv/gethnamaddr.cpp b/resolv/gethnamaddr.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1cf0694..0000000
--- a/resolv/gethnamaddr.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,944 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: gethnamaddr.c,v 1.91 2014/06/19 15:08:18 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * ++Copyright++ 1985, 1988, 1993
- * -
- * Copyright (c) 1985, 1988, 1993
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- * -
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- * -
- * --Copyright--
- */
-
-#include "gethnamaddr.h"
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <functional>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "hostent.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-// NetBSD uses _DIAGASSERT to null-check arguments and the like,
-// but it's clear from the number of mistakes in their assertions
-// that they don't actually test or ship with this.
-#define _DIAGASSERT(e) /* nothing */
-
-// TODO: unify macro ALIGNBYTES and ALIGN for all possible data type alignment of hostent
-// buffer.
-#define ALIGNBYTES (sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1)
-#define ALIGN(p) (((uintptr_t)(p) + ALIGNBYTES) & ~ALIGNBYTES)
-
-#define maybe_ok(res, nm, ok) (((res)->options & RES_NOCHECKNAME) != 0U || (ok)(nm) != 0)
-#define maybe_hnok(res, hn) maybe_ok((res), (hn), res_hnok)
-#define maybe_dnok(res, dn) maybe_ok((res), (dn), res_dnok)
-
-#define MAXPACKET (8 * 1024)
-
-typedef union {
-    HEADER hdr;
-    u_char buf[MAXPACKET];
-} querybuf;
-
-typedef union {
-    int32_t al;
-    char ac;
-} align;
-
-static struct hostent* getanswer(const querybuf*, int, const char*, int, res_state, struct hostent*,
-                                 char*, size_t, int*);
-static void convert_v4v6_hostent(struct hostent* hp, char** bpp, char* ep,
-                                 std::function<void(struct hostent* hp)> mapping_param,
-                                 std::function<void(char* src, char* dst)> mapping_addr);
-static void map_v4v6_address(const char*, char*);
-static void map_v4v6_hostent(struct hostent*, char**, char*);
-static void pad_v4v6_hostent(struct hostent* hp, char** bpp, char* ep);
-static void addrsort(char**, int, res_state);
-
-static int dns_gethtbyaddr(const unsigned char* uaddr, int len, int af,
-                           const android_net_context* netcontext, getnamaddr* info);
-static int dns_gethtbyname(const char* name, int af, getnamaddr* info);
-
-static int gethostbyname_internal(const char* name, int af, res_state res, hostent* hp, char* hbuf,
-                                  size_t hbuflen, const android_net_context* netcontext);
-static int gethostbyname_internal_real(const char* name, int af, res_state res, hostent* hp,
-                                       char* buf, size_t buflen);
-static int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_proxy_internal(const void*, socklen_t, int,
-                                                             struct hostent*, char*, size_t,
-                                                             const struct android_net_context*);
-static int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_proxy(const void* addr, socklen_t len, int af,
-                                                    const struct android_net_context* netcontext,
-                                                    hostent** hp);
-
-#define BOUNDED_INCR(x)      \
-    do {                     \
-        BOUNDS_CHECK(cp, x); \
-        cp += (x);           \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define BOUNDS_CHECK(ptr, count)                     \
-    do {                                             \
-        if (eom - (ptr) < (count)) goto no_recovery; \
-    } while (0)
-
-static struct hostent* getanswer(const querybuf* answer, int anslen, const char* qname, int qtype,
-                                 res_state res, struct hostent* hent, char* buf, size_t buflen,
-                                 int* he) {
-    const HEADER* hp;
-    const u_char* cp;
-    int n;
-    size_t qlen;
-    const u_char *eom, *erdata;
-    char *bp, **hap, *ep;
-    int ancount, qdcount;
-    int haveanswer, had_error;
-    int toobig = 0;
-    char tbuf[MAXDNAME];
-    char* addr_ptrs[MAXADDRS];
-    const char* tname;
-    int (*name_ok)(const char*);
-    std::vector<char*> aliases;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(answer != NULL);
-    _DIAGASSERT(qname != NULL);
-
-    tname = qname;
-    hent->h_name = NULL;
-    eom = answer->buf + anslen;
-    switch (qtype) {
-        case T_A:
-        case T_AAAA:
-            name_ok = res_hnok;
-            break;
-        case T_PTR:
-            name_ok = res_dnok;
-            break;
-        default:
-            *he = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return NULL; /* XXX should be abort(); */
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * find first satisfactory answer
-     */
-    hp = &answer->hdr;
-    ancount = ntohs(hp->ancount);
-    qdcount = ntohs(hp->qdcount);
-    bp = buf;
-    ep = buf + buflen;
-    cp = answer->buf;
-    BOUNDED_INCR(HFIXEDSZ);
-    if (qdcount != 1) goto no_recovery;
-
-    n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, bp, (int) (ep - bp));
-    if ((n < 0) || !maybe_ok(res, bp, name_ok)) goto no_recovery;
-
-    BOUNDED_INCR(n + QFIXEDSZ);
-    if (qtype == T_A || qtype == T_AAAA) {
-        /* res_send() has already verified that the query name is the
-         * same as the one we sent; this just gets the expanded name
-         * (i.e., with the succeeding search-domain tacked on).
-         */
-        n = (int) strlen(bp) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-        if (n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) goto no_recovery;
-        hent->h_name = bp;
-        bp += n;
-        /* The qname can be abbreviated, but h_name is now absolute. */
-        qname = hent->h_name;
-    }
-    hent->h_addr_list = hap = addr_ptrs;
-    *hap = NULL;
-    haveanswer = 0;
-    had_error = 0;
-    while (ancount-- > 0 && cp < eom && !had_error) {
-        n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, bp, (int) (ep - bp));
-        if ((n < 0) || !maybe_ok(res, bp, name_ok)) {
-            had_error++;
-            continue;
-        }
-        cp += n; /* name */
-        BOUNDS_CHECK(cp, 3 * INT16SZ + INT32SZ);
-        int type = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ; /* type */
-        int cl = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ + INT32SZ; /* class, TTL */
-        n = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ; /* len */
-        BOUNDS_CHECK(cp, n);
-        erdata = cp + n;
-        if (cl != C_IN) {
-            /* XXX - debug? syslog? */
-            cp += n;
-            continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-        }
-        if ((qtype == T_A || qtype == T_AAAA) && type == T_CNAME) {
-            n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, tbuf, (int) sizeof tbuf);
-            if ((n < 0) || !maybe_ok(res, tbuf, name_ok)) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            cp += n;
-            if (cp != erdata) goto no_recovery;
-            /* Store alias. */
-            aliases.push_back(bp);
-            n = (int) strlen(bp) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-            if (n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            bp += n;
-            /* Get canonical name. */
-            n = (int) strlen(tbuf) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-            if (n > ep - bp || n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            strlcpy(bp, tbuf, (size_t)(ep - bp));
-            hent->h_name = bp;
-            bp += n;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (qtype == T_PTR && type == T_CNAME) {
-            n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, tbuf, (int) sizeof tbuf);
-            if (n < 0 || !maybe_dnok(res, tbuf)) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            cp += n;
-            if (cp != erdata) goto no_recovery;
-            /* Get canonical name. */
-            n = (int) strlen(tbuf) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-            if (n > ep - bp || n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
-                had_error++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            strlcpy(bp, tbuf, (size_t)(ep - bp));
-            tname = bp;
-            bp += n;
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (type != qtype) {
-            if (type != T_KEY && type != T_SIG)
-                LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": asked for \"" << qname << " " << p_class(C_IN) << " "
-                           << p_type(qtype) << "\", got type \"" << p_type(type) << "\"";
-            cp += n;
-            continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-        }
-        switch (type) {
-            case T_PTR:
-                if (strcasecmp(tname, bp) != 0) {
-                    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": asked for \"" << qname << "\", got \"" << bp
-                               << "\"";
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-                }
-                n = dn_expand(answer->buf, eom, cp, bp, (int) (ep - bp));
-                if ((n < 0) || !maybe_hnok(res, bp)) {
-                    had_error++;
-                    break;
-                }
-                cp += n;
-                if (cp != erdata) goto no_recovery;
-                if (!haveanswer)
-                    hent->h_name = bp;
-                else
-                    aliases.push_back(bp);
-                if (n != -1) {
-                    n = (int) strlen(bp) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-                    if (n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) {
-                        had_error++;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    bp += n;
-                }
-                break;
-            case T_A:
-            case T_AAAA:
-                if (strcasecmp(hent->h_name, bp) != 0) {
-                    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": asked for \"" << hent->h_name << "\", got \"" << bp
-                               << "\"";
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue; /* XXX - had_error++ ? */
-                }
-                if (n != hent->h_length) {
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (type == T_AAAA) {
-                    struct in6_addr in6;
-                    memcpy(&in6, cp, NS_IN6ADDRSZ);
-                    if (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED(&in6)) {
-                        cp += n;
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                }
-                if (!haveanswer) {
-                    int nn;
-
-                    hent->h_name = bp;
-                    nn = (int) strlen(bp) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-                    bp += nn;
-                }
-
-                bp += sizeof(align) - (size_t)((u_long) bp % sizeof(align));
-
-                if (bp + n >= ep) {
-                    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": size (" << n << ") too big";
-                    had_error++;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if (hap >= &addr_ptrs[MAXADDRS - 1]) {
-                    if (!toobig++) {
-                        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Too many addresses (" << MAXADDRS << ")";
-                    }
-                    cp += n;
-                    continue;
-                }
-                (void) memcpy(*hap++ = bp, cp, (size_t) n);
-                bp += n;
-                cp += n;
-                if (cp != erdata) goto no_recovery;
-                break;
-            default:
-                abort();
-        }
-        if (!had_error) haveanswer++;
-    }
-    if (haveanswer) {
-        *hap = NULL;
-        /*
-         * Note: we sort even if host can take only one address
-         * in its return structures - should give it the "best"
-         * address in that case, not some random one
-         */
-        if (res->nsort && haveanswer > 1 && qtype == T_A) addrsort(addr_ptrs, haveanswer, res);
-        if (!hent->h_name) {
-            n = (int) strlen(qname) + 1; /* for the \0 */
-            if (n > ep - bp || n >= MAXHOSTNAMELEN) goto no_recovery;
-            strlcpy(bp, qname, (size_t)(ep - bp));
-            hent->h_name = bp;
-            bp += n;
-        }
-        if (res->options & RES_USE_INET6) map_v4v6_hostent(hent, &bp, ep);
-        if (hent->h_addrtype == AF_INET) pad_v4v6_hostent(hent, &bp, ep);
-        goto success;
-    }
-no_recovery:
-    *he = NO_RECOVERY;
-    return NULL;
-success:
-    bp = (char*) ALIGN(bp);
-    aliases.push_back(nullptr);
-    qlen = aliases.size() * sizeof(*hent->h_aliases);
-    if ((size_t)(ep - bp) < qlen) goto nospc;
-    hent->h_aliases = (char**) bp;
-    memcpy(bp, aliases.data(), qlen);
-
-    bp += qlen;
-    n = (int) (hap - addr_ptrs);
-    qlen = (n + 1) * sizeof(*hent->h_addr_list);
-    if ((size_t)(ep - bp) < qlen) goto nospc;
-    hent->h_addr_list = (char**) bp;
-    memcpy(bp, addr_ptrs, qlen);
-    *he = NETDB_SUCCESS;
-    return hent;
-nospc:
-    errno = ENOSPC;
-    *he = NETDB_INTERNAL;
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static int gethostbyname_internal_real(const char* name, int af, res_state res, hostent* hp,
-                                       char* buf, size_t buflen) {
-    getnamaddr info;
-    size_t size;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(name != NULL);
-
-    switch (af) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            size = NS_INADDRSZ;
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            size = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-            break;
-        default:
-            return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-    if (buflen < size) goto nospc;
-
-    hp->h_addrtype = af;
-    hp->h_length = (int) size;
-
-    /*
-     * disallow names consisting only of digits/dots, unless
-     * they end in a dot.
-     */
-    if (isdigit((u_char) name[0])) {
-        for (const char* cp = name;; ++cp) {
-            if (!*cp) {
-                if (*--cp == '.') break;
-                /*
-                 * All-numeric, no dot at the end.
-                 * Fake up a hostent as if we'd actually
-                 * done a lookup.
-                 */
-                goto fake;
-            }
-            if (!isdigit((u_char) *cp) && *cp != '.') break;
-        }
-    }
-    if ((isxdigit((u_char) name[0]) && strchr(name, ':') != NULL) || name[0] == ':') {
-        for (const char* cp = name;; ++cp) {
-            if (!*cp) {
-                if (*--cp == '.') break;
-                /*
-                 * All-IPv6-legal, no dot at the end.
-                 * Fake up a hostent as if we'd actually
-                 * done a lookup.
-                 */
-                goto fake;
-            }
-            if (!isxdigit((u_char) *cp) && *cp != ':' && *cp != '.') break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    info.hp = hp;
-    info.buf = buf;
-    info.buflen = buflen;
-    if (_hf_gethtbyname2(name, af, &info)) {
-        int error = dns_gethtbyname(name, af, &info);
-        if (error != 0) return error;
-    }
-    return 0;
-nospc:
-    return EAI_MEMORY;
-fake:
-    HENT_ARRAY(hp->h_addr_list, 1, buf, buflen);
-    HENT_ARRAY(hp->h_aliases, 0, buf, buflen);
-
-    hp->h_aliases[0] = NULL;
-    if (size > buflen) goto nospc;
-
-    if (inet_pton(af, name, buf) <= 0) {
-        return EAI_NODATA;
-    }
-    hp->h_addr_list[0] = buf;
-    hp->h_addr_list[1] = NULL;
-    buf += size;
-    buflen -= size;
-    HENT_SCOPY(hp->h_name, name, buf, buflen);
-    if (res->options & RES_USE_INET6) map_v4v6_hostent(hp, &buf, buf + buflen);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-// very similar in proxy-ness to android_getaddrinfo_proxy
-static int gethostbyname_internal(const char* name, int af, res_state res, hostent* hp, char* hbuf,
-                                  size_t hbuflen, const android_net_context* netcontext) {
-    res_setnetcontext(res, netcontext);
-    return gethostbyname_internal_real(name, af, res, hp, hbuf, hbuflen);
-}
-
-static int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_real(const void* addr, socklen_t len, int af,
-                                                   struct hostent* hp, char* buf, size_t buflen,
-                                                   const struct android_net_context* netcontext) {
-    const u_char* uaddr = (const u_char*) addr;
-    socklen_t size;
-    struct getnamaddr info;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(addr != NULL);
-
-    if (af == AF_INET6 && len == NS_IN6ADDRSZ &&
-        (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL((const struct in6_addr*) addr) ||
-         IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL((const struct in6_addr*) addr))) {
-        return EAI_NODATA;
-    }
-    if (af == AF_INET6 && len == NS_IN6ADDRSZ &&
-        (IN6_IS_ADDR_V4MAPPED((const struct in6_addr*) addr) ||
-         IN6_IS_ADDR_V4COMPAT((const struct in6_addr*) addr))) {
-        /* Unmap. */
-        uaddr += NS_IN6ADDRSZ - NS_INADDRSZ;
-        addr = uaddr;
-        af = AF_INET;
-        len = NS_INADDRSZ;
-    }
-    switch (af) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            size = NS_INADDRSZ;
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            size = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-            break;
-        default:
-            return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-    if (size != len) {
-        // TODO: Consider converting to a private extended EAI_* error code.
-        // Currently, the EAI_* value has no corresponding error code for invalid argument socket
-        // length. In order to not rely on errno, convert the original error code pair, EAI_SYSTEM
-        // and EINVAL, to EAI_FAIL.
-        return EAI_FAIL;
-    }
-    info.hp = hp;
-    info.buf = buf;
-    info.buflen = buflen;
-    if (_hf_gethtbyaddr(uaddr, len, af, &info)) {
-        int error = dns_gethtbyaddr(uaddr, len, af, netcontext, &info);
-        if (error != 0) return error;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_proxy_internal(
-        const void* addr, socklen_t len, int af, struct hostent* hp, char* hbuf, size_t hbuflen,
-        const struct android_net_context* netcontext) {
-    return android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_real(addr, len, af, hp, hbuf, hbuflen, netcontext);
-}
-
-// TODO: Consider leaving function without returning error code as _gethtent() does because
-// the error code of the caller does not currently return to netd.
-struct hostent* netbsd_gethostent_r(FILE* hf, struct hostent* hent, char* buf, size_t buflen,
-                                    int* he) {
-    const size_t line_buf_size = sizeof(res_get_static()->hostbuf);
-    char *name;
-    char* cp;
-    int af, len;
-    size_t anum;
-    struct in6_addr host_addr;
-    std::vector<char*> aliases;
-
-    if (hf == NULL) {
-        *he = NETDB_INTERNAL;
-        errno = EINVAL;
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    char* p = NULL;
-
-    /* Allocate a new space to read file lines like upstream does.
-     * To keep reentrancy we cannot use res_get_static()->hostbuf here,
-     * as the buffer may be used to store content for a previous hostent
-     * returned by non-reentrant functions like gethostbyname().
-     */
-    if ((p = (char*) malloc(line_buf_size)) == NULL) {
-        goto nospc;
-    }
-    for (;;) {
-        if (!fgets(p, line_buf_size, hf)) {
-            free(p);
-            *he = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if (*p == '#') {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (!(cp = strpbrk(p, "#\n"))) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        *cp = '\0';
-        if (!(cp = strpbrk(p, " \t"))) continue;
-        *cp++ = '\0';
-        if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, p, &host_addr) > 0) {
-            af = AF_INET6;
-            len = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-        } else {
-            if (inet_pton(AF_INET, p, &host_addr) <= 0) continue;
-
-            res_state res = res_get_state();
-            if (res == NULL) goto nospc;
-            if (res->options & RES_USE_INET6) {
-                map_v4v6_address(buf, buf);
-                af = AF_INET6;
-                len = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-            } else {
-                af = AF_INET;
-                len = NS_INADDRSZ;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* if this is not something we're looking for, skip it. */
-        if (hent->h_addrtype != 0 && hent->h_addrtype != af) continue;
-        if (hent->h_length != 0 && hent->h_length != len) continue;
-
-        while (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') cp++;
-        if ((cp = strpbrk(name = cp, " \t")) != NULL) *cp++ = '\0';
-        while (cp && *cp) {
-            if (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') {
-                cp++;
-                continue;
-            }
-            aliases.push_back(cp);
-            if ((cp = strpbrk(cp, " \t")) != NULL) *cp++ = '\0';
-        }
-        break;
-    }
-    hent->h_length = len;
-    hent->h_addrtype = af;
-    HENT_ARRAY(hent->h_addr_list, 1, buf, buflen);
-    anum = aliases.size();
-    HENT_ARRAY(hent->h_aliases, anum, buf, buflen);
-    HENT_COPY(hent->h_addr_list[0], &host_addr, hent->h_length, buf, buflen);
-    hent->h_addr_list[1] = NULL;
-
-    /* Reserve space for mapping IPv4 address to IPv6 address in place */
-    if (hent->h_addrtype == AF_INET) {
-        HENT_COPY(buf, NAT64_PAD, sizeof(NAT64_PAD), buf, buflen);
-    }
-
-    HENT_SCOPY(hent->h_name, name, buf, buflen);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < anum; i++) HENT_SCOPY(hent->h_aliases[i], aliases[i], buf, buflen);
-    hent->h_aliases[anum] = NULL;
-    *he = NETDB_SUCCESS;
-    free(p);
-    return hent;
-nospc:
-    free(p);
-    errno = ENOSPC;
-    *he = NETDB_INTERNAL;
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static void map_v4v6_address(const char* src, char* dst) {
-    u_char* p = (u_char*) dst;
-    char tmp[NS_INADDRSZ];
-    int i;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(src != NULL);
-    _DIAGASSERT(dst != NULL);
-
-    /* Stash a temporary copy so our caller can update in place. */
-    memcpy(tmp, src, NS_INADDRSZ);
-    /* Mark this ipv6 addr as a mapped ipv4. */
-    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) *p++ = 0x00;
-    *p++ = 0xff;
-    *p++ = 0xff;
-    /* Retrieve the saved copy and we're done. */
-    memcpy(p, tmp, NS_INADDRSZ);
-}
-
-static void convert_v4v6_hostent(struct hostent* hp, char** bpp, char* ep,
-                                 std::function<void(struct hostent* hp)> map_param,
-                                 std::function<void(char* src, char* dst)> map_addr) {
-    _DIAGASSERT(hp != NULL);
-    _DIAGASSERT(bpp != NULL);
-    _DIAGASSERT(ep != NULL);
-
-    if (hp->h_addrtype != AF_INET || hp->h_length != NS_INADDRSZ) return;
-    map_param(hp);
-    for (char** ap = hp->h_addr_list; *ap; ap++) {
-        int i = (int) (sizeof(align) - (size_t)((u_long) *bpp % sizeof(align)));
-
-        if (ep - *bpp < (i + NS_IN6ADDRSZ)) {
-            /* Out of memory.  Truncate address list here.  XXX */
-            *ap = NULL;
-            return;
-        }
-        *bpp += i;
-        map_addr(*ap, *bpp);
-        *ap = *bpp;
-        *bpp += NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-    }
-}
-
-static void map_v4v6_hostent(struct hostent* hp, char** bpp, char* ep) {
-    convert_v4v6_hostent(hp, bpp, ep,
-                         [](struct hostent* hp) {
-                             hp->h_addrtype = AF_INET6;
-                             hp->h_length = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-                         },
-                         [](char* src, char* dst) { map_v4v6_address(src, dst); });
-}
-
-/* Reserve space for mapping IPv4 address to IPv6 address in place */
-static void pad_v4v6_hostent(struct hostent* hp, char** bpp, char* ep) {
-    convert_v4v6_hostent(hp, bpp, ep,
-                         [](struct hostent* hp) {
-                             (void) hp; /* unused */
-                         },
-                         [](char* src, char* dst) {
-                             memcpy(dst, src, NS_INADDRSZ);
-                             memcpy(dst + NS_INADDRSZ, NAT64_PAD, sizeof(NAT64_PAD));
-                         });
-}
-
-static void addrsort(char** ap, int num, res_state res) {
-    int i, j;
-    char** p;
-    short aval[MAXADDRS];
-    int needsort = 0;
-
-    _DIAGASSERT(ap != NULL);
-
-    p = ap;
-    for (i = 0; i < num; i++, p++) {
-        for (j = 0; (unsigned) j < res->nsort; j++)
-            if (res->sort_list[j].addr.s_addr ==
-                (((struct in_addr*) (void*) (*p))->s_addr & res->sort_list[j].mask))
-                break;
-        aval[i] = j;
-        if (needsort == 0 && i > 0 && j < aval[i - 1]) needsort = i;
-    }
-    if (!needsort) return;
-
-    while (needsort < num) {
-        for (j = needsort - 1; j >= 0; j--) {
-            if (aval[j] > aval[j + 1]) {
-                char* hp;
-
-                i = aval[j];
-                aval[j] = aval[j + 1];
-                aval[j + 1] = i;
-
-                hp = ap[j];
-                ap[j] = ap[j + 1];
-                ap[j + 1] = hp;
-            } else
-                break;
-        }
-        needsort++;
-    }
-}
-
-static int dns_gethtbyname(const char* name, int addr_type, getnamaddr* info) {
-    int n, type;
-    info->hp->h_addrtype = addr_type;
-
-    switch (info->hp->h_addrtype) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            info->hp->h_length = NS_INADDRSZ;
-            type = T_A;
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            info->hp->h_length = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-            type = T_AAAA;
-            break;
-        default:
-            return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-    auto buf = std::make_unique<querybuf>();
-
-    res_state res = res_get_state();
-    if (!res) return EAI_MEMORY;
-
-    int he;
-    n = res_nsearch(res, name, C_IN, type, buf->buf, (int)sizeof(buf->buf), &he);
-    if (n < 0) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": res_nsearch failed (" << n << ")";
-        // Return h_errno (he) to catch more detailed errors rather than EAI_NODATA.
-        // Note that res_nsearch() doesn't set the pair NETDB_INTERNAL and errno.
-        // See also herrnoToAiErrno().
-        return herrnoToAiErrno(he);
-    }
-    hostent* hp = getanswer(buf.get(), n, name, type, res, info->hp, info->buf, info->buflen, &he);
-    if (hp == NULL) return herrnoToAiErrno(he);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int dns_gethtbyaddr(const unsigned char* uaddr, int len, int af,
-                           const android_net_context* netcontext, getnamaddr* info) {
-    char qbuf[MAXDNAME + 1], *qp, *ep;
-    int n;
-    int advance;
-
-    info->hp->h_length = len;
-    info->hp->h_addrtype = af;
-
-    switch (info->hp->h_addrtype) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            (void) snprintf(qbuf, sizeof(qbuf), "%u.%u.%u.%u.in-addr.arpa", (uaddr[3] & 0xff),
-                            (uaddr[2] & 0xff), (uaddr[1] & 0xff), (uaddr[0] & 0xff));
-            break;
-
-        case AF_INET6:
-            qp = qbuf;
-            ep = qbuf + sizeof(qbuf) - 1;
-            for (n = NS_IN6ADDRSZ - 1; n >= 0; n--) {
-                advance = snprintf(qp, (size_t)(ep - qp), "%x.%x.", uaddr[n] & 0xf,
-                                   ((unsigned int) uaddr[n] >> 4) & 0xf);
-                if (advance > 0 && qp + advance < ep)
-                    qp += advance;
-                else {
-                    // TODO: Consider converting to a private extended EAI_* error code.
-                    // Currently, the EAI_* value has no corresponding error code for an internal
-                    // out of buffer space. In order to not rely on errno, convert the original
-                    // error code EAI_SYSTEM to EAI_MEMORY.
-                    return EAI_MEMORY;
-                }
-            }
-            if (strlcat(qbuf, "ip6.arpa", sizeof(qbuf)) >= sizeof(qbuf)) {
-                // TODO: Consider converting to a private extended EAI_* error code.
-                // Currently, the EAI_* value has no corresponding error code for an internal
-                // out of buffer space. In order to not rely on errno, convert the original
-                // error code EAI_SYSTEM to EAI_MEMORY.
-                return EAI_MEMORY;
-            }
-            break;
-        default:
-            return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-
-    auto buf = std::make_unique<querybuf>();
-
-    res_state res = res_get_state();
-    if (!res) return EAI_MEMORY;
-
-    res_setnetcontext(res, netcontext);
-    int he;
-    n = res_nquery(res, qbuf, C_IN, T_PTR, buf->buf, (int)sizeof(buf->buf), &he);
-    if (n < 0) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": res_nquery failed (" << n << ")";
-        // Note that res_nquery() doesn't set the pair NETDB_INTERNAL and errno.
-        // Return h_errno (he) to catch more detailed errors rather than EAI_NODATA.
-        // See also herrnoToAiErrno().
-        return herrnoToAiErrno(he);
-    }
-    hostent* hp = getanswer(buf.get(), n, qbuf, T_PTR, res, info->hp, info->buf, info->buflen, &he);
-    if (hp == NULL) return herrnoToAiErrno(he);
-
-    char* bf = (char*) (hp->h_addr_list + 2);
-    size_t blen = (size_t)(bf - info->buf);
-    if (blen + info->hp->h_length > info->buflen) goto nospc;
-    hp->h_addr_list[0] = bf;
-    hp->h_addr_list[1] = NULL;
-    memcpy(bf, uaddr, (size_t) info->hp->h_length);
-    if (info->hp->h_addrtype == AF_INET && (res->options & RES_USE_INET6)) {
-        if (blen + NS_IN6ADDRSZ > info->buflen) goto nospc;
-        map_v4v6_address(bf, bf);
-        hp->h_addrtype = AF_INET6;
-        hp->h_length = NS_IN6ADDRSZ;
-    }
-
-    /* Reserve enough space for mapping IPv4 address to IPv6 address in place */
-    if (info->hp->h_addrtype == AF_INET) {
-        if (blen + NS_IN6ADDRSZ > info->buflen) goto nospc;
-        // Pad zero to the unused address space
-        memcpy(bf + NS_INADDRSZ, NAT64_PAD, sizeof(NAT64_PAD));
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-
-nospc:
-    return EAI_MEMORY;
-}
-
-/*
- * Non-reentrant versions.
- */
-
-int android_gethostbynamefornetcontext(const char* name, int af,
-                                       const struct android_net_context* netcontext, hostent** hp) {
-    int error;
-    res_state res = res_get_state();
-    if (res == NULL) return EAI_MEMORY;
-    res_static* rs = res_get_static();  // For thread-safety.
-    error = gethostbyname_internal(name, af, res, &rs->host, rs->hostbuf, sizeof(rs->hostbuf),
-                                   netcontext);
-    if (error == 0) {
-        *hp = &rs->host;
-    }
-    return error;
-}
-
-int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext(const void* addr, socklen_t len, int af,
-                                       const struct android_net_context* netcontext, hostent** hp) {
-    return android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_proxy(addr, len, af, netcontext, hp);
-}
-
-static int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_proxy(const void* addr, socklen_t len, int af,
-                                                    const struct android_net_context* netcontext,
-                                                    hostent** hp) {
-    struct res_static* rs = res_get_static();  // For thread-safety.
-    int error = android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext_proxy_internal(
-            addr, len, af, &rs->host, rs->hostbuf, sizeof(rs->hostbuf), netcontext);
-    if (error == 0) *hp = &rs->host;
-    return error;
-}
-
-int herrnoToAiErrno(int he) {
-    switch (he) {
-        // extended h_errno
-        case NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_TIMEOUT:
-            return NETD_RESOLV_TIMEOUT;
-        // legacy h_errno
-        case NETDB_SUCCESS:
-            return 0;
-        case HOST_NOT_FOUND:  // TODO: Perhaps convert HOST_NOT_FOUND to EAI_NONAME instead
-        case NO_DATA:         // NO_ADDRESS
-            return EAI_NODATA;
-        case TRY_AGAIN:
-            return EAI_AGAIN;
-        case NETDB_INTERNAL:
-            // TODO: Remove ENOSPC and call abort() immediately whenever any allocation fails.
-            if (errno == ENOSPC) return EAI_MEMORY;
-            // Theoretically, this should not happen. Leave this here just in case.
-            // Currently, getanswer() of {gethnamaddr, getaddrinfo}.cpp, res_nsearch() and
-            // res_searchN() use this function to convert error code. Only getanswer()
-            // of gethnamaddr.cpp may return the error code pair, herrno NETDB_INTERNAL and
-            // errno ENOSPC, which has already converted to EAI_MEMORY. The remaining functions
-            // don't set the pair herrno and errno.
-            return EAI_SYSTEM;  // see errno for detail
-        case NO_RECOVERY:
-        default:
-            return EAI_FAIL;  // TODO: Perhaps convert default to EAI_MAX (unknown error) instead
-    }
-}
diff --git a/resolv/gethnamaddr.h b/resolv/gethnamaddr.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 27cc1c2..0000000
--- a/resolv/gethnamaddr.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <netdb.h>               // struct hostent
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"  // struct android_net_context
-
-// This is the entry point for the gethostbyname() family of legacy calls.
-int android_gethostbynamefornetcontext(const char*, int, const android_net_context*, hostent**);
-
-// This is the entry point for the gethostbyaddr() family of legacy calls.
-int android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext(const void*, socklen_t, int, const android_net_context*,
-                                       hostent**);
diff --git a/resolv/hostent.h b/resolv/hostent.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 4f6a33b..0000000
--- a/resolv/hostent.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: hostent.h,v 1.2 2013/08/27 09:56:12 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*-
- * Copyright (c) 2013 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
- * by Christos Zoulas.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
- * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
- * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
- * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
- * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
- * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
- * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
- * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
- * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
- * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_HOSTENT_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_HOSTENT_H
-
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-struct getnamaddr {
-    struct hostent* hp;
-    char* buf;
-    size_t buflen;
-};
-
-// /etc/hosts lookup
-int _hf_gethtbyaddr(const unsigned char* uaddr, int len, int af, getnamaddr* info);
-int _hf_gethtbyname2(const char* name, int af, getnamaddr* info);
-hostent* netbsd_gethostent_r(FILE*, struct hostent*, char*, size_t, int*);
-
-// Reserved padding for remapping IPv4 address to NAT64 synthesis IPv6 address
-static const char NAT64_PAD[NS_IN6ADDRSZ - NS_INADDRSZ] = {};
-
-#define HENT_ARRAY(dst, anum, ptr, len) do {     \
-        size_t _len = (anum + 1) * sizeof(*dst); \
-        if (_len > len) goto nospc;              \
-        dst = (char**) ptr;                      \
-        ptr += _len;                             \
-        len -= _len;                             \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define HENT_COPY(dst, src, slen, ptr, len) do { \
-        if ((size_t) slen > len) goto nospc;     \
-        memcpy(ptr, src, (size_t) slen);         \
-        dst = ptr;                               \
-        ptr += slen;                             \
-        len -= slen;                             \
-    } while (0)
-
-#define HENT_SCOPY(dst, src, ptr, len) do {  \
-        size_t _len = strlen(src) + 1;       \
-        HENT_COPY(dst, src, _len, ptr, len); \
-    } while (0)
-
-#endif  // NETD_RESOLV_HOSTENT_H
diff --git a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/params.h b/resolv/include/netd_resolv/params.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 93e6287..0000000
--- a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/params.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_PARAMS_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_PARAMS_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define MAXNS 4            // max # name servers we'll track
-#define MAXDNSRCH 6        // max # domains in search path
-#define MAXDNSRCHPATH 256  // max length of domain search paths
-#define MAXNSSAMPLES 64    // max # samples to store per server
-
-// Per-netid configuration parameters passed from netd to the resolver
-struct res_params {
-    uint16_t sample_validity;  // sample lifetime in s
-    // threshold of success / total samples below which a server is considered broken
-    uint8_t success_threshold;  // 0: disable, value / 100 otherwise
-    uint8_t min_samples;        // min # samples needed for statistics to be considered meaningful
-    uint8_t max_samples;        // max # samples taken into account for statistics
-    int base_timeout_msec;      // base query retry timeout (if 0, use RES_TIMEOUT)
-    int retry_count;            // number of retries
-};
-
-#define LIBNETD_RESOLV_PUBLIC extern "C" [[gnu::visibility("default")]]
-
-#endif  // NETD_RESOLV_PARAMS_H
diff --git a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h b/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a71110..0000000
--- a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
- * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
- * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
- * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "params.h"
-
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-
-typedef union sockaddr_union {
-    struct sockaddr sa;
-    struct sockaddr_in sin;
-    struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
-} sockaddr_union;
-
-/*
- * Passing NETID_UNSET as the netId causes system/netd/resolv/DnsProxyListener.cpp to
- * fill in the appropriate default netId for the query.
- */
-#define NETID_UNSET 0u
-
-/*
- * MARK_UNSET represents the default (i.e. unset) value for a socket mark.
- */
-#define MARK_UNSET 0u
-
-/*
- * Error code extending EAI_* codes defined in bionic/libc/include/netdb.h.
- * This error code, including EAI_*, returned from android_getaddrinfofornetcontext()
- * and android_gethostbynamefornetcontext() are used for DNS metrics.
- */
-#define NETD_RESOLV_TIMEOUT 255  // consistent with RCODE_TIMEOUT
-
-/*
- * A struct to capture context relevant to network operations.
- *
- * Application and DNS netids/marks can differ from one another under certain
- * circumstances, notably when a VPN applies to the given uid's traffic but the
- * VPN network does not have its own DNS servers explicitly provisioned.
- *
- * The introduction of per-UID routing means the uid is also an essential part
- * of the evaluation context. Its proper uninitialized value is
- * NET_CONTEXT_INVALID_UID.
- */
-struct android_net_context {
-    unsigned app_netid;
-    unsigned app_mark;
-    unsigned dns_netid;
-    unsigned dns_mark;
-    uid_t uid;
-    unsigned flags;
-};
-
-#define NET_CONTEXT_INVALID_UID ((uid_t) -1)
-#define NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS 0x00000001
-#define NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_EDNS 0x00000002
-
-// TODO: investigate having the resolver check permissions itself, either by adding support to
-// libbinder_ndk or by converting IPermissionController into a stable AIDL interface.
-typedef bool (*check_calling_permission_callback)(const char* permission);
-typedef void (*get_network_context_callback)(unsigned netid, uid_t uid,
-                                             android_net_context* netcontext);
-typedef void (*log_callback)(const char* msg);
-
-/*
- * Some functions needed by the resolver (e.g. checkCallingPermission()) live in
- * libraries with no ABI stability guarantees, such as libbinder.so.
- * As a temporary workaround, we keep these functions in netd and call them via
- * function pointers.
- */
-struct ResolverNetdCallbacks {
-    check_calling_permission_callback check_calling_permission;
-    get_network_context_callback get_network_context;
-    log_callback log;
-};
-
-LIBNETD_RESOLV_PUBLIC bool resolv_has_nameservers(unsigned netid);
-
-// Set callbacks and bring DnsResolver up.
-LIBNETD_RESOLV_PUBLIC bool resolv_init(const ResolverNetdCallbacks* callbacks);
diff --git a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv_stub.h b/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv_stub.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 41f56fa..0000000
--- a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv_stub.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
- * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
- * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
- * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_RESOLV_STUB_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_RESOLV_STUB_H
-
-#include "resolv.h"
-#include "stats.h"
-
-// Struct containing function pointers for every function exported by libnetd_resolv.
-extern struct ResolvStub {
-    bool (*resolv_has_nameservers)(unsigned netid);
-
-    bool (*resolv_init)(const ResolverNetdCallbacks& callbacks);
-} RESOLV_STUB;
-
-int resolv_stub_init();
-
-#endif  // NETD_RESOLV_RESOLV_STUB_H
diff --git a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/stats.h b/resolv/include/netd_resolv/stats.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7bfe845..0000000
--- a/resolv/include/netd_resolv/stats.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef NETD_RES_STATS_H
-#define NETD_RES_STATS_H
-
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-#include "params.h"
-
-#define RCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR 254
-#define RCODE_TIMEOUT 255
-
-struct res_sample {
-    time_t at;      // time in s at which the sample was recorded
-    uint16_t rtt;   // round-trip time in ms
-    uint8_t rcode;  // the DNS rcode or RCODE_XXX defined above
-};
-
-// Resolver reachability statistics and run-time parameters.
-struct res_stats {
-    // Stats of the last <sample_count> queries.
-    res_sample samples[MAXNSSAMPLES];
-    // The number of samples stored.
-    uint8_t sample_count;
-    // The next sample to modify.
-    uint8_t sample_next;
-};
-
-// Aggregates the reachability statistics for the given server based on on the stored samples.
-LIBNETD_RESOLV_PUBLIC void android_net_res_stats_aggregate(res_stats* stats, int* successes,
-                                                           int* errors, int* timeouts,
-                                                           int* internal_errors, int* rtt_avg,
-                                                           time_t* last_sample_time);
-
-LIBNETD_RESOLV_PUBLIC int android_net_res_stats_get_info_for_net(
-        unsigned netid, int* nscount, sockaddr_storage servers[MAXNS], int* dcount,
-        char domains[MAXDNSRCH][MAXDNSRCHPATH], res_params* params, res_stats stats[MAXNS],
-        int* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-
-// Returns an array of bools indicating which servers are considered good
-LIBNETD_RESOLV_PUBLIC int android_net_res_stats_get_usable_servers(const res_params* params,
-                                                                   res_stats stats[], int nscount,
-                                                                   bool valid_servers[]);
-
-#endif  // NETD_RES_STATS_H
diff --git a/resolv/libnetd_resolv.map.txt b/resolv/libnetd_resolv.map.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index be193db..0000000
--- a/resolv/libnetd_resolv.map.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-#  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-# This lists the entry points visible to applications that use the
-# libnetd_resolv library. Other entry points present in the library won't be
-# usable.
-
-LIBNETD_RESOLV {
-  global:
-    resolv_has_nameservers;
-    resolv_init;
-  local:
-    *;
-};
diff --git a/resolv/libnetd_resolv_test.cpp b/resolv/libnetd_resolv_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fc5669..0000000
--- a/resolv/libnetd_resolv_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,591 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "libnetd_resolv_test"
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-
-#include "dns_responder.h"
-#include "getaddrinfo.h"
-#include "gethnamaddr.h"
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-
-// TODO: make this dynamic and stop depending on implementation details.
-constexpr unsigned int TEST_NETID = 30;
-
-// Specifying 0 in ai_socktype or ai_protocol of struct addrinfo indicates that any type or
-// protocol can be returned by getaddrinfo().
-constexpr unsigned int ANY = 0;
-
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-// Minimize class ResolverTest to be class TestBase because class TestBase doesn't need all member
-// functions of class ResolverTest and class DnsResponderClient.
-class TestBase : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    void SetUp() override {
-        // Create cache for test
-        resolv_create_cache_for_net(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-    void TearDown() override {
-        // Delete cache for test
-        resolv_delete_cache_for_net(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    static std::string ToString(const hostent* he) {
-        if (he == nullptr) return "<null>";
-        char buffer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-        if (!inet_ntop(he->h_addrtype, he->h_addr_list[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer))) {
-            return "<invalid>";
-        }
-        return buffer;
-    }
-
-    static std::string ToString(const addrinfo* ai) {
-        if (!ai) return "<null>";
-        for (const auto* aip = ai; aip != nullptr; aip = aip->ai_next) {
-            char host[NI_MAXHOST];
-            int rv = getnameinfo(aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen, host, sizeof(host), nullptr, 0,
-                                 NI_NUMERICHOST);
-            if (rv != 0) return gai_strerror(rv);
-            return host;
-        }
-        return "<invalid>";
-    }
-
-    size_t GetNumQueries(const test::DNSResponder& dns, const char* name) const {
-        auto queries = dns.queries();
-        size_t found = 0;
-        for (const auto& p : queries) {
-            if (p.first == name) {
-                ++found;
-            }
-        }
-        return found;
-    }
-
-    const char* mDefaultSearchDomains = "example.com";
-    const res_params mDefaultParams_Binder = {
-            .sample_validity = 300,
-            .success_threshold = 25,
-            .min_samples = 8,
-            .max_samples = 8,
-            .base_timeout_msec = 1000,
-            .retry_count = 2,
-    };
-    const android_net_context mNetcontext = {
-            .app_netid = TEST_NETID,
-            .app_mark = MARK_UNSET,
-            .dns_netid = TEST_NETID,
-            .dns_mark = MARK_UNSET,
-            .uid = NET_CONTEXT_INVALID_UID,
-    };
-};
-
-class GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest : public TestBase {};
-class GetHostByNameForNetContextTest : public TestBase {};
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, InvalidParameters) {
-    // Both null "netcontext" and null "res" of android_getaddrinfofornetcontext() are not tested
-    // here because they are checked by assert() without returning any error number.
-
-    // Invalid hostname and servname.
-    // Both hostname and servname are null pointers. Expect error number EAI_NONAME.
-    struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-    int rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(nullptr /*hostname*/, nullptr /*servname*/,
-                                              nullptr /*hints*/, &mNetcontext, &result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EAI_NONAME, rv);
-    if (result) {
-        freeaddrinfo(result);
-        result = nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Invalid hints.
-    // These place holders are used to test function call with unrequired parameters.
-    // The content is not important because function call returns error directly if
-    // there have any unrequired parameter.
-    char placeholder_cname[] = "invalid_cname";
-    sockaddr placeholder_addr = {};
-    addrinfo placeholder_next = {};
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        int ai_flags;
-        socklen_t ai_addrlen;
-        char* ai_canonname;
-        struct sockaddr* ai_addr;
-        struct addrinfo* ai_next;
-        int expected_errorno;  // expected result
-
-        std::string asParameters() const {
-            return StringPrintf("0x%x/%u/%s/%p/%p", ai_flags, ai_addrlen,
-                                ai_canonname ? ai_canonname : "(null)", (void*) ai_addr,
-                                (void*) ai_next);
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-            {0, sizeof(struct in_addr) /*bad*/, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, EAI_BADHINTS},
-            {0, 0, placeholder_cname /*bad*/, nullptr, nullptr, EAI_BADHINTS},
-            {0, 0, nullptr, &placeholder_addr /*bad*/, nullptr, EAI_BADHINTS},
-            {0, 0, nullptr, nullptr, &placeholder_next /*bad*/, EAI_BADHINTS},
-            {AI_ALL /*bad*/, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, EAI_BADFLAGS},
-            {AI_V4MAPPED_CFG /*bad*/, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, EAI_BADFLAGS},
-            {AI_V4MAPPED /*bad*/, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, EAI_BADFLAGS},
-            {AI_DEFAULT /*bad*/, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, EAI_BADFLAGS},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(config.asParameters());
-
-        // In current test configuration set, ai_family, ai_protocol and ai_socktype are not
-        // checked because other fields cause hints error check failed first.
-        const struct addrinfo hints = {
-                .ai_flags = config.ai_flags,
-                .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
-                .ai_socktype = ANY,
-                .ai_protocol = ANY,
-                .ai_addrlen = config.ai_addrlen,
-                .ai_canonname = config.ai_canonname,
-                .ai_addr = config.ai_addr,
-                .ai_next = config.ai_next,
-        };
-
-        rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("localhost", nullptr /*servname*/, &hints,
-                                              &mNetcontext, &result);
-        EXPECT_EQ(config.expected_errorno, rv);
-
-        if (result) {
-            freeaddrinfo(result);
-            result = nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, InvalidParameters_Family) {
-    for (int family = 0; family < AF_MAX; ++family) {
-        if (family == AF_UNSPEC || family == AF_INET || family == AF_INET6) {
-            continue;  // skip supported family
-        }
-        SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("family: %d", family));
-
-        struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-        const struct addrinfo hints = {
-                .ai_family = family,  // unsupported family
-        };
-
-        int rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("localhost", nullptr /*servname*/, &hints,
-                                                  &mNetcontext, &result);
-        EXPECT_EQ(EAI_FAMILY, rv);
-
-        if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, InvalidParameters_MeaningfulSocktypeAndProtocolCombination) {
-    static const int families[] = {PF_INET, PF_INET6, PF_UNSPEC};
-    // Skip to test socket type SOCK_RAW in meaningful combination (explore_options[]) of
-    // system\netd\resolv\getaddrinfo.cpp. In explore_options[], the socket type SOCK_RAW always
-    // comes with protocol ANY which causes skipping meaningful socktype/protocol combination
-    // check. So it nerver returns error number EAI_BADHINTS which we want to test in this test
-    // case.
-    static const int socktypes[] = {SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM};
-
-    // If both socktype/protocol are specified, check non-meaningful combination returns
-    // expected error number EAI_BADHINTS. See meaningful combination in explore_options[] of
-    // system\netd\resolv\getaddrinfo.cpp.
-    for (const auto& family : families) {
-        for (const auto& socktype : socktypes) {
-            for (int protocol = 0; protocol < IPPROTO_MAX; ++protocol) {
-                SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("family: %d, socktype: %d, protocol: %d", family,
-                                          socktype, protocol));
-
-                // Both socktype/protocol need to be specified.
-                if (!socktype || !protocol) continue;
-
-                // Skip meaningful combination in explore_options[] of
-                // system\netd\resolv\getaddrinfo.cpp.
-                if ((family == AF_INET6 && socktype == SOCK_DGRAM && protocol == IPPROTO_UDP) ||
-                    (family == AF_INET6 && socktype == SOCK_STREAM && protocol == IPPROTO_TCP) ||
-                    (family == AF_INET && socktype == SOCK_DGRAM && protocol == IPPROTO_UDP) ||
-                    (family == AF_INET && socktype == SOCK_STREAM && protocol == IPPROTO_TCP) ||
-                    (family == AF_UNSPEC && socktype == SOCK_DGRAM && protocol == IPPROTO_UDP) ||
-                    (family == AF_UNSPEC && socktype == SOCK_STREAM && protocol == IPPROTO_TCP)) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-                const struct addrinfo hints = {
-                        .ai_family = family,
-                        .ai_protocol = protocol,
-                        .ai_socktype = socktype,
-                };
-
-                int rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("localhost", nullptr /*servname*/, &hints,
-                                                          &mNetcontext, &result);
-                EXPECT_EQ(EAI_BADHINTS, rv);
-
-                if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, InvalidParameters_PortNameAndNumber) {
-    constexpr char http_portno[] = "80";
-    constexpr char invalid_portno[] = "65536";  // out of valid port range from 0 to 65535
-    constexpr char http_portname[] = "http";
-    constexpr char invalid_portname[] = "invalid_portname";
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        int ai_flags;
-        int ai_family;
-        int ai_socktype;
-        const char* servname;
-        int expected_errorno;  // expected result
-
-        std::string asParameters() const {
-            return StringPrintf("0x%x/%d/%d/%s", ai_flags, ai_family, ai_socktype,
-                                servname ? servname : "(null)");
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_RAW /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_RAW /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_RDM /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_RDM /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_RDM /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_SEQPACKET /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_SEQPACKET /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_SEQPACKET /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_DCCP /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_DCCP /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_DCCP /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_PACKET /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_PACKET /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_PACKET /*bad*/, http_portno, EAI_SOCKTYPE},
-            {0, AF_INET, ANY, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, ANY, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, ANY, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_DGRAM, invalid_portno /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET, ANY, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET6, ANY, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_UNSPEC, ANY, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {AI_NUMERICSERV, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_DGRAM, http_portname /*bad*/, EAI_NONAME},
-            {0, AF_INET, ANY, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, ANY, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, ANY, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_STREAM, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-            {0, AF_UNSPEC, SOCK_DGRAM, invalid_portname /*bad*/, EAI_SERVICE},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        const std::string testParameters = config.asParameters();
-        SCOPED_TRACE(testParameters);
-
-        const struct addrinfo hints = {
-                .ai_flags = config.ai_flags,
-                .ai_family = config.ai_family,
-                .ai_socktype = config.ai_socktype,
-        };
-
-        struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-        int rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("localhost", config.servname, &hints,
-                                                  &mNetcontext, &result);
-        EXPECT_EQ(config.expected_errorno, rv);
-
-        if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, AlphabeticalHostname_NoData) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char v4_host_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    dns.addMapping(v4_host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // Want AAAA answer but DNS server has A answer only.
-    struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    int rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("v4only", nullptr, &hints, &mNetcontext, &result);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, v4_host_name));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EAI_NODATA, rv);
-
-    if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, AlphabeticalHostname) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "sawadee.example.com.";
-    constexpr char v4addr[] = "1.2.3.4";
-    constexpr char v6addr[] = "::1.2.3.4";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, v4addr);
-    dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, v6addr);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        int ai_family;
-        const std::string expected_addr;
-    } testConfigs[]{
-            {AF_INET, v4addr},
-            {AF_INET6, v6addr},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("family: %d", config.ai_family));
-        dns.clearQueries();
-
-        struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-        const struct addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = config.ai_family};
-        int rv =
-                android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("sawadee", nullptr, &hints, &mNetcontext, &result);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, rv);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-        EXPECT_EQ(config.expected_addr, ToString(result));
-
-        if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, ServerResponseError) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "hello.example.com.";
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        ns_rcode rcode;
-        int expected_errorno;  // expected result
-
-        // Only test failure RCODE [1..5] in RFC 1035 section 4.1.1 and skip successful RCODE 0
-        // which means no error.
-    } testConfigs[]{
-            // clang-format off
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_formerr, EAI_FAIL},
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail, EAI_AGAIN},
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_nxdomain, EAI_NODATA},
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_notimpl, EAI_FAIL},
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_refused, EAI_FAIL},
-            // clang-format on
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("rcode: %d", config.rcode));
-
-        test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250,
-                               config.rcode /*response specific rcode*/);
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-        dns.setResponseProbability(0.0);  // always ignore requests and response preset rcode
-        ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-        const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                    sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                    mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-
-        struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-        const struct addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC};
-        int rv =
-                android_getaddrinfofornetcontext(host_name, nullptr, &hints, &mNetcontext, &result);
-        EXPECT_EQ(config.expected_errorno, rv);
-
-        if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: Add private DNS server timeout test.
-TEST_F(GetAddrInfoForNetContextTest, ServerTimeout) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "hello.example.com.";
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, static_cast<ns_rcode>(-1) /*no response*/);
-    dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-    dns.setResponseProbability(0.0);  // always ignore requests and don't response
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-
-    struct addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-    const struct addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC};
-    int rv = android_getaddrinfofornetcontext("hello", nullptr, &hints, &mNetcontext, &result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(NETD_RESOLV_TIMEOUT, rv);
-
-    if (result) freeaddrinfo(result);
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetHostByNameForNetContextTest, AlphabeticalHostname) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "jiababuei.example.com.";
-    constexpr char v4addr[] = "1.2.3.4";
-    constexpr char v6addr[] = "::1.2.3.4";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, v4addr);
-    dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, v6addr);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        int ai_family;
-        const std::string expected_addr;
-    } testConfigs[]{
-            {AF_INET, v4addr},
-            {AF_INET6, v6addr},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("family: %d", config.ai_family));
-        dns.clearQueries();
-
-        struct hostent* hp = nullptr;
-        int rv = android_gethostbynamefornetcontext("jiababuei", config.ai_family, &mNetcontext,
-                                                    &hp);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, rv);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(hp != nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-        EXPECT_EQ(config.expected_addr, ToString(hp));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetHostByNameForNetContextTest, NoData) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char v4_host_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    dns.addMapping(v4_host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // Want AAAA answer but DNS server has A answer only.
-    struct hostent* hp = nullptr;
-    int rv = android_gethostbynamefornetcontext("v4only", AF_INET6, &mNetcontext, &hp);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, v4_host_name));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(hp == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(EAI_NODATA, rv);
-}
-
-TEST_F(GetHostByNameForNetContextTest, ServerResponseError) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "hello.example.com.";
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        ns_rcode rcode;
-        int expected_errorno;  // expected result
-
-        // Only test failure RCODE [1..5] in RFC 1035 section 4.1.1 and skip successful RCODE 0
-        // which means no error. Note that the return error codes aren't mapped by rcode in the
-        // test case SERVFAIL, NOTIMP and REFUSED. See the comment of res_nsend()
-        // in system\netd\resolv\res_query.cpp for more detail.
-    } testConfigs[]{
-            // clang-format off
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_formerr, EAI_FAIL},
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail, EAI_AGAIN},  // Not mapped by rcode.
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_nxdomain, EAI_NODATA},
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_notimpl, EAI_AGAIN},  // Not mapped by rcode.
-            {ns_rcode::ns_r_refused, EAI_AGAIN},  // Not mapped by rcode.
-            // clang-format on
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("rcode: %d", config.rcode));
-
-        test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250,
-                               config.rcode /*response specific rcode*/);
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-        dns.setResponseProbability(0.0);  // always ignore requests and response preset rcode
-        ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-        const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                    sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                    mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-
-        struct hostent* hp = nullptr;
-        int rv = android_gethostbynamefornetcontext(host_name, AF_INET, &mNetcontext, &hp);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(hp == nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ(config.expected_errorno, rv);
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: Add private DNS server timeout test.
-TEST_F(GetHostByNameForNetContextTest, ServerTimeout) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "hello.example.com.";
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr, listen_srv, 250, static_cast<ns_rcode>(-1) /*no response*/);
-    dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-    dns.setResponseProbability(0.0);  // always ignore requests and don't response
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    const char* servers[] = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(TEST_NETID, servers,
-                                                sizeof(servers) / sizeof(servers[0]),
-                                                mDefaultSearchDomains, &mDefaultParams_Binder));
-
-    struct hostent* hp = nullptr;
-    int rv = android_gethostbynamefornetcontext(host_name, AF_INET, &mNetcontext, &hp);
-    EXPECT_EQ(NETD_RESOLV_TIMEOUT, rv);
-}
-
-// Note that local host file function, files_getaddrinfo(), of android_getaddrinfofornetcontext()
-// is not tested because it only returns a boolean (success or failure) without any error number.
-
-// TODO: Add test NULL hostname, or numeric hostname for android_getaddrinfofornetcontext.
-// TODO: Add test invalid parameters for android_gethostbynamefornetcontext.
-// TODO: Add test for android_gethostbyaddrfornetcontext.
-
-}  // end of namespace net
-}  // end of namespace android
diff --git a/resolv/res_cache.cpp b/resolv/res_cache.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f0ff564..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_cache.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2025 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
- * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
- * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
- * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_cache"
-
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-
-#include <resolv.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <mutex>
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <linux/if.h>
-#include <net/if.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/parseint.h>
-#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
-#include <android/multinetwork.h>  // ResNsendFlags
-
-#include <server_configurable_flags/get_flags.h>
-
-#include "res_state_ext.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-// NOTE: verbose logging MUST NOT be left enabled in production binaries.
-// It floods logs at high rate, and can leak privacy-sensitive information.
-constexpr bool kDumpData = false;
-
-/* This code implements a small and *simple* DNS resolver cache.
- *
- * It is only used to cache DNS answers for a time defined by the smallest TTL
- * among the answer records in order to reduce DNS traffic. It is not supposed
- * to be a full DNS cache, since we plan to implement that in the future in a
- * dedicated process running on the system.
- *
- * Note that its design is kept simple very intentionally, i.e.:
- *
- *  - it takes raw DNS query packet data as input, and returns raw DNS
- *    answer packet data as output
- *
- *    (this means that two similar queries that encode the DNS name
- *     differently will be treated distinctly).
- *
- *    the smallest TTL value among the answer records are used as the time
- *    to keep an answer in the cache.
- *
- *    this is bad, but we absolutely want to avoid parsing the answer packets
- *    (and should be solved by the later full DNS cache process).
- *
- *  - the implementation is just a (query-data) => (answer-data) hash table
- *    with a trivial least-recently-used expiration policy.
- *
- * Doing this keeps the code simple and avoids to deal with a lot of things
- * that a full DNS cache is expected to do.
- *
- * The API is also very simple:
- *
- *   - the client calls _resolv_cache_get() to obtain a handle to the cache.
- *     this will initialize the cache on first usage. the result can be NULL
- *     if the cache is disabled.
- *
- *   - the client calls _resolv_cache_lookup() before performing a query
- *
- *     if the function returns RESOLV_CACHE_FOUND, a copy of the answer data
- *     has been copied into the client-provided answer buffer.
- *
- *     if the function returns RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND, the client should perform
- *     a request normally, *then* call _resolv_cache_add() to add the received
- *     answer to the cache.
- *
- *     if the function returns RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED, the client should
- *     perform a request normally, and *not* call _resolv_cache_add()
- *
- *     note that RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED is also returned if the answer buffer
- *     is too short to accomodate the cached result.
- */
-
-/* default number of entries kept in the cache. This value has been
- * determined by browsing through various sites and counting the number
- * of corresponding requests. Keep in mind that our framework is currently
- * performing two requests per name lookup (one for IPv4, the other for IPv6)
- *
- *    www.google.com      4
- *    www.ysearch.com     6
- *    www.amazon.com      8
- *    www.nytimes.com     22
- *    www.espn.com        28
- *    www.msn.com         28
- *    www.lemonde.fr      35
- *
- * (determined in 2009-2-17 from Paris, France, results may vary depending
- *  on location)
- *
- * most high-level websites use lots of media/ad servers with different names
- * but these are generally reused when browsing through the site.
- *
- * As such, a value of 64 should be relatively comfortable at the moment.
- *
- * ******************************************
- * * NOTE - this has changed.
- * * 1) we've added IPv6 support so each dns query results in 2 responses
- * * 2) we've made this a system-wide cache, so the cost is less (it's not
- * *    duplicated in each process) and the need is greater (more processes
- * *    making different requests).
- * * Upping by 2x for IPv6
- * * Upping by another 5x for the centralized nature
- * *****************************************
- */
-#define CONFIG_MAX_ENTRIES (64 * 2 * 5)
-
-/** BOUNDED BUFFER FORMATTING **/
-
-/* technical note:
- *
- *   the following debugging routines are used to append data to a bounded
- *   buffer they take two parameters that are:
- *
- *   - p : a pointer to the current cursor position in the buffer
- *         this value is initially set to the buffer's address.
- *
- *   - end : the address of the buffer's limit, i.e. of the first byte
- *           after the buffer. this address should never be touched.
- *
- *           IMPORTANT: it is assumed that end > buffer_address, i.e.
- *                      that the buffer is at least one byte.
- *
- *   the bprint_x() functions return the new value of 'p' after the data
- *   has been appended, and also ensure the following:
- *
- *   - the returned value will never be strictly greater than 'end'
- *
- *   - a return value equal to 'end' means that truncation occurred
- *     (in which case, end[-1] will be set to 0)
- *
- *   - after returning from a bprint_x() function, the content of the buffer
- *     is always 0-terminated, even in the event of truncation.
- *
- *  these conventions allow you to call bprint_x() functions multiple times and
- *  only check for truncation at the end of the sequence, as in:
- *
- *     char  buff[1000], *p = buff, *end = p + sizeof(buff);
- *
- *     p = bprint_c(p, end, '"');
- *     p = bprint_s(p, end, my_string);
- *     p = bprint_c(p, end, '"');
- *
- *     if (p >= end) {
- *        // buffer was too small
- *     }
- *
- *     printf( "%s", buff );
- */
-
-/* Defaults used for initializing res_params */
-
-// If successes * 100 / total_samples is less than this value, the server is considered failing
-#define SUCCESS_THRESHOLD 75
-// Sample validity in seconds. Set to -1 to disable skipping failing servers.
-#define NSSAMPLE_VALIDITY 1800
-
-/* add a char to a bounded buffer */
-static char* bprint_c(char* p, char* end, int c) {
-    if (p < end) {
-        if (p + 1 == end)
-            *p++ = 0;
-        else {
-            *p++ = (char) c;
-            *p = 0;
-        }
-    }
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* add a sequence of bytes to a bounded buffer */
-static char* bprint_b(char* p, char* end, const char* buf, int len) {
-    int avail = end - p;
-
-    if (avail <= 0 || len <= 0) return p;
-
-    if (avail > len) avail = len;
-
-    memcpy(p, buf, avail);
-    p += avail;
-
-    if (p < end)
-        p[0] = 0;
-    else
-        end[-1] = 0;
-
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* add a string to a bounded buffer */
-static char* bprint_s(char* p, char* end, const char* str) {
-    return bprint_b(p, end, str, strlen(str));
-}
-
-/* add a formatted string to a bounded buffer */
-static char* bprint(char* p, char* end, const char* format, ...) {
-    int avail, n;
-    va_list args;
-
-    avail = end - p;
-
-    if (avail <= 0) return p;
-
-    va_start(args, format);
-    n = vsnprintf(p, avail, format, args);
-    va_end(args);
-
-    /* certain C libraries return -1 in case of truncation */
-    if (n < 0 || n > avail) n = avail;
-
-    p += n;
-    /* certain C libraries do not zero-terminate in case of truncation */
-    if (p == end) p[-1] = 0;
-
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* add a hex value to a bounded buffer, up to 8 digits */
-static char* bprint_hex(char* p, char* end, unsigned value, int numDigits) {
-    char text[sizeof(unsigned) * 2];
-    int nn = 0;
-
-    while (numDigits-- > 0) {
-        text[nn++] = "0123456789abcdef"[(value >> (numDigits * 4)) & 15];
-    }
-    return bprint_b(p, end, text, nn);
-}
-
-/* add the hexadecimal dump of some memory area to a bounded buffer */
-static char* bprint_hexdump(char* p, char* end, const uint8_t* data, int datalen) {
-    int lineSize = 16;
-
-    while (datalen > 0) {
-        int avail = datalen;
-        int nn;
-
-        if (avail > lineSize) avail = lineSize;
-
-        for (nn = 0; nn < avail; nn++) {
-            if (nn > 0) p = bprint_c(p, end, ' ');
-            p = bprint_hex(p, end, data[nn], 2);
-        }
-        for (; nn < lineSize; nn++) {
-            p = bprint_s(p, end, "   ");
-        }
-        p = bprint_s(p, end, "  ");
-
-        for (nn = 0; nn < avail; nn++) {
-            int c = data[nn];
-
-            if (c < 32 || c > 127) c = '.';
-
-            p = bprint_c(p, end, c);
-        }
-        p = bprint_c(p, end, '\n');
-
-        data += avail;
-        datalen -= avail;
-    }
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* dump the content of a query of packet to the log */
-static void dump_bytes(const uint8_t* base, int len) {
-    if (!kDumpData) return;
-
-    char buff[1024];
-    char *p = buff, *end = p + sizeof(buff);
-
-    p = bprint_hexdump(p, end, base, len);
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << buff;
-}
-
-static time_t _time_now(void) {
-    struct timeval tv;
-
-    gettimeofday(&tv, NULL);
-    return tv.tv_sec;
-}
-
-/* reminder: the general format of a DNS packet is the following:
- *
- *    HEADER  (12 bytes)
- *    QUESTION  (variable)
- *    ANSWER (variable)
- *    AUTHORITY (variable)
- *    ADDITIONNAL (variable)
- *
- * the HEADER is made of:
- *
- *   ID     : 16 : 16-bit unique query identification field
- *
- *   QR     :  1 : set to 0 for queries, and 1 for responses
- *   Opcode :  4 : set to 0 for queries
- *   AA     :  1 : set to 0 for queries
- *   TC     :  1 : truncation flag, will be set to 0 in queries
- *   RD     :  1 : recursion desired
- *
- *   RA     :  1 : recursion available (0 in queries)
- *   Z      :  3 : three reserved zero bits
- *   RCODE  :  4 : response code (always 0=NOERROR in queries)
- *
- *   QDCount: 16 : question count
- *   ANCount: 16 : Answer count (0 in queries)
- *   NSCount: 16: Authority Record count (0 in queries)
- *   ARCount: 16: Additionnal Record count (0 in queries)
- *
- * the QUESTION is made of QDCount Question Record (QRs)
- * the ANSWER is made of ANCount RRs
- * the AUTHORITY is made of NSCount RRs
- * the ADDITIONNAL is made of ARCount RRs
- *
- * Each Question Record (QR) is made of:
- *
- *   QNAME   : variable : Query DNS NAME
- *   TYPE    : 16       : type of query (A=1, PTR=12, MX=15, AAAA=28, ALL=255)
- *   CLASS   : 16       : class of query (IN=1)
- *
- * Each Resource Record (RR) is made of:
- *
- *   NAME    : variable : DNS NAME
- *   TYPE    : 16       : type of query (A=1, PTR=12, MX=15, AAAA=28, ALL=255)
- *   CLASS   : 16       : class of query (IN=1)
- *   TTL     : 32       : seconds to cache this RR (0=none)
- *   RDLENGTH: 16       : size of RDDATA in bytes
- *   RDDATA  : variable : RR data (depends on TYPE)
- *
- * Each QNAME contains a domain name encoded as a sequence of 'labels'
- * terminated by a zero. Each label has the following format:
- *
- *    LEN  : 8     : lenght of label (MUST be < 64)
- *    NAME : 8*LEN : label length (must exclude dots)
- *
- * A value of 0 in the encoding is interpreted as the 'root' domain and
- * terminates the encoding. So 'www.android.com' will be encoded as:
- *
- *   <3>www<7>android<3>com<0>
- *
- * Where <n> represents the byte with value 'n'
- *
- * Each NAME reflects the QNAME of the question, but has a slightly more
- * complex encoding in order to provide message compression. This is achieved
- * by using a 2-byte pointer, with format:
- *
- *    TYPE   : 2  : 0b11 to indicate a pointer, 0b01 and 0b10 are reserved
- *    OFFSET : 14 : offset to another part of the DNS packet
- *
- * The offset is relative to the start of the DNS packet and must point
- * A pointer terminates the encoding.
- *
- * The NAME can be encoded in one of the following formats:
- *
- *   - a sequence of simple labels terminated by 0 (like QNAMEs)
- *   - a single pointer
- *   - a sequence of simple labels terminated by a pointer
- *
- * A pointer shall always point to either a pointer of a sequence of
- * labels (which can themselves be terminated by either a 0 or a pointer)
- *
- * The expanded length of a given domain name should not exceed 255 bytes.
- *
- * NOTE: we don't parse the answer packets, so don't need to deal with NAME
- *       records, only QNAMEs.
- */
-
-#define DNS_HEADER_SIZE 12
-
-#define DNS_TYPE_A "\00\01"     /* big-endian decimal 1 */
-#define DNS_TYPE_PTR "\00\014"  /* big-endian decimal 12 */
-#define DNS_TYPE_MX "\00\017"   /* big-endian decimal 15 */
-#define DNS_TYPE_AAAA "\00\034" /* big-endian decimal 28 */
-#define DNS_TYPE_ALL "\00\0377" /* big-endian decimal 255 */
-
-#define DNS_CLASS_IN "\00\01" /* big-endian decimal 1 */
-
-typedef struct {
-    const uint8_t* base;
-    const uint8_t* end;
-    const uint8_t* cursor;
-} DnsPacket;
-
-static void _dnsPacket_init(DnsPacket* packet, const uint8_t* buff, int bufflen) {
-    packet->base = buff;
-    packet->end = buff + bufflen;
-    packet->cursor = buff;
-}
-
-static void _dnsPacket_rewind(DnsPacket* packet) {
-    packet->cursor = packet->base;
-}
-
-static void _dnsPacket_skip(DnsPacket* packet, int count) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor + count;
-
-    if (p > packet->end) p = packet->end;
-
-    packet->cursor = p;
-}
-
-static int _dnsPacket_readInt16(DnsPacket* packet) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor;
-
-    if (p + 2 > packet->end) return -1;
-
-    packet->cursor = p + 2;
-    return (p[0] << 8) | p[1];
-}
-
-/** QUERY CHECKING **/
-
-/* check bytes in a dns packet. returns 1 on success, 0 on failure.
- * the cursor is only advanced in the case of success
- */
-static int _dnsPacket_checkBytes(DnsPacket* packet, int numBytes, const void* bytes) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor;
-
-    if (p + numBytes > packet->end) return 0;
-
-    if (memcmp(p, bytes, numBytes) != 0) return 0;
-
-    packet->cursor = p + numBytes;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/* parse and skip a given QNAME stored in a query packet,
- * from the current cursor position. returns 1 on success,
- * or 0 for malformed data.
- */
-static int _dnsPacket_checkQName(DnsPacket* packet) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* end = packet->end;
-
-    for (;;) {
-        int c;
-
-        if (p >= end) break;
-
-        c = *p++;
-
-        if (c == 0) {
-            packet->cursor = p;
-            return 1;
-        }
-
-        /* we don't expect label compression in QNAMEs */
-        if (c >= 64) break;
-
-        p += c;
-        /* we rely on the bound check at the start
-         * of the loop here */
-    }
-    /* malformed data */
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": malformed QNAME";
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* parse and skip a given QR stored in a packet.
- * returns 1 on success, and 0 on failure
- */
-static int _dnsPacket_checkQR(DnsPacket* packet) {
-    if (!_dnsPacket_checkQName(packet)) return 0;
-
-    /* TYPE must be one of the things we support */
-    if (!_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, DNS_TYPE_A) &&
-        !_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, DNS_TYPE_PTR) &&
-        !_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, DNS_TYPE_MX) &&
-        !_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, DNS_TYPE_AAAA) &&
-        !_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, DNS_TYPE_ALL)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": unsupported TYPE";
-        return 0;
-    }
-    /* CLASS must be IN */
-    if (!_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, DNS_CLASS_IN)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": unsupported CLASS";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/* check the header of a DNS Query packet, return 1 if it is one
- * type of query we can cache, or 0 otherwise
- */
-static int _dnsPacket_checkQuery(DnsPacket* packet) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->base;
-    int qdCount, anCount, dnCount, arCount;
-
-    if (p + DNS_HEADER_SIZE > packet->end) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": query packet too small";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* QR must be set to 0, opcode must be 0 and AA must be 0 */
-    /* RA, Z, and RCODE must be 0 */
-    if ((p[2] & 0xFC) != 0 || (p[3] & 0xCF) != 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": query packet flags unsupported";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* Note that we ignore the TC, RD, CD, and AD bits here for the
-     * following reasons:
-     *
-     * - there is no point for a query packet sent to a server
-     *   to have the TC bit set, but the implementation might
-     *   set the bit in the query buffer for its own needs
-     *   between a _resolv_cache_lookup and a
-     *   _resolv_cache_add. We should not freak out if this
-     *   is the case.
-     *
-     * - we consider that the result from a query might depend on
-     *   the RD, AD, and CD bits, so these bits
-     *   should be used to differentiate cached result.
-     *
-     *   this implies that these bits are checked when hashing or
-     *   comparing query packets, but not TC
-     */
-
-    /* ANCOUNT, DNCOUNT and ARCOUNT must be 0 */
-    qdCount = (p[4] << 8) | p[5];
-    anCount = (p[6] << 8) | p[7];
-    dnCount = (p[8] << 8) | p[9];
-    arCount = (p[10] << 8) | p[11];
-
-    if (anCount != 0 || dnCount != 0 || arCount > 1) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": query packet contains non-query records";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (qdCount == 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": query packet doesn't contain query record";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* Check QDCOUNT QRs */
-    packet->cursor = p + DNS_HEADER_SIZE;
-
-    for (; qdCount > 0; qdCount--)
-        if (!_dnsPacket_checkQR(packet)) return 0;
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/** QUERY DEBUGGING **/
-static char* dnsPacket_bprintQName(DnsPacket* packet, char* bp, char* bend) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* end = packet->end;
-    int first = 1;
-
-    for (;;) {
-        int c;
-
-        if (p >= end) break;
-
-        c = *p++;
-
-        if (c == 0) {
-            packet->cursor = p;
-            return bp;
-        }
-
-        /* we don't expect label compression in QNAMEs */
-        if (c >= 64) break;
-
-        if (first)
-            first = 0;
-        else
-            bp = bprint_c(bp, bend, '.');
-
-        bp = bprint_b(bp, bend, (const char*) p, c);
-
-        p += c;
-        /* we rely on the bound check at the start
-         * of the loop here */
-    }
-    /* malformed data */
-    bp = bprint_s(bp, bend, "<MALFORMED>");
-    return bp;
-}
-
-static char* dnsPacket_bprintQR(DnsPacket* packet, char* p, char* end) {
-#define QQ(x) \
-    { DNS_TYPE_##x, #x }
-    static const struct {
-        const char* typeBytes;
-        const char* typeString;
-    } qTypes[] = {QQ(A), QQ(PTR), QQ(MX), QQ(AAAA), QQ(ALL), {NULL, NULL}};
-    int nn;
-    const char* typeString = NULL;
-
-    /* dump QNAME */
-    p = dnsPacket_bprintQName(packet, p, end);
-
-    /* dump TYPE */
-    p = bprint_s(p, end, " (");
-
-    for (nn = 0; qTypes[nn].typeBytes != NULL; nn++) {
-        if (_dnsPacket_checkBytes(packet, 2, qTypes[nn].typeBytes)) {
-            typeString = qTypes[nn].typeString;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (typeString != NULL)
-        p = bprint_s(p, end, typeString);
-    else {
-        int typeCode = _dnsPacket_readInt16(packet);
-        p = bprint(p, end, "UNKNOWN-%d", typeCode);
-    }
-
-    p = bprint_c(p, end, ')');
-
-    /* skip CLASS */
-    _dnsPacket_skip(packet, 2);
-    return p;
-}
-
-/* this function assumes the packet has already been checked */
-static char* dnsPacket_bprintQuery(DnsPacket* packet, char* p, char* end) {
-    int qdCount;
-
-    if (packet->base[2] & 0x1) {
-        p = bprint_s(p, end, "RECURSIVE ");
-    }
-
-    _dnsPacket_skip(packet, 4);
-    qdCount = _dnsPacket_readInt16(packet);
-    _dnsPacket_skip(packet, 6);
-
-    for (; qdCount > 0; qdCount--) {
-        p = dnsPacket_bprintQR(packet, p, end);
-    }
-    return p;
-}
-
-/** QUERY HASHING SUPPORT
- **
- ** THE FOLLOWING CODE ASSUMES THAT THE INPUT PACKET HAS ALREADY
- ** BEEN SUCCESFULLY CHECKED.
- **/
-
-/* use 32-bit FNV hash function */
-#define FNV_MULT 16777619U
-#define FNV_BASIS 2166136261U
-
-static unsigned _dnsPacket_hashBytes(DnsPacket* packet, int numBytes, unsigned hash) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* end = packet->end;
-
-    while (numBytes > 0 && p < end) {
-        hash = hash * FNV_MULT ^ *p++;
-    }
-    packet->cursor = p;
-    return hash;
-}
-
-static unsigned _dnsPacket_hashQName(DnsPacket* packet, unsigned hash) {
-    const uint8_t* p = packet->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* end = packet->end;
-
-    for (;;) {
-        int c;
-
-        if (p >= end) { /* should not happen */
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": INTERNAL_ERROR: read-overflow";
-            break;
-        }
-
-        c = *p++;
-
-        if (c == 0) break;
-
-        if (c >= 64) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": INTERNAL_ERROR: malformed domain";
-            break;
-        }
-        if (p + c >= end) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": INTERNAL_ERROR: simple label read-overflow";
-            break;
-        }
-        while (c > 0) {
-            hash = hash * FNV_MULT ^ *p++;
-            c -= 1;
-        }
-    }
-    packet->cursor = p;
-    return hash;
-}
-
-static unsigned _dnsPacket_hashQR(DnsPacket* packet, unsigned hash) {
-    hash = _dnsPacket_hashQName(packet, hash);
-    hash = _dnsPacket_hashBytes(packet, 4, hash); /* TYPE and CLASS */
-    return hash;
-}
-
-static unsigned _dnsPacket_hashRR(DnsPacket* packet, unsigned hash) {
-    int rdlength;
-    hash = _dnsPacket_hashQR(packet, hash);
-    hash = _dnsPacket_hashBytes(packet, 4, hash); /* TTL */
-    rdlength = _dnsPacket_readInt16(packet);
-    hash = _dnsPacket_hashBytes(packet, rdlength, hash); /* RDATA */
-    return hash;
-}
-
-static unsigned _dnsPacket_hashQuery(DnsPacket* packet) {
-    unsigned hash = FNV_BASIS;
-    int count, arcount;
-    _dnsPacket_rewind(packet);
-
-    /* ignore the ID */
-    _dnsPacket_skip(packet, 2);
-
-    /* we ignore the TC bit for reasons explained in
-     * _dnsPacket_checkQuery().
-     *
-     * however we hash the RD bit to differentiate
-     * between answers for recursive and non-recursive
-     * queries.
-     */
-    hash = hash * FNV_MULT ^ (packet->base[2] & 1);
-
-    /* mark the first header byte as processed */
-    _dnsPacket_skip(packet, 1);
-
-    /* process the second header byte */
-    hash = _dnsPacket_hashBytes(packet, 1, hash);
-
-    /* read QDCOUNT */
-    count = _dnsPacket_readInt16(packet);
-
-    /* assume: ANcount and NScount are 0 */
-    _dnsPacket_skip(packet, 4);
-
-    /* read ARCOUNT */
-    arcount = _dnsPacket_readInt16(packet);
-
-    /* hash QDCOUNT QRs */
-    for (; count > 0; count--) hash = _dnsPacket_hashQR(packet, hash);
-
-    /* hash ARCOUNT RRs */
-    for (; arcount > 0; arcount--) hash = _dnsPacket_hashRR(packet, hash);
-
-    return hash;
-}
-
-/** QUERY COMPARISON
- **
- ** THE FOLLOWING CODE ASSUMES THAT THE INPUT PACKETS HAVE ALREADY
- ** BEEN SUCCESSFULLY CHECKED.
- **/
-
-static int _dnsPacket_isEqualDomainName(DnsPacket* pack1, DnsPacket* pack2) {
-    const uint8_t* p1 = pack1->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* end1 = pack1->end;
-    const uint8_t* p2 = pack2->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* end2 = pack2->end;
-
-    for (;;) {
-        int c1, c2;
-
-        if (p1 >= end1 || p2 >= end2) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": INTERNAL_ERROR: read-overflow";
-            break;
-        }
-        c1 = *p1++;
-        c2 = *p2++;
-        if (c1 != c2) break;
-
-        if (c1 == 0) {
-            pack1->cursor = p1;
-            pack2->cursor = p2;
-            return 1;
-        }
-        if (c1 >= 64) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": INTERNAL_ERROR: malformed domain";
-            break;
-        }
-        if ((p1 + c1 > end1) || (p2 + c1 > end2)) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": INTERNAL_ERROR: simple label read-overflow";
-            break;
-        }
-        if (memcmp(p1, p2, c1) != 0) break;
-        p1 += c1;
-        p2 += c1;
-        /* we rely on the bound checks at the start of the loop */
-    }
-    /* not the same, or one is malformed */
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different DN";
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int _dnsPacket_isEqualBytes(DnsPacket* pack1, DnsPacket* pack2, int numBytes) {
-    const uint8_t* p1 = pack1->cursor;
-    const uint8_t* p2 = pack2->cursor;
-
-    if (p1 + numBytes > pack1->end || p2 + numBytes > pack2->end) return 0;
-
-    if (memcmp(p1, p2, numBytes) != 0) return 0;
-
-    pack1->cursor += numBytes;
-    pack2->cursor += numBytes;
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int _dnsPacket_isEqualQR(DnsPacket* pack1, DnsPacket* pack2) {
-    /* compare domain name encoding + TYPE + CLASS */
-    if (!_dnsPacket_isEqualDomainName(pack1, pack2) ||
-        !_dnsPacket_isEqualBytes(pack1, pack2, 2 + 2))
-        return 0;
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int _dnsPacket_isEqualRR(DnsPacket* pack1, DnsPacket* pack2) {
-    int rdlength1, rdlength2;
-    /* compare query + TTL */
-    if (!_dnsPacket_isEqualQR(pack1, pack2) || !_dnsPacket_isEqualBytes(pack1, pack2, 4)) return 0;
-
-    /* compare RDATA */
-    rdlength1 = _dnsPacket_readInt16(pack1);
-    rdlength2 = _dnsPacket_readInt16(pack2);
-    if (rdlength1 != rdlength2 || !_dnsPacket_isEqualBytes(pack1, pack2, rdlength1)) return 0;
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int _dnsPacket_isEqualQuery(DnsPacket* pack1, DnsPacket* pack2) {
-    int count1, count2, arcount1, arcount2;
-
-    /* compare the headers, ignore most fields */
-    _dnsPacket_rewind(pack1);
-    _dnsPacket_rewind(pack2);
-
-    /* compare RD, ignore TC, see comment in _dnsPacket_checkQuery */
-    if ((pack1->base[2] & 1) != (pack2->base[2] & 1)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different RD";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (pack1->base[3] != pack2->base[3]) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different CD or AD";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* mark ID and header bytes as compared */
-    _dnsPacket_skip(pack1, 4);
-    _dnsPacket_skip(pack2, 4);
-
-    /* compare QDCOUNT */
-    count1 = _dnsPacket_readInt16(pack1);
-    count2 = _dnsPacket_readInt16(pack2);
-    if (count1 != count2 || count1 < 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different QDCOUNT";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* assume: ANcount and NScount are 0 */
-    _dnsPacket_skip(pack1, 4);
-    _dnsPacket_skip(pack2, 4);
-
-    /* compare ARCOUNT */
-    arcount1 = _dnsPacket_readInt16(pack1);
-    arcount2 = _dnsPacket_readInt16(pack2);
-    if (arcount1 != arcount2 || arcount1 < 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different ARCOUNT";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* compare the QDCOUNT QRs */
-    for (; count1 > 0; count1--) {
-        if (!_dnsPacket_isEqualQR(pack1, pack2)) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different QR";
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* compare the ARCOUNT RRs */
-    for (; arcount1 > 0; arcount1--) {
-        if (!_dnsPacket_isEqualRR(pack1, pack2)) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": different additional RR";
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-/* cache entry. for simplicity, 'hash' and 'hlink' are inlined in this
- * structure though they are conceptually part of the hash table.
- *
- * similarly, mru_next and mru_prev are part of the global MRU list
- */
-typedef struct Entry {
-    unsigned int hash;   /* hash value */
-    struct Entry* hlink; /* next in collision chain */
-    struct Entry* mru_prev;
-    struct Entry* mru_next;
-
-    const uint8_t* query;
-    int querylen;
-    const uint8_t* answer;
-    int answerlen;
-    time_t expires; /* time_t when the entry isn't valid any more */
-    int id;         /* for debugging purpose */
-} Entry;
-
-/*
- * Find the TTL for a negative DNS result.  This is defined as the minimum
- * of the SOA records TTL and the MINIMUM-TTL field (RFC-2308).
- *
- * Return 0 if not found.
- */
-static u_long answer_getNegativeTTL(ns_msg handle) {
-    int n, nscount;
-    u_long result = 0;
-    ns_rr rr;
-
-    nscount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_ns);
-    for (n = 0; n < nscount; n++) {
-        if ((ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_ns, n, &rr) == 0) && (ns_rr_type(rr) == ns_t_soa)) {
-            const u_char* rdata = ns_rr_rdata(rr);          // find the data
-            const u_char* edata = rdata + ns_rr_rdlen(rr);  // add the len to find the end
-            int len;
-            u_long ttl, rec_result = ns_rr_ttl(rr);
-
-            // find the MINIMUM-TTL field from the blob of binary data for this record
-            // skip the server name
-            len = dn_skipname(rdata, edata);
-            if (len == -1) continue;  // error skipping
-            rdata += len;
-
-            // skip the admin name
-            len = dn_skipname(rdata, edata);
-            if (len == -1) continue;  // error skipping
-            rdata += len;
-
-            if (edata - rdata != 5 * NS_INT32SZ) continue;
-            // skip: serial number + refresh interval + retry interval + expiry
-            rdata += NS_INT32SZ * 4;
-            // finally read the MINIMUM TTL
-            ttl = ntohl(*reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(rdata));
-            if (ttl < rec_result) {
-                rec_result = ttl;
-            }
-            // Now that the record is read successfully, apply the new min TTL
-            if (n == 0 || rec_result < result) {
-                result = rec_result;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-/*
- * Parse the answer records and find the appropriate
- * smallest TTL among the records.  This might be from
- * the answer records if found or from the SOA record
- * if it's a negative result.
- *
- * The returned TTL is the number of seconds to
- * keep the answer in the cache.
- *
- * In case of parse error zero (0) is returned which
- * indicates that the answer shall not be cached.
- */
-static u_long answer_getTTL(const void* answer, int answerlen) {
-    ns_msg handle;
-    int ancount, n;
-    u_long result, ttl;
-    ns_rr rr;
-
-    result = 0;
-    if (ns_initparse((const uint8_t*) answer, answerlen, &handle) >= 0) {
-        // get number of answer records
-        ancount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_an);
-
-        if (ancount == 0) {
-            // a response with no answers?  Cache this negative result.
-            result = answer_getNegativeTTL(handle);
-        } else {
-            for (n = 0; n < ancount; n++) {
-                if (ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_an, n, &rr) == 0) {
-                    ttl = ns_rr_ttl(rr);
-                    if (n == 0 || ttl < result) {
-                        result = ttl;
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    PLOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": ns_parserr failed ancount no = " << n;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        PLOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": ns_initparse failed";
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": TTL = " << result;
-    return result;
-}
-
-static void entry_free(Entry* e) {
-    /* everything is allocated in a single memory block */
-    if (e) {
-        free(e);
-    }
-}
-
-static void entry_mru_remove(Entry* e) {
-    e->mru_prev->mru_next = e->mru_next;
-    e->mru_next->mru_prev = e->mru_prev;
-}
-
-static void entry_mru_add(Entry* e, Entry* list) {
-    Entry* first = list->mru_next;
-
-    e->mru_next = first;
-    e->mru_prev = list;
-
-    list->mru_next = e;
-    first->mru_prev = e;
-}
-
-/* compute the hash of a given entry, this is a hash of most
- * data in the query (key) */
-static unsigned entry_hash(const Entry* e) {
-    DnsPacket pack[1];
-
-    _dnsPacket_init(pack, e->query, e->querylen);
-    return _dnsPacket_hashQuery(pack);
-}
-
-/* initialize an Entry as a search key, this also checks the input query packet
- * returns 1 on success, or 0 in case of unsupported/malformed data */
-static int entry_init_key(Entry* e, const void* query, int querylen) {
-    DnsPacket pack[1];
-
-    memset(e, 0, sizeof(*e));
-
-    e->query = (const uint8_t*) query;
-    e->querylen = querylen;
-    e->hash = entry_hash(e);
-
-    _dnsPacket_init(pack, e->query, e->querylen);
-
-    return _dnsPacket_checkQuery(pack);
-}
-
-/* allocate a new entry as a cache node */
-static Entry* entry_alloc(const Entry* init, const void* answer, int answerlen) {
-    Entry* e;
-    int size;
-
-    size = sizeof(*e) + init->querylen + answerlen;
-    e = (Entry*) calloc(size, 1);
-    if (e == NULL) return e;
-
-    e->hash = init->hash;
-    e->query = (const uint8_t*) (e + 1);
-    e->querylen = init->querylen;
-
-    memcpy((char*) e->query, init->query, e->querylen);
-
-    e->answer = e->query + e->querylen;
-    e->answerlen = answerlen;
-
-    memcpy((char*) e->answer, answer, e->answerlen);
-
-    return e;
-}
-
-static int entry_equals(const Entry* e1, const Entry* e2) {
-    DnsPacket pack1[1], pack2[1];
-
-    if (e1->querylen != e2->querylen) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    _dnsPacket_init(pack1, e1->query, e1->querylen);
-    _dnsPacket_init(pack2, e2->query, e2->querylen);
-
-    return _dnsPacket_isEqualQuery(pack1, pack2);
-}
-
-/* We use a simple hash table with external collision lists
- * for simplicity, the hash-table fields 'hash' and 'hlink' are
- * inlined in the Entry structure.
- */
-
-/* Maximum time for a thread to wait for an pending request */
-constexpr int PENDING_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 20;
-
-typedef struct resolv_cache {
-    int max_entries;
-    int num_entries;
-    Entry mru_list;
-    int last_id;
-    Entry* entries;
-    struct pending_req_info {
-        unsigned int hash;
-        struct pending_req_info* next;
-    } pending_requests;
-} Cache;
-
-struct resolv_cache_info {
-    unsigned netid;
-    Cache* cache;
-    struct resolv_cache_info* next;
-    int nscount;
-    char* nameservers[MAXNS];
-    struct addrinfo* nsaddrinfo[MAXNS];
-    int revision_id;  // # times the nameservers have been replaced
-    res_params params;
-    struct res_stats nsstats[MAXNS];
-    char defdname[MAXDNSRCHPATH];
-    int dnsrch_offset[MAXDNSRCH + 1];  // offsets into defdname
-    int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-};
-
-// A helper class for the Clang Thread Safety Analysis to deal with
-// std::unique_lock.
-class SCOPED_CAPABILITY ScopedAssumeLocked {
-  public:
-    ScopedAssumeLocked(std::mutex& mutex) ACQUIRE(mutex) {}
-    ~ScopedAssumeLocked() RELEASE() {}
-};
-
-// lock protecting everything in the resolve_cache_info structs (next ptr, etc)
-static std::mutex cache_mutex;
-static std::condition_variable cv;
-
-/* gets cache associated with a network, or NULL if none exists */
-static resolv_cache* find_named_cache_locked(unsigned netid) REQUIRES(cache_mutex);
-static int resolv_create_cache_for_net_locked(unsigned netid) REQUIRES(cache_mutex);
-
-static void cache_flush_pending_requests_locked(struct resolv_cache* cache) {
-    resolv_cache::pending_req_info *ri, *tmp;
-    if (!cache) return;
-
-    ri = cache->pending_requests.next;
-
-    while (ri) {
-        tmp = ri;
-        ri = ri->next;
-        free(tmp);
-    }
-
-    cache->pending_requests.next = NULL;
-    cv.notify_all();
-}
-
-// Return true - if there is a pending request in |cache| matching |key|.
-// Return false - if no pending request is found matching the key. Optionally
-//                link a new one if parameter append_if_not_found is true.
-static bool cache_has_pending_request_locked(resolv_cache* cache, const Entry* key,
-                                             bool append_if_not_found) {
-    if (!cache || !key) return false;
-
-    resolv_cache::pending_req_info* ri = cache->pending_requests.next;
-    resolv_cache::pending_req_info* prev = &cache->pending_requests;
-    while (ri) {
-        if (ri->hash == key->hash) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        prev = ri;
-        ri = ri->next;
-    }
-
-    if (append_if_not_found) {
-        ri = (resolv_cache::pending_req_info*)calloc(1, sizeof(resolv_cache::pending_req_info));
-        if (ri) {
-            ri->hash = key->hash;
-            prev->next = ri;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-// Notify all threads that the cache entry |key| has become available
-static void _cache_notify_waiting_tid_locked(struct resolv_cache* cache, const Entry* key) {
-    if (!cache || !key) return;
-
-    resolv_cache::pending_req_info* ri = cache->pending_requests.next;
-    resolv_cache::pending_req_info* prev = &cache->pending_requests;
-    while (ri) {
-        if (ri->hash == key->hash) {
-            // remove item from list and destroy
-            prev->next = ri->next;
-            free(ri);
-            cv.notify_all();
-            return;
-        }
-        prev = ri;
-        ri = ri->next;
-    }
-}
-
-void _resolv_cache_query_failed(unsigned netid, const void* query, int querylen, uint32_t flags) {
-    // We should not notify with these flags.
-    if (flags & (ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE | ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    Entry key[1];
-    Cache* cache;
-
-    if (!entry_init_key(key, query, querylen)) return;
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-
-    cache = find_named_cache_locked(netid);
-
-    if (cache) {
-        _cache_notify_waiting_tid_locked(cache, key);
-    }
-}
-
-static void cache_flush_locked(Cache* cache) {
-    int nn;
-
-    for (nn = 0; nn < cache->max_entries; nn++) {
-        Entry** pnode = (Entry**) &cache->entries[nn];
-
-        while (*pnode != NULL) {
-            Entry* node = *pnode;
-            *pnode = node->hlink;
-            entry_free(node);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // flush pending request
-    cache_flush_pending_requests_locked(cache);
-
-    cache->mru_list.mru_next = cache->mru_list.mru_prev = &cache->mru_list;
-    cache->num_entries = 0;
-    cache->last_id = 0;
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": *** DNS CACHE FLUSHED ***";
-}
-
-static resolv_cache* resolv_cache_create() {
-    struct resolv_cache* cache;
-
-    cache = (struct resolv_cache*) calloc(sizeof(*cache), 1);
-    if (cache) {
-        cache->max_entries = CONFIG_MAX_ENTRIES;
-        cache->entries = (Entry*) calloc(sizeof(*cache->entries), cache->max_entries);
-        if (cache->entries) {
-            cache->mru_list.mru_prev = cache->mru_list.mru_next = &cache->mru_list;
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": cache created";
-        } else {
-            free(cache);
-            cache = NULL;
-        }
-    }
-    return cache;
-}
-
-static void dump_query(const uint8_t* query, int querylen) {
-    if (!WOULD_LOG(VERBOSE)) return;
-
-    char temp[256], *p = temp, *end = p + sizeof(temp);
-    DnsPacket pack[1];
-
-    _dnsPacket_init(pack, query, querylen);
-    p = dnsPacket_bprintQuery(pack, p, end);
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << temp;
-}
-
-static void cache_dump_mru(Cache* cache) {
-    char temp[512], *p = temp, *end = p + sizeof(temp);
-    Entry* e;
-
-    p = bprint(temp, end, "MRU LIST (%2d): ", cache->num_entries);
-    for (e = cache->mru_list.mru_next; e != &cache->mru_list; e = e->mru_next)
-        p = bprint(p, end, " %d", e->id);
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << temp;
-}
-
-/* This function tries to find a key within the hash table
- * In case of success, it will return a *pointer* to the hashed key.
- * In case of failure, it will return a *pointer* to NULL
- *
- * So, the caller must check '*result' to check for success/failure.
- *
- * The main idea is that the result can later be used directly in
- * calls to _resolv_cache_add or _resolv_cache_remove as the 'lookup'
- * parameter. This makes the code simpler and avoids re-searching
- * for the key position in the htable.
- *
- * The result of a lookup_p is only valid until you alter the hash
- * table.
- */
-static Entry** _cache_lookup_p(Cache* cache, Entry* key) {
-    int index = key->hash % cache->max_entries;
-    Entry** pnode = (Entry**) &cache->entries[index];
-
-    while (*pnode != NULL) {
-        Entry* node = *pnode;
-
-        if (node == NULL) break;
-
-        if (node->hash == key->hash && entry_equals(node, key)) break;
-
-        pnode = &node->hlink;
-    }
-    return pnode;
-}
-
-/* Add a new entry to the hash table. 'lookup' must be the
- * result of an immediate previous failed _lookup_p() call
- * (i.e. with *lookup == NULL), and 'e' is the pointer to the
- * newly created entry
- */
-static void _cache_add_p(Cache* cache, Entry** lookup, Entry* e) {
-    *lookup = e;
-    e->id = ++cache->last_id;
-    entry_mru_add(e, &cache->mru_list);
-    cache->num_entries += 1;
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": entry " << e->id << " added (count=" << cache->num_entries << ")";
-}
-
-/* Remove an existing entry from the hash table,
- * 'lookup' must be the result of an immediate previous
- * and succesful _lookup_p() call.
- */
-static void _cache_remove_p(Cache* cache, Entry** lookup) {
-    Entry* e = *lookup;
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": entry " << e->id << " removed (count=" << cache->num_entries - 1
-              << ")";
-
-    entry_mru_remove(e);
-    *lookup = e->hlink;
-    entry_free(e);
-    cache->num_entries -= 1;
-}
-
-/* Remove the oldest entry from the hash table.
- */
-static void _cache_remove_oldest(Cache* cache) {
-    Entry* oldest = cache->mru_list.mru_prev;
-    Entry** lookup = _cache_lookup_p(cache, oldest);
-
-    if (*lookup == NULL) { /* should not happen */
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": OLDEST NOT IN HTABLE ?";
-        return;
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": Cache full - removing oldest";
-    dump_query(oldest->query, oldest->querylen);
-    _cache_remove_p(cache, lookup);
-}
-
-/* Remove all expired entries from the hash table.
- */
-static void _cache_remove_expired(Cache* cache) {
-    Entry* e;
-    time_t now = _time_now();
-
-    for (e = cache->mru_list.mru_next; e != &cache->mru_list;) {
-        // Entry is old, remove
-        if (now >= e->expires) {
-            Entry** lookup = _cache_lookup_p(cache, e);
-            if (*lookup == NULL) { /* should not happen */
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": ENTRY NOT IN HTABLE ?";
-                return;
-            }
-            e = e->mru_next;
-            _cache_remove_p(cache, lookup);
-        } else {
-            e = e->mru_next;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-// gets a resolv_cache_info associated with a network, or NULL if not found
-static resolv_cache_info* find_cache_info_locked(unsigned netid) REQUIRES(cache_mutex);
-
-ResolvCacheStatus _resolv_cache_lookup(unsigned netid, const void* query, int querylen,
-                                       void* answer, int answersize, int* answerlen,
-                                       uint32_t flags) {
-    // Skip cache lookup, return RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND directly so that it is
-    // possible to cache the answer of this query.
-    // If ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE is set, return RESOLV_CACHE_SKIP to skip possible cache
-    // storing.
-    if (flags & ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP) {
-        return flags & ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE ? RESOLV_CACHE_SKIP : RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND;
-    }
-    Entry key;
-    Entry** lookup;
-    Entry* e;
-    time_t now;
-    Cache* cache;
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": lookup";
-    dump_query((u_char*) query, querylen);
-
-    /* we don't cache malformed queries */
-    if (!entry_init_key(&key, query, querylen)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": unsupported query";
-        return RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED;
-    }
-    /* lookup cache */
-    std::unique_lock lock(cache_mutex);
-    ScopedAssumeLocked assume_lock(cache_mutex);
-    cache = find_named_cache_locked(netid);
-    if (cache == NULL) {
-        return RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED;
-    }
-
-    /* see the description of _lookup_p to understand this.
-     * the function always return a non-NULL pointer.
-     */
-    lookup = _cache_lookup_p(cache, &key);
-    e = *lookup;
-
-    if (e == NULL) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": NOT IN CACHE";
-        // If it is no-cache-store mode, we won't wait for possible query.
-        if (flags & ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE) {
-            return RESOLV_CACHE_SKIP;
-        }
-
-        if (!cache_has_pending_request_locked(cache, &key, true)) {
-            return RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND;
-
-        } else {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": Waiting for previous request";
-            // wait until (1) timeout OR
-            //            (2) cv is notified AND no pending request matching the |key|
-            // (cv notifier should delete pending request before sending notification.)
-            bool ret = cv.wait_for(lock, std::chrono::seconds(PENDING_REQUEST_TIMEOUT),
-                                   [netid, &cache, &key]() REQUIRES(cache_mutex) {
-                                       // Must update cache as it could have been deleted
-                                       cache = find_named_cache_locked(netid);
-                                       return !cache_has_pending_request_locked(cache, &key, false);
-                                   });
-            if (!cache) {
-                return RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND;
-            }
-            if (ret == false) {
-                resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-                if (info != NULL) {
-                    info->wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count++;
-                }
-            }
-            lookup = _cache_lookup_p(cache, &key);
-            e = *lookup;
-            if (e == NULL) {
-                return RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    now = _time_now();
-
-    /* remove stale entries here */
-    if (now >= e->expires) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": NOT IN CACHE (STALE ENTRY " << *lookup << "DISCARDED)";
-        dump_query(e->query, e->querylen);
-        _cache_remove_p(cache, lookup);
-        return RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND;
-    }
-
-    *answerlen = e->answerlen;
-    if (e->answerlen > answersize) {
-        /* NOTE: we return UNSUPPORTED if the answer buffer is too short */
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": ANSWER TOO LONG";
-        return RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED;
-    }
-
-    memcpy(answer, e->answer, e->answerlen);
-
-    /* bump up this entry to the top of the MRU list */
-    if (e != cache->mru_list.mru_next) {
-        entry_mru_remove(e);
-        entry_mru_add(e, &cache->mru_list);
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": FOUND IN CACHE entry=" << e;
-    return RESOLV_CACHE_FOUND;
-}
-
-void _resolv_cache_add(unsigned netid, const void* query, int querylen, const void* answer,
-                       int answerlen) {
-    Entry key[1];
-    Entry* e;
-    Entry** lookup;
-    u_long ttl;
-    Cache* cache = NULL;
-
-    /* don't assume that the query has already been cached
-     */
-    if (!entry_init_key(key, query, querylen)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": passed invalid query?";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-
-    cache = find_named_cache_locked(netid);
-    if (cache == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": query:";
-    dump_query((u_char*)query, querylen);
-    res_pquery((u_char*)answer, answerlen);
-    if (kDumpData) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": answer:";
-        dump_bytes((u_char*)answer, answerlen);
-    }
-
-    lookup = _cache_lookup_p(cache, key);
-    e = *lookup;
-
-    // Should only happen on ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP
-    if (e != NULL) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": ALREADY IN CACHE (" << e << ") ? IGNORING ADD";
-        _cache_notify_waiting_tid_locked(cache, key);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (cache->num_entries >= cache->max_entries) {
-        _cache_remove_expired(cache);
-        if (cache->num_entries >= cache->max_entries) {
-            _cache_remove_oldest(cache);
-        }
-        // TODO: It looks useless, remove below code after having test to prove it.
-        lookup = _cache_lookup_p(cache, key);
-        e = *lookup;
-        if (e != NULL) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": ALREADY IN CACHE (" << e << ") ? IGNORING ADD";
-            _cache_notify_waiting_tid_locked(cache, key);
-            return;
-        }
-    }
-
-    ttl = answer_getTTL(answer, answerlen);
-    if (ttl > 0) {
-        e = entry_alloc(key, answer, answerlen);
-        if (e != NULL) {
-            e->expires = ttl + _time_now();
-            _cache_add_p(cache, lookup, e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    cache_dump_mru(cache);
-    _cache_notify_waiting_tid_locked(cache, key);
-}
-
-// Head of the list of caches.
-static struct resolv_cache_info res_cache_list GUARDED_BY(cache_mutex);
-
-// insert resolv_cache_info into the list of resolv_cache_infos
-static void insert_cache_info_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info);
-// creates a resolv_cache_info
-static resolv_cache_info* create_cache_info();
-// empty the nameservers set for the named cache
-static void free_nameservers_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info);
-// return 1 if the provided list of name servers differs from the list of name servers
-// currently attached to the provided cache_info
-static int resolv_is_nameservers_equal_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info, const char** servers,
-                                              int numservers);
-// clears the stats samples contained withing the given cache_info
-static void res_cache_clear_stats_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info);
-
-// public API for netd to query if name server is set on specific netid
-bool resolv_has_nameservers(unsigned netid) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-    resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-    return (info != nullptr) && (info->nscount > 0);
-}
-
-static int resolv_create_cache_for_net_locked(unsigned netid) {
-    resolv_cache* cache = find_named_cache_locked(netid);
-    // Should not happen
-    if (cache) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": Cache is already created, netId: " << netid;
-        return -EEXIST;
-    }
-
-    resolv_cache_info* cache_info = create_cache_info();
-    if (!cache_info) return -ENOMEM;
-    cache = resolv_cache_create();
-    if (!cache) {
-        free(cache_info);
-        return -ENOMEM;
-    }
-    cache_info->cache = cache;
-    cache_info->netid = netid;
-    insert_cache_info_locked(cache_info);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-int resolv_create_cache_for_net(unsigned netid) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-    return resolv_create_cache_for_net_locked(netid);
-}
-
-void resolv_delete_cache_for_net(unsigned netid) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-
-    struct resolv_cache_info* prev_cache_info = &res_cache_list;
-
-    while (prev_cache_info->next) {
-        struct resolv_cache_info* cache_info = prev_cache_info->next;
-
-        if (cache_info->netid == netid) {
-            prev_cache_info->next = cache_info->next;
-            cache_flush_locked(cache_info->cache);
-            free(cache_info->cache->entries);
-            free(cache_info->cache);
-            free_nameservers_locked(cache_info);
-            free(cache_info);
-            break;
-        }
-
-        prev_cache_info = prev_cache_info->next;
-    }
-}
-
-std::vector<unsigned> resolv_list_caches() {
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-    struct resolv_cache_info* cache_info = res_cache_list.next;
-    std::vector<unsigned> result;
-    while (cache_info) {
-        result.push_back(cache_info->netid);
-        cache_info = cache_info->next;
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-static resolv_cache_info* create_cache_info() {
-    return (struct resolv_cache_info*) calloc(sizeof(struct resolv_cache_info), 1);
-}
-
-// TODO: convert this to a simple and efficient C++ container.
-static void insert_cache_info_locked(struct resolv_cache_info* cache_info) {
-    struct resolv_cache_info* last;
-    for (last = &res_cache_list; last->next; last = last->next) {}
-    last->next = cache_info;
-}
-
-static resolv_cache* find_named_cache_locked(unsigned netid) {
-    resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-    if (info != NULL) return info->cache;
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static resolv_cache_info* find_cache_info_locked(unsigned netid) {
-    struct resolv_cache_info* cache_info = res_cache_list.next;
-
-    while (cache_info) {
-        if (cache_info->netid == netid) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        cache_info = cache_info->next;
-    }
-    return cache_info;
-}
-
-static void resolv_set_default_params(res_params* params) {
-    params->sample_validity = NSSAMPLE_VALIDITY;
-    params->success_threshold = SUCCESS_THRESHOLD;
-    params->min_samples = 0;
-    params->max_samples = 0;
-    params->base_timeout_msec = 0;  // 0 = legacy algorithm
-    params->retry_count = 0;
-}
-
-static void resolv_set_experiment_params(res_params* params) {
-    using android::base::ParseInt;
-    using server_configurable_flags::GetServerConfigurableFlag;
-
-    if (params->retry_count == 0) {
-        params->retry_count = RES_DFLRETRY;
-        ParseInt(GetServerConfigurableFlag("netd_native", "retry_count", ""), &params->retry_count);
-    }
-
-    if (params->base_timeout_msec == 0) {
-        params->base_timeout_msec = RES_TIMEOUT;
-        ParseInt(GetServerConfigurableFlag("netd_native", "retransmission_time_interval", ""),
-                 &params->base_timeout_msec);
-    }
-}
-
-int resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(unsigned netid, const char** servers, const int numservers,
-                                   const char* domains, const res_params* params) {
-    char* cp;
-    int* offset;
-    struct addrinfo* nsaddrinfo[MAXNS];
-
-    if (numservers > MAXNS) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": numservers=" << numservers << ", MAXNS=" << MAXNS;
-        return E2BIG;
-    }
-
-    // Parse the addresses before actually locking or changing any state, in case there is an error.
-    // As a side effect this also reduces the time the lock is kept.
-    char sbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
-    snprintf(sbuf, sizeof(sbuf), "%u", NAMESERVER_PORT);
-    for (int i = 0; i < numservers; i++) {
-        // The addrinfo structures allocated here are freed in free_nameservers_locked().
-        const addrinfo hints = {
-                .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC, .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM, .ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST};
-        int rt = getaddrinfo_numeric(servers[i], sbuf, hints, &nsaddrinfo[i]);
-        if (rt != 0) {
-            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-                freeaddrinfo(nsaddrinfo[j]);
-            }
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": getaddrinfo_numeric(" << servers[i]
-                      << ") = " << gai_strerror(rt);
-            return EINVAL;
-        }
-    }
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-
-    resolv_cache_info* cache_info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-
-    if (cache_info == NULL) return ENONET;
-
-    uint8_t old_max_samples = cache_info->params.max_samples;
-    if (params != NULL) {
-        cache_info->params = *params;
-    } else {
-        resolv_set_default_params(&cache_info->params);
-    }
-    resolv_set_experiment_params(&cache_info->params);
-    if (!resolv_is_nameservers_equal_locked(cache_info, servers, numservers)) {
-        // free current before adding new
-        free_nameservers_locked(cache_info);
-        for (int i = 0; i < numservers; i++) {
-            cache_info->nsaddrinfo[i] = nsaddrinfo[i];
-            cache_info->nameservers[i] = strdup(servers[i]);
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": netid = " << netid << ", addr = " << servers[i];
-        }
-        cache_info->nscount = numservers;
-
-        // Clear the NS statistics because the mapping to nameservers might have changed.
-        res_cache_clear_stats_locked(cache_info);
-
-        // increment the revision id to ensure that sample state is not written back if the
-        // servers change; in theory it would suffice to do so only if the servers or
-        // max_samples actually change, in practice the overhead of checking is higher than the
-        // cost, and overflows are unlikely
-        ++cache_info->revision_id;
-    } else {
-        if (cache_info->params.max_samples != old_max_samples) {
-            // If the maximum number of samples changes, the overhead of keeping the most recent
-            // samples around is not considered worth the effort, so they are cleared instead.
-            // All other parameters do not affect shared state: Changing these parameters does
-            // not invalidate the samples, as they only affect aggregation and the conditions
-            // under which servers are considered usable.
-            res_cache_clear_stats_locked(cache_info);
-            ++cache_info->revision_id;
-        }
-        for (int j = 0; j < numservers; j++) {
-            freeaddrinfo(nsaddrinfo[j]);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Always update the search paths, since determining whether they actually changed is
-    // complex due to the zero-padding, and probably not worth the effort. Cache-flushing
-    // however is not necessary, since the stored cache entries do contain the domain, not
-    // just the host name.
-    strlcpy(cache_info->defdname, domains, sizeof(cache_info->defdname));
-    if ((cp = strchr(cache_info->defdname, '\n')) != NULL) *cp = '\0';
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": domains=\"" << cache_info->defdname << "\"";
-
-    cp = cache_info->defdname;
-    offset = cache_info->dnsrch_offset;
-    while (offset < cache_info->dnsrch_offset + MAXDNSRCH) {
-        while (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') /* skip leading white space */
-            cp++;
-        if (*cp == '\0') /* stop if nothing more to do */
-            break;
-        *offset++ = cp - cache_info->defdname; /* record this search domain */
-        while (*cp) {                          /* zero-terminate it */
-            if (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') {
-                *cp++ = '\0';
-                break;
-            }
-            cp++;
-        }
-    }
-    *offset = -1; /* cache_info->dnsrch_offset has MAXDNSRCH+1 items */
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int resolv_is_nameservers_equal_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info, const char** servers,
-                                              int numservers) {
-    if (cache_info->nscount != numservers) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Compare each name server against current name servers.
-    // TODO: this is incorrect if the list of current or previous nameservers
-    // contains duplicates. This does not really matter because the framework
-    // filters out duplicates, but we should probably fix it. It's also
-    // insensitive to the order of the nameservers; we should probably fix that
-    // too.
-    for (int i = 0; i < numservers; i++) {
-        for (int j = 0;; j++) {
-            if (j >= numservers) {
-                return 0;
-            }
-            if (strcmp(cache_info->nameservers[i], servers[j]) == 0) {
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static void free_nameservers_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info) {
-    int i;
-    for (i = 0; i < cache_info->nscount; i++) {
-        free(cache_info->nameservers[i]);
-        cache_info->nameservers[i] = NULL;
-        if (cache_info->nsaddrinfo[i] != NULL) {
-            freeaddrinfo(cache_info->nsaddrinfo[i]);
-            cache_info->nsaddrinfo[i] = NULL;
-        }
-        cache_info->nsstats[i].sample_count = cache_info->nsstats[i].sample_next = 0;
-    }
-    cache_info->nscount = 0;
-    res_cache_clear_stats_locked(cache_info);
-    ++cache_info->revision_id;
-}
-
-void _resolv_populate_res_for_net(res_state statp) {
-    if (statp == NULL) {
-        return;
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": netid=" << statp->netid;
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-    resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(statp->netid);
-    if (info != NULL) {
-        int nserv;
-        struct addrinfo* ai;
-        for (nserv = 0; nserv < MAXNS; nserv++) {
-            ai = info->nsaddrinfo[nserv];
-            if (ai == NULL) {
-                break;
-            }
-
-            if ((size_t) ai->ai_addrlen <= sizeof(statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[0])) {
-                if (statp->_u._ext.ext != NULL) {
-                    memcpy(&statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[nserv], ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
-                    statp->nsaddr_list[nserv].sin_family = AF_UNSPEC;
-                } else {
-                    if ((size_t) ai->ai_addrlen <= sizeof(statp->nsaddr_list[0])) {
-                        memcpy(&statp->nsaddr_list[nserv], ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
-                    } else {
-                        statp->nsaddr_list[nserv].sin_family = AF_UNSPEC;
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": found too long addrlen";
-            }
-        }
-        statp->nscount = nserv;
-        // now do search domains.  Note that we cache the offsets as this code runs alot
-        // but the setting/offset-computer only runs when set/changed
-        // WARNING: Don't use str*cpy() here, this string contains zeroes.
-        memcpy(statp->defdname, info->defdname, sizeof(statp->defdname));
-        char** pp = statp->dnsrch;
-        int* p = info->dnsrch_offset;
-        while (pp < statp->dnsrch + MAXDNSRCH && *p != -1) {
-            *pp++ = &statp->defdname[0] + *p++;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/* Resolver reachability statistics. */
-
-static void _res_cache_add_stats_sample_locked(res_stats* stats, const res_sample* sample,
-                                               int max_samples) {
-    // Note: This function expects max_samples > 0, otherwise a (harmless) modification of the
-    // allocated but supposedly unused memory for samples[0] will happen
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": adding sample to stats, next = " << unsigned(stats->sample_next)
-              << ", count = " << unsigned(stats->sample_count);
-    stats->samples[stats->sample_next] = *sample;
-    if (stats->sample_count < max_samples) {
-        ++stats->sample_count;
-    }
-    if (++stats->sample_next >= max_samples) {
-        stats->sample_next = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static void res_cache_clear_stats_locked(resolv_cache_info* cache_info) {
-    if (cache_info) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < MAXNS; ++i) {
-            cache_info->nsstats->sample_count = cache_info->nsstats->sample_next = 0;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-int android_net_res_stats_get_info_for_net(unsigned netid, int* nscount,
-                                           struct sockaddr_storage servers[MAXNS], int* dcount,
-                                           char domains[MAXDNSRCH][MAXDNSRCHPATH],
-                                           res_params* params, struct res_stats stats[MAXNS],
-                                           int* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count) {
-    int revision_id = -1;
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-
-    resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-    if (info) {
-        if (info->nscount > MAXNS) {
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": nscount " << info->nscount << " > MAXNS " << MAXNS;
-            errno = EFAULT;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < info->nscount; i++) {
-            // Verify that the following assumptions are held, failure indicates corruption:
-            //  - getaddrinfo() may never return a sockaddr > sockaddr_storage
-            //  - all addresses are valid
-            //  - there is only one address per addrinfo thanks to numeric resolution
-            int addrlen = info->nsaddrinfo[i]->ai_addrlen;
-            if (addrlen < (int) sizeof(struct sockaddr) || addrlen > (int) sizeof(servers[0])) {
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": nsaddrinfo[" << i << "].ai_addrlen == " << addrlen;
-                errno = EMSGSIZE;
-                return -1;
-            }
-            if (info->nsaddrinfo[i]->ai_addr == NULL) {
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": nsaddrinfo[" << i << "].ai_addr == NULL";
-                errno = ENOENT;
-                return -1;
-            }
-            if (info->nsaddrinfo[i]->ai_next != NULL) {
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": nsaddrinfo[" << i << "].ai_next != NULL";
-                errno = ENOTUNIQ;
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-        *nscount = info->nscount;
-        for (i = 0; i < info->nscount; i++) {
-            memcpy(&servers[i], info->nsaddrinfo[i]->ai_addr, info->nsaddrinfo[i]->ai_addrlen);
-            stats[i] = info->nsstats[i];
-        }
-        for (i = 0; i < MAXDNSRCH; i++) {
-            const char* cur_domain = info->defdname + info->dnsrch_offset[i];
-            // dnsrch_offset[i] can either be -1 or point to an empty string to indicate the end
-            // of the search offsets. Checking for < 0 is not strictly necessary, but safer.
-            // TODO: Pass in a search domain array instead of a string to
-            // resolv_set_nameservers_for_net() and make this double check unnecessary.
-            if (info->dnsrch_offset[i] < 0 ||
-                ((size_t) info->dnsrch_offset[i]) >= sizeof(info->defdname) || !cur_domain[0]) {
-                break;
-            }
-            strlcpy(domains[i], cur_domain, MAXDNSRCHPATH);
-        }
-        *dcount = i;
-        *params = info->params;
-        revision_id = info->revision_id;
-        *wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count = info->wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    }
-
-    return revision_id;
-}
-
-int resolv_cache_get_resolver_stats(unsigned netid, res_params* params, res_stats stats[MAXNS]) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-    resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-    if (info) {
-        memcpy(stats, info->nsstats, sizeof(info->nsstats));
-        *params = info->params;
-        return info->revision_id;
-    }
-
-    return -1;
-}
-
-void _resolv_cache_add_resolver_stats_sample(unsigned netid, int revision_id, int ns,
-                                             const res_sample* sample, int max_samples) {
-    if (max_samples <= 0) return;
-
-    std::lock_guard guard(cache_mutex);
-    resolv_cache_info* info = find_cache_info_locked(netid);
-
-    if (info && info->revision_id == revision_id) {
-        _res_cache_add_stats_sample_locked(&info->nsstats[ns], sample, max_samples);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_comp.cpp b/resolv/res_comp.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 98461b3..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_comp.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_comp.c,v 1.6 2004/05/22 23:47:09 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1985, 1993
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
- * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-/*
- * Expand compressed domain name 'src' to full domain name.
- * 'msg' is a pointer to the begining of the message,
- * 'eom' points to the first location after the message,
- * 'dst' is a pointer to a buffer of size 'dstsiz' for the result.
- * Return size of compressed name or -1 if there was an error.
- */
-int dn_expand(const u_char* msg, const u_char* eom, const u_char* src, char* dst, int dstsiz) {
-    int n = ns_name_uncompress(msg, eom, src, dst, (size_t) dstsiz);
-
-    if (n > 0 && dst[0] == '.') dst[0] = '\0';
-    return (n);
-}
-
-/*
- * Pack domain name 'exp_dn' in presentation form into 'comp_dn'.
- * Return the size of the compressed name or -1.
- * 'length' is the size of the array pointed to by 'comp_dn'.
- */
-int dn_comp(const char* src, u_char* dst, int dstsiz, u_char** dnptrs, u_char** lastdnptr) {
-    return (ns_name_compress(src, dst, (size_t) dstsiz, (const u_char**) dnptrs,
-                             (const u_char**) lastdnptr));
-}
-
-/*
- * Skip over a compressed domain name. Return the size or -1.
- */
-int dn_skipname(const u_char* ptr, const u_char* eom) {
-    const u_char* saveptr = ptr;
-
-    if (ns_name_skip(&ptr, eom) == -1) return (-1);
-    return (ptr - saveptr);
-}
-
-/*
- * Verify that a domain name uses an acceptable character set.
- */
-
-/*
- * Note the conspicuous absence of ctype macros in these definitions.  On
- * non-ASCII hosts, we can't depend on string literals or ctype macros to
- * tell us anything about network-format data.  The rest of the BIND system
- * is not careful about this, but for some reason, we're doing it right here.
- */
-
-/* BIONIC: We also accept underscores in the middle of labels.
- *         This extension is needed to make resolution on some VPN networks
- *         work properly.
- */
-
-#define PERIOD 0x2e
-#define hyphenchar(c) ((c) == 0x2d)
-#define bslashchar(c) ((c) == 0x5c)
-#define periodchar(c) ((c) == PERIOD)
-#define asterchar(c) ((c) == 0x2a)
-#define alphachar(c) (((c) >= 0x41 && (c) <= 0x5a) || ((c) >= 0x61 && (c) <= 0x7a))
-#define digitchar(c) ((c) >= 0x30 && (c) <= 0x39)
-#define underscorechar(c) ((c) == 0x5f)
-
-#define borderchar(c) (alphachar(c) || digitchar(c))
-#define middlechar(c) (borderchar(c) || hyphenchar(c) || underscorechar(c))
-#define domainchar(c) ((c) > 0x20 && (c) < 0x7f)
-
-int res_hnok(const char* dn) {
-    int pch = PERIOD, ch = *dn++;
-
-    while (ch != '\0') {
-        int nch = *dn++;
-
-        if (periodchar(ch)) {
-            ;
-        } else if (periodchar(pch)) {
-            if (!borderchar(ch)) return (0);
-        } else if (periodchar(nch) || nch == '\0') {
-            if (!borderchar(ch)) return (0);
-        } else {
-            if (!middlechar(ch)) return (0);
-        }
-        pch = ch, ch = nch;
-    }
-    return (1);
-}
-
-/*
- * hostname-like (A, MX, WKS) owners can have "*" as their first label
- * but must otherwise be as a host name.
- */
-int res_ownok(const char* dn) {
-    if (asterchar(dn[0])) {
-        if (periodchar(dn[1])) return (res_hnok(dn + 2));
-        if (dn[1] == '\0') return (1);
-    }
-    return (res_hnok(dn));
-}
-
-/*
- * SOA RNAMEs and RP RNAMEs can have any printable character in their first
- * label, but the rest of the name has to look like a host name.
- */
-int res_mailok(const char* dn) {
-    int ch, escaped = 0;
-
-    /* "." is a valid missing representation */
-    if (*dn == '\0') return (1);
-
-    /* otherwise <label>.<hostname> */
-    while ((ch = *dn++) != '\0') {
-        if (!domainchar(ch)) return (0);
-        if (!escaped && periodchar(ch)) break;
-        if (escaped)
-            escaped = 0;
-        else if (bslashchar(ch))
-            escaped = 1;
-    }
-    if (periodchar(ch)) return (res_hnok(dn));
-    return (0);
-}
-
-/*
- * This function is quite liberal, since RFC 1034's character sets are only
- * recommendations.
- */
-int res_dnok(const char* dn) {
-    int ch;
-
-    while ((ch = *dn++) != '\0')
-        if (!domainchar(ch)) return (0);
-    return (1);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_debug.cpp b/resolv/res_debug.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b20a58..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_debug.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,540 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_debug.c,v 1.13 2012/06/25 22:32:45 abs Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (C) 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009  Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (C) 1996-2003  Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
- * REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
- * AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
- * INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
- * LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
- * OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
- * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1985
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
- * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1995 by International Business Machines, Inc.
- *
- * International Business Machines, Inc. (hereinafter called IBM) grants
- * permission under its copyrights to use, copy, modify, and distribute this
- * Software with or without fee, provided that the above copyright notice and
- * all paragraphs of this notice appear in all copies, and that the name of IBM
- * not be used in connection with the marketing of any product incorporating
- * the Software or modifications thereof, without specific, written prior
- * permission.
- *
- * To the extent it has a right to do so, IBM grants an immunity from suit
- * under its patents, if any, for the use, sale or manufacture of products to
- * the extent that such products are used for performing Domain Name System
- * dynamic updates in TCP/IP networks by means of the Software.  No immunity is
- * granted for any product per se or for any other function of any product.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", AND IBM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES,
- * INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
- * PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  IN NO EVENT SHALL IBM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
- * DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER ARISING
- * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
- * IF IBM IS APPRISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_debug"
-
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-
-#include <aidl/android/net/IDnsResolver.h>
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <math.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <strings.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-// Default to disabling verbose logging unless overridden by Android.bp
-// for debuggable builds.
-//
-// NOTE: Verbose resolver logs could contain PII -- do NOT enable in production builds
-#ifndef RESOLV_ALLOW_VERBOSE_LOGGING
-#define RESOLV_ALLOW_VERBOSE_LOGGING 0
-#endif
-
-struct res_sym {
-    int number;            /* Identifying number, like T_MX */
-    const char* name;      /* Its symbolic name, like "MX" */
-    const char* humanname; /* Its fun name, like "mail exchanger" */
-};
-
-// add a formatted string to a bounded buffer
-// TODO: convert to std::string
-static char* dbprint(char* p, char* end, const char* format, ...) {
-    int avail, n;
-    va_list args;
-
-    avail = end - p;
-
-    if (avail <= 0) return p;
-
-    va_start(args, format);
-    n = vsnprintf(p, avail, format, args);
-    va_end(args);
-
-    /* certain C libraries return -1 in case of truncation */
-    if (n < 0 || n > avail) n = avail;
-
-    p += n;
-    /* certain C libraries do not zero-terminate in case of truncation */
-    if (p == end) p[-1] = 0;
-
-    return p;
-}
-
-static void do_section(ns_msg* handle, ns_sect section) {
-    int n, rrnum;
-    int buflen = 2048;
-    ns_opcode opcode;
-    ns_rr rr;
-    char temp[2048], *p = temp, *end = p + sizeof(temp);
-
-    /*
-     * Print answer records.
-     */
-
-    char* buf = (char*) malloc((size_t) buflen);
-    if (buf == NULL) {
-        dbprint(p, end, ";; memory allocation failure\n");
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << temp;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    opcode = (ns_opcode) ns_msg_getflag(*handle, ns_f_opcode);
-    rrnum = 0;
-    for (;;) {
-        if (ns_parserr(handle, section, rrnum, &rr)) {
-            if (errno != ENODEV)
-                dbprint(p, end, ";; ns_parserr: %s", strerror(errno));
-            goto cleanup;
-        }
-        if (section == ns_s_qd)
-            dbprint(p, end, ";;\t%s, type = %s, class = %s\n", ns_rr_name(rr),
-                    p_type(ns_rr_type(rr)), p_class(ns_rr_class(rr)));
-        else if (section == ns_s_ar && ns_rr_type(rr) == ns_t_opt) {
-            size_t rdatalen, ttl;
-            uint16_t optcode, optlen;
-
-            rdatalen = ns_rr_rdlen(rr);
-            ttl = ns_rr_ttl(rr);
-            dbprint(p, end, "; EDNS: version: %zu, udp=%u, flags=%04zx\n", (ttl >> 16) & 0xff,
-                    ns_rr_class(rr), ttl & 0xffff);
-            const u_char* cp = ns_rr_rdata(rr);
-            while (rdatalen <= ns_rr_rdlen(rr) && rdatalen >= 4) {
-                int i;
-
-                GETSHORT(optcode, cp);
-                GETSHORT(optlen, cp);
-
-                if (optcode == NS_OPT_NSID) {
-                    p = dbprint(p, end, "; NSID: ");
-                    if (optlen == 0) {
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, "; NSID\n");
-                    } else {
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, "; NSID: ");
-                        for (i = 0; i < optlen; i++) {
-                            p = dbprint(p, end, "%02x ", cp[i]);
-                        }
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, " (");
-                        for (i = 0; i < optlen; i++) {
-                            p = dbprint(p, end, "%c", isprint(cp[i]) ? cp[i] : '.');
-                        }
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, ")\n");
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    if (optlen == 0) {
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, "; OPT=%u\n", optcode);
-                    } else {
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, "; OPT=%u: ", optcode);
-                        for (i = 0; i < optlen; i++) {
-                            p = dbprint(p, end, "%02x ", cp[i]);
-                        }
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, " (");
-                        for (i = 0; i < optlen; i++) {
-                            p = dbprint(p, end, "%c", isprint(cp[i]) ? cp[i] : '.');
-                        }
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, ")\n");
-                    }
-                }
-                rdatalen -= 4 + optlen;
-                cp += optlen;
-            }
-        } else {
-            n = ns_sprintrr(handle, &rr, NULL, NULL, buf, (u_int) buflen);
-            if (n < 0) {
-                if (errno == ENOSPC) {
-                    free(buf);
-                    buf = NULL;
-                    if (buflen < 131072) {
-                        buf = (char*) malloc((size_t)(buflen += 1024));
-                    }
-                    if (buf == NULL) {
-                        p = dbprint(p, end, ";; memory allocation failure\n");
-                        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": " << temp;
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    continue;
-                }
-                p = dbprint(p, end, ";; ns_sprintrr: %s\n", strerror(errno));
-                goto cleanup;
-            }
-            p = dbprint(p, end, ";; %s\n", buf);
-        }
-        rrnum++;
-    }
-cleanup:
-    free(buf);
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << temp;
-}
-
-/*
- * Print the contents of a query.
- * This is intended to be primarily a debugging routine.
- */
-void res_pquery(const u_char* msg, int len) {
-    if (!WOULD_LOG(VERBOSE)) return;
-
-    ns_msg handle;
-    int qdcount, ancount, nscount, arcount;
-    u_int opcode, rcode, id;
-    char temp[2048], *p = temp, *end = p + sizeof(temp);
-
-    if (ns_initparse(msg, len, &handle) < 0) {
-        dbprint(p, end, ";; ns_initparse: %s\n", strerror(errno));
-        return;
-    }
-    opcode = ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_opcode);
-    rcode = ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_rcode);
-    id = ns_msg_id(handle);
-    qdcount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_qd);
-    ancount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_an);
-    nscount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_ns);
-    arcount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_ar);
-
-    /*
-     * Print header fields.
-     */
-    dbprint(p, end, ";; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: %s, status: %s, id: %d\n", _res_opcodes[opcode],
-            p_rcode((int)rcode), id);
-    p = dbprint(p, end, ";");
-    p = dbprint(p, end, "; flags:");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_qr)) p = dbprint(p, end, " qr");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_aa)) p = dbprint(p, end, " aa");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_tc)) p = dbprint(p, end, " tc");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_rd)) p = dbprint(p, end, " rd");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_ra)) p = dbprint(p, end, " ra");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_z)) p = dbprint(p, end, " ??");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_ad)) p = dbprint(p, end, " ad");
-    if (ns_msg_getflag(handle, ns_f_cd)) p = dbprint(p, end, " cd");
-    p = dbprint(p, end, "; %s: %d", p_section(ns_s_qd, (int)opcode), qdcount);
-    p = dbprint(p, end, ", %s: %d", p_section(ns_s_an, (int)opcode), ancount);
-    p = dbprint(p, end, ", %s: %d", p_section(ns_s_ns, (int)opcode), nscount);
-    p = dbprint(p, end, ", %s: %d", p_section(ns_s_ar, (int)opcode), arcount);
-
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << temp;
-
-    /*
-     * Print the various sections.
-     */
-    do_section(&handle, ns_s_qd);
-    do_section(&handle, ns_s_an);
-    do_section(&handle, ns_s_ns);
-    do_section(&handle, ns_s_ar);
-    if (qdcount == 0 && ancount == 0 && nscount == 0 && arcount == 0) LOG(VERBOSE) << ";;";
-}
-
-/*
- * Names of RR classes and qclasses.  Classes and qclasses are the same, except
- * that C_ANY is a qclass but not a class.  (You can ask for records of class
- * C_ANY, but you can't have any records of that class in the database.)
- */
-static const struct res_sym p_class_syms[] = {
-        {C_IN, "IN", (char*) 0},     {C_CHAOS, "CH", (char*) 0},  {C_CHAOS, "CHAOS", (char*) 0},
-        {C_HS, "HS", (char*) 0},     {C_HS, "HESIOD", (char*) 0}, {C_ANY, "ANY", (char*) 0},
-        {C_NONE, "NONE", (char*) 0}, {C_IN, (char*) 0, (char*) 0}};
-
-/*
- * Names of message sections.
- */
-static const struct res_sym p_default_section_syms[] = {{ns_s_qd, "QUERY", (char*) 0},
-                                                        {ns_s_an, "ANSWER", (char*) 0},
-                                                        {ns_s_ns, "AUTHORITY", (char*) 0},
-                                                        {ns_s_ar, "ADDITIONAL", (char*) 0},
-                                                        {0, (char*) 0, (char*) 0}};
-
-static const struct res_sym p_update_section_syms[] = {{S_ZONE, "ZONE", (char*) 0},
-                                                       {S_PREREQ, "PREREQUISITE", (char*) 0},
-                                                       {S_UPDATE, "UPDATE", (char*) 0},
-                                                       {S_ADDT, "ADDITIONAL", (char*) 0},
-                                                       {0, (char*) 0, (char*) 0}};
-
-/*
- * Names of RR types and qtypes.  Types and qtypes are the same, except
- * that T_ANY is a qtype but not a type.  (You can ask for records of type
- * T_ANY, but you can't have any records of that type in the database.)
- */
-const struct res_sym p_type_syms[] = {
-        {ns_t_a, "A", "address"},
-        {ns_t_ns, "NS", "name server"},
-        {ns_t_md, "MD", "mail destination (deprecated)"},
-        {ns_t_mf, "MF", "mail forwarder (deprecated)"},
-        {ns_t_cname, "CNAME", "canonical name"},
-        {ns_t_soa, "SOA", "start of authority"},
-        {ns_t_mb, "MB", "mailbox"},
-        {ns_t_mg, "MG", "mail group member"},
-        {ns_t_mr, "MR", "mail rename"},
-        {ns_t_null, "NULL", "null"},
-        {ns_t_wks, "WKS", "well-known service (deprecated)"},
-        {ns_t_ptr, "PTR", "domain name pointer"},
-        {ns_t_hinfo, "HINFO", "host information"},
-        {ns_t_minfo, "MINFO", "mailbox information"},
-        {ns_t_mx, "MX", "mail exchanger"},
-        {ns_t_txt, "TXT", "text"},
-        {ns_t_rp, "RP", "responsible person"},
-        {ns_t_afsdb, "AFSDB", "DCE or AFS server"},
-        {ns_t_x25, "X25", "X25 address"},
-        {ns_t_isdn, "ISDN", "ISDN address"},
-        {ns_t_rt, "RT", "router"},
-        {ns_t_nsap, "NSAP", "nsap address"},
-        {ns_t_nsap_ptr, "NSAP_PTR", "domain name pointer"},
-        {ns_t_sig, "SIG", "signature"},
-        {ns_t_key, "KEY", "key"},
-        {ns_t_px, "PX", "mapping information"},
-        {ns_t_gpos, "GPOS", "geographical position (withdrawn)"},
-        {ns_t_aaaa, "AAAA", "IPv6 address"},
-        {ns_t_loc, "LOC", "location"},
-        {ns_t_nxt, "NXT", "next valid name (unimplemented)"},
-        {ns_t_eid, "EID", "endpoint identifier (unimplemented)"},
-        {ns_t_nimloc, "NIMLOC", "NIMROD locator (unimplemented)"},
-        {ns_t_srv, "SRV", "server selection"},
-        {ns_t_atma, "ATMA", "ATM address (unimplemented)"},
-        {ns_t_naptr, "NAPTR", "naptr"},
-        {ns_t_kx, "KX", "key exchange"},
-        {ns_t_cert, "CERT", "certificate"},
-        {ns_t_a6, "A", "IPv6 address (experminental)"},
-        {ns_t_dname, "DNAME", "non-terminal redirection"},
-        {ns_t_opt, "OPT", "opt"},
-        {ns_t_apl, "apl", "apl"},
-        {ns_t_ds, "DS", "delegation signer"},
-        {ns_t_sshfp, "SSFP", "SSH fingerprint"},
-        {ns_t_ipseckey, "IPSECKEY", "IPSEC key"},
-        {ns_t_rrsig, "RRSIG", "rrsig"},
-        {ns_t_nsec, "NSEC", "nsec"},
-        {ns_t_dnskey, "DNSKEY", "DNS key"},
-        {ns_t_dhcid, "DHCID", "dynamic host configuration identifier"},
-        {ns_t_nsec3, "NSEC3", "nsec3"},
-        {ns_t_nsec3param, "NSEC3PARAM", "NSEC3 parameters"},
-        {ns_t_hip, "HIP", "host identity protocol"},
-        {ns_t_spf, "SPF", "sender policy framework"},
-        {ns_t_tkey, "TKEY", "tkey"},
-        {ns_t_tsig, "TSIG", "transaction signature"},
-        {ns_t_ixfr, "IXFR", "incremental zone transfer"},
-        {ns_t_axfr, "AXFR", "zone transfer"},
-        {ns_t_zxfr, "ZXFR", "compressed zone transfer"},
-        {ns_t_mailb, "MAILB", "mailbox-related data (deprecated)"},
-        {ns_t_maila, "MAILA", "mail agent (deprecated)"},
-        {ns_t_naptr, "NAPTR", "URN Naming Authority"},
-        {ns_t_kx, "KX", "Key Exchange"},
-        {ns_t_cert, "CERT", "Certificate"},
-        {ns_t_a6, "A6", "IPv6 Address"},
-        {ns_t_dname, "DNAME", "dname"},
-        {ns_t_sink, "SINK", "Kitchen Sink (experimental)"},
-        {ns_t_opt, "OPT", "EDNS Options"},
-        {ns_t_any, "ANY", "\"any\""},
-        {ns_t_dlv, "DLV", "DNSSEC look-aside validation"},
-        {0, NULL, NULL}};
-
-/*
- * Names of DNS rcodes.
- */
-static const struct res_sym p_rcode_syms[] = {{ns_r_noerror, "NOERROR", "no error"},
-                                              {ns_r_formerr, "FORMERR", "format error"},
-                                              {ns_r_servfail, "SERVFAIL", "server failed"},
-                                              {ns_r_nxdomain, "NXDOMAIN", "no such domain name"},
-                                              {ns_r_notimpl, "NOTIMP", "not implemented"},
-                                              {ns_r_refused, "REFUSED", "refused"},
-                                              {ns_r_yxdomain, "YXDOMAIN", "domain name exists"},
-                                              {ns_r_yxrrset, "YXRRSET", "rrset exists"},
-                                              {ns_r_nxrrset, "NXRRSET", "rrset doesn't exist"},
-                                              {ns_r_notauth, "NOTAUTH", "not authoritative"},
-                                              {ns_r_notzone, "NOTZONE", "Not in zone"},
-                                              {ns_r_max, "", ""},
-                                              {ns_r_badsig, "BADSIG", "bad signature"},
-                                              {ns_r_badkey, "BADKEY", "bad key"},
-                                              {ns_r_badtime, "BADTIME", "bad time"},
-                                              {0, NULL, NULL}};
-
-static const char* sym_ntos(const struct res_sym* syms, int number, int* success) {
-    static char unname[20];
-
-    for (; syms->name != 0; syms++) {
-        if (number == syms->number) {
-            if (success) *success = 1;
-            return (syms->name);
-        }
-    }
-
-    snprintf(unname, sizeof(unname), "%d", number); /* XXX nonreentrant */
-    if (success) *success = 0;
-    return (unname);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a string for the type.
- */
-const char* p_type(int type) {
-    int success;
-    const char* result;
-    static char typebuf[20];
-
-    result = sym_ntos(p_type_syms, type, &success);
-    if (success) return (result);
-    if (type < 0 || type > 0xffff) return ("BADTYPE");
-    snprintf(typebuf, sizeof(typebuf), "TYPE%d", type);
-    return (typebuf);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a string for the type.
- */
-const char* p_section(int section, int opcode) {
-    const struct res_sym* symbols;
-
-    switch (opcode) {
-        case ns_o_update:
-            symbols = p_update_section_syms;
-            break;
-        default:
-            symbols = p_default_section_syms;
-            break;
-    }
-    return (sym_ntos(symbols, section, (int*) 0));
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a mnemonic for class.
- */
-const char* p_class(int cl) {
-    int success;
-    const char* result;
-    static char classbuf[20];
-
-    result = sym_ntos(p_class_syms, cl, &success);
-    if (success) return (result);
-    if (cl < 0 || cl > 0xffff) return ("BADCLASS");
-    snprintf(classbuf, sizeof(classbuf), "CLASS%d", cl);
-    return (classbuf);
-}
-
-/*
- * Return a string for the rcode.
- */
-const char* p_rcode(int rcode) {
-    return (sym_ntos(p_rcode_syms, rcode, (int*) 0));
-}
-
-int resolv_set_log_severity(uint32_t logSeverity) {
-    switch (logSeverity) {
-        case aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_VERBOSE:
-            logSeverity = android::base::VERBOSE;
-            // *** enable verbose logging only when DBG is set. It prints sensitive data ***
-            if (RESOLV_ALLOW_VERBOSE_LOGGING == false) {
-                logSeverity = android::base::DEBUG;
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Refusing to set VERBOSE logging in non-debuggable build";
-                // TODO: Return EACCES then callers could know if the log
-                // severity is acceptable
-            }
-            break;
-        case aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_DEBUG:
-            logSeverity = android::base::DEBUG;
-            break;
-        case aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_INFO:
-            logSeverity = android::base::INFO;
-            break;
-        case aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_WARNING:
-            logSeverity = android::base::WARNING;
-            break;
-        case aidl::android::net::IDnsResolver::DNS_RESOLVER_LOG_ERROR:
-            logSeverity = android::base::ERROR;
-            break;
-        default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << __func__ << ": invalid log severity: " << logSeverity;
-            return -EINVAL;
-    }
-    android::base::SetMinimumLogSeverity(static_cast<android::base::LogSeverity>(logSeverity));
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_init.cpp b/resolv/res_init.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index ceb3023..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_init.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,397 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_init.c,v 1.8 2006/03/19 03:10:08 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1985, 1989, 1993
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
- * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_init"
-
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "res_state_ext.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-
-static void res_setoptions(res_state, const char*, const char*);
-
-/*
- * Resolver state default settings.
- */
-
-/*
- * Set up default settings.  If the configuration file exist, the values
- * there will have precedence.  Otherwise, the server address is set to
- * INADDR_ANY and the default domain name comes from the gethostname().
- *
- * An interrim version of this code (BIND 4.9, pre-4.4BSD) used 127.0.0.1
- * rather than INADDR_ANY ("0.0.0.0") as the default name server address
- * since it was noted that INADDR_ANY actually meant ``the first interface
- * you "ifconfig"'d at boot time'' and if this was a SLIP or PPP interface,
- * it had to be "up" in order for you to reach your own name server.  It
- * was later decided that since the recommended practice is to always
- * install local static routes through 127.0.0.1 for all your network
- * interfaces, that we could solve this problem without a code change.
- *
- * The configuration file should always be used, since it is the only way
- * to specify a default domain.  If you are running a server on your local
- * machine, you should say "nameserver 0.0.0.0" or "nameserver 127.0.0.1"
- * in the configuration file.
- *
- * Return 0 if completes successfully, -1 on error
- */
-int res_ninit(res_state statp) {
-    return res_vinit(statp, 0);
-}
-
-/* This function has to be reachable by res_data.c but not publicly. */
-int res_vinit(res_state statp, int preinit) {
-    char *cp, **pp;
-    char buf[BUFSIZ];
-    int nserv = 0; /* number of nameserver records read from file */
-    int havesearch = 0;
-    int dots;
-    sockaddr_union u[2];
-
-    if ((statp->options & RES_INIT) != 0U) res_ndestroy(statp);
-
-    if (!preinit) {
-        statp->netid = NETID_UNSET;
-        statp->options = RES_DEFAULT;
-        statp->id = arc4random_uniform(65536);
-        statp->_mark = MARK_UNSET;
-    }
-
-    memset(u, 0, sizeof(u));
-    u[nserv].sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
-    u[nserv].sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
-    u[nserv].sin.sin_port = htons(NAMESERVER_PORT);
-    nserv++;
-    statp->nscount = 0;
-    statp->ndots = 1;
-    statp->_vcsock = -1;
-    statp->_flags = 0;
-    statp->_u._ext.nscount = 0;
-    statp->_u._ext.ext = (res_state_ext*) malloc(sizeof(*statp->_u._ext.ext));
-    statp->use_local_nameserver = false;
-    if (statp->_u._ext.ext != NULL) {
-        memset(statp->_u._ext.ext, 0, sizeof(*statp->_u._ext.ext));
-        statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[0].sin = statp->nsaddr;
-        strcpy(statp->_u._ext.ext->nsuffix, "ip6.arpa");
-        strcpy(statp->_u._ext.ext->nsuffix2, "ip6.int");
-    }
-    statp->nsort = 0;
-    res_setservers(statp, u, nserv);
-
-    if (statp->defdname[0] == 0 && gethostname(buf, sizeof(statp->defdname) - 1) == 0 &&
-        (cp = strchr(buf, '.')) != NULL)
-        strcpy(statp->defdname, cp + 1);
-
-    /* find components of local domain that might be searched */
-    if (havesearch == 0) {
-        pp = statp->dnsrch;
-        *pp++ = statp->defdname;
-        *pp = NULL;
-
-        dots = 0;
-        for (cp = statp->defdname; *cp; cp++) dots += (*cp == '.');
-
-        cp = statp->defdname;
-        while (pp < statp->dnsrch + MAXDFLSRCH) {
-            if (dots < LOCALDOMAINPARTS) break;
-            cp = strchr(cp, '.') + 1; /* we know there is one */
-            *pp++ = cp;
-            dots--;
-        }
-        *pp = NULL;
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": dnsrch list:";
-        for (pp = statp->dnsrch; *pp; pp++) LOG(DEBUG) << "\t" << *pp;
-    }
-
-    if ((cp = getenv("RES_OPTIONS")) != NULL) res_setoptions(statp, cp, "env");
-    if (nserv > 0) {
-        statp->nscount = nserv;
-        statp->options |= RES_INIT;
-    }
-    return (0);
-}
-
-static void res_setoptions(res_state statp, const char* options, const char* source) {
-    const char* cp = options;
-    int i;
-    res_state_ext* ext = statp->_u._ext.ext;
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "res_setoptions(\"" << options << "\", \"" << source << "\")...";
-
-    while (*cp) {
-        /* skip leading and inner runs of spaces */
-        while (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') cp++;
-        /* search for and process individual options */
-        if (!strncmp(cp, "ndots:", sizeof("ndots:") - 1)) {
-            i = atoi(cp + sizeof("ndots:") - 1);
-            if (i <= RES_MAXNDOTS)
-                statp->ndots = i;
-            else
-                statp->ndots = RES_MAXNDOTS;
-            LOG(DEBUG) << "\tndots=" << statp->ndots;
-
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "debug", sizeof("debug") - 1)) {
-            if (!(statp->options & RES_DEBUG)) {
-                LOG(DEBUG) << "res_setoptions(\"" << options << "\", \"" << source << "\")..";
-                statp->options |= RES_DEBUG;
-            }
-            LOG(DEBUG) << "\tdebug";
-
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "no_tld_query", sizeof("no_tld_query") - 1) ||
-                   !strncmp(cp, "no-tld-query", sizeof("no-tld-query") - 1)) {
-            statp->options |= RES_NOTLDQUERY;
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "inet6", sizeof("inet6") - 1)) {
-            statp->options |= RES_USE_INET6;
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "rotate", sizeof("rotate") - 1)) {
-            statp->options |= RES_ROTATE;
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "no-check-names", sizeof("no-check-names") - 1)) {
-            statp->options |= RES_NOCHECKNAME;
-        }
-        else if (!strncmp(cp, "edns0", sizeof("edns0") - 1)) {
-            statp->options |= RES_USE_EDNS0;
-        }
-        else if (!strncmp(cp, "dname", sizeof("dname") - 1)) {
-            statp->options |= RES_USE_DNAME;
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "nibble:", sizeof("nibble:") - 1)) {
-            if (ext == NULL) goto skip;
-            cp += sizeof("nibble:") - 1;
-            i = MIN(strcspn(cp, " \t"), sizeof(ext->nsuffix) - 1);
-            strncpy(ext->nsuffix, cp, (size_t) i);
-            ext->nsuffix[i] = '\0';
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "nibble2:", sizeof("nibble2:") - 1)) {
-            if (ext == NULL) goto skip;
-            cp += sizeof("nibble2:") - 1;
-            i = MIN(strcspn(cp, " \t"), sizeof(ext->nsuffix2) - 1);
-            strncpy(ext->nsuffix2, cp, (size_t) i);
-            ext->nsuffix2[i] = '\0';
-        } else if (!strncmp(cp, "v6revmode:", sizeof("v6revmode:") - 1)) {
-            cp += sizeof("v6revmode:") - 1;
-            /* "nibble" and "bitstring" used to be valid */
-            if (!strncmp(cp, "single", sizeof("single") - 1)) {
-                statp->options |= RES_NO_NIBBLE2;
-            } else if (!strncmp(cp, "both", sizeof("both") - 1)) {
-                statp->options &= ~RES_NO_NIBBLE2;
-            }
-        } else {
-            /* XXX - print a warning here? */
-        }
-    skip:
-        /* skip to next run of spaces */
-        while (*cp && *cp != ' ' && *cp != '\t') cp++;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * This routine is for closing the socket if a virtual circuit is used and
- * the program wants to close it.  This provides support for endhostent()
- * which expects to close the socket.
- *
- * This routine is not expected to be user visible.
- */
-void res_nclose(res_state statp) {
-    int ns;
-
-    if (statp->_vcsock >= 0) {
-        (void) close(statp->_vcsock);
-        statp->_vcsock = -1;
-        statp->_flags &= ~RES_F_VC;
-    }
-    for (ns = 0; ns < statp->_u._ext.nscount; ns++) {
-        if (statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] != -1) {
-            (void) close(statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns]);
-            statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] = -1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void res_ndestroy(res_state statp) {
-    res_nclose(statp);
-    if (statp->_u._ext.ext != NULL) free(statp->_u._ext.ext);
-    statp->options &= ~RES_INIT;
-    statp->_u._ext.ext = NULL;
-}
-
-void res_setservers(res_state statp, const sockaddr_union* set, int cnt) {
-    int i, nserv;
-    size_t size;
-
-    /* close open servers */
-    res_nclose(statp);
-
-    /* cause rtt times to be forgotten */
-    statp->_u._ext.nscount = 0;
-
-    nserv = 0;
-    for (i = 0; i < cnt && nserv < MAXNS; i++) {
-        switch (set->sin.sin_family) {
-            case AF_INET:
-                size = sizeof(set->sin);
-                if (statp->_u._ext.ext)
-                    memcpy(&statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[nserv], &set->sin, size);
-                if (size <= sizeof(statp->nsaddr_list[nserv]))
-                    memcpy(&statp->nsaddr_list[nserv], &set->sin, size);
-                else
-                    statp->nsaddr_list[nserv].sin_family = 0;
-                nserv++;
-                break;
-
-#ifdef HAS_INET6_STRUCTS
-            case AF_INET6:
-                size = sizeof(set->sin6);
-                if (statp->_u._ext.ext)
-                    memcpy(&statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[nserv], &set->sin6, size);
-                if (size <= sizeof(statp->nsaddr_list[nserv]))
-                    memcpy(&statp->nsaddr_list[nserv], &set->sin6, size);
-                else
-                    statp->nsaddr_list[nserv].sin_family = 0;
-                nserv++;
-                break;
-#endif
-
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-        set++;
-    }
-    statp->nscount = nserv;
-}
-
-int res_getservers(res_state statp, sockaddr_union* set, int cnt) {
-    int i;
-    size_t size;
-    uint16_t family;
-
-    for (i = 0; i < statp->nscount && i < cnt; i++) {
-        if (statp->_u._ext.ext)
-            family = statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[i].sin.sin_family;
-        else
-            family = statp->nsaddr_list[i].sin_family;
-
-        switch (family) {
-            case AF_INET:
-                size = sizeof(set->sin);
-                if (statp->_u._ext.ext)
-                    memcpy(&set->sin, &statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[i], size);
-                else
-                    memcpy(&set->sin, &statp->nsaddr_list[i], size);
-                break;
-
-#ifdef HAS_INET6_STRUCTS
-            case AF_INET6:
-                size = sizeof(set->sin6);
-                if (statp->_u._ext.ext)
-                    memcpy(&set->sin6, &statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[i], size);
-                else
-                    memcpy(&set->sin6, &statp->nsaddr_list[i], size);
-                break;
-#endif
-
-            default:
-                set->sin.sin_family = 0;
-                break;
-        }
-        set++;
-    }
-    return (statp->nscount);
-}
-
-void res_setnetcontext(res_state statp, const struct android_net_context* netcontext) {
-    if (statp != NULL) {
-        statp->netid = netcontext->dns_netid;
-        statp->_mark = netcontext->dns_mark;
-        if (netcontext->flags & NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_EDNS) {
-            statp->options |= RES_USE_EDNS0 | RES_USE_DNSSEC;
-        }
-        if (netcontext->flags & NET_CONTEXT_FLAG_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS) {
-            statp->use_local_nameserver = true;
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_mkquery.cpp b/resolv/res_mkquery.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 2371c7e..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_mkquery.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,250 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_mkquery.c,v 1.6 2006/01/24 17:40:32 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1985, 1993
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
- * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_mkquery"
-
-#include <algorithm>  // std::min()
-
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-// Queries will be padded to a multiple of this length when EDNS0 is active.
-constexpr uint16_t kEdns0Padding = 128;
-
-extern const char* const _res_opcodes[] = {
-        "QUERY",  "IQUERY", "CQUERYM", "CQUERYU", /* experimental */
-        "NOTIFY",                                 /* experimental */
-        "UPDATE", "6",      "7",       "8",        "9",       "10",
-        "11",     "12",     "13",      "ZONEINIT", "ZONEREF",
-};
-
-/*
- * Form all types of queries.
- * Returns the size of the result or -1.
- */
-int res_nmkquery(res_state statp, int op,    /* opcode of query */
-                 const char* dname,          /* domain name */
-                 int cl, int type,           /* class and type of query */
-                 const u_char* data,         /* resource record data */
-                 int datalen,                /* length of data */
-                 const u_char* /*newrr_in*/, /* new rr for modify or append */
-                 u_char* buf,                /* buffer to put query */
-                 int buflen)                 /* size of buffer */
-{
-    HEADER* hp;
-    u_char *cp, *ep;
-    int n;
-    u_char *dnptrs[20], **dpp, **lastdnptr;
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": (" << _res_opcodes[op] << ", " << p_class(cl) << ", "
-               << p_type(type) << ")";
-
-    /*
-     * Initialize header fields.
-     */
-    if ((buf == NULL) || (buflen < HFIXEDSZ)) return (-1);
-    memset(buf, 0, HFIXEDSZ);
-    hp = (HEADER*) (void*) buf;
-    hp->id = htons(arc4random_uniform(65536));
-    hp->opcode = op;
-    hp->rd = (statp->options & RES_RECURSE) != 0U;
-    hp->ad = (statp->options & RES_USE_DNSSEC) != 0U;
-    hp->rcode = NOERROR;
-    cp = buf + HFIXEDSZ;
-    ep = buf + buflen;
-    dpp = dnptrs;
-    *dpp++ = buf;
-    *dpp++ = NULL;
-    lastdnptr = dnptrs + sizeof dnptrs / sizeof dnptrs[0];
-    /*
-     * perform opcode specific processing
-     */
-    switch (op) {
-        case QUERY:
-            [[fallthrough]];
-        case NS_NOTIFY_OP:
-            if (ep - cp < QFIXEDSZ) return (-1);
-            if ((n = dn_comp(dname, cp, ep - cp - QFIXEDSZ, dnptrs, lastdnptr)) < 0) return (-1);
-            cp += n;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(type);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(cl);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            hp->qdcount = htons(1);
-            if (op == QUERY || data == NULL) break;
-            /*
-             * Make an additional record for completion domain.
-             */
-            if ((ep - cp) < RRFIXEDSZ) return (-1);
-            n = dn_comp((const char*) data, cp, ep - cp - RRFIXEDSZ, dnptrs, lastdnptr);
-            if (n < 0) return (-1);
-            cp += n;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(ns_t_null);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(cl);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(cp) = htonl(0);
-            cp += INT32SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(0);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            hp->arcount = htons(1);
-            break;
-
-        case IQUERY:
-            /*
-             * Initialize answer section
-             */
-            if (ep - cp < 1 + RRFIXEDSZ + datalen) return (-1);
-            *cp++ = '\0'; /* no domain name */
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(type);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(cl);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(cp) = htonl(0);
-            cp += INT32SZ;
-            *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(datalen);
-            cp += INT16SZ;
-            if (datalen) {
-                memcpy(cp, data, (size_t) datalen);
-                cp += datalen;
-            }
-            hp->ancount = htons(1);
-            break;
-
-        default:
-            return (-1);
-    }
-    return (cp - buf);
-}
-
-int res_nopt(res_state statp, int n0, /* current offset in buffer */
-             u_char* buf,             /* buffer to put query */
-             int buflen,              /* size of buffer */
-             int anslen)              /* UDP answer buffer size */
-{
-    HEADER* hp;
-    u_char *cp, *ep;
-    u_int16_t flags = 0;
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-
-    hp = (HEADER*) (void*) buf;
-    cp = buf + n0;
-    ep = buf + buflen;
-
-    if ((ep - cp) < 1 + RRFIXEDSZ) return (-1);
-
-    *cp++ = 0; /* "." */
-
-    // Attach OPT pseudo-RR, as documented in RFC2671 (EDNS0).
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(ns_t_opt); /* TYPE */
-    cp += INT16SZ;
-    if (anslen > 0xffff) anslen = 0xffff;
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(anslen); /* CLASS = UDP payload size */
-    cp += INT16SZ;
-    *cp++ = NOERROR; /* extended RCODE */
-    *cp++ = 0;       /* EDNS version */
-    if (statp->options & RES_USE_DNSSEC) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": ENDS0 DNSSEC";
-        flags |= NS_OPT_DNSSEC_OK;
-    }
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(flags);
-    cp += INT16SZ;
-
-    // EDNS0 padding
-    const uint16_t minlen = static_cast<uint16_t>(cp - buf) + 3 * INT16SZ;
-    const uint16_t extra = minlen % kEdns0Padding;
-    uint16_t padlen = (kEdns0Padding - extra) % kEdns0Padding;
-    if (minlen > buflen) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    padlen = std::min(padlen, static_cast<uint16_t>(buflen - minlen));
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(padlen + 2 * INT16SZ); /* RDLEN */
-    cp += INT16SZ;
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(NS_OPT_PADDING); /* OPTION-CODE */
-    cp += INT16SZ;
-    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(cp) = htons(padlen); /* OPTION-LENGTH */
-    cp += INT16SZ;
-    memset(cp, 0, padlen);
-    cp += padlen;
-
-    hp->arcount = htons(ntohs(hp->arcount) + 1);
-    return (cp - buf);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_query.cpp b/resolv/res_query.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index fbbcc31..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_query.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,380 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_query.c,v 1.7 2006/01/24 17:41:25 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1988, 1993
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
- * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_query"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-#if PACKETSZ > 1024
-#define MAXPACKET PACKETSZ
-#else
-#define MAXPACKET 1024
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Formulate a normal query, send, and await answer.
- * Returned answer is placed in supplied buffer "answer".
- * Perform preliminary check of answer, returning success only
- * if no error is indicated and the answer count is nonzero.
- * Return the size of the response on success, -1 on error.
- * Error number is left in *herrno.
- *
- * Caller must parse answer and determine whether it answers the question.
- */
-int res_nquery(res_state statp, const char* name,  // domain name
-               int cl, int type,                   // class and type of query
-               u_char* answer,                     // buffer to put answer
-               int anslen,                         // size of answer buffer
-               int* herrno)                        // legacy and extended h_errno
-                                                   // NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_*
-{
-    u_char buf[MAXPACKET];
-    HEADER* hp = (HEADER*) (void*) answer;
-    int n;
-    int rcode = NOERROR;
-    bool retried = false;
-
-again:
-    hp->rcode = NOERROR; /* default */
-
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": (" << cl << ", " << type << ")";
-
-    n = res_nmkquery(statp, QUERY, name, cl, type, NULL, 0, NULL, buf, sizeof(buf));
-    if (n > 0 && (statp->options & (RES_USE_EDNS0 | RES_USE_DNSSEC)) != 0U && !retried)
-        n = res_nopt(statp, n, buf, sizeof(buf), anslen);
-    if (n <= 0) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": mkquery failed";
-        *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-        return n;
-    }
-    n = res_nsend(statp, buf, n, answer, anslen, &rcode, 0);
-    if (n < 0) {
-        /* if the query choked with EDNS0, retry without EDNS0 */
-        if ((statp->options & (RES_USE_EDNS0 | RES_USE_DNSSEC)) != 0U &&
-            (statp->_flags & RES_F_EDNS0ERR) && !retried) {
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": retry without EDNS0";
-            retried = true;
-            goto again;
-        }
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": send error";
-
-        // Note that rcodes SERVFAIL, NOTIMP, REFUSED may cause res_nquery() to return a general
-        // error code EAI_AGAIN, but mapping the error code from rcode as res_queryN() does for
-        // getaddrinfo(). Different rcodes trigger different behaviors:
-        //
-        // - SERVFAIL, NOTIMP, REFUSED
-        //   These result in send_dg() returning 0, causing res_nsend() to try the next
-        //   nameserver. After all nameservers failed, res_nsend() returns -ETIMEDOUT, causing
-        //   res_nquery() to return EAI_AGAIN here regardless of the rcode from the DNS response.
-        //
-        // - NXDOMAIN, FORMERR
-        //   These rcodes may cause res_nsend() to return successfully (i.e. the result is a
-        //   positive integer). In this case, res_nquery() returns error number by referring
-        //   the rcode from the DNS response.
-        switch (rcode) {
-            case RCODE_TIMEOUT:  // Not defined in RFC.
-                // DNS metrics monitors DNS query timeout.
-                *herrno = NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_TIMEOUT;  // extended h_errno.
-                break;
-            default:
-                *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-                break;
-        }
-        return n;
-    }
-
-    if (hp->rcode != NOERROR || ntohs(hp->ancount) == 0) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": rcode = (" << p_rcode(hp->rcode)
-                   << "), counts = an:" << ntohs(hp->ancount) << " ns:" << ntohs(hp->nscount)
-                   << " ar:" << ntohs(hp->arcount);
-
-        switch (hp->rcode) {
-            case NXDOMAIN:
-                *herrno = HOST_NOT_FOUND;
-                break;
-            case SERVFAIL:
-                *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-                break;
-            case NOERROR:
-                *herrno = NO_DATA;
-                break;
-            case FORMERR:
-            case NOTIMP:
-            case REFUSED:
-            default:
-                *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-                break;
-        }
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return n;
-}
-
-/*
- * Formulate a normal query, send, and retrieve answer in supplied buffer.
- * Return the size of the response on success, -1 on error.
- * If enabled, implement search rules until answer or unrecoverable failure
- * is detected.  Error code, if any, is left in *herrno.
- */
-int res_nsearch(res_state statp, const char* name, /* domain name */
-                int cl, int type,                  /* class and type of query */
-                u_char* answer,                    /* buffer to put answer */
-                int anslen,                        /* size of answer */
-                int* herrno)                       /* legacy and extended
-                                                      h_errno NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_* */
-{
-    const char *cp, *const *domain;
-    HEADER* hp = (HEADER*) (void*) answer;
-    u_int dots;
-    int trailing_dot, ret, saved_herrno;
-    int got_nodata = 0, got_servfail = 0, root_on_list = 0;
-    int tried_as_is = 0;
-    int searched = 0;
-
-    errno = 0;
-    *herrno = HOST_NOT_FOUND; /* True if we never query. */
-
-    dots = 0;
-    for (cp = name; *cp != '\0'; cp++) dots += (*cp == '.');
-    trailing_dot = 0;
-    if (cp > name && *--cp == '.') trailing_dot++;
-
-    /*
-     * If there are enough dots in the name, let's just give it a
-     * try 'as is'. The threshold can be set with the "ndots" option.
-     * Also, query 'as is', if there is a trailing dot in the name.
-     */
-    saved_herrno = -1;
-    if (dots >= statp->ndots || trailing_dot) {
-        ret = res_nquerydomain(statp, name, NULL, cl, type, answer, anslen, herrno);
-        if (ret > 0 || trailing_dot) return ret;
-        saved_herrno = *herrno;
-        tried_as_is++;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * We do at least one level of search if
-     *	- there is no dot and RES_DEFNAME is set, or
-     *	- there is at least one dot, there is no trailing dot,
-     *	  and RES_DNSRCH is set.
-     */
-    if ((!dots && (statp->options & RES_DEFNAMES) != 0U) ||
-        (dots && !trailing_dot && (statp->options & RES_DNSRCH) != 0U)) {
-        int done = 0;
-
-        /* Unfortunately we need to load network-specific info
-         * (dns servers, search domains) before
-         * the domain stuff is tried.  Will have a better
-         * fix after thread pools are used as this will
-         * be loaded once for the thread instead of each
-         * time a query is tried.
-         */
-        _resolv_populate_res_for_net(statp);
-
-        for (domain = (const char* const*) statp->dnsrch; *domain && !done; domain++) {
-            searched = 1;
-
-            if (domain[0][0] == '\0' || (domain[0][0] == '.' && domain[0][1] == '\0'))
-                root_on_list++;
-
-            ret = res_nquerydomain(statp, name, *domain, cl, type, answer, anslen, herrno);
-            if (ret > 0) return ret;
-
-            /*
-             * If no server present, give up.
-             * If name isn't found in this domain,
-             * keep trying higher domains in the search list
-             * (if that's enabled).
-             * On a NO_DATA error, keep trying, otherwise
-             * a wildcard entry of another type could keep us
-             * from finding this entry higher in the domain.
-             * If we get some other error (negative answer or
-             * server failure), then stop searching up,
-             * but try the input name below in case it's
-             * fully-qualified.
-             */
-            if (errno == ECONNREFUSED) {
-                *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-                return -1;
-            }
-
-            switch (*herrno) {
-                case NO_DATA:
-                    got_nodata++;
-                    break;
-                case HOST_NOT_FOUND:
-                    /* keep trying */
-                    break;
-                case TRY_AGAIN:
-                    if (hp->rcode == SERVFAIL) {
-                        /* try next search element, if any */
-                        got_servfail++;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    [[fallthrough]];
-                default:
-                    /* anything else implies that we're done */
-                    done++;
-            }
-
-            /* if we got here for some reason other than DNSRCH,
-             * we only wanted one iteration of the loop, so stop.
-             */
-            if ((statp->options & RES_DNSRCH) == 0U) done++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If the query has not already been tried as is then try it
-     * unless RES_NOTLDQUERY is set and there were no dots.
-     */
-    if ((dots || !searched || (statp->options & RES_NOTLDQUERY) == 0U) &&
-        !(tried_as_is || root_on_list)) {
-        ret = res_nquerydomain(statp, name, NULL, cl, type, answer, anslen, herrno);
-        if (ret > 0) return ret;
-    }
-
-    /* if we got here, we didn't satisfy the search.
-     * if we did an initial full query, return that query's H_ERRNO
-     * (note that we wouldn't be here if that query had succeeded).
-     * else if we ever got a nodata, send that back as the reason.
-     * else send back meaningless H_ERRNO, that being the one from
-     * the last DNSRCH we did.
-     */
-    if (saved_herrno != -1)
-        *herrno = saved_herrno;
-    else if (got_nodata)
-        *herrno = NO_DATA;
-    else if (got_servfail)
-        *herrno = TRY_AGAIN;
-    return -1;
-}
-
-/*
- * Perform a call on res_query on the concatenation of name and domain,
- * removing a trailing dot from name if domain is NULL.
- */
-int res_nquerydomain(res_state statp, const char* name, const char* domain, int cl,
-                     int type,       /* class and type of query */
-                     u_char* answer, /* buffer to put answer */
-                     int anslen,     /* size of answer */
-                     int* herrno)    /* legacy and extended h_errno NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_* */
-{
-    char nbuf[MAXDNAME];
-    const char* longname = nbuf;
-    int n, d;
-
-    if (domain == NULL) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": (null, " << cl << ", " << type << ")";
-        /*
-         * Check for trailing '.';
-         * copy without '.' if present.
-         */
-        n = strlen(name);
-        if (n >= MAXDNAME) {
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        n--;
-        if (n >= 0 && name[n] == '.') {
-            strncpy(nbuf, name, (size_t) n);
-            nbuf[n] = '\0';
-        } else
-            longname = name;
-    } else {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": (" << cl << ", " << type << ")";
-        n = strlen(name);
-        d = strlen(domain);
-        if (n + d + 1 >= MAXDNAME) {
-            *herrno = NO_RECOVERY;
-            return -1;
-        }
-        snprintf(nbuf, sizeof(nbuf), "%s.%s", name, domain);
-    }
-    return res_nquery(statp, longname, cl, type, answer, anslen, herrno);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_send.cpp b/resolv/res_send.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d89ad7e..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_send.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1307 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_send.c,v 1.9 2006/01/24 17:41:25 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1985, 1989, 1993
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
- *    must display the following acknowledgement:
- * 	This product includes software developed by the University of
- * 	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
- * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1993 by Digital Equipment Corporation.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies, and that
- * the name of Digital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
- * publicity pertaining to distribution of the document or software without
- * specific, written prior permission.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. DISCLAIMS ALL
- * WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.   IN NO EVENT SHALL DIGITAL EQUIPMENT
- * CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS
- * ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
- * SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Send query to name server and wait for reply.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_send"
-
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/uio.h>
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android/multinetwork.h>  // ResNsendFlags
-
-#include <netdutils/Slice.h>
-#include "DnsTlsDispatcher.h"
-#include "DnsTlsTransport.h"
-#include "PrivateDnsConfiguration.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/stats.h"
-#include "private/android_filesystem_config.h"
-#include "res_state_ext.h"
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-// TODO: use the namespace something like android::netd_resolv for libnetd_resolv
-using namespace android::net;
-using android::netdutils::Slice;
-
-static DnsTlsDispatcher sDnsTlsDispatcher;
-
-static int get_salen(const struct sockaddr*);
-static struct sockaddr* get_nsaddr(res_state, size_t);
-static int send_vc(res_state, res_params* params, const u_char*, int, u_char*, int, int*, int,
-                   time_t*, int*, int*);
-static int send_dg(res_state, res_params* params, const u_char*, int, u_char*, int, int*, int, int*,
-                   int*, time_t*, int*, int*);
-static void Aerror(const res_state, const char*, int, const struct sockaddr*, int);
-static void Perror(const res_state, const char*, int);
-
-static int sock_eq(struct sockaddr*, struct sockaddr*);
-static int connect_with_timeout(int sock, const struct sockaddr* nsap, socklen_t salen,
-                                const struct timespec timeout);
-static int retrying_poll(const int sock, short events, const struct timespec* finish);
-static int res_tls_send(res_state, const Slice query, const Slice answer, int* rcode,
-                        bool* fallback);
-
-/* BIONIC-BEGIN: implement source port randomization */
-
-// BEGIN: Code copied from ISC eventlib
-// TODO: move away from this code
-
-#define BILLION 1000000000
-
-static struct timespec evConsTime(time_t sec, long nsec) {
-    struct timespec x;
-
-    x.tv_sec = sec;
-    x.tv_nsec = nsec;
-    return (x);
-}
-
-static struct timespec evAddTime(struct timespec addend1, struct timespec addend2) {
-    struct timespec x;
-
-    x.tv_sec = addend1.tv_sec + addend2.tv_sec;
-    x.tv_nsec = addend1.tv_nsec + addend2.tv_nsec;
-    if (x.tv_nsec >= BILLION) {
-        x.tv_sec++;
-        x.tv_nsec -= BILLION;
-    }
-    return (x);
-}
-
-static struct timespec evSubTime(struct timespec minuend, struct timespec subtrahend) {
-    struct timespec x;
-
-    x.tv_sec = minuend.tv_sec - subtrahend.tv_sec;
-    if (minuend.tv_nsec >= subtrahend.tv_nsec)
-        x.tv_nsec = minuend.tv_nsec - subtrahend.tv_nsec;
-    else {
-        x.tv_nsec = BILLION - subtrahend.tv_nsec + minuend.tv_nsec;
-        x.tv_sec--;
-    }
-    return (x);
-}
-
-static int evCmpTime(struct timespec a, struct timespec b) {
-#define SGN(x) ((x) < 0 ? (-1) : (x) > 0 ? (1) : (0));
-    time_t s = a.tv_sec - b.tv_sec;
-    long n;
-
-    if (s != 0) return SGN(s);
-
-    n = a.tv_nsec - b.tv_nsec;
-    return SGN(n);
-}
-
-static struct timespec evNowTime(void) {
-    struct timespec tsnow;
-    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &tsnow);
-    return tsnow;
-}
-
-static struct iovec evConsIovec(void* buf, size_t cnt) {
-    struct iovec ret;
-
-    memset(&ret, 0xf5, sizeof ret);
-    ret.iov_base = buf;
-    ret.iov_len = cnt;
-    return ret;
-}
-
-// END: Code copied from ISC eventlib
-
-static int random_bind(int s, int family) {
-    sockaddr_union u;
-    int j;
-    socklen_t slen;
-
-    /* clear all, this also sets the IP4/6 address to 'any' */
-    memset(&u, 0, sizeof u);
-
-    switch (family) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            u.sin.sin_family = family;
-            slen = sizeof u.sin;
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            u.sin6.sin6_family = family;
-            slen = sizeof u.sin6;
-            break;
-        default:
-            errno = EPROTO;
-            return -1;
-    }
-
-    /* first try to bind to a random source port a few times */
-    for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
-        /* find a random port between 1025 .. 65534 */
-        int port = 1025 + (arc4random_uniform(65535 - 1025));
-        if (family == AF_INET)
-            u.sin.sin_port = htons(port);
-        else
-            u.sin6.sin6_port = htons(port);
-
-        if (!bind(s, &u.sa, slen)) return 0;
-    }
-
-    // nothing after 10 attempts, our network table is probably busy
-    // let the system decide which port is best
-    if (family == AF_INET)
-        u.sin.sin_port = 0;
-    else
-        u.sin6.sin6_port = 0;
-
-    return bind(s, &u.sa, slen);
-}
-/* BIONIC-END */
-
-// Disables all nameservers other than selectedServer
-static void res_set_usable_server(int selectedServer, int nscount, bool usable_servers[]) {
-    int usableIndex = 0;
-    for (int ns = 0; ns < nscount; ns++) {
-        if (usable_servers[ns]) ++usableIndex;
-        if (usableIndex != selectedServer) usable_servers[ns] = false;
-    }
-}
-
-/* int
- * res_isourserver(ina)
- *	looks up "ina" in _res.ns_addr_list[]
- * returns:
- *	0  : not found
- *	>0 : found
- * author:
- *	paul vixie, 29may94
- */
-static int res_ourserver_p(const res_state statp, const sockaddr* sa) {
-    const sockaddr_in *inp, *srv;
-    const sockaddr_in6 *in6p, *srv6;
-    int ns;
-
-    switch (sa->sa_family) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            inp = (const struct sockaddr_in*) (const void*) sa;
-            for (ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
-                srv = (struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
-                if (srv->sin_family == inp->sin_family && srv->sin_port == inp->sin_port &&
-                    (srv->sin_addr.s_addr == INADDR_ANY ||
-                     srv->sin_addr.s_addr == inp->sin_addr.s_addr))
-                    return 1;
-            }
-            break;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            if (statp->_u._ext.ext == NULL) break;
-            in6p = (const struct sockaddr_in6*) (const void*) sa;
-            for (ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
-                srv6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
-                if (srv6->sin6_family == in6p->sin6_family && srv6->sin6_port == in6p->sin6_port &&
-#ifdef HAVE_SIN6_SCOPE_ID
-                    (srv6->sin6_scope_id == 0 || srv6->sin6_scope_id == in6p->sin6_scope_id) &&
-#endif
-                    (IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(&srv6->sin6_addr) ||
-                     IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&srv6->sin6_addr, &in6p->sin6_addr)))
-                    return 1;
-            }
-            break;
-        default:
-            break;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* int
- * res_nameinquery(name, type, cl, buf, eom)
- *	look for (name, type, cl) in the query section of packet (buf, eom)
- * requires:
- *	buf + HFIXEDSZ <= eom
- * returns:
- *	-1 : format error
- *	0  : not found
- *	>0 : found
- * author:
- *	paul vixie, 29may94
- */
-int res_nameinquery(const char* name, int type, int cl, const u_char* buf, const u_char* eom) {
-    const u_char* cp = buf + HFIXEDSZ;
-    int qdcount = ntohs(((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf)->qdcount);
-
-    while (qdcount-- > 0) {
-        char tname[MAXDNAME + 1];
-        int n = dn_expand(buf, eom, cp, tname, sizeof tname);
-        if (n < 0) return (-1);
-        cp += n;
-        if (cp + 2 * INT16SZ > eom) return (-1);
-        int ttype = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ;
-        int tclass = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ;
-        if (ttype == type && tclass == cl && ns_samename(tname, name) == 1) return (1);
-    }
-    return (0);
-}
-
-/* int
- * res_queriesmatch(buf1, eom1, buf2, eom2)
- *	is there a 1:1 mapping of (name,type,class)
- *	in (buf1,eom1) and (buf2,eom2)?
- * returns:
- *	-1 : format error
- *	0  : not a 1:1 mapping
- *	>0 : is a 1:1 mapping
- * author:
- *	paul vixie, 29may94
- */
-int res_queriesmatch(const u_char* buf1, const u_char* eom1, const u_char* buf2,
-                     const u_char* eom2) {
-    const u_char* cp = buf1 + HFIXEDSZ;
-    int qdcount = ntohs(((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf1)->qdcount);
-
-    if (buf1 + HFIXEDSZ > eom1 || buf2 + HFIXEDSZ > eom2) return (-1);
-
-    /*
-     * Only header section present in replies to
-     * dynamic update packets.
-     */
-    if ((((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf1)->opcode == ns_o_update) &&
-        (((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf2)->opcode == ns_o_update))
-        return (1);
-
-    if (qdcount != ntohs(((const HEADER*) (const void*) buf2)->qdcount)) return (0);
-    while (qdcount-- > 0) {
-        char tname[MAXDNAME + 1];
-        int n = dn_expand(buf1, eom1, cp, tname, sizeof tname);
-        if (n < 0) return (-1);
-        cp += n;
-        if (cp + 2 * INT16SZ > eom1) return (-1);
-        int ttype = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ;
-        int tclass = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(cp));
-        cp += INT16SZ;
-        if (!res_nameinquery(tname, ttype, tclass, buf2, eom2)) return (0);
-    }
-    return (1);
-}
-
-int res_nsend(res_state statp, const u_char* buf, int buflen, u_char* ans, int anssiz, int* rcode,
-              uint32_t flags) {
-    int gotsomewhere, terrno, v_circuit, resplen, n;
-    ResolvCacheStatus cache_status = RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED;
-
-    if (anssiz < HFIXEDSZ) {
-        // TODO: Remove errno once callers stop using it
-        errno = EINVAL;
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-    LOG(DEBUG) << __func__;
-    res_pquery(buf, buflen);
-
-    v_circuit = (statp->options & RES_USEVC) || buflen > PACKETSZ;
-    gotsomewhere = 0;
-    terrno = ETIMEDOUT;
-
-    int anslen = 0;
-    cache_status = _resolv_cache_lookup(statp->netid, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &anslen, flags);
-
-    if (cache_status == RESOLV_CACHE_FOUND) {
-        HEADER* hp = (HEADER*)(void*)ans;
-        *rcode = hp->rcode;
-        return anslen;
-    } else if (cache_status != RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED) {
-        // had a cache miss for a known network, so populate the thread private
-        // data so the normal resolve path can do its thing
-        _resolv_populate_res_for_net(statp);
-    }
-    if (statp->nscount == 0) {
-        // We have no nameservers configured, so there's no point trying.
-        // Tell the cache the query failed, or any retries and anyone else asking the same
-        // question will block for PENDING_REQUEST_TIMEOUT seconds instead of failing fast.
-        _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen, flags);
-
-        // TODO: Remove errno once callers stop using it
-        errno = ESRCH;
-        return -ESRCH;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * If the ns_addr_list in the resolver context has changed, then
-     * invalidate our cached copy and the associated timing data.
-     */
-    if (statp->_u._ext.nscount != 0) {
-        int needclose = 0;
-        struct sockaddr_storage peer;
-        socklen_t peerlen;
-
-        if (statp->_u._ext.nscount != statp->nscount) {
-            needclose++;
-        } else {
-            for (int ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
-                if (statp->nsaddr_list[ns].sin_family &&
-                    !sock_eq((struct sockaddr*) (void*) &statp->nsaddr_list[ns],
-                             (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[ns])) {
-                    needclose++;
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                if (statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] == -1) continue;
-                peerlen = sizeof(peer);
-                if (getpeername(statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns], (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer,
-                                &peerlen) < 0) {
-                    needclose++;
-                    break;
-                }
-                if (!sock_eq((struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer, get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns))) {
-                    needclose++;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (needclose) {
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            statp->_u._ext.nscount = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Maybe initialize our private copy of the ns_addr_list.
-     */
-    if (statp->_u._ext.nscount == 0) {
-        for (int ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
-            statp->_u._ext.nstimes[ns] = RES_MAXTIME;
-            statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] = -1;
-            if (!statp->nsaddr_list[ns].sin_family) continue;
-            statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[ns].sin = statp->nsaddr_list[ns];
-        }
-        statp->_u._ext.nscount = statp->nscount;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Some resolvers want to even out the load on their nameservers.
-     * Note that RES_BLAST overrides RES_ROTATE.
-     */
-    if ((statp->options & RES_ROTATE) != 0U && (statp->options & RES_BLAST) == 0U) {
-        sockaddr_union inu;
-        struct sockaddr_in ina;
-        int lastns = statp->nscount - 1;
-        int fd;
-        u_int16_t nstime;
-
-        if (statp->_u._ext.ext != NULL) inu = statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[0];
-        ina = statp->nsaddr_list[0];
-        fd = statp->_u._ext.nssocks[0];
-        nstime = statp->_u._ext.nstimes[0];
-        for (int ns = 0; ns < lastns; ns++) {
-            if (statp->_u._ext.ext != NULL)
-                statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[ns] = statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[ns + 1];
-            statp->nsaddr_list[ns] = statp->nsaddr_list[ns + 1];
-            statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] = statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns + 1];
-            statp->_u._ext.nstimes[ns] = statp->_u._ext.nstimes[ns + 1];
-        }
-        if (statp->_u._ext.ext != NULL) statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[lastns] = inu;
-        statp->nsaddr_list[lastns] = ina;
-        statp->_u._ext.nssocks[lastns] = fd;
-        statp->_u._ext.nstimes[lastns] = nstime;
-    }
-
-    res_stats stats[MAXNS];
-    res_params params;
-    int revision_id = resolv_cache_get_resolver_stats(statp->netid, &params, stats);
-    if (revision_id < 0) {
-        // TODO: Remove errno once callers stop using it
-        errno = ESRCH;
-        return -ESRCH;
-    }
-    bool usable_servers[MAXNS];
-    int usableServersCount = android_net_res_stats_get_usable_servers(
-            &params, stats, statp->nscount, usable_servers);
-
-    if ((flags & ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_RETRY) && usableServersCount > 1) {
-        auto hp = reinterpret_cast<const HEADER*>(buf);
-
-        // Select a random server based on the query id
-        int selectedServer = (hp->id % usableServersCount) + 1;
-        res_set_usable_server(selectedServer, statp->nscount, usable_servers);
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Send request, RETRY times, or until successful.
-     */
-    int retryTimes = (flags & ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_RETRY) ? 1 : params.retry_count;
-
-    for (int attempt = 0; attempt < retryTimes; ++attempt) {
-
-        for (int ns = 0; ns < statp->nscount; ns++) {
-            if (!usable_servers[ns]) continue;
-            struct sockaddr* nsap;
-            int nsaplen;
-            time_t now = 0;
-            int delay = 0;
-            *rcode = RCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR;
-            nsap = get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
-            nsaplen = get_salen(nsap);
-
-        same_ns:
-            // TODO: Since we expect there is only one DNS server being queried here while this
-            // function tries to query all of private DNS servers. Consider moving it to other
-            // reasonable place. In addition, maybe add stats for private DNS.
-            if (!statp->use_local_nameserver) {
-                bool fallback = false;
-                resplen = res_tls_send(statp, Slice(const_cast<u_char*>(buf), buflen),
-                                       Slice(ans, anssiz), rcode, &fallback);
-                if (resplen > 0) {
-                    if (cache_status == RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND) {
-                        _resolv_cache_add(statp->netid, buf, buflen, ans, resplen);
-                    }
-                    return resplen;
-                }
-                if (!fallback) {
-                    _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen, flags);
-                    res_nclose(statp);
-                    return -terrno;
-                }
-            }
-
-            [[maybe_unused]] static const int niflags = NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV;
-            [[maybe_unused]] char abuf[NI_MAXHOST];
-
-            if (getnameinfo(nsap, (socklen_t)nsaplen, abuf, sizeof(abuf), NULL, 0, niflags) == 0)
-                LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": Querying server (# " << ns + 1
-                           << ") address = " << abuf;
-
-            if (v_circuit) {
-                /* Use VC; at most one attempt per server. */
-                bool shouldRecordStats = (attempt == 0);
-                attempt = retryTimes;
-
-                n = send_vc(statp, &params, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &terrno, ns, &now, rcode,
-                            &delay);
-
-                /*
-                 * Only record stats the first time we try a query. This ensures that
-                 * queries that deterministically fail (e.g., a name that always returns
-                 * SERVFAIL or times out) do not unduly affect the stats.
-                 */
-                if (shouldRecordStats) {
-                    res_sample sample;
-                    _res_stats_set_sample(&sample, now, *rcode, delay);
-                    _resolv_cache_add_resolver_stats_sample(statp->netid, revision_id, ns, &sample,
-                                                            params.max_samples);
-                }
-
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": used send_vc " << n;
-
-                if (n < 0) {
-                    _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen, flags);
-                    res_nclose(statp);
-                    return -terrno;
-                };
-                if (n == 0) goto next_ns;
-                resplen = n;
-            } else {
-                /* Use datagrams. */
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": using send_dg";
-
-                n = send_dg(statp, &params, buf, buflen, ans, anssiz, &terrno, ns, &v_circuit,
-                            &gotsomewhere, &now, rcode, &delay);
-
-                /* Only record stats the first time we try a query. See above. */
-                if (attempt == 0) {
-                    res_sample sample;
-                    _res_stats_set_sample(&sample, now, *rcode, delay);
-                    _resolv_cache_add_resolver_stats_sample(statp->netid, revision_id, ns, &sample,
-                                                            params.max_samples);
-                }
-
-                LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": used send_dg " << n;
-
-                if (n < 0) {
-                    _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen, flags);
-                    res_nclose(statp);
-                    return -terrno;
-                };
-                if (n == 0) goto next_ns;
-                if (v_circuit) goto same_ns;
-                resplen = n;
-            }
-
-            LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": got answer:";
-            res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-
-            if (cache_status == RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND) {
-                _resolv_cache_add(statp->netid, buf, buflen, ans, resplen);
-            }
-            /*
-             * If we have temporarily opened a virtual circuit,
-             * or if we haven't been asked to keep a socket open,
-             * close the socket.
-             */
-            if ((v_circuit && (statp->options & RES_USEVC) == 0U) ||
-                (statp->options & RES_STAYOPEN) == 0U) {
-                res_nclose(statp);
-            }
-            return (resplen);
-        next_ns:;
-        }  // for each ns
-    }  // for each retry
-    res_nclose(statp);
-    if (!v_circuit) {
-        if (!gotsomewhere) {
-            // TODO: Remove errno once callers stop using it
-            errno = ECONNREFUSED; /* no nameservers found */
-            terrno = ECONNREFUSED;
-        } else {
-            // TODO: Remove errno once callers stop using it
-            errno = ETIMEDOUT; /* no answer obtained */
-            terrno = ETIMEDOUT;
-        }
-    } else {
-        errno = terrno;
-    }
-    _resolv_cache_query_failed(statp->netid, buf, buflen, flags);
-    return -terrno;
-}
-
-/* Private */
-
-static int get_salen(const struct sockaddr* sa) {
-    if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET)
-        return (sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
-    else if (sa->sa_family == AF_INET6)
-        return (sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6));
-    else
-        return (0); /* unknown, die on connect */
-}
-
-/*
- * pick appropriate nsaddr_list for use.  see res_init() for initialization.
- */
-static struct sockaddr* get_nsaddr(res_state statp, size_t n) {
-    if (!statp->nsaddr_list[n].sin_family && statp->_u._ext.ext) {
-        /*
-         * - statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[n] holds an address that is larger
-         *   than struct sockaddr, and
-         * - user code did not update statp->nsaddr_list[n].
-         */
-        return (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[n];
-    } else {
-        /*
-         * - user code updated statp->nsaddr_list[n], or
-         * - statp->nsaddr_list[n] has the same content as
-         *   statp->_u._ext.ext->nsaddrs[n].
-         */
-        return (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &statp->nsaddr_list[n];
-    }
-}
-
-static struct timespec get_timeout(const res_state statp, const res_params* params, const int ns) {
-    int msec;
-    // Legacy algorithm which scales the timeout by nameserver number.
-    // For instance, with 4 nameservers: 5s, 2.5s, 5s, 10s
-    // This has no effect with 1 or 2 nameservers
-    msec = params->base_timeout_msec << ns;
-    if (ns > 0) {
-        msec /= statp->nscount;
-    }
-    // For safety, don't allow OEMs and experiments to configure a timeout shorter than 1s.
-    if (msec < 1000) {
-        msec = 1000;  // Use at least 1000ms
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": using timeout of " << msec << " msec";
-
-    struct timespec result;
-    result.tv_sec = msec / 1000;
-    result.tv_nsec = (msec % 1000) * 1000000;
-    return result;
-}
-
-static int send_vc(res_state statp, res_params* params, const u_char* buf, int buflen, u_char* ans,
-                   int anssiz, int* terrno, int ns, time_t* at, int* rcode, int* delay) {
-    *at = time(NULL);
-    *delay = 0;
-    const HEADER* hp = (const HEADER*) (const void*) buf;
-    HEADER* anhp = (HEADER*) (void*) ans;
-    struct sockaddr* nsap;
-    int nsaplen;
-    int truncating, connreset, n;
-    struct iovec iov[2];
-    u_char* cp;
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": using send_vc";
-
-    nsap = get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
-    nsaplen = get_salen(nsap);
-
-    connreset = 0;
-same_ns:
-    truncating = 0;
-
-    struct timespec now = evNowTime();
-
-    /* Are we still talking to whom we want to talk to? */
-    if (statp->_vcsock >= 0 && (statp->_flags & RES_F_VC) != 0) {
-        struct sockaddr_storage peer;
-        socklen_t size = sizeof peer;
-        unsigned old_mark;
-        socklen_t mark_size = sizeof(old_mark);
-        if (getpeername(statp->_vcsock, (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer, &size) < 0 ||
-            !sock_eq((struct sockaddr*) (void*) &peer, nsap) ||
-            getsockopt(statp->_vcsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &old_mark, &mark_size) < 0 ||
-            old_mark != statp->_mark) {
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            statp->_flags &= ~RES_F_VC;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (statp->_vcsock < 0 || (statp->_flags & RES_F_VC) == 0) {
-        if (statp->_vcsock >= 0) res_nclose(statp);
-
-        statp->_vcsock = socket(nsap->sa_family, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
-        if (statp->_vcsock < 0) {
-            switch (errno) {
-                case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
-                case EPFNOSUPPORT:
-                case EAFNOSUPPORT:
-                    Perror(statp, "socket(vc)", errno);
-                    return 0;
-                default:
-                    *terrno = errno;
-                    Perror(statp, "socket(vc)", errno);
-                    return -1;
-            }
-        }
-        fchown(statp->_vcsock, AID_DNS, -1);
-        if (statp->_mark != MARK_UNSET) {
-            if (setsockopt(statp->_vcsock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &statp->_mark,
-                           sizeof(statp->_mark)) < 0) {
-                *terrno = errno;
-                Perror(statp, "setsockopt", errno);
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-        errno = 0;
-        if (random_bind(statp->_vcsock, nsap->sa_family) < 0) {
-            *terrno = errno;
-            Aerror(statp, "bind/vc", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            return (0);
-        }
-        if (connect_with_timeout(statp->_vcsock, nsap, (socklen_t) nsaplen,
-                                 get_timeout(statp, params, ns)) < 0) {
-            *terrno = errno;
-            Aerror(statp, "connect/vc", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            /*
-             * The way connect_with_timeout() is implemented prevents us from reliably
-             * determining whether this was really a timeout or e.g. ECONNREFUSED. Since
-             * currently both cases are handled in the same way, there is no need to
-             * change this (yet). If we ever need to reliably distinguish between these
-             * cases, both connect_with_timeout() and retrying_poll() need to be
-             * modified, though.
-             */
-            *rcode = RCODE_TIMEOUT;
-            return (0);
-        }
-        statp->_flags |= RES_F_VC;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Send length & message
-     */
-    uint16_t len = htons(static_cast<uint16_t>(buflen));
-    iov[0] = evConsIovec(&len, INT16SZ);
-    iov[1] = evConsIovec((void*) buf, (size_t) buflen);
-    if (writev(statp->_vcsock, iov, 2) != (INT16SZ + buflen)) {
-        *terrno = errno;
-        Perror(statp, "write failed", errno);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return (0);
-    }
-    /*
-     * Receive length & response
-     */
-read_len:
-    cp = ans;
-    len = INT16SZ;
-    while ((n = read(statp->_vcsock, (char*) cp, (size_t) len)) > 0) {
-        cp += n;
-        if ((len -= n) == 0) break;
-    }
-    if (n <= 0) {
-        *terrno = errno;
-        Perror(statp, "read failed", errno);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        /*
-         * A long running process might get its TCP
-         * connection reset if the remote server was
-         * restarted.  Requery the server instead of
-         * trying a new one.  When there is only one
-         * server, this means that a query might work
-         * instead of failing.  We only allow one reset
-         * per query to prevent looping.
-         */
-        if (*terrno == ECONNRESET && !connreset) {
-            connreset = 1;
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            goto same_ns;
-        }
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return (0);
-    }
-    uint16_t resplen = ntohs(*reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(ans));
-    if (resplen > anssiz) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": response truncated";
-        truncating = 1;
-        len = anssiz;
-    } else
-        len = resplen;
-    if (len < HFIXEDSZ) {
-        /*
-         * Undersized message.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": undersized: " << len;
-        *terrno = EMSGSIZE;
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return (0);
-    }
-    cp = ans;
-    while (len != 0 && (n = read(statp->_vcsock, (char*) cp, (size_t) len)) > 0) {
-        cp += n;
-        len -= n;
-    }
-    if (n <= 0) {
-        *terrno = errno;
-        Perror(statp, "read(vc)", errno);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return (0);
-    }
-
-    if (truncating) {
-        /*
-         * Flush rest of answer so connection stays in synch.
-         */
-        anhp->tc = 1;
-        len = resplen - anssiz;
-        while (len != 0) {
-            char junk[PACKETSZ];
-
-            n = read(statp->_vcsock, junk, (len > sizeof junk) ? sizeof junk : len);
-            if (n > 0)
-                len -= n;
-            else
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-    /*
-     * If the calling application has bailed out of
-     * a previous call and failed to arrange to have
-     * the circuit closed or the server has got
-     * itself confused, then drop the packet and
-     * wait for the correct one.
-     */
-    if (hp->id != anhp->id) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": ld answer (unexpected):";
-        res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-        goto read_len;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * All is well, or the error is fatal.  Signal that the
-     * next nameserver ought not be tried.
-     */
-    if (resplen > 0) {
-        struct timespec done = evNowTime();
-        *delay = _res_stats_calculate_rtt(&done, &now);
-        *rcode = anhp->rcode;
-    }
-    return (resplen);
-}
-
-/* return -1 on error (errno set), 0 on success */
-static int connect_with_timeout(int sock, const struct sockaddr* nsap, socklen_t salen,
-                                const struct timespec timeout) {
-    int res, origflags;
-
-    origflags = fcntl(sock, F_GETFL, 0);
-    fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, origflags | O_NONBLOCK);
-
-    res = connect(sock, nsap, salen);
-    if (res < 0 && errno != EINPROGRESS) {
-        res = -1;
-        goto done;
-    }
-    if (res != 0) {
-        struct timespec now = evNowTime();
-        struct timespec finish = evAddTime(now, timeout);
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << " send_vc";
-        res = retrying_poll(sock, POLLIN | POLLOUT, &finish);
-        if (res <= 0) {
-            res = -1;
-        }
-    }
-done:
-    fcntl(sock, F_SETFL, origflags);
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << " connect_with_const timeout returning " << res;
-    return res;
-}
-
-static int retrying_poll(const int sock, const short events, const struct timespec* finish) {
-    struct timespec now, timeout;
-
-retry:
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << " retrying_poll";
-
-    now = evNowTime();
-    if (evCmpTime(*finish, now) > 0)
-        timeout = evSubTime(*finish, now);
-    else
-        timeout = evConsTime(0L, 0L);
-    struct pollfd fds = {.fd = sock, .events = events};
-    int n = ppoll(&fds, 1, &timeout, /*sigmask=*/NULL);
-    if (n == 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << "retrying_poll timeout";
-        errno = ETIMEDOUT;
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (n < 0) {
-        if (errno == EINTR) goto retry;
-        PLOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << " retrying_poll failed";
-        return n;
-    }
-    if (fds.revents & (POLLIN | POLLOUT | POLLERR)) {
-        int error;
-        socklen_t len = sizeof(error);
-        if (getsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &error, &len) < 0 || error) {
-            errno = error;
-            PLOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << " retrying_poll getsockopt failed";
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": " << sock << " retrying_poll returning " << n;
-    return n;
-}
-
-static int send_dg(res_state statp, res_params* params, const u_char* buf, int buflen, u_char* ans,
-                   int anssiz, int* terrno, int ns, int* v_circuit, int* gotsomewhere, time_t* at,
-                   int* rcode, int* delay) {
-    *at = time(NULL);
-    *delay = 0;
-    const HEADER* hp = (const HEADER*) (const void*) buf;
-    HEADER* anhp = (HEADER*) (void*) ans;
-    const struct sockaddr* nsap;
-    int nsaplen;
-    struct timespec now, timeout, finish, done;
-    struct sockaddr_storage from;
-    socklen_t fromlen;
-    int resplen, n, s;
-
-    nsap = get_nsaddr(statp, (size_t) ns);
-    nsaplen = get_salen(nsap);
-    if (statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] == -1) {
-        statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] = socket(nsap->sa_family, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
-        if (statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns] < 0) {
-            switch (errno) {
-                case EPROTONOSUPPORT:
-                case EPFNOSUPPORT:
-                case EAFNOSUPPORT:
-                    Perror(statp, "socket(dg)", errno);
-                    return (0);
-                default:
-                    *terrno = errno;
-                    Perror(statp, "socket(dg)", errno);
-                    return (-1);
-            }
-        }
-
-        fchown(statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns], AID_DNS, -1);
-        if (statp->_mark != MARK_UNSET) {
-            if (setsockopt(statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns], SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &(statp->_mark),
-                           sizeof(statp->_mark)) < 0) {
-                res_nclose(statp);
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-#ifndef CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM
-        /*
-         * On a 4.3BSD+ machine (client and server,
-         * actually), sending to a nameserver datagram
-         * port with no nameserver will cause an
-         * ICMP port unreachable message to be returned.
-         * If our datagram socket is "connected" to the
-         * server, we get an ECONNREFUSED error on the next
-         * socket operation, and select returns if the
-         * error message is received.  We can thus detect
-         * the absence of a nameserver without timing out.
-         */
-        if (random_bind(statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns], nsap->sa_family) < 0) {
-            Aerror(statp, "bind(dg)", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            return (0);
-        }
-        if (connect(statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns], nsap, (socklen_t) nsaplen) < 0) {
-            Aerror(statp, "connect(dg)", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
-            res_nclose(statp);
-            return (0);
-        }
-#endif /* !CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": new DG socket";
-    }
-    s = statp->_u._ext.nssocks[ns];
-#ifndef CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM
-    if (send(s, (const char*) buf, (size_t) buflen, 0) != buflen) {
-        Perror(statp, "send", errno);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 0;
-    }
-#else  /* !CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM */
-    if (sendto(s, (const char*) buf, buflen, 0, nsap, nsaplen) != buflen) {
-        Aerror(statp, "sendto", errno, nsap, nsaplen);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 0;
-    }
-#endif /* !CANNOT_CONNECT_DGRAM */
-
-    // Wait for reply.
-    timeout = get_timeout(statp, params, ns);
-    now = evNowTime();
-    finish = evAddTime(now, timeout);
-retry:
-    n = retrying_poll(s, POLLIN, &finish);
-
-    if (n == 0) {
-        *rcode = RCODE_TIMEOUT;
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": timeout";
-        *gotsomewhere = 1;
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (n < 0) {
-        Perror(statp, "poll", errno);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    errno = 0;
-    fromlen = sizeof(from);
-    resplen = recvfrom(s, (char*) ans, (size_t) anssiz, 0, (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &from,
-                       &fromlen);
-    if (resplen <= 0) {
-        Perror(statp, "recvfrom", errno);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    *gotsomewhere = 1;
-    if (resplen < HFIXEDSZ) {
-        /*
-         * Undersized message.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": undersized: " << resplen;
-        *terrno = EMSGSIZE;
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (hp->id != anhp->id) {
-        /*
-         * response from old query, ignore it.
-         * XXX - potential security hazard could
-         *	 be detected here.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": old answer:";
-        res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-        goto retry;
-    }
-    if (!(statp->options & RES_INSECURE1) &&
-        !res_ourserver_p(statp, (struct sockaddr*) (void*) &from)) {
-        /*
-         * response from wrong server? ignore it.
-         * XXX - potential security hazard could
-         *	 be detected here.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": not our server:";
-        res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-        goto retry;
-    }
-    if (anhp->rcode == FORMERR && (statp->options & RES_USE_EDNS0) != 0U) {
-        /*
-         * Do not retry if the server do not understand EDNS0.
-         * The case has to be captured here, as FORMERR packet do not
-         * carry query section, hence res_queriesmatch() returns 0.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": server rejected query with EDNS0:";
-        res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-        /* record the error */
-        statp->_flags |= RES_F_EDNS0ERR;
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (!(statp->options & RES_INSECURE2) &&
-        !res_queriesmatch(buf, buf + buflen, ans, ans + anssiz)) {
-        /*
-         * response contains wrong query? ignore it.
-         * XXX - potential security hazard could
-         *	 be detected here.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": wrong query name:";
-        res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-        goto retry;
-    }
-    done = evNowTime();
-    *delay = _res_stats_calculate_rtt(&done, &now);
-    if (anhp->rcode == SERVFAIL || anhp->rcode == NOTIMP || anhp->rcode == REFUSED) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": server rejected query:";
-        res_pquery(ans, (resplen > anssiz) ? anssiz : resplen);
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        *rcode = anhp->rcode;
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (!(statp->options & RES_IGNTC) && anhp->tc) {
-        /*
-         * To get the rest of answer,
-         * use TCP with same server.
-         */
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": truncated answer";
-        *v_circuit = 1;
-        res_nclose(statp);
-        return 1;
-    }
-    /*
-     * All is well, or the error is fatal.  Signal that the
-     * next nameserver ought not be tried.
-     */
-    if (resplen > 0) {
-        *rcode = anhp->rcode;
-    }
-    return resplen;
-}
-
-static void Aerror(const res_state statp, const char* string, int error,
-                   const struct sockaddr* address, int alen) {
-    const int save = errno;
-    char hbuf[NI_MAXHOST];
-    char sbuf[NI_MAXSERV];
-    constexpr int niflags = NI_NUMERICHOST | NI_NUMERICSERV;
-
-    if ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) != 0U) {
-        if (getnameinfo(address, (socklen_t) alen, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), sbuf, sizeof(sbuf),
-                        niflags)) {
-            strncpy(hbuf, "?", sizeof(hbuf) - 1);
-            hbuf[sizeof(hbuf) - 1] = '\0';
-            strncpy(sbuf, "?", sizeof(sbuf) - 1);
-            sbuf[sizeof(sbuf) - 1] = '\0';
-        }
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": " << string << " ([" << hbuf << "]." << sbuf
-                   << "): " << strerror(error);
-    }
-    errno = save;
-}
-
-static void Perror(const res_state statp, const char* string, int error) {
-    if ((statp->options & RES_DEBUG) != 0U) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << __func__ << ": " << string << ": " << strerror(error);
-    }
-}
-
-static int sock_eq(struct sockaddr* a, struct sockaddr* b) {
-    struct sockaddr_in *a4, *b4;
-    struct sockaddr_in6 *a6, *b6;
-
-    if (a->sa_family != b->sa_family) return 0;
-    switch (a->sa_family) {
-        case AF_INET:
-            a4 = (struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) a;
-            b4 = (struct sockaddr_in*) (void*) b;
-            return a4->sin_port == b4->sin_port && a4->sin_addr.s_addr == b4->sin_addr.s_addr;
-        case AF_INET6:
-            a6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) a;
-            b6 = (struct sockaddr_in6*) (void*) b;
-            return a6->sin6_port == b6->sin6_port &&
-#ifdef HAVE_SIN6_SCOPE_ID
-                   a6->sin6_scope_id == b6->sin6_scope_id &&
-#endif
-                   IN6_ARE_ADDR_EQUAL(&a6->sin6_addr, &b6->sin6_addr);
-        default:
-            return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-static int res_tls_send(res_state statp, const Slice query, const Slice answer, int* rcode,
-                        bool* fallback) {
-    int resplen = 0;
-    const unsigned netId = statp->netid;
-    const unsigned mark = statp->_mark;
-
-    PrivateDnsStatus privateDnsStatus = gPrivateDnsConfiguration.getStatus(netId);
-
-    if (privateDnsStatus.mode == PrivateDnsMode::OFF) {
-        *fallback = true;
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    if (privateDnsStatus.validatedServers.empty()) {
-        if (privateDnsStatus.mode == PrivateDnsMode::OPPORTUNISTIC) {
-            *fallback = true;
-            return -1;
-        } else {
-            // Sleep and iterate some small number of times checking for the
-            // arrival of resolved and validated server IP addresses, instead
-            // of returning an immediate error.
-            // This is needed because as soon as a network becomes the default network, apps will
-            // send DNS queries on that network. If no servers have yet validated, and we do not
-            // block those queries, they would immediately fail, causing application-visible errors.
-            // Note that this can happen even before the network validates, since an unvalidated
-            // network can become the default network if no validated networks are available.
-            //
-            // TODO: see if there is a better way to address this problem, such as buffering the
-            // queries in a queue or only blocking queries for the first few seconds after a default
-            // network change.
-            for (int i = 0; i < 42; i++) {
-                std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
-                if (!gPrivateDnsConfiguration.getStatus(netId).validatedServers.empty()) {
-                    privateDnsStatus = gPrivateDnsConfiguration.getStatus(netId);
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (privateDnsStatus.validatedServers.empty()) {
-                return -1;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": performing query over TLS";
-
-    const auto response = sDnsTlsDispatcher.query(privateDnsStatus.validatedServers, mark, query,
-                                                  answer, &resplen);
-
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": TLS query result: " << static_cast<int>(response);
-
-    if (privateDnsStatus.mode == PrivateDnsMode::OPPORTUNISTIC) {
-        // In opportunistic mode, handle falling back to cleartext in some
-        // cases (DNS shouldn't fail if a validated opportunistic mode server
-        // becomes unreachable for some reason).
-        switch (response) {
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::success:
-                *rcode = reinterpret_cast<HEADER*>(answer.base())->rcode;
-                return resplen;
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::network_error:
-                // No need to set the error timeout here since it will fallback to UDP.
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::internal_error:
-                // Note: this will cause cleartext queries to be emitted, with
-                // all of the EDNS0 goodness enabled. Fingers crossed.  :-/
-                *fallback = true;
-                [[fallthrough]];
-            default:
-                return -1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Strict mode
-        switch (response) {
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::success:
-                *rcode = reinterpret_cast<HEADER*>(answer.base())->rcode;
-                return resplen;
-            case DnsTlsTransport::Response::network_error:
-                // This case happens when the query stored in DnsTlsTransport is expired since
-                // either 1) the query has been tried for 3 times but no response or 2) fail to
-                // establish the connection with the server.
-                *rcode = RCODE_TIMEOUT;
-                [[fallthrough]];
-            default:
-                return -1;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-int resolv_res_nsend(const android_net_context* netContext, const uint8_t* msg, int msgLen,
-                     uint8_t* ans, int ansLen, int* rcode, uint32_t flags) {
-    res_state res = res_get_state();
-    res_setnetcontext(res, netContext);
-    _resolv_populate_res_for_net(res);
-    *rcode = NOERROR;
-    return res_nsend(res, msg, msgLen, ans, ansLen, rcode, flags);
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_send.h b/resolv/res_send.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7fc77cb..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_send.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"  // struct android_net_context
-
-// Query dns with raw msg
-int resolv_res_nsend(const android_net_context* netContext, const uint8_t* msg, int msgLen,
-                     uint8_t* ans, int ansLen, int* rcode, uint32_t flags);
diff --git a/resolv/res_state.cpp b/resolv/res_state.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 26febff..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_state.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
- * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
- * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
- * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "res_state"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h> /* for gettid() */
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include "resolv_cache.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-typedef struct {
-    // TODO: Have one __res_state per network so we don't have to repopulate frequently.
-    struct __res_state _nres[1];
-    struct res_static _rstatic[1];
-} _res_thread;
-
-static _res_thread* res_thread_alloc(void) {
-    _res_thread* rt = (_res_thread*) calloc(1, sizeof(*rt));
-
-    if (rt) {
-        memset(rt->_rstatic, 0, sizeof rt->_rstatic);
-    }
-    return rt;
-}
-
-static void res_static_done(struct res_static* rs) {
-    /* fortunately, there is nothing to do here, since the
-     * points in h_addr_ptrs and host_aliases should all
-     * point to 'hostbuf'
-     */
-    if (rs->hostf) { /* should not happen in theory, but just be safe */
-        fclose(rs->hostf);
-        rs->hostf = NULL;
-    }
-    free(rs->servent.s_aliases);
-}
-
-static void res_thread_free(void* _rt) {
-    _res_thread* rt = (_res_thread*) _rt;
-
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": rt=" << rt << " for thread=" << gettid();
-
-    res_static_done(rt->_rstatic);
-    res_ndestroy(rt->_nres);
-    free(rt);
-}
-
-static pthread_key_t _res_key;
-
-__attribute__((constructor)) static void __res_key_init() {
-    pthread_key_create(&_res_key, res_thread_free);
-}
-
-static _res_thread* res_thread_get(void) {
-    _res_thread* rt = (_res_thread*) pthread_getspecific(_res_key);
-    if (rt != NULL) {
-        return rt;
-    }
-
-    /* It is the first time this function is called in this thread,
-     * we need to create a new thread-specific DNS resolver state. */
-    rt = res_thread_alloc();
-    if (rt == NULL) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    pthread_setspecific(_res_key, rt);
-
-    /* Reset the state, note that res_ninit() can now properly reset
-     * an existing state without leaking memory.
-     */
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": tid=" << gettid() << ", rt=" << rt
-                 << " setting DNS state (options=" << rt->_nres->options << ")";
-    if (res_ninit(rt->_nres) < 0) {
-        /* This should not happen */
-        LOG(VERBOSE) << __func__ << ": tid=" << gettid() << " rt=" << rt
-                     << ", res_ninit() returned < 0";
-        res_thread_free(rt);
-        pthread_setspecific(_res_key, NULL);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return rt;
-}
-
-struct __res_state _nres;
-
-res_state res_get_state(void) {
-    _res_thread* rt = res_thread_get();
-
-    return rt ? rt->_nres : NULL;
-}
-
-res_static* res_get_static(void) {
-    _res_thread* rt = res_thread_get();
-
-    return rt ? rt->_rstatic : NULL;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/res_state_ext.h b/resolv/res_state_ext.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ed3398..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_state_ext.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: res_private.h,v 1.1.1.1 2004/05/20 17:18:54 christos Exp $	*/
-
-#ifndef NETD_RES_STATE_EXT_H
-#define NETD_RES_STATE_EXT_H
-
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-// TODO: consider inlining into res_state
-struct res_state_ext {
-    sockaddr_union nsaddrs[MAXNS];
-    struct sort_list {
-        int af;
-        union {
-            struct in_addr ina;
-            struct in6_addr in6a;
-        } addr, mask;
-    } sort_list[MAXRESOLVSORT];
-    char nsuffix[64];
-    char nsuffix2[64];
-};
-
-#endif  // NETD_RES_STATE_EXT_H
diff --git a/resolv/res_stats.cpp b/resolv/res_stats.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index ed6f084..0000000
--- a/resolv/res_stats.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-#define LOG_TAG "res_stats"
-
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include "netd_resolv/stats.h"
-
-
-// Calculate the round-trip-time from start time t0 and end time t1.
-int _res_stats_calculate_rtt(const timespec* t1, const timespec* t0) {
-    // Divide ns by one million to get ms, multiply s by thousand to get ms (obvious)
-    long ms0 = t0->tv_sec * 1000 + t0->tv_nsec / 1000000;
-    long ms1 = t1->tv_sec * 1000 + t1->tv_nsec / 1000000;
-    return (int) (ms1 - ms0);
-}
-
-// Create a sample for calculating server reachability statistics.
-void _res_stats_set_sample(res_sample* sample, time_t now, int rcode, int rtt) {
-    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": rcode = " << rcode << ", sec = " << rtt;
-    sample->at = now;
-    sample->rcode = rcode;
-    sample->rtt = rtt;
-}
-
-/* Clears all stored samples for the given server. */
-void _res_stats_clear_samples(res_stats* stats) {
-    stats->sample_count = stats->sample_next = 0;
-}
-
-/* Aggregates the reachability statistics for the given server based on on the stored samples. */
-void android_net_res_stats_aggregate(res_stats* stats, int* successes, int* errors, int* timeouts,
-                                     int* internal_errors, int* rtt_avg, time_t* last_sample_time) {
-    int s = 0;   // successes
-    int e = 0;   // errors
-    int t = 0;   // timouts
-    int ie = 0;  // internal errors
-    long rtt_sum = 0;
-    time_t last = 0;
-    int rtt_count = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < stats->sample_count; ++i) {
-        // Treat everything as an error that the code in send_dg() already considers a
-        // rejection by the server, i.e. SERVFAIL, NOTIMP and REFUSED. Assume that NXDOMAIN
-        // and NOTAUTH can actually occur for user queries. NOERROR with empty answer section
-        // is not treated as an error here either. FORMERR seems to sometimes be returned by
-        // some versions of BIND in response to DNSSEC or EDNS0. Whether to treat such responses
-        // as an indication of a broken server is unclear, though. For now treat such responses,
-        // as well as unknown codes as errors.
-        switch (stats->samples[i].rcode) {
-            case NOERROR:
-            case NOTAUTH:
-            case NXDOMAIN:
-                ++s;
-                rtt_sum += stats->samples[i].rtt;
-                ++rtt_count;
-                break;
-            case RCODE_TIMEOUT:
-                ++t;
-                break;
-            case RCODE_INTERNAL_ERROR:
-                ++ie;
-                break;
-            case SERVFAIL:
-            case NOTIMP:
-            case REFUSED:
-            default:
-                ++e;
-                break;
-        }
-    }
-    *successes = s;
-    *errors = e;
-    *timeouts = t;
-    *internal_errors = ie;
-    /* If there was at least one successful sample, calculate average RTT. */
-    if (rtt_count) {
-        *rtt_avg = rtt_sum / rtt_count;
-    } else {
-        *rtt_avg = -1;
-    }
-    /* If we had at least one sample, populate last sample time. */
-    if (stats->sample_count > 0) {
-        if (stats->sample_next > 0) {
-            last = stats->samples[stats->sample_next - 1].at;
-        } else {
-            last = stats->samples[stats->sample_count - 1].at;
-        }
-    }
-    *last_sample_time = last;
-}
-
-// Returns true if the server is considered usable, i.e. if the success rate is not lower than the
-// threshold for the stored stored samples. If not enough samples are stored, the server is
-// considered usable.
-static bool res_stats_usable_server(const res_params* params, res_stats* stats) {
-    int successes = -1;
-    int errors = -1;
-    int timeouts = -1;
-    int internal_errors = -1;
-    int rtt_avg = -1;
-    time_t last_sample_time = 0;
-    android_net_res_stats_aggregate(stats, &successes, &errors, &timeouts, &internal_errors,
-                                    &rtt_avg, &last_sample_time);
-    if (successes >= 0 && errors >= 0 && timeouts >= 0) {
-        int total = successes + errors + timeouts;
-        LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": NS stats: S " << successes << " + E " << errors << " + T "
-                  << timeouts << " + I " << internal_errors << " = " << total
-                  << ", rtt = " << rtt_avg << ", min_samples = " << unsigned(params->min_samples);
-        if (total >= params->min_samples && (errors > 0 || timeouts > 0)) {
-            int success_rate = successes * 100 / total;
-            LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": success rate " << success_rate;
-            if (success_rate < params->success_threshold) {
-                time_t now = time(NULL);
-                if (now - last_sample_time > params->sample_validity) {
-                    // Note: It might be worth considering to expire old servers after their expiry
-                    // date has been reached, however the code for returning the ring buffer to its
-                    // previous non-circular state would induce additional complexity.
-                    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": samples stale, retrying server";
-                    _res_stats_clear_samples(stats);
-                } else {
-                    LOG(INFO) << __func__ << ": too many resolution errors, ignoring server";
-                    return 0;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return 1;
-}
-
-int android_net_res_stats_get_usable_servers(const res_params* params, res_stats stats[],
-                                             int nscount, bool usable_servers[]) {
-    unsigned usable_servers_found = 0;
-    for (int ns = 0; ns < nscount; ns++) {
-        bool usable = res_stats_usable_server(params, &stats[ns]);
-        if (usable) {
-            ++usable_servers_found;
-        }
-        usable_servers[ns] = usable;
-    }
-    // If there are no usable servers, consider all of them usable.
-    // TODO: Explore other possibilities, such as enabling only the best N servers, etc.
-    if (usable_servers_found == 0) {
-        for (int ns = 0; ns < nscount; ns++) {
-            usable_servers[ns] = true;
-        }
-    }
-    return (usable_servers_found == 0) ? nscount : usable_servers_found;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/resolv_cache.h b/resolv/resolv_cache.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 0056076..0000000
--- a/resolv/resolv_cache.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
- * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
- * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
- * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-#include <vector>
-
-struct __res_state;
-
-/* sets the name server addresses to the provided res_state structure. The
- * name servers are retrieved from the cache which is associated
- * with the network to which the res_state structure is associated */
-void _resolv_populate_res_for_net(struct __res_state* statp);
-
-std::vector<unsigned> resolv_list_caches();
-
-typedef enum {
-    RESOLV_CACHE_UNSUPPORTED, /* the cache can't handle that kind of queries */
-                              /* or the answer buffer is too small */
-    RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND,    /* the cache doesn't know about this query */
-    RESOLV_CACHE_FOUND,       /* the cache found the answer */
-    RESOLV_CACHE_SKIP         /* Don't do anything on cache */
-} ResolvCacheStatus;
-
-ResolvCacheStatus _resolv_cache_lookup(unsigned netid, const void* query, int querylen,
-                                       void* answer, int answersize, int* answerlen,
-                                       uint32_t flags);
-
-/* add a (query,answer) to the cache, only call if _resolv_cache_lookup
- * did return RESOLV_CACHE_NOTFOUND
- */
-void _resolv_cache_add(unsigned netid, const void* query, int querylen, const void* answer,
-                       int answerlen);
-
-/* Notify the cache a request failed */
-void _resolv_cache_query_failed(unsigned netid, const void* query, int querylen, uint32_t flags);
-
-// Sets name servers for a given network.
-int resolv_set_nameservers_for_net(unsigned netid, const char** servers, int numservers,
-                                   const char* domains, const res_params* params);
-
-// Creates the cache associated with the given network.
-int resolv_create_cache_for_net(unsigned netid);
-
-// Deletes the cache associated with the given network.
-void resolv_delete_cache_for_net(unsigned netid);
diff --git a/resolv/resolv_private.h b/resolv/resolv_private.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fb0d48..0000000
--- a/resolv/resolv_private.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,240 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: resolv.h,v 1.31 2005/12/26 19:01:47 perry Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1989
- *    The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 by Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
- * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-1999 by Internet Software Consortium.
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS.  IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
- * OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-
-/*
- *	@(#)resolv.h	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/93
- *	Id: resolv.h,v 1.7.2.11.4.2 2004/06/25 00:41:05 marka Exp
- */
-
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_PRIVATE_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_PRIVATE_H
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <net/if.h>
-#include <resolv.h>
-#include <time.h>
-#include <string>
-
-#include "netd_resolv/params.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/stats.h"
-#include "resolv_static.h"
-
-// Linux defines MAXHOSTNAMELEN as 64, while the domain name limit in
-// RFC 1034 and RFC 1035 is 255 octets.
-#ifdef MAXHOSTNAMELEN
-#undef MAXHOSTNAMELEN
-#endif
-#define MAXHOSTNAMELEN 256
-
-/*
- * Global defines and variables for resolver stub.
- */
-#define MAXDFLSRCH 3       /* # default domain levels to try */
-#define LOCALDOMAINPARTS 2 /* min levels in name that is "local" */
-
-#define RES_TIMEOUT 5000 /* min. milliseconds between retries */
-#define MAXRESOLVSORT 10  /* number of net to sort on */
-#define RES_MAXNDOTS 15   /* should reflect bit field size */
-#define RES_DFLRETRY 2    /* Default #/tries. */
-#define RES_MAXTIME 65535 /* Infinity, in milliseconds. */
-
-struct res_state_ext;
-
-struct __res_state {
-    unsigned netid;                        /* NetId: cache key and socket mark */
-    u_long options;                        /* option flags - see below. */
-    int nscount;                           /* number of name srvers */
-    struct sockaddr_in nsaddr_list[MAXNS]; /* address of name server */
-#define nsaddr nsaddr_list[0]              /* for backward compatibility */
-    u_short id;                            /* current message id */
-    char* dnsrch[MAXDNSRCH + 1];           /* components of domain to search */
-    char defdname[256];                    /* default domain (deprecated) */
-    unsigned ndots : 4;                    /* threshold for initial abs. query */
-    unsigned nsort : 4;                    /* number of elements in sort_list[] */
-    char unused[3];
-    struct {
-        struct in_addr addr;
-        uint32_t mask;
-    } sort_list[MAXRESOLVSORT];
-    unsigned _mark;       /* If non-0 SET_MARK to _mark on all request sockets */
-    int _vcsock;          /* PRIVATE: for res_send VC i/o */
-    u_int _flags;         /* PRIVATE: see below */
-    u_int _pad;           /* make _u 64 bit aligned */
-    union {
-        /* On an 32-bit arch this means 512b total. */
-        char pad[72 - 4 * sizeof(int) - 2 * sizeof(void*)];
-        struct {
-            uint16_t nscount;
-            uint16_t nstimes[MAXNS]; /* ms. */
-            int nssocks[MAXNS];
-            struct res_state_ext* ext; /* extention for IPv6 */
-        } _ext;
-    } _u;
-    struct res_static rstatic[1];
-    bool use_local_nameserver; /* DNS-over-TLS bypass */
-};
-
-typedef struct __res_state* res_state;
-
-/* Retrieve a local copy of the stats for the given netid. The buffer must have space for
- * MAXNS __resolver_stats. Returns the revision id of the resolvers used.
- */
-int resolv_cache_get_resolver_stats(unsigned netid, res_params* params, res_stats stats[MAXNS]);
-
-/* Add a sample to the shared struct for the given netid and server, provided that the
- * revision_id of the stored servers has not changed.
- */
-void _resolv_cache_add_resolver_stats_sample(unsigned netid, int revision_id, int ns,
-                                             const res_sample* sample, int max_samples);
-
-// Calculate the round-trip-time from start time t0 and end time t1.
-int _res_stats_calculate_rtt(const timespec* t1, const timespec* t0);
-
-// Create a sample for calculating server reachability statistics.
-void _res_stats_set_sample(res_sample* sample, time_t now, int rcode, int rtt);
-
-/* End of stats related definitions */
-
-// Flags for res_state->_flags
-#define RES_F_VC 0x00000001        // socket is TCP
-#define RES_F_EDNS0ERR 0x00000004  // EDNS0 caused errors
-
-/*
- * Resolver options (keep these in synch with res_debug.c, please)
- */
-#define RES_INIT 0x00000001           /* address initialized */
-#define RES_DEBUG 0x00000002          /* print debug messages */
-#define RES_AAONLY 0x00000004         /* authoritative answers only (!IMPL)*/
-#define RES_USEVC 0x00000008          /* use virtual circuit */
-#define RES_PRIMARY 0x00000010        /* query primary server only (!IMPL) */
-#define RES_IGNTC 0x00000020          /* ignore trucation errors */
-#define RES_RECURSE 0x00000040        /* recursion desired */
-#define RES_DEFNAMES 0x00000080       /* use default domain name */
-#define RES_STAYOPEN 0x00000100       /* Keep TCP socket open */
-#define RES_DNSRCH 0x00000200         /* search up local domain tree */
-#define RES_INSECURE1 0x00000400      /* type 1 security disabled */
-#define RES_INSECURE2 0x00000800      /* type 2 security disabled */
-#define RES_USE_INET6 0x00002000      /* use/map IPv6 in gethostbyname() */
-#define RES_ROTATE 0x00004000         /* rotate ns list after each query */
-#define RES_NOCHECKNAME 0x00008000    /* do not check names for sanity. */
-#define RES_KEEPTSIG 0x00010000       /* do not strip TSIG records */
-#define RES_BLAST 0x00020000          /* blast all recursive servers */
-#define RES_NOTLDQUERY 0x00100000     /* don't unqualified name as a tld */
-#define RES_USE_DNSSEC 0x00200000     /* use DNSSEC using OK bit in OPT */
-/* #define RES_DEBUG2	0x00400000 */ /* nslookup internal */
-/* KAME extensions: use higher bit to avoid conflict with ISC use */
-#define RES_USE_DNAME 0x10000000  /* use DNAME */
-#define RES_USE_EDNS0 0x40000000  /* use EDNS0 if configured */
-#define RES_NO_NIBBLE2 0x80000000 /* disable alternate nibble lookup */
-
-#define RES_DEFAULT (RES_RECURSE | RES_DEFNAMES | RES_DNSRCH | RES_NO_NIBBLE2)
-
-
-/*
- * Error code extending h_errno codes defined in bionic/libc/include/netdb.h.
- *
- * This error code, including legacy h_errno, is returned from res_nquery(), res_nsearch(),
- * res_nquerydomain(), res_queryN(), res_searchN() and res_querydomainN() for DNS metrics.
- *
- * TODO: Consider mapping legacy and extended h_errno into a unified resolver error code mapping.
- */
-#define NETD_RESOLV_H_ERRNO_EXT_TIMEOUT RCODE_TIMEOUT
-
-extern const char* const _res_opcodes[];
-
-/* Things involving an internal (static) resolver context. */
-struct __res_state* res_get_state(void);
-
-int res_hnok(const char*);
-int res_ownok(const char*);
-int res_mailok(const char*);
-int res_dnok(const char*);
-int dn_skipname(const u_char*, const u_char*);
-void putlong(uint32_t, u_char*);
-void putshort(uint16_t, u_char*);
-
-// Thread-unsafe functions returning pointers to static buffers :-(
-// TODO: switch all res_debug to std::string
-const char* p_class(int);
-const char* p_type(int);
-const char* p_rcode(int);
-const char* p_section(int, int);
-
-int res_nameinquery(const char*, int, int, const u_char*, const u_char*);
-int res_queriesmatch(const u_char*, const u_char*, const u_char*, const u_char*);
-/* Things involving a resolver context. */
-int res_ninit(res_state);
-void res_pquery(const u_char*, int);
-
-int res_nquery(res_state, const char*, int, int, u_char*, int, int*);
-int res_nsearch(res_state, const char*, int, int, u_char*, int, int*);
-int res_nquerydomain(res_state, const char*, const char*, int, int, u_char*, int, int*);
-int res_nmkquery(res_state, int, const char*, int, int, const u_char*, int, const u_char*, u_char*,
-                 int);
-int res_nsend(res_state, const u_char*, int, u_char*, int, int*, uint32_t);
-void res_nclose(res_state);
-int res_nopt(res_state, int, u_char*, int, int);
-int res_vinit(res_state, int);
-void res_ndestroy(res_state);
-void res_setservers(res_state, const sockaddr_union*, int);
-int res_getservers(res_state, sockaddr_union*, int);
-
-struct android_net_context; /* forward */
-void res_setnetcontext(res_state, const struct android_net_context*);
-
-int getaddrinfo_numeric(const char* hostname, const char* servname, addrinfo hints,
-                        addrinfo** result);
-
-// Helper function for converting h_errno to the error codes visible to netd
-int herrnoToAiErrno(int herrno);
-
-// switch resolver log severity
-android::base::LogSeverity logSeverityStrToEnum(const std::string& logSeverityStr);
-
-#endif  // NETD_RESOLV_PRIVATE_H
diff --git a/resolv/resolv_static.h b/resolv/resolv_static.h
deleted file mode 100644
index b250892..0000000
--- a/resolv/resolv_static.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef NETD_RESOLV_STATIC_H
-#define NETD_RESOLV_STATIC_H
-
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-/* this structure contains all the variables that were declared
- * 'static' in the original NetBSD resolver code.
- *
- * this caused vast amounts of crashes and memory corruptions
- * when the resolver was being used by multiple threads.
- *
- * (note: the OpenBSD/FreeBSD resolver has similar 'issues')
- */
-
-#define MAXALIASES 35
-#define MAXADDRS 35
-
-struct res_static {
-    char* h_addr_ptrs[MAXADDRS + 1];
-    char* host_aliases[MAXALIASES];
-    char hostbuf[8 * 1024];
-    u_int32_t host_addr[16 / sizeof(u_int32_t)]; /* IPv4 or IPv6 */
-    FILE* hostf;
-    int stayopen;
-    const char* servent_ptr;
-    struct servent servent;
-    struct hostent host;
-};
-
-res_static* res_get_static();
-
-#endif  // NETD_RESOLV_STATIC_H
diff --git a/resolv/resolver_test.cpp b/resolv/resolver_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 84537ca..0000000
--- a/resolv/resolver_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3471 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless requied by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "resolv_integration_test"
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <poll.h> /* poll */
-#include <resolv.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <numeric>
-#include <thread>
-
-#include <android-base/parseint.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <android/multinetwork.h>  // ResNsendFlags
-#include <cutils/sockets.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock-matchers.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <openssl/base64.h>
-#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
-#include "NetdClient.h"
-#include "netid_client.h"  // NETID_UNSET
-#include "netd_resolv/params.h"  // MAX_NS
-
-#include "dns_responder/dns_responder.h"
-#include "dns_responder/dns_responder_client.h"
-#include "dns_responder/dns_tls_frontend.h"
-
-#include "NetdConstants.h"
-#include "ResolverStats.h"
-
-#include "android/net/IDnsResolver.h"
-#include "binder/IServiceManager.h"
-#include "netdutils/ResponseCode.h"
-#include "netdutils/SocketOption.h"
-
-// TODO: make this dynamic and stop depending on implementation details.
-constexpr int TEST_NETID = 30;
-// Valid VPN netId range is 100 ~ 65535
-constexpr int TEST_VPN_NETID = 65502;
-constexpr int MAXPACKET = (8 * 1024);
-
-// Semi-public Bionic hook used by the NDK (frameworks/base/native/android/net.c)
-// Tested here for convenience.
-extern "C" int android_getaddrinfofornet(const char* hostname, const char* servname,
-                                         const addrinfo* hints, unsigned netid, unsigned mark,
-                                         struct addrinfo** result);
-
-using android::base::ParseInt;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::base::unique_fd;
-using android::net::ResolverStats;
-using android::netdutils::enableSockopt;
-using android::netdutils::ResponseCode;
-
-// TODO: move into libnetdutils?
-namespace {
-ScopedAddrinfo safe_getaddrinfo(const char* node, const char* service,
-                                const struct addrinfo* hints) {
-    addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-    if (getaddrinfo(node, service, hints, &result) != 0) {
-        result = nullptr;  // Should already be the case, but...
-    }
-    return ScopedAddrinfo(result);
-}
-}  // namespace
-
-class ResolverTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  protected:
-    struct DnsRecord {
-        std::string host_name;  // host name
-        ns_type type;           // record type
-        std::string addr;       // ipv4/v6 address
-    };
-
-    void SetUp() { mDnsClient.SetUp(); }
-    void TearDown() {
-        mDnsClient.TearDown();
-    }
-
-    bool GetResolverInfo(std::vector<std::string>* servers, std::vector<std::string>* domains,
-                         std::vector<std::string>* tlsServers, res_params* params,
-                         std::vector<ResolverStats>* stats,
-                         int* wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count) {
-        using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-        std::vector<int32_t> params32;
-        std::vector<int32_t> stats32;
-        std::vector<int32_t> wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count32{0};
-        auto rv = mDnsClient.resolvService()->getResolverInfo(
-                TEST_NETID, servers, domains, tlsServers, &params32, &stats32,
-                &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count32);
-
-        if (!rv.isOk() ||
-            params32.size() != static_cast<size_t>(IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT)) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        *params = res_params{
-                .sample_validity = static_cast<uint16_t>(
-                        params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY]),
-                .success_threshold = static_cast<uint8_t>(
-                        params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD]),
-                .min_samples =
-                        static_cast<uint8_t>(params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES]),
-                .max_samples =
-                        static_cast<uint8_t>(params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES]),
-                .base_timeout_msec = params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC],
-                .retry_count = params32[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT],
-        };
-        *wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count = wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count32[0];
-        return ResolverStats::decodeAll(stats32, stats);
-    }
-
-    static std::string ToString(const hostent* he) {
-        if (he == nullptr) return "<null>";
-        char buffer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-        if (!inet_ntop(he->h_addrtype, he->h_addr_list[0], buffer, sizeof(buffer))) {
-            return "<invalid>";
-        }
-        return buffer;
-    }
-
-    static std::string ToString(const addrinfo* ai) {
-        if (!ai)
-            return "<null>";
-        for (const auto* aip = ai ; aip != nullptr ; aip = aip->ai_next) {
-            char host[NI_MAXHOST];
-            int rv = getnameinfo(aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen, host, sizeof(host), nullptr, 0,
-                    NI_NUMERICHOST);
-            if (rv != 0)
-                return gai_strerror(rv);
-            return host;
-        }
-        return "<invalid>";
-    }
-
-    static std::string ToString(const ScopedAddrinfo& ai) { return ToString(ai.get()); }
-
-    static std::vector<std::string> ToStrings(const addrinfo* ai) {
-        std::vector<std::string> hosts;
-        if (!ai) {
-            hosts.push_back("<null>");
-            return hosts;
-        }
-        for (const auto* aip = ai; aip != nullptr; aip = aip->ai_next) {
-            char host[NI_MAXHOST];
-            int rv = getnameinfo(aip->ai_addr, aip->ai_addrlen, host, sizeof(host), nullptr, 0,
-                                 NI_NUMERICHOST);
-            if (rv != 0) {
-                hosts.clear();
-                hosts.push_back(gai_strerror(rv));
-                return hosts;
-            } else {
-                hosts.push_back(host);
-            }
-        }
-        if (hosts.empty()) hosts.push_back("<invalid>");
-        return hosts;
-    }
-
-    static std::vector<std::string> ToStrings(const ScopedAddrinfo& ai) {
-        return ToStrings(ai.get());
-    }
-
-    size_t GetNumQueries(const test::DNSResponder& dns, const char* name) const {
-        auto queries = dns.queries();
-        size_t found = 0;
-        for (const auto& p : queries) {
-            if (p.first == name) {
-                ++found;
-            }
-        }
-        return found;
-    }
-
-    size_t GetNumQueriesForType(const test::DNSResponder& dns, ns_type type,
-                                const char* name) const {
-        auto queries = dns.queries();
-        size_t found = 0;
-        for (const auto& p : queries) {
-            if (p.second == type && p.first == name) {
-                ++found;
-            }
-        }
-        return found;
-    }
-
-    bool WaitForPrefix64Detected(int netId, int timeoutMs) {
-        constexpr int intervalMs = 2;
-        const int limit = timeoutMs / intervalMs;
-        for (int count = 0; count <= limit; ++count) {
-            std::string prefix;
-            auto rv = mDnsClient.resolvService()->getPrefix64(netId, &prefix);
-            if (rv.isOk()) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            usleep(intervalMs * 1000);
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    void RunGetAddrInfoStressTest_Binder(unsigned num_hosts, unsigned num_threads,
-            unsigned num_queries) {
-        std::vector<std::string> domains = { "example.com" };
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DNSResponder>> dns;
-        std::vector<std::string> servers;
-        std::vector<DnsResponderClient::DnsResponderClient::Mapping> mappings;
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDnsClient.SetupMappings(num_hosts, domains, &mappings));
-        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDnsClient.SetupDNSServers(MAXNS, mappings, &dns, &servers));
-
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, domains, kDefaultParams));
-
-        auto t0 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-        std::vector<std::thread> threads(num_threads);
-        for (std::thread& thread : threads) {
-            thread = std::thread([&mappings, num_queries]() {
-                for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < num_queries ; ++i) {
-                    uint32_t ofs = arc4random_uniform(mappings.size());
-                    auto& mapping = mappings[ofs];
-                    addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-                    int rv = getaddrinfo(mapping.host.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, &result);
-                    EXPECT_EQ(0, rv) << "error [" << rv << "] " << gai_strerror(rv);
-                    if (rv == 0) {
-                        std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-                        EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == mapping.ip4 || result_str == mapping.ip6)
-                            << "result='" << result_str << "', ip4='" << mapping.ip4
-                            << "', ip6='" << mapping.ip6;
-                    }
-                    if (result) {
-                        freeaddrinfo(result);
-                        result = nullptr;
-                    }
-                }
-            });
-        }
-
-        for (std::thread& thread : threads) {
-            thread.join();
-        }
-        auto t1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-        ALOGI("%u hosts, %u threads, %u queries, %Es", num_hosts, num_threads, num_queries,
-                std::chrono::duration<double>(t1 - t0).count());
-
-        std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-        std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-        std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-        res_params res_params;
-        std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-        int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                    &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-    }
-
-    void StartDns(test::DNSResponder& dns, const std::vector<DnsRecord>& records) {
-        for (const auto& r : records) {
-            dns.addMapping(r.host_name, r.type, r.addr);
-        }
-
-        ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-
-    DnsResponderClient mDnsClient;
-
-    static constexpr char kLocalHost[] = "localhost";
-    static constexpr char kLocalHostAddr[] = "127.0.0.1";
-    static constexpr char kIp6LocalHost[] = "ip6-localhost";
-    static constexpr char kIp6LocalHostAddr[] = "::1";
-    static constexpr char kHelloExampleCom[] = "hello.example.com.";
-};
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName) {
-    constexpr char nonexistent_host_name[] = "nonexistent.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {{kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"}});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    const hostent* result;
-    result = gethostbyname("nonexistent");
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, nonexistent_host_name));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(HOST_NOT_FOUND, h_errno);
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname("hello");
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, kHelloExampleCom));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.3", ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_cnames) {
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "host.example.com.";
-    size_t cnamecount = 0;
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_cname, "a.example.com."},
-            {"a.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "b.example.com."},
-            {"b.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "c.example.com."},
-            {"c.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "d.example.com."},
-            {"d.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "e.example.com."},
-            {"e.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, host_name},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::42"},
-    };
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    // using gethostbyname2() to resolve ipv4 hello.example.com. to 1.2.3.3
-    // Ensure the v4 address and cnames are correct
-    const hostent* result;
-    result = gethostbyname2("hello", AF_INET);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-
-    for (int i = 0; result != nullptr && result->h_aliases[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-        std::string domain_name = records[i].host_name.substr(0, records[i].host_name.size() - 1);
-        EXPECT_EQ(result->h_aliases[i], domain_name);
-        cnamecount++;
-    }
-    // The size of "Non-cname type" record in DNS records is 2
-    ASSERT_EQ(cnamecount, records.size() - 2);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.3", ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, dns.queries().size()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-
-    // using gethostbyname2() to resolve ipv6 hello.example.com. to 2001:db8::42
-    // Ensure the v6 address and cnames are correct
-    cnamecount = 0;
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname2("hello", AF_INET6);
-    for (unsigned i = 0; result != nullptr && result->h_aliases[i] != nullptr; i++) {
-        std::string domain_name = records[i].host_name.substr(0, records[i].host_name.size() - 1);
-        EXPECT_EQ(result->h_aliases[i], domain_name);
-        cnamecount++;
-    }
-    // The size of "Non-cname type" DNS record in records is 2
-    ASSERT_EQ(cnamecount, records.size() - 2);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(16, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8::42", ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_cnamesInfiniteLoop) {
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_cname, "a.example.com."},
-            {"a.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, kHelloExampleCom},
-    };
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    const hostent* result;
-    result = gethostbyname2("hello", AF_INET);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname2("hello", AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_localhost) {
-    constexpr char name_camelcase[] = "LocalHost";
-    constexpr char name_ip6_dot[] = "ip6-localhost.";
-    constexpr char name_ip6_fqdn[] = "ip6-localhost.example.com.";
-
-    // Add a dummy nameserver which shouldn't receive any queries
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    // Expect no DNS queries; localhost is resolved via /etc/hosts
-    const hostent* result = gethostbyname(kLocalHost);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kLocalHostAddr, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-
-    // Ensure the hosts file resolver ignores case of hostnames
-    result = gethostbyname(name_camelcase);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kLocalHostAddr, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-
-    // The hosts file also contains ip6-localhost, but gethostbyname() won't
-    // return it unless the RES_USE_INET6 option is set. This would be easy to
-    // change, but there's no point in changing the legacy behavior; new code
-    // should be calling getaddrinfo() anyway.
-    // So we check the legacy behavior, which results in amusing A-record
-    // lookups for ip6-localhost, with and without search domains appended.
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname(kIp6LocalHost);
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, dns.queries().size()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, name_ip6_dot)) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, name_ip6_fqdn)) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-
-    // Finally, use gethostbyname2() to resolve ip6-localhost to ::1 from
-    // the hosts file.
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname2(kIp6LocalHost, AF_INET6);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(16, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kIp6LocalHostAddr, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_numeric) {
-    // Add a dummy nameserver which shouldn't receive any queries
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    // Numeric v4 address: expect no DNS queries
-    constexpr char numeric_v4[] = "192.168.0.1";
-    const hostent* result = gethostbyname(numeric_v4);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, dns.queries().size());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);  // v4
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(numeric_v4, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-
-    // gethostbyname() recognizes a v6 address, and fails with no DNS queries
-    constexpr char numeric_v6[] = "2001:db8::42";
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname(numeric_v6);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, dns.queries().size());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-
-    // Numeric v6 address with gethostbyname2(): succeeds with no DNS queries
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname2(numeric_v6, AF_INET6);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, dns.queries().size());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(16, result->h_length);  // v6
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(numeric_v6, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-
-    // Numeric v6 address with scope work with getaddrinfo(),
-    // but gethostbyname2() does not understand them; it issues two dns
-    // queries, then fails. This hardly ever happens, there's no point
-    // in fixing this. This test simply verifies the current (bogus)
-    // behavior to avoid further regressions (like crashes, or leaks).
-    constexpr char numeric_v6_scope[] = "fe80::1%lo";
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname2(numeric_v6_scope, AF_INET6);
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, dns.queries().size());  // OUCH!
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, BinderSerialization) {
-    using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-    std::vector<int> params_offsets = {
-            IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY,
-            IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD,
-            IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES,
-            IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES,
-            IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC,
-            IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT,
-    };
-    const int size = static_cast<int>(params_offsets.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(size, IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT);
-    std::sort(params_offsets.begin(), params_offsets.end());
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(params_offsets[i], i);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_Binder) {
-    using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-
-    std::vector<std::string> domains = { "example.com" };
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DNSResponder>> dns;
-    std::vector<std::string> servers;
-    std::vector<DnsResponderClient::Mapping> mappings;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDnsClient.SetupMappings(1, domains, &mappings));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDnsClient.SetupDNSServers(4, mappings, &dns, &servers));
-    ASSERT_EQ(1U, mappings.size());
-    const DnsResponderClient::Mapping& mapping = mappings[0];
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, domains, kDefaultParams));
-
-    const hostent* result = gethostbyname(mapping.host.c_str());
-    const size_t total_queries =
-            std::accumulate(dns.begin(), dns.end(), 0, [this, &mapping](size_t total, auto& d) {
-                return total + GetNumQueriesForType(*d, ns_type::ns_t_a, mapping.entry.c_str());
-            });
-
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, total_queries);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mapping.ip4, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-
-    std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-    res_params res_params;
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-    int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-    EXPECT_EQ(servers.size(), res_servers.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(domains.size(), res_domains.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res_tls_servers.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT), kDefaultParams.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY],
-              res_params.sample_validity);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD],
-              res_params.success_threshold);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES], res_params.min_samples);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES], res_params.max_samples);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC],
-              res_params.base_timeout_msec);
-    EXPECT_EQ(servers.size(), res_stats.size());
-
-    EXPECT_THAT(res_servers, testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(servers));
-    EXPECT_THAT(res_domains, testing::UnorderedElementsAreArray(domains));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char listen_addr2[] = "127.0.0.5";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    test::DNSResponder dns2(listen_addr2);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    StartDns(dns2, records);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork({listen_addr}));
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    dns2.clearQueries();
-
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("howdy", nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    size_t found = GetNumQueries(dns, host_name);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, found);
-    // Could be A or AAAA
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == "1.2.3.4" || result_str == "::1.2.3.4")
-        << ", result_str='" << result_str << "'";
-
-    // Verify that the name is cached.
-    size_t old_found = found;
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("howdy", nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    found = GetNumQueries(dns, host_name);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, found);
-    EXPECT_EQ(old_found, found);
-    result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == "1.2.3.4" || result_str == "::1.2.3.4")
-        << result_str;
-
-    // Change the DNS resolver, ensure that queries are still cached.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork({listen_addr2}));
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    dns2.clearQueries();
-
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("howdy", nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    found = GetNumQueries(dns, host_name);
-    size_t found2 = GetNumQueries(dns2, host_name);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, found);
-    EXPECT_LE(0U, found2);
-
-    // Could be A or AAAA
-    result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == "1.2.3.4" || result_str == "::1.2.3.4")
-        << ", result_str='" << result_str << "'";
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoV4) {
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {{kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.5"}});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, kHelloExampleCom));
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.5", ToString(result));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_localhost) {
-    // Add a dummy nameserver which shouldn't receive any queries
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(kLocalHost, nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    // Expect no DNS queries; localhost is resolved via /etc/hosts
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    EXPECT_EQ(kLocalHostAddr, ToString(result));
-
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo(kIp6LocalHost, nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    // Expect no DNS queries; ip6-localhost is resolved via /etc/hosts
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty()) << dns.dumpQueries();
-    EXPECT_EQ(kIp6LocalHostAddr, ToString(result));
-}
-
-// Verify if the resolver correctly handle multiple queries simultaneously
-// step 1: set dns server#1 into deferred responding mode.
-// step 2: thread#1 query "hello.example.com." --> resolver send query to server#1.
-// step 3: thread#2 query "hello.example.com." --> resolver hold the request and wait for
-//           response of previous pending query sent by thread#1.
-// step 4: thread#3 query "konbanha.example.com." --> resolver send query to server#3. Server
-//           respond to resolver immediately.
-// step 5: check if server#1 get 1 query by thread#1, server#2 get 0 query, server#3 get 1 query.
-// step 6: resume dns server#1 to respond dns query in step#2.
-// step 7: thread#1 and #2 should get returned from DNS query after step#6. Also, check the
-//           number of queries in server#2 is 0 to ensure thread#2 does not wake up unexpectedly
-//           before signaled by thread#1.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoV4_deferred_resp) {
-    const char* listen_addr1 = "127.0.0.9";
-    const char* listen_addr2 = "127.0.0.10";
-    const char* listen_addr3 = "127.0.0.11";
-    const char* listen_srv = "53";
-    const char* host_name_deferred = "hello.example.com.";
-    const char* host_name_normal = "konbanha.example.com.";
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    test::DNSResponder dns2(listen_addr2, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    test::DNSResponder dns3(listen_addr3, listen_srv, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    dns1.addMapping(host_name_deferred, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-    dns2.addMapping(host_name_deferred, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-    dns3.addMapping(host_name_normal, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.5");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns1.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns2.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns3.startServer());
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers_for_t1 = {listen_addr1};
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers_for_t2 = {listen_addr2};
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers_for_t3 = {listen_addr3};
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET};
-    const std::vector<int> params = {300, 25, 8, 8, 5000};
-    bool t3_task_done = false;
-
-    dns1.setDeferredResp(true);
-    std::thread t1([&, this]() {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(
-                mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers_for_t1, kDefaultSearchDomains, params));
-        ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name_deferred, nullptr, &hints);
-        // t3's dns query should got returned first
-        EXPECT_TRUE(t3_task_done);
-        EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name_deferred));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", ToString(result));
-    });
-
-    // ensuring t1 and t2 handler functions are processed in order
-    usleep(100 * 1000);
-    std::thread t2([&, this]() {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(
-                mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers_for_t2, kDefaultSearchDomains, params));
-        ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name_deferred, nullptr, &hints);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(t3_task_done);
-        EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns2, host_name_deferred));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", ToString(result));
-
-        std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-        std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-        std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-        res_params res_params;
-        std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-        int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                    &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-    });
-
-    // ensuring t2 and t3 handler functions are processed in order
-    usleep(100 * 1000);
-    std::thread t3([&, this]() {
-        ASSERT_TRUE(
-                mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers_for_t3, kDefaultSearchDomains, params));
-        ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name_normal, nullptr, &hints);
-        EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name_deferred));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns2, host_name_deferred));
-        EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns3, host_name_normal));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-        EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.5", ToString(result));
-
-        t3_task_done = true;
-        dns1.setDeferredResp(false);
-    });
-    t3.join();
-    t1.join();
-    t2.join();
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_cnames) {
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "host.example.com.";
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_cname, "a.example.com."},
-            {"a.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "b.example.com."},
-            {"b.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "c.example.com."},
-            {"c.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "d.example.com."},
-            {"d.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, "e.example.com."},
-            {"e.example.com.", ns_type::ns_t_cname, host_name},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::42"},
-    };
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.3", ToString(result));
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8::42", ToString(result));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_cnamesNoIpAddress) {
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_cname, "a.example.com."},
-    };
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_cnamesIllegalRdata) {
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_cname, ".!#?"},
-    };
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, MultidomainResolution) {
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "nihao.example2.com.";
-    std::vector<std::string> searchDomains = { "example1.com", "example2.com", "example3.com" };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns("127.0.0.6");
-    StartDns(dns, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"}});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork({"127.0.0.6"}, searchDomains));
-
-    const hostent* result = gethostbyname("nihao");
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, host_name));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(4, result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.3", ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoV6_numeric) {
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "ohayou.example.com.";
-    constexpr char numeric_addr[] = "fe80::1%lo";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    dns.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    StartDns(dns, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::5"}});
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(numeric_addr, nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(numeric_addr, ToString(result));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty());  // Ensure no DNS queries were sent out
-
-    // Now try a non-numeric hostname query with the AI_NUMERICHOST flag set.
-    // We should fail without sending out a DNS query.
-    hints.ai_flags |= AI_NUMERICHOST;
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name, nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(dns.queries().empty());  // Ensure no DNS queries were sent out
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoV6_failing) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr0[] = "127.0.0.7";
-    constexpr char listen_addr1[] = "127.0.0.8";
-    const char* host_name = "ohayou.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns0(listen_addr0);
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1);
-    dns0.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    StartDns(dns0, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::5"}});
-    StartDns(dns1, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::6"}});
-
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr0, listen_addr1 };
-    // <sample validity in s> <success threshold in percent> <min samples> <max samples>
-    int sample_count = 8;
-    const std::vector<int> params = { 300, 25, sample_count, sample_count };
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, params));
-
-    // Repeatedly perform resolutions for non-existing domains until MAXNSSAMPLES resolutions have
-    // reached the dns0, which is set to fail. No more requests should then arrive at that server
-    // for the next sample_lifetime seconds.
-    // TODO: This approach is implementation-dependent, change once metrics reporting is available.
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    for (int i = 0; i < sample_count; ++i) {
-        std::string domain = StringPrintf("nonexistent%d", i);
-        ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(domain.c_str(), nullptr, &hints);
-    }
-    // Due to 100% errors for all possible samples, the server should be ignored from now on and
-    // only the second one used for all following queries, until NSSAMPLE_VALIDITY is reached.
-    dns0.clearQueries();
-    dns1.clearQueries();
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("ohayou", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns0, host_name));
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoV6_nonresponsive) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr0[] = "127.0.0.7";
-    constexpr char listen_addr1[] = "127.0.0.8";
-    constexpr char listen_srv[] = "53";
-    constexpr char host_name1[] = "ohayou.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "ciao.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records0 = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::5"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::5"},
-    };
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records1 = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::6"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::6"},
-    };
-
-    // dns0 does not respond with 100% probability, while
-    // dns1 responds normally, at least initially.
-    test::DNSResponder dns0(listen_addr0, listen_srv, 250, static_cast<ns_rcode>(-1));
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1, listen_srv, 250, static_cast<ns_rcode>(-1));
-    dns0.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    StartDns(dns0, records0);
-    StartDns(dns1, records1);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork({listen_addr0, listen_addr1}));
-
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-
-    // dns0 will ignore the request, and we'll fallback to dns1 after the first
-    // retry.
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name1, nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns0, host_name1));
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name1));
-
-    // Now make dns1 also ignore 100% requests... The resolve should alternate
-    // retries between the nameservers and fail after 4 attempts.
-    dns1.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    addrinfo* result2 = nullptr;
-    EXPECT_EQ(EAI_NODATA, getaddrinfo(host_name2, nullptr, &hints, &result2));
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, result2);
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, GetNumQueries(dns0, host_name2));
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name2));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoV6_concurrent) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr0[] = "127.0.0.9";
-    constexpr char listen_addr1[] = "127.0.0.10";
-    constexpr char listen_addr2[] = "127.0.0.11";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "konbanha.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns0(listen_addr0);
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1);
-    test::DNSResponder dns2(listen_addr2);
-    StartDns(dns0, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::5"}});
-    StartDns(dns1, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::6"}});
-    StartDns(dns2, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::7"}});
-
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr0, listen_addr1, listen_addr2 };
-    std::vector<std::thread> threads(10);
-    for (std::thread& thread : threads) {
-       thread = std::thread([this, &servers]() {
-            unsigned delay = arc4random_uniform(1*1000*1000); // <= 1s
-            usleep(delay);
-            std::vector<std::string> serverSubset;
-            for (const auto& server : servers) {
-                if (arc4random_uniform(2)) {
-                    serverSubset.push_back(server);
-                }
-            }
-            if (serverSubset.empty()) serverSubset = servers;
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(serverSubset));
-            const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-            addrinfo* result = nullptr;
-            int rv = getaddrinfo("konbanha", nullptr, &hints, &result);
-            EXPECT_EQ(0, rv) << "error [" << rv << "] " << gai_strerror(rv);
-            if (result) {
-                freeaddrinfo(result);
-                result = nullptr;
-            }
-        });
-    }
-    for (std::thread& thread : threads) {
-        thread.join();
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-    res_params res_params;
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-    int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoStressTest_Binder_100) {
-    const unsigned num_hosts = 100;
-    const unsigned num_threads = 100;
-    const unsigned num_queries = 100;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(RunGetAddrInfoStressTest_Binder(num_hosts, num_threads, num_queries));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfoStressTest_Binder_100000) {
-    const unsigned num_hosts = 100000;
-    const unsigned num_threads = 100;
-    const unsigned num_queries = 100;
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(RunGetAddrInfoStressTest_Binder(num_hosts, num_threads, num_queries));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, EmptySetup) {
-    using android::net::IDnsResolver;
-    std::vector<std::string> servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> domains;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, domains));
-    std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-    res_params res_params;
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-    int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res_servers.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res_domains.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, res_tls_servers.size());
-    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_COUNT), kDefaultParams.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SAMPLE_VALIDITY],
-              res_params.sample_validity);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_SUCCESS_THRESHOLD],
-              res_params.success_threshold);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MIN_SAMPLES], res_params.min_samples);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_MAX_SAMPLES], res_params.max_samples);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_BASE_TIMEOUT_MSEC],
-              res_params.base_timeout_msec);
-    EXPECT_EQ(kDefaultParams[IDnsResolver::RESOLVER_PARAMS_RETRY_COUNT], res_params.retry_count);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, SearchPathChange) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.13";
-    constexpr char host_name1[] = "test13.domain1.org.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "test13.domain2.org.";
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-    std::vector<std::string> domains = { "domain1.org" };
-
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::13"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::1:13"},
-    };
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, domains));
-
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET6};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("test13", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, dns.queries().size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name1));
-    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8::13", ToString(result));
-
-    // Test that changing the domain search path on its own works.
-    domains = { "domain2.org" };
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, domains));
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("test13", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, dns.queries().size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name2));
-    EXPECT_EQ("2001:db8::1:13", ToString(result));
-}
-
-static std::string base64Encode(const std::vector<uint8_t>& input) {
-    size_t out_len;
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, EVP_EncodedLength(&out_len, input.size()));
-    // out_len includes the trailing NULL.
-    uint8_t output_bytes[out_len];
-    EXPECT_EQ(out_len - 1, EVP_EncodeBlock(output_bytes, input.data(), input.size()));
-    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<char*>(output_bytes));
-}
-
-// If we move this function to dns_responder_client, it will complicate the dependency need of
-// dns_tls_frontend.h.
-static void setupTlsServers(const std::vector<std::string>& servers,
-                            std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DnsTlsFrontend>>* tls,
-                            std::vector<std::string>* fingerprints) {
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-
-    for (const auto& server : servers) {
-        auto t = std::make_unique<test::DnsTlsFrontend>(server, listen_tls, server, listen_udp);
-        t = std::make_unique<test::DnsTlsFrontend>(server, listen_tls, server, listen_udp);
-        t->startServer();
-        fingerprints->push_back(base64Encode(t->fingerprint()));
-        tls->push_back(std::move(t));
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, MaxServerPrune_Binder) {
-    std::vector<std::string> domains;
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DNSResponder>> dns;
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<test::DnsTlsFrontend>> tls;
-    std::vector<std::string> servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> fingerprints;
-    std::vector<DnsResponderClient::Mapping> mappings;
-
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < MAXDNSRCH + 1; i++) {
-        domains.push_back(StringPrintf("example%u.com", i));
-    }
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDnsClient.SetupMappings(1, domains, &mappings));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mDnsClient.SetupDNSServers(MAXNS + 1, mappings, &dns, &servers));
-    ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(setupTlsServers(servers, &tls, &fingerprints));
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, domains, kDefaultParams, "", fingerprints));
-
-    // If the private DNS validation hasn't completed yet before backend DNS servers stop,
-    // TLS servers will get stuck in handleOneRequest(), which causes this test stuck in
-    // ~DnsTlsFrontend() because the TLS server loop threads can't be terminated.
-    // So, wait for private DNS validation done before stopping backend DNS servers.
-    for (int i = 0; i < MAXNS; i++) {
-        ALOGI("Waiting for private DNS validation on %s.", tls[i]->listen_address().c_str());
-        EXPECT_TRUE(tls[i]->waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-        ALOGI("private DNS validation on %s done.", tls[i]->listen_address().c_str());
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-    res_params res_params;
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-    int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-
-    // Check the size of the stats and its contents.
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(MAXNS), res_servers.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(MAXNS), res_tls_servers.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(MAXDNSRCH), res_domains.size());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(servers.begin(), servers.begin() + MAXNS, res_servers.begin()));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(servers.begin(), servers.begin() + MAXNS, res_tls_servers.begin()));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(domains.begin(), domains.begin() + MAXDNSRCH, res_domains.begin()));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, ResolverStats) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr1[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char listen_addr2[] = "127.0.0.5";
-    constexpr char listen_addr3[] = "127.0.0.6";
-
-    // Set server 1 timeout.
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1, "53", 250, static_cast<ns_rcode>(-1));
-    dns1.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns1.startServer());
-
-    // Set server 2 responding server failure.
-    test::DNSResponder dns2(listen_addr2);
-    dns2.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns2.startServer());
-
-    // Set server 3 workable.
-    test::DNSResponder dns3(listen_addr3);
-    dns3.addMapping(kHelloExampleCom, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns3.startServer());
-
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr1, listen_addr2, listen_addr3};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    dns3.clearQueries();
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET, .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("hello", nullptr, &hints);
-    size_t found = GetNumQueries(dns3, kHelloExampleCom);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, found);
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == "1.2.3.4") << ", result_str='" << result_str << "'";
-
-    std::vector<std::string> res_servers;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_domains;
-    std::vector<std::string> res_tls_servers;
-    res_params res_params;
-    std::vector<ResolverStats> res_stats;
-    int wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(GetResolverInfo(&res_servers, &res_domains, &res_tls_servers, &res_params,
-                                &res_stats, &wait_for_pending_req_timeout_count));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, res_stats[0].timeouts);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, res_stats[1].errors);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, res_stats[2].successes);
-}
-
-// Test what happens if the specified TLS server is nonexistent.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_TlsMissing) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "tlsmissing.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"}});
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    // There's nothing listening on this address, so validation will either fail or
-    /// hang.  Either way, queries will continue to flow to the DNSResponder.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-            mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-
-    const hostent* result;
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsmissing");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.3", ToString(result));
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-}
-
-// Test what happens if the specified TLS server replies with garbage.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_TlsBroken) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char host_name1[] = "tlsbroken1.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "tlsbroken2.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.2"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    // Bind the specified private DNS socket but don't respond to any client sockets yet.
-    int s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_TCP);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(s >= 0);
-    struct sockaddr_in tlsServer = {
-        .sin_family = AF_INET,
-        .sin_port = htons(853),
-    };
-    ASSERT_TRUE(inet_pton(AF_INET, listen_addr, &tlsServer.sin_addr));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(enableSockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT).ok());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(enableSockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR).ok());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(bind(s, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr*>(&tlsServer), sizeof(tlsServer)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(listen(s, 1));
-
-    // Trigger TLS validation.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-            mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-
-    struct sockaddr_storage cliaddr;
-    socklen_t sin_size = sizeof(cliaddr);
-    int new_fd = accept4(s, reinterpret_cast<struct sockaddr *>(&cliaddr), &sin_size, SOCK_CLOEXEC);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(new_fd > 0);
-
-    // We've received the new file descriptor but not written to it or closed, so the
-    // validation is still pending.  Queries should still flow correctly because the
-    // server is not used until validation succeeds.
-    const hostent* result;
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsbroken1");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.1", ToString(result));
-
-    // Now we cause the validation to fail.
-    std::string garbage = "definitely not a valid TLS ServerHello";
-    write(new_fd, garbage.data(), garbage.size());
-    close(new_fd);
-
-    // Validation failure shouldn't interfere with lookups, because lookups won't be sent
-    // to the TLS server unless validation succeeds.
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsbroken2");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.2", ToString(result));
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-    close(s);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_Tls) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name1[] = "tls1.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "tls2.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name3[] = "tls3.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.2"},
-            {host_name3, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-            mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-
-    const hostent* result;
-
-    // Wait for validation to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tls1");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.1", ToString(result));
-
-    // Wait for query to get counted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(2, 5000));
-
-    // Stop the TLS server.  Since we're in opportunistic mode, queries will
-    // fall back to the locally-assigned (clear text) nameservers.
-    tls.stopServer();
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    result = gethostbyname("tls2");
-    EXPECT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.2", ToString(result));
-    const auto queries = dns.queries();
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, queries.size());
-    EXPECT_EQ("tls2.example.com.", queries[0].first);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ns_t_a, queries[0].second);
-
-    // Reset the resolvers without enabling TLS.  Queries should still be routed
-    // to the UDP endpoint.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tls3");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.3", ToString(result));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_TlsFingerprint) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    for (int chain_length = 1; chain_length <= 3; ++chain_length) {
-        std::string host_name = StringPrintf("tlsfingerprint%d.example.com.", chain_length);
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1");
-        std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-        test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-        tls.set_chain_length(chain_length);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams,
-                                                   "", {base64Encode(tls.fingerprint())}));
-
-        const hostent* result;
-
-        // Wait for validation to complete.
-        EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-
-        result = gethostbyname(StringPrintf("tlsfingerprint%d", chain_length).c_str());
-        EXPECT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-        if (result) {
-            EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.1", ToString(result));
-
-            // Wait for query to get counted.
-            EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(2, 5000));
-        }
-
-        // Clear TLS bit to ensure revalidation.
-        ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-        tls.stopServer();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_BadTlsFingerprint) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "badtlsfingerprint.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"}});
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bad_fingerprint = tls.fingerprint();
-    bad_fingerprint[5] += 1;  // Corrupt the fingerprint.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "",
-                                               {base64Encode(bad_fingerprint)}));
-
-    // The initial validation should fail at the fingerprint check before
-    // issuing a query.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 500));
-
-    // A fingerprint was provided and failed to match, so the query should fail.
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, gethostbyname("badtlsfingerprint"));
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-}
-
-// Test that we can pass two different fingerprints, and connection succeeds as long as
-// at least one of them matches the server.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_TwoTlsFingerprints) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "twotlsfingerprints.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"}});
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    std::vector<uint8_t> bad_fingerprint = tls.fingerprint();
-    bad_fingerprint[5] += 1;  // Corrupt the fingerprint.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(
-            servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "",
-            {base64Encode(bad_fingerprint), base64Encode(tls.fingerprint())}));
-
-    const hostent* result;
-
-    // Wait for validation to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-
-    result = gethostbyname("twotlsfingerprints");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.1", ToString(result));
-
-    // Wait for query to get counted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(2, 5000));
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_TlsFingerprintGoesBad) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name1[] = "tlsfingerprintgoesbad1.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "tlsfingerprintgoesbad2.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.2"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "",
-                                               {base64Encode(tls.fingerprint())}));
-
-    const hostent* result;
-
-    // Wait for validation to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsfingerprintgoesbad1");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.1", ToString(result));
-
-    // Wait for query to get counted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(2, 5000));
-
-    // Restart the TLS server.  This will generate a new certificate whose fingerprint
-    // no longer matches the stored fingerprint.
-    tls.stopServer();
-    tls.startServer();
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsfingerprintgoesbad2");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(HOST_NOT_FOUND, h_errno);
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_TlsFailover) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr1[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_addr2[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name1[] = "tlsfailover1.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "tlsfailover2.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records1 = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.2"},
-    };
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records2 = {
-            {host_name1, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.3"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1);
-    test::DNSResponder dns2(listen_addr2);
-    StartDns(dns1, records1);
-    StartDns(dns2, records2);
-
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr1, listen_addr2 };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls1(listen_addr1, listen_tls, listen_addr1, listen_udp);
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls2(listen_addr2, listen_tls, listen_addr2, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls1.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls2.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(
-            servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "",
-            {base64Encode(tls1.fingerprint()), base64Encode(tls2.fingerprint())}));
-
-    const hostent* result;
-
-    // Wait for validation to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls1.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls2.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsfailover1");
-    ASSERT_FALSE(result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.1", ToString(result));
-
-    // Wait for query to get counted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls1.waitForQueries(2, 5000));
-    // No new queries should have reached tls2.
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, tls2.queries());
-
-    // Stop tls1.  Subsequent queries should attempt to reach tls1, fail, and retry to tls2.
-    tls1.stopServer();
-
-    result = gethostbyname("tlsfailover2");
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", ToString(result));
-
-    // Wait for query to get counted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls2.waitForQueries(2, 5000));
-
-    // No additional queries should have reached the insecure servers.
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, dns1.queries().size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, dns2.queries().size());
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName_BadTlsName) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "badtlsname.example.com.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, {{host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.1"}});
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams,
-                                               "www.example.com", {}));
-
-    // The TLS server's certificate doesn't chain to a known CA, and a nonempty name was specified,
-    // so the client should fail the TLS handshake before ever issuing a query.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 500));
-
-    // The query should fail hard, because a name was specified.
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, gethostbyname("badtlsname"));
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Tls) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.3";
-    constexpr char listen_udp[] = "53";
-    constexpr char listen_tls[] = "853";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "addrinfotls.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns;
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = { listen_addr };
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, listen_tls, listen_addr, listen_udp);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "",
-                                               {base64Encode(tls.fingerprint())}));
-
-    // Wait for validation to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("addrinfotls", nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    size_t found = GetNumQueries(dns, host_name);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, found);
-    // Could be A or AAAA
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == "1.2.3.4" || result_str == "::1.2.3.4")
-        << ", result_str='" << result_str << "'";
-    // Wait for both A and AAAA queries to get counted.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(3, 5000));
-
-    // Clear TLS bit.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork());
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, TlsBypass) {
-    const char OFF[] = "off";
-    const char OPPORTUNISTIC[] = "opportunistic";
-    const char STRICT[] = "strict";
-
-    const char GETHOSTBYNAME[] = "gethostbyname";
-    const char GETADDRINFO[] = "getaddrinfo";
-    const char GETADDRINFOFORNET[] = "getaddrinfofornet";
-
-    const unsigned BYPASS_NETID = NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS | TEST_NETID;
-
-    const std::vector<uint8_t> NOOP_FINGERPRINT(SHA256_SIZE, 0U);
-
-    const char ADDR4[] = "192.0.2.1";
-    const char ADDR6[] = "2001:db8::1";
-
-    const char cleartext_addr[] = "127.0.0.53";
-    const char cleartext_port[] = "53";
-    const char tls_port[] = "853";
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = { cleartext_addr };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(cleartext_addr);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(cleartext_addr, tls_port, cleartext_addr, cleartext_port);
-
-    struct TestConfig {
-        const std::string mode;
-        const bool withWorkingTLS;
-        const std::string method;
-
-        std::string asHostName() const {
-            return StringPrintf("%s.%s.%s.",
-                                mode.c_str(),
-                                withWorkingTLS ? "tlsOn" : "tlsOff",
-                                method.c_str());
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-        {OFF,           false, GETHOSTBYNAME},
-        {OPPORTUNISTIC, false, GETHOSTBYNAME},
-        {STRICT,        false, GETHOSTBYNAME},
-        {OFF,           true,  GETHOSTBYNAME},
-        {OPPORTUNISTIC, true,  GETHOSTBYNAME},
-        {STRICT,        true,  GETHOSTBYNAME},
-        {OFF,           false, GETADDRINFO},
-        {OPPORTUNISTIC, false, GETADDRINFO},
-        {STRICT,        false, GETADDRINFO},
-        {OFF,           true,  GETADDRINFO},
-        {OPPORTUNISTIC, true,  GETADDRINFO},
-        {STRICT,        true,  GETADDRINFO},
-        {OFF,           false, GETADDRINFOFORNET},
-        {OPPORTUNISTIC, false, GETADDRINFOFORNET},
-        {STRICT,        false, GETADDRINFOFORNET},
-        {OFF,           true,  GETADDRINFOFORNET},
-        {OPPORTUNISTIC, true,  GETADDRINFOFORNET},
-        {STRICT,        true,  GETADDRINFOFORNET},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        const std::string testHostName = config.asHostName();
-        SCOPED_TRACE(testHostName);
-
-        // Don't tempt test bugs due to caching.
-        const char* host_name = testHostName.c_str();
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, ADDR4);
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, ADDR6);
-
-        if (config.withWorkingTLS) ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-
-        if (config.mode == OFF) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                                          kDefaultParams));
-        } else if (config.mode == OPPORTUNISTIC) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                                       kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-            // Wait for validation to complete.
-            if (config.withWorkingTLS) EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-        } else if (config.mode == STRICT) {
-            // We use the existence of fingerprints to trigger strict mode,
-            // rather than hostname validation.
-            const auto& fingerprint =
-                    (config.withWorkingTLS) ? tls.fingerprint() : NOOP_FINGERPRINT;
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                                       kDefaultParams, "",
-                                                       {base64Encode(fingerprint)}));
-            // Wait for validation to complete.
-            if (config.withWorkingTLS) EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-        } else {
-            FAIL() << "Unsupported Private DNS mode: " << config.mode;
-        }
-
-        const int tlsQueriesBefore = tls.queries();
-
-        const hostent* h_result = nullptr;
-        ScopedAddrinfo ai_result;
-
-        if (config.method == GETHOSTBYNAME) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, setNetworkForResolv(BYPASS_NETID));
-            h_result = gethostbyname(host_name);
-
-            EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, host_name));
-            ASSERT_FALSE(h_result == nullptr);
-            ASSERT_EQ(4, h_result->h_length);
-            ASSERT_FALSE(h_result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-            EXPECT_EQ(ADDR4, ToString(h_result));
-            EXPECT_TRUE(h_result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-        } else if (config.method == GETADDRINFO) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(0, setNetworkForResolv(BYPASS_NETID));
-            ai_result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name, nullptr, nullptr);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(ai_result != nullptr);
-
-            EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-            // Could be A or AAAA
-            const std::string result_str = ToString(ai_result);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == ADDR4 || result_str == ADDR6)
-                << ", result_str='" << result_str << "'";
-        } else if (config.method == GETADDRINFOFORNET) {
-            addrinfo* raw_ai_result = nullptr;
-            EXPECT_EQ(0, android_getaddrinfofornet(host_name, /*servname=*/nullptr,
-                                                   /*hints=*/nullptr, BYPASS_NETID, MARK_UNSET,
-                                                   &raw_ai_result));
-            ai_result.reset(raw_ai_result);
-
-            EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-            // Could be A or AAAA
-            const std::string result_str = ToString(ai_result);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(result_str == ADDR4 || result_str == ADDR6)
-                << ", result_str='" << result_str << "'";
-        } else {
-            FAIL() << "Unsupported query method: " << config.method;
-        }
-
-        const int tlsQueriesAfter = tls.queries();
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, tlsQueriesAfter - tlsQueriesBefore);
-
-        // Clear per-process resolv netid.
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, setNetworkForResolv(NETID_UNSET));
-        tls.stopServer();
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, StrictMode_NoTlsServers) {
-    const std::vector<uint8_t> NOOP_FINGERPRINT(SHA256_SIZE, 0U);
-    constexpr char cleartext_addr[] = "127.0.0.53";
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = { cleartext_addr };
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "strictmode.notlsips.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(cleartext_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, {},
-                                               "", {base64Encode(NOOP_FINGERPRINT)}));
-
-    addrinfo* ai_result = nullptr;
-    EXPECT_NE(0, getaddrinfo(host_name, nullptr, nullptr, &ai_result));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-int getAsyncResponse(int fd, int* rcode, uint8_t* buf, int bufLen) {
-    struct pollfd wait_fd[1];
-    wait_fd[0].fd = fd;
-    wait_fd[0].events = POLLIN;
-    short revents;
-    int ret;
-
-    ret = poll(wait_fd, 1, -1);
-    revents = wait_fd[0].revents;
-    if (revents & POLLIN) {
-        int n = resNetworkResult(fd, rcode, buf, bufLen);
-        // Verify that resNetworkResult() closed the fd
-        char dummy;
-        EXPECT_EQ(-1, read(fd, &dummy, sizeof dummy));
-        EXPECT_EQ(EBADF, errno);
-        return n;
-    }
-    return -1;
-}
-
-std::string toString(uint8_t* buf, int bufLen, int ipType) {
-    ns_msg handle;
-    int ancount, n = 0;
-    ns_rr rr;
-
-    if (ns_initparse((const uint8_t*) buf, bufLen, &handle) >= 0) {
-        ancount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_an);
-        if (ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_an, n, &rr) == 0) {
-            const uint8_t* rdata = ns_rr_rdata(rr);
-            char buffer[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
-            if (inet_ntop(ipType, (const char*) rdata, buffer, sizeof(buffer))) {
-                return buffer;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return "";
-}
-
-int dns_open_proxy() {
-    int s = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
-    if (s == -1) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    const int one = 1;
-    setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &one, sizeof(one));
-
-    static const struct sockaddr_un proxy_addr = {
-            .sun_family = AF_UNIX,
-            .sun_path = "/dev/socket/dnsproxyd",
-    };
-
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(connect(s, (const struct sockaddr*) &proxy_addr, sizeof(proxy_addr))) !=
-        0) {
-        close(s);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    return s;
-}
-
-void expectAnswersValid(int fd, int ipType, const std::string& expectedAnswer) {
-    int rcode = -1;
-    uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-
-    int res = getAsyncResponse(fd, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ(expectedAnswer, toString(buf, res, ipType));
-}
-
-void expectAnswersNotValid(int fd, int expectedErrno) {
-    int rcode = -1;
-    uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-
-    int res = getAsyncResponse(fd, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_EQ(expectedErrno, res);
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_NormalQueryV4V6) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    int fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    int fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-    int rcode;
-    int res = getAsyncResponse(fd2, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("::1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET6));
-
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd1, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // Re-query verify cache works
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd2, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("::1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET6));
-
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd1, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_BadQuery) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    static struct {
-        int fd;
-        const char* dname;
-        const int queryType;
-        const int expectRcode;
-    } kTestData[] = {
-            {-1, "", ns_t_aaaa, 0},
-            {-1, "as65ass46", ns_t_aaaa, 0},
-            {-1, "454564564564", ns_t_aaaa, 0},
-            {-1, "h645235", ns_t_a, 0},
-            {-1, "www.google.com", ns_t_a, 0},
-    };
-
-    for (auto& td : kTestData) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(td.dname);
-        td.fd = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, td.dname, ns_c_in, td.queryType, 0);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(td.fd != -1);
-    }
-
-    // dns_responder return empty resp(packet only contains query part) with no error currently
-    for (const auto& td : kTestData) {
-        uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-        int rcode;
-        SCOPED_TRACE(td.dname);
-        int res = getAsyncResponse(td.fd, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-        EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-        EXPECT_EQ(rcode, td.expectRcode);
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_EmptyAnswer) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // TODO: Disable retry to make this test explicit.
-    auto& cv = dns.getCv();
-    auto& cvMutex = dns.getCvMutex();
-    int fd1;
-    // Wait on the condition variable to ensure that the DNS server has handled our first query.
-    {
-        std::unique_lock lk(cvMutex);
-        fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-        EXPECT_EQ(std::cv_status::no_timeout, cv.wait_for(lk, std::chrono::seconds(1)));
-    }
-
-    dns.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-
-    int fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    int fd3 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd3 != -1);
-
-    uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-    int rcode;
-
-    // expect no response
-    int res = getAsyncResponse(fd3, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-ETIMEDOUT, res);
-
-    // expect no response
-    memset(buf, 0, MAXPACKET);
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd2, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-ETIMEDOUT, res);
-
-    dns.setResponseProbability(1.0);
-
-    int fd4 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd4 != -1);
-
-    memset(buf, 0, MAXPACKET);
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd4, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET));
-
-    memset(buf, 0, MAXPACKET);
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd1, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("::1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET6));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_MalformedQuery) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    int fd = dns_open_proxy();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd > 0);
-
-    const std::string badMsg = "16-52512#";
-    static const struct {
-        const std::string cmd;
-        const int expectErr;
-    } kTestData[] = {
-            // Too few arguments
-            {"resnsend " + badMsg + '\0', -EINVAL},
-            // Bad netId
-            {"resnsend badnetId 0 " + badMsg + '\0', -EINVAL},
-            // Bad raw data
-            {"resnsend " + std::to_string(TEST_NETID) + " 0 " + badMsg + '\0', -EILSEQ},
-    };
-
-    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < std::size(kTestData); i++) {
-        auto& td = kTestData[i];
-        SCOPED_TRACE(td.cmd);
-        ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, td.cmd.c_str(), td.cmd.size()));
-        EXPECT_EQ(rc, static_cast<ssize_t>(td.cmd.size()));
-
-        int32_t tmp;
-        rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(rc > 0);
-        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(ntohl(tmp)), td.expectErr);
-    }
-    // Normal query with answer buffer
-    // This is raw data of query "howdy.example.com" type 1 class 1
-    std::string query = "81sBAAABAAAAAAAABWhvd2R5B2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE=";
-    std::string cmd = "resnsend " + std::to_string(TEST_NETID) + " 0 " + query + '\0';
-    ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, cmd.c_str(), cmd.size()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(rc, static_cast<ssize_t>(cmd.size()));
-
-    uint8_t smallBuf[1] = {};
-    int rcode;
-    rc = getAsyncResponse(fd, &rcode, smallBuf, 1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EMSGSIZE, rc);
-
-    // Do the normal test with large buffer again
-    fd = dns_open_proxy();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd > 0);
-    rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, cmd.c_str(), cmd.size()));
-    EXPECT_EQ(rc, static_cast<ssize_t>(cmd.size()));
-    uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-    rc = getAsyncResponse(fd, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", toString(buf, rc, AF_INET));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_CacheFlags) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    constexpr char another_host_name[] = "howdy.example2.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-            {another_host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.5"},
-            {another_host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.5"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE
-    int fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                              ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    int fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                              ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-    int fd3 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                              ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd3 != -1);
-
-    expectAnswersValid(fd3, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-    expectAnswersValid(fd2, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-
-    // No cache exists, expect 3 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(3U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // Re-query and cache
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-
-    // Now we have cache, expect 4 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                          ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP);
-    fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                          ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    expectAnswersValid(fd2, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-
-    // Skip cache, expect 6 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(6U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // Re-query verify cache works
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                          ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET, "1.2.3.4");
-
-    // Cache hits,  expect still 6 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(6U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // Start to verify if ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP does write response into cache
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa,
-                          ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP);
-    fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa,
-                          ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    expectAnswersValid(fd2, AF_INET6, "::1.2.3.4");
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, "::1.2.3.4");
-
-    // Skip cache, expect 2 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // Re-query without flags
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-    fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    expectAnswersValid(fd2, AF_INET6, "::1.2.3.4");
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, "::1.2.3.4");
-
-    // Cache hits, expect still 2 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // Test both ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE and ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP are set
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // Make sure that the cache of "howdy.example2.com" exists.
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example2.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, "::1.2.3.5");
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, another_host_name));
-
-    // Re-query with testFlags
-    const int testFlag = ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_STORE | ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_CACHE_LOOKUP;
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example2.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, testFlag);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET6, "::1.2.3.5");
-    // Expect cache lookup is skipped.
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, another_host_name));
-
-    // Do another query with testFlags
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example2.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, testFlag);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET, "1.2.3.5");
-    // Expect cache lookup is skipped.
-    EXPECT_EQ(3U, GetNumQueries(dns, another_host_name));
-
-    // Re-query with no flags
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example2.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-    expectAnswersValid(fd1, AF_INET, "1.2.3.5");
-    // Expect no cache hit because cache storing is also skipped in previous query.
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, GetNumQueries(dns, another_host_name));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_NoRetryFlag) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr0[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char listen_addr1[] = "127.0.0.6";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns0(listen_addr0);
-    test::DNSResponder dns1(listen_addr1);
-    StartDns(dns0, records);
-    StartDns(dns1, records);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork({listen_addr0, listen_addr1}));
-
-    dns0.clearQueries();
-    dns1.clearQueries();
-
-    dns0.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-    dns1.setResponseProbability(0.0);
-
-    int fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a,
-                              ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_RETRY);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-
-    int fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa,
-                              ANDROID_RESOLV_NO_RETRY);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    // expect no response
-    expectAnswersNotValid(fd1, -ETIMEDOUT);
-    expectAnswersNotValid(fd2, -ETIMEDOUT);
-
-    // No retry case, expect total 2 queries. The server is selected randomly.
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns0, host_name) + GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name));
-
-    dns0.clearQueries();
-    dns1.clearQueries();
-
-    fd1 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_a, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd1 != -1);
-
-    fd2 = resNetworkQuery(TEST_NETID, "howdy.example.com", ns_c_in, ns_t_aaaa, 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd2 != -1);
-
-    // expect no response
-    expectAnswersNotValid(fd1, -ETIMEDOUT);
-    expectAnswersNotValid(fd2, -ETIMEDOUT);
-
-    // Retry case, expect 4 queries
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, GetNumQueries(dns0, host_name));
-    EXPECT_EQ(4U, GetNumQueries(dns1, host_name));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, Async_VerifyQueryID) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "127.0.0.4";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "howdy.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    const uint8_t queryBuf1[] = {
-            /* Header */
-            0x55, 0x66, /* Transaction ID */
-            0x01, 0x00, /* Flags */
-            0x00, 0x01, /* Questions */
-            0x00, 0x00, /* Answer RRs */
-            0x00, 0x00, /* Authority RRs */
-            0x00, 0x00, /* Additional RRs */
-            /* Queries */
-            0x05, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x77, 0x64, 0x79, 0x07, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65,
-            0x03, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x00, /* Name */
-            0x00, 0x01,                   /* Type */
-            0x00, 0x01                    /* Class */
-    };
-
-    int fd = resNetworkSend(TEST_NETID, queryBuf1, sizeof(queryBuf1), 0);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd != -1);
-
-    uint8_t buf[MAXPACKET] = {};
-    int rcode;
-
-    int res = getAsyncResponse(fd, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET));
-
-    auto hp = reinterpret_cast<HEADER*>(buf);
-    EXPECT_EQ(21862U, htons(hp->id));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    const uint8_t queryBuf2[] = {
-            /* Header */
-            0x00, 0x53, /* Transaction ID */
-            0x01, 0x00, /* Flags */
-            0x00, 0x01, /* Questions */
-            0x00, 0x00, /* Answer RRs */
-            0x00, 0x00, /* Authority RRs */
-            0x00, 0x00, /* Additional RRs */
-            /* Queries */
-            0x05, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x77, 0x64, 0x79, 0x07, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65,
-            0x03, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x00, /* Name */
-            0x00, 0x01,                   /* Type */
-            0x00, 0x01                    /* Class */
-    };
-
-    // Re-query verify cache works and query id is correct
-    fd = resNetworkSend(TEST_NETID, queryBuf2, sizeof(queryBuf2), 0);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd != -1);
-
-    res = getAsyncResponse(fd, &rcode, buf, MAXPACKET);
-    EXPECT_GT(res, 0);
-    EXPECT_EQ("1.2.3.4", toString(buf, res, AF_INET));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(0x0053U, htons(hp->id));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-}
-
-// This test checks that the resolver should not generate the request containing OPT RR when using
-// cleartext DNS. If we query the DNS server not supporting EDNS0 and it reponds with
-// FORMERR_ON_EDNS, we will fallback to no EDNS0 and try again. If the server does no response, we
-// won't retry so that we get no answer.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, BrokenEdns) {
-    typedef test::DNSResponder::Edns Edns;
-    enum ExpectResult { EXPECT_FAILURE, EXPECT_SUCCESS };
-
-    const char OFF[] = "off";
-    const char OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP[] = "opportunistic_udp";
-    const char OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS[] = "opportunistic_tls";
-    const char STRICT[] = "strict";
-    const char GETHOSTBYNAME[] = "gethostbyname";
-    const char GETADDRINFO[] = "getaddrinfo";
-    const std::vector<uint8_t> NOOP_FINGERPRINT(SHA256_SIZE, 0U);
-    const char ADDR4[] = "192.0.2.1";
-    const char CLEARTEXT_ADDR[] = "127.0.0.53";
-    const char CLEARTEXT_PORT[] = "53";
-    const char TLS_PORT[] = "853";
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = { CLEARTEXT_ADDR };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(CLEARTEXT_ADDR, CLEARTEXT_PORT, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(CLEARTEXT_ADDR, TLS_PORT, CLEARTEXT_ADDR, CLEARTEXT_PORT);
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        std::string mode;
-        std::string method;
-        Edns edns;
-        ExpectResult expectResult;
-
-        std::string asHostName() const {
-            const char* ednsString;
-            switch (edns) {
-                case Edns::ON:
-                    ednsString = "ednsOn";
-                    break;
-                case Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS:
-                    ednsString = "ednsFormerr";
-                    break;
-                case Edns::DROP:
-                    ednsString = "ednsDrop";
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    ednsString = "";
-                    break;
-            }
-            return StringPrintf("%s.%s.%s.", mode.c_str(), method.c_str(), ednsString);
-        }
-    } testConfigs[] = {
-            // In OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, we get no answer if the DNS server supports TLS but not EDNS0.
-            // Could such server exist? if so, we might need to fallback to query cleartext DNS.
-            // Another thing is that {OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, Edns::DROP} and {STRICT, Edns::DROP} are
-            // commented out since TLS timeout is not configurable.
-            // TODO: Uncomment them after TLS timeout is configurable.
-            {OFF,               GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP, GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {STRICT,            GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OFF,               GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP, GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            {STRICT,            GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            {OFF,               GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::DROP,    EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP, GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::DROP,    EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            //{OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::DROP,    EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            //{STRICT,            GETHOSTBYNAME, Edns::DROP,    EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            {OFF,               GETADDRINFO,   Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP, GETADDRINFO,   Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, GETADDRINFO,   Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {STRICT,            GETADDRINFO,   Edns::ON,      EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OFF,               GETADDRINFO,   Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP, GETADDRINFO,   Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, GETADDRINFO,   Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            {STRICT,            GETADDRINFO,   Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS, EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            {OFF,               GETADDRINFO,   Edns::DROP,    EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            {OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP, GETADDRINFO,   Edns::DROP,    EXPECT_SUCCESS},
-            //{OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS, GETADDRINFO,   Edns::DROP,   EXPECT_FAILURE},
-            //{STRICT,            GETADDRINFO,   Edns::DROP,   EXPECT_FAILURE},
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        const std::string testHostName = config.asHostName();
-        SCOPED_TRACE(testHostName);
-
-        const char* host_name = testHostName.c_str();
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, ADDR4);
-        dns.setEdns(config.edns);
-
-        if (config.mode == OFF) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-        } else if (config.mode == OPPORTUNISTIC_UDP) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                                       kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-        } else if (config.mode == OPPORTUNISTIC_TLS) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                                       kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-            // Wait for validation to complete.
-            EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-        } else if (config.mode == STRICT) {
-            ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-            ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains,
-                                                       kDefaultParams, "",
-                                                       {base64Encode(tls.fingerprint())}));
-            // Wait for validation to complete.
-            EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-        }
-
-        if (config.method == GETHOSTBYNAME) {
-            const hostent* h_result = gethostbyname(host_name);
-            if (config.expectResult == EXPECT_SUCCESS) {
-                EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-                ASSERT_TRUE(h_result != nullptr);
-                ASSERT_EQ(4, h_result->h_length);
-                ASSERT_FALSE(h_result->h_addr_list[0] == nullptr);
-                EXPECT_EQ(ADDR4, ToString(h_result));
-                EXPECT_TRUE(h_result->h_addr_list[1] == nullptr);
-            } else {
-                EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueriesForType(dns, ns_type::ns_t_a, host_name));
-                ASSERT_TRUE(h_result == nullptr);
-                ASSERT_EQ(HOST_NOT_FOUND, h_errno);
-            }
-        } else if (config.method == GETADDRINFO) {
-            ScopedAddrinfo ai_result;
-            addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET, .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM};
-            ai_result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name, nullptr, &hints);
-            if (config.expectResult == EXPECT_SUCCESS) {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(ai_result != nullptr);
-                EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-                const std::string result_str = ToString(ai_result);
-                EXPECT_EQ(ADDR4, result_str);
-            } else {
-                EXPECT_TRUE(ai_result == nullptr);
-                EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-            }
-        } else {
-            FAIL() << "Unsupported query method: " << config.method;
-        }
-
-        tls.stopServer();
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-}
-
-// DNS-over-TLS validation success, but server does not respond to TLS query after a while.
-// Resolver should have a reasonable number of retries instead of spinning forever. We don't have
-// an efficient way to know if resolver is stuck in an infinite loop. However, test case will be
-// failed due to timeout.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, UnstableTls) {
-    const char CLEARTEXT_ADDR[] = "127.0.0.53";
-    const char CLEARTEXT_PORT[] = "53";
-    const char TLS_PORT[] = "853";
-    const char* host_name1 = "nonexistent1.example.com.";
-    const char* host_name2 = "nonexistent2.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {CLEARTEXT_ADDR};
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(CLEARTEXT_ADDR, CLEARTEXT_PORT, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    dns.setEdns(test::DNSResponder::Edns::FORMERR_ON_EDNS);
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(CLEARTEXT_ADDR, TLS_PORT, CLEARTEXT_ADDR, CLEARTEXT_PORT);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-            mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-    // Wait for validation complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-    // Shutdown TLS server to get an error. It's similar to no response case but without waiting.
-    tls.stopServer();
-
-    const hostent* h_result = gethostbyname(host_name1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(h_result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(HOST_NOT_FOUND, h_errno);
-
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET, .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM};
-    ScopedAddrinfo ai_result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name2, nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ai_result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name2));
-}
-
-// DNS-over-TLS validation success, but server does not respond to TLS query after a while.
-// Moreover, server responds RCODE=FORMERR even on non-EDNS query.
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, BogusDnsServer) {
-    const char CLEARTEXT_ADDR[] = "127.0.0.53";
-    const char CLEARTEXT_PORT[] = "53";
-    const char TLS_PORT[] = "853";
-    const char* host_name1 = "nonexistent1.example.com.";
-    const char* host_name2 = "nonexistent2.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {CLEARTEXT_ADDR};
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(CLEARTEXT_ADDR, CLEARTEXT_PORT, 250, ns_rcode::ns_r_servfail);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dns.startServer());
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(CLEARTEXT_ADDR, TLS_PORT, CLEARTEXT_ADDR, CLEARTEXT_PORT);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-            mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-    // Wait for validation complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-    // Shutdown TLS server to get an error. It's similar to no response case but without waiting.
-    tls.stopServer();
-    dns.setEdns(test::DNSResponder::Edns::FORMERR_UNCOND);
-
-    const hostent* h_result = gethostbyname(host_name1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name1));
-    ASSERT_TRUE(h_result == nullptr);
-    ASSERT_EQ(HOST_NOT_FOUND, h_errno);
-
-    addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_INET, .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM};
-    ScopedAddrinfo ai_result = safe_getaddrinfo(host_name2, nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ai_result == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name2));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64Synthesize) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-
-    std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // hints are necessary in order to let netd know which type of addresses the caller is
-    // interested in.
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4only", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    // TODO: BUG: there should only be two queries, one AAAA (which returns no records) and one A
-    // (which returns 1.2.3.4). But there is an extra AAAA.
-    EXPECT_EQ(3U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "64:ff9b::102:304");
-
-    // Stopping NAT64 prefix discovery disables synthesis.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->stopPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 300));
-
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4only", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    // TODO: BUG: there should only be one query, an AAAA (which returns no records), because the
-    // A is already cached. But there is an extra AAAA.
-    EXPECT_EQ(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "1.2.3.4");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64QuerySpecified) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Ensure to synthesize AAAA if AF_INET6 is specified, and not to synthesize AAAA
-    // in AF_INET case.
-    addrinfo hints;
-    memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
-    hints.ai_family = AF_INET6;
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4only", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "64:ff9b::102:304");
-
-    hints.ai_family = AF_INET;
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4only", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-    result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "1.2.3.4");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64QueryUnspecifiedV6) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "v4v6.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4v6", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // In AF_UNSPEC case, do not synthesize AAAA if there's at least one AAAA answer.
-    const std::vector<std::string> result_strs = ToStrings(result);
-    for (const auto& str : result_strs) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(str == "1.2.3.4" || str == "2001:db8::102:304")
-                << ", result_str='" << str << "'";
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64QueryUnspecifiedNoV6) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "v4v6.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    const addrinfo hints = {.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC};
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4v6", nullptr, &hints);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    // In AF_UNSPEC case, synthesize AAAA if there's no AAAA answer.
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "64:ff9b::102:304");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64QuerySpecialUseIPv4Addresses) {
-    constexpr char THIS_NETWORK[] = "this_network";
-    constexpr char LOOPBACK[] = "loopback";
-    constexpr char LINK_LOCAL[] = "link_local";
-    constexpr char MULTICAST[] = "multicast";
-    constexpr char LIMITED_BROADCAST[] = "limited_broadcast";
-
-    constexpr char ADDR_THIS_NETWORK[] = "0.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LOOPBACK[] = "127.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LINK_LOCAL[] = "169.254.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_MULTICAST[] = "224.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LIMITED_BROADCAST[] = "255.255.255.255";
-
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, {{dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::"}});
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        std::string name;
-        std::string addr;
-
-        std::string asHostName() const { return StringPrintf("%s.example.com.", name.c_str()); }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-        {THIS_NETWORK,      ADDR_THIS_NETWORK},
-        {LOOPBACK,          ADDR_LOOPBACK},
-        {LINK_LOCAL,        ADDR_LINK_LOCAL},
-        {MULTICAST,         ADDR_MULTICAST},
-        {LIMITED_BROADCAST, ADDR_LIMITED_BROADCAST}
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        const std::string testHostName = config.asHostName();
-        SCOPED_TRACE(testHostName);
-
-        const char* host_name = testHostName.c_str();
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, config.addr.c_str());
-
-        addrinfo hints;
-        memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
-        hints.ai_family = AF_INET6;
-        ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(config.name.c_str(), nullptr, &hints);
-        // In AF_INET6 case, don't return IPv4 answers
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result == nullptr);
-        EXPECT_LE(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-        dns.clearQueries();
-
-        memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
-        hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
-        result = safe_getaddrinfo(config.name.c_str(), nullptr, &hints);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-        // Expect IPv6 query only. IPv4 answer has been cached in previous query.
-        EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-        // In AF_UNSPEC case, don't synthesize special use IPv4 address.
-        std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-        EXPECT_EQ(result_str, config.addr.c_str());
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64QueryWithNullArgumentHints) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    constexpr char host_name2[] = "v4v6.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name2, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Assign argument hints of getaddrinfo() as null is equivalent to set ai_family AF_UNSPEC.
-    // In AF_UNSPEC case, synthesize AAAA if there has A answer only.
-    ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4only", nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "64:ff9b::102:304");
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // In AF_UNSPEC case, do not synthesize AAAA if there's at least one AAAA answer.
-    result = safe_getaddrinfo("v4v6", nullptr, nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(2U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name2));
-    std::vector<std::string> result_strs = ToStrings(result);
-    for (const auto& str : result_strs) {
-        EXPECT_TRUE(str == "1.2.3.4" || str == "2001:db8::102:304")
-                << ", result_str='" << str << "'";
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetAddrInfo_Dns64QueryNullArgumentNode) {
-    constexpr char ADDR_ANYADDR_V4[] = "0.0.0.0";
-    constexpr char ADDR_ANYADDR_V6[] = "::";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LOCALHOST_V4[] = "127.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LOCALHOST_V6[] = "::1";
-
-    constexpr char PORT_NAME_HTTP[] = "http";
-    constexpr char PORT_NUMBER_HTTP[] = "80";
-
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, {{dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::"}});
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // If node is null, return address is listed by libc/getaddrinfo.c as follows.
-    // - passive socket -> anyaddr (0.0.0.0 or ::)
-    // - non-passive socket -> localhost (127.0.0.1 or ::1)
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        int flag;
-        std::string addr_v4;
-        std::string addr_v6;
-
-        std::string asParameters() const {
-            return StringPrintf("flag=%d, addr_v4=%s, addr_v6=%s", flag, addr_v4.c_str(),
-                                addr_v6.c_str());
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-        {0 /* non-passive */, ADDR_LOCALHOST_V4, ADDR_LOCALHOST_V6},
-        {AI_PASSIVE,          ADDR_ANYADDR_V4,   ADDR_ANYADDR_V6}
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(config.asParameters());
-
-        addrinfo hints = {
-                .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,  // any address family
-                .ai_socktype = 0,        // any type
-                .ai_protocol = 0,        // any protocol
-                .ai_flags = config.flag,
-        };
-
-        // Assign hostname as null and service as port name.
-        ScopedAddrinfo result = safe_getaddrinfo(nullptr, PORT_NAME_HTTP, &hints);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-
-        // Can't be synthesized because it should not get into Netd.
-        std::vector<std::string> result_strs = ToStrings(result);
-        for (const auto& str : result_strs) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(str == config.addr_v4 || str == config.addr_v6)
-                    << ", result_str='" << str << "'";
-        }
-
-        // Assign hostname as null and service as numeric port number.
-        hints.ai_flags = config.flag | AI_NUMERICSERV;
-        result = safe_getaddrinfo(nullptr, PORT_NUMBER_HTTP, &hints);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-
-        // Can't be synthesized because it should not get into Netd.
-        result_strs = ToStrings(result);
-        for (const auto& str : result_strs) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(str == config.addr_v4 || str == config.addr_v6)
-                    << ", result_str='" << str << "'";
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByAddr_ReverseDnsQueryWithHavingNat64Prefix) {
-    struct hostent* result = nullptr;
-    struct in_addr v4addr;
-    struct in6_addr v6addr;
-
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char ptr_name[] = "v4v6.example.com.";
-    // PTR record for IPv4 address 1.2.3.4
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v4[] = "4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa.";
-    // PTR record for IPv6 address 2001:db8::102:304
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v6[] =
-            "4.0.3.0.2.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {ptr_addr_v4, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name},
-            {ptr_addr_v6, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Reverse IPv4 DNS query. Prefix should have no effect on it.
-    inet_pton(AF_INET, "1.2.3.4", &v4addr);
-    result = gethostbyaddr(&v4addr, sizeof(v4addr), AF_INET);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    std::string result_str = result->h_name ? result->h_name : "null";
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "v4v6.example.com");
-
-    // Reverse IPv6 DNS query. Prefix should have no effect on it.
-    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "2001:db8::102:304", &v6addr);
-    result = gethostbyaddr(&v6addr, sizeof(v6addr), AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    result_str = result->h_name ? result->h_name : "null";
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "v4v6.example.com");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByAddr_ReverseDns64Query) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char ptr_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    // PTR record for IPv4 address 1.2.3.4
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v4[] = "4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa.";
-    // PTR record for IPv6 address 64:ff9b::1.2.3.4
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v6_nomapping[] =
-            "4.0.3.0.2.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.b.9.f.f.4.6.0.0.ip6.arpa.";
-    constexpr char ptr_name_v6_synthesis[] = "v6synthesis.example.com.";
-    // PTR record for IPv6 address 64:ff9b::5.6.7.8
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v6_synthesis[] =
-            "8.0.7.0.6.0.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.b.9.f.f.4.6.0.0.ip6.arpa.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {ptr_addr_v4, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name},
-            {ptr_addr_v6_synthesis, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name_v6_synthesis},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    // "ptr_addr_v6_nomapping" is not mapped in DNS server
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Synthesized PTR record doesn't exist on DNS server
-    // Reverse IPv6 DNS64 query while DNS server doesn't have an answer for synthesized address.
-    // After querying synthesized address failed, expect that prefix is removed from IPv6
-    // synthesized address and do reverse IPv4 query instead.
-    struct in6_addr v6addr;
-    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "64:ff9b::1.2.3.4", &v6addr);
-    struct hostent* result = gethostbyaddr(&v6addr, sizeof(v6addr), AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v6_nomapping));  // PTR record not exist
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v4));            // PTR record exist
-    std::string result_str = result->h_name ? result->h_name : "null";
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "v4only.example.com");
-    // Check that return address has been mapped from IPv4 to IPv6 address because Netd
-    // removes NAT64 prefix and does IPv4 DNS reverse lookup in this case. Then, Netd
-    // fakes the return IPv4 address as original queried IPv6 address.
-    result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "64:ff9b::102:304");
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // Synthesized PTR record exists on DNS server
-    // Reverse IPv6 DNS64 query while DNS server has an answer for synthesized address.
-    // Expect to Netd pass through synthesized address for DNS queries.
-    inet_pton(AF_INET6, "64:ff9b::5.6.7.8", &v6addr);
-    result = gethostbyaddr(&v6addr, sizeof(v6addr), AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v6_synthesis));
-    result_str = result->h_name ? result->h_name : "null";
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "v6synthesis.example.com");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByAddr_ReverseDns64QueryFromHostFile) {
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "localhost";
-    // The address is synthesized by prefix64:localhost.
-    constexpr char host_addr[] = "64:ff9b::7f00:1";
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, {{dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"}});
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Using synthesized "localhost" address to be a trick for resolving host name
-    // from host file /etc/hosts and "localhost" is the only name in /etc/hosts. Note that this is
-    // not realistic: the code never synthesizes AAAA records for addresses in 127.0.0.0/8.
-    struct in6_addr v6addr;
-    inet_pton(AF_INET6, host_addr, &v6addr);
-    struct hostent* result = gethostbyaddr(&v6addr, sizeof(v6addr), AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    // Expect no DNS queries; localhost is resolved via /etc/hosts.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(sizeof(in6_addr), (unsigned) result->h_length);
-    ASSERT_EQ(AF_INET6, result->h_addrtype);
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, host_addr);
-    result_str = result->h_name ? result->h_name : "null";
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, host_name);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetNameInfo_ReverseDnsQueryWithHavingNat64Prefix) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char ptr_name[] = "v4v6.example.com.";
-    // PTR record for IPv4 address 1.2.3.4
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v4[] = "4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa.";
-    // PTR record for IPv6 address 2001:db8::102:304
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v6[] =
-            "4.0.3.0.2.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {ptr_addr_v4, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name},
-            {ptr_addr_v6, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        int flag;
-        int family;
-        std::string addr;
-        std::string host;
-
-        std::string asParameters() const {
-            return StringPrintf("flag=%d, family=%d, addr=%s, host=%s", flag, family, addr.c_str(),
-                                host.c_str());
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-        {NI_NAMEREQD,    AF_INET,  "1.2.3.4",           "v4v6.example.com"},
-        {NI_NUMERICHOST, AF_INET,  "1.2.3.4",           "1.2.3.4"},
-        {0,              AF_INET,  "1.2.3.4",           "v4v6.example.com"},
-        {0,              AF_INET,  "5.6.7.8",           "5.6.7.8"},           // unmapped
-        {NI_NAMEREQD,    AF_INET6, "2001:db8::102:304", "v4v6.example.com"},
-        {NI_NUMERICHOST, AF_INET6, "2001:db8::102:304", "2001:db8::102:304"},
-        {0,              AF_INET6, "2001:db8::102:304", "v4v6.example.com"},
-        {0,              AF_INET6, "2001:db8::506:708", "2001:db8::506:708"}, // unmapped
-    };
-
-    // Reverse IPv4/IPv6 DNS query. Prefix should have no effect on it.
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(config.asParameters());
-
-        int rv;
-        char host[NI_MAXHOST];
-        struct sockaddr_in sin;
-        struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
-        if (config.family == AF_INET) {
-            memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
-            sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
-            inet_pton(AF_INET, config.addr.c_str(), &sin.sin_addr);
-            rv = getnameinfo((const struct sockaddr*) &sin, sizeof(sin), host, sizeof(host),
-                             nullptr, 0, config.flag);
-            if (config.flag == NI_NAMEREQD) EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v4));
-        } else if (config.family == AF_INET6) {
-            memset(&sin6, 0, sizeof(sin6));
-            sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-            inet_pton(AF_INET6, config.addr.c_str(), &sin6.sin6_addr);
-            rv = getnameinfo((const struct sockaddr*) &sin6, sizeof(sin6), host, sizeof(host),
-                             nullptr, 0, config.flag);
-            if (config.flag == NI_NAMEREQD) EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v6));
-        }
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, rv);
-        std::string result_str = host;
-        EXPECT_EQ(result_str, config.host);
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetNameInfo_ReverseDns64Query) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char ptr_name[] = "v4only.example.com.";
-    // PTR record for IPv4 address 1.2.3.4
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v4[] = "4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa.";
-    // PTR record for IPv6 address 64:ff9b::1.2.3.4
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v6_nomapping[] =
-            "4.0.3.0.2.0.1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.b.9.f.f.4.6.0.0.ip6.arpa.";
-    constexpr char ptr_name_v6_synthesis[] = "v6synthesis.example.com.";
-    // PTR record for IPv6 address 64:ff9b::5.6.7.8
-    constexpr char ptr_addr_v6_synthesis[] =
-            "8.0.7.0.6.0.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.b.9.f.f.4.6.0.0.ip6.arpa.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {ptr_addr_v4, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name},
-            {ptr_addr_v6_synthesis, ns_type::ns_t_ptr, ptr_name_v6_synthesis},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        bool hasSynthesizedPtrRecord;
-        int flag;
-        std::string addr;
-        std::string host;
-
-        std::string asParameters() const {
-            return StringPrintf("hasSynthesizedPtrRecord=%d, flag=%d, addr=%s, host=%s",
-                                hasSynthesizedPtrRecord, flag, addr.c_str(), host.c_str());
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-        {false, NI_NAMEREQD,    "64:ff9b::102:304", "v4only.example.com"},
-        {false, NI_NUMERICHOST, "64:ff9b::102:304", "64:ff9b::102:304"},
-        {false, 0,              "64:ff9b::102:304", "v4only.example.com"},
-        {true,  NI_NAMEREQD,    "64:ff9b::506:708", "v6synthesis.example.com"},
-        {true,  NI_NUMERICHOST, "64:ff9b::506:708", "64:ff9b::506:708"},
-        {true,  0,              "64:ff9b::506:708", "v6synthesis.example.com"}
-    };
-
-    // hasSynthesizedPtrRecord = false
-    //   Synthesized PTR record doesn't exist on DNS server
-    //   Reverse IPv6 DNS64 query while DNS server doesn't have an answer for synthesized address.
-    //   After querying synthesized address failed, expect that prefix is removed from IPv6
-    //   synthesized address and do reverse IPv4 query instead.
-    //
-    // hasSynthesizedPtrRecord = true
-    //   Synthesized PTR record exists on DNS server
-    //   Reverse IPv6 DNS64 query while DNS server has an answer for synthesized address.
-    //   Expect to just pass through synthesized address for DNS queries.
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        SCOPED_TRACE(config.asParameters());
-
-        char host[NI_MAXHOST];
-        struct sockaddr_in6 sin6;
-        memset(&sin6, 0, sizeof(sin6));
-        sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
-        inet_pton(AF_INET6, config.addr.c_str(), &sin6.sin6_addr);
-        int rv = getnameinfo((const struct sockaddr*) &sin6, sizeof(sin6), host, sizeof(host),
-                             nullptr, 0, config.flag);
-        ASSERT_EQ(0, rv);
-        if (config.flag == NI_NAMEREQD) {
-            if (config.hasSynthesizedPtrRecord) {
-                EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v6_synthesis));
-            } else {
-                EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v6_nomapping));  // PTR record not exist.
-                EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, ptr_addr_v4));            // PTR record exist.
-            }
-        }
-        std::string result_str = host;
-        EXPECT_EQ(result_str, config.host);
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetNameInfo_ReverseDns64QueryFromHostFile) {
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "localhost";
-    // The address is synthesized by prefix64:localhost.
-    constexpr char host_addr[] = "64:ff9b::7f00:1";
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, {{dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"}});
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Using synthesized "localhost" address to be a trick for resolving host name
-    // from host file /etc/hosts and "localhost" is the only name in /etc/hosts. Note that this is
-    // not realistic: the code never synthesizes AAAA records for addresses in 127.0.0.0/8.
-    char host[NI_MAXHOST];
-    struct sockaddr_in6 sin6 = {.sin6_family = AF_INET6};
-    inet_pton(AF_INET6, host_addr, &sin6.sin6_addr);
-    int rv = getnameinfo((const struct sockaddr*) &sin6, sizeof(sin6), host, sizeof(host), nullptr,
-                         0, NI_NAMEREQD);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, rv);
-    // Expect no DNS queries; localhost is resolved via /etc/hosts.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-    std::string result_str = host;
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, host_name);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName2_Dns64Synthesize) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "ipv4only.example.com.";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Query an IPv4-only hostname. Expect that gets a synthesized address.
-    struct hostent* result = gethostbyname2("ipv4only", AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "64:ff9b::102:304");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName2_DnsQueryWithHavingNat64Prefix) {
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    constexpr char host_name[] = "v4v6.example.com.";
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    const std::vector<DnsRecord> records = {
-            {dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, "1.2.3.4"},
-            {host_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "2001:db8::1.2.3.4"},
-    };
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, records);
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // IPv4 DNS query. Prefix should have no effect on it.
-    struct hostent* result = gethostbyname2("v4v6", AF_INET);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-    std::string result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "1.2.3.4");
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // IPv6 DNS query. Prefix should have no effect on it.
-    result = gethostbyname2("v4v6", AF_INET6);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(result != nullptr);
-    EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-    result_str = ToString(result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(result_str, "2001:db8::102:304");
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, GetHostByName2_Dns64QuerySpecialUseIPv4Addresses) {
-    constexpr char THIS_NETWORK[] = "this_network";
-    constexpr char LOOPBACK[] = "loopback";
-    constexpr char LINK_LOCAL[] = "link_local";
-    constexpr char MULTICAST[] = "multicast";
-    constexpr char LIMITED_BROADCAST[] = "limited_broadcast";
-
-    constexpr char ADDR_THIS_NETWORK[] = "0.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LOOPBACK[] = "127.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LINK_LOCAL[] = "169.254.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_MULTICAST[] = "224.0.0.1";
-    constexpr char ADDR_LIMITED_BROADCAST[] = "255.255.255.255";
-
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, {{dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::"}});
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversForNetwork(servers));
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    static const struct TestConfig {
-        std::string name;
-        std::string addr;
-
-        std::string asHostName() const {
-            return StringPrintf("%s.example.com.",
-                                name.c_str());
-        }
-    } testConfigs[]{
-        {THIS_NETWORK,      ADDR_THIS_NETWORK},
-        {LOOPBACK,          ADDR_LOOPBACK},
-        {LINK_LOCAL,        ADDR_LINK_LOCAL},
-        {MULTICAST,         ADDR_MULTICAST},
-        {LIMITED_BROADCAST, ADDR_LIMITED_BROADCAST}
-    };
-
-    for (const auto& config : testConfigs) {
-        const std::string testHostName = config.asHostName();
-        SCOPED_TRACE(testHostName);
-
-        const char* host_name = testHostName.c_str();
-        dns.addMapping(host_name, ns_type::ns_t_a, config.addr.c_str());
-
-        struct hostent* result = gethostbyname2(config.name.c_str(), AF_INET6);
-        EXPECT_LE(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, host_name));
-
-        // In AF_INET6 case, don't synthesize special use IPv4 address.
-        // Expect to have no answer
-        EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, result);
-
-        dns.clearQueries();
-    }
-}
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, PrefixDiscoveryBypassTls) {
-    constexpr char listen_addr[] = "::1";
-    constexpr char cleartext_port[] = "53";
-    constexpr char tls_port[] = "853";
-    constexpr char dns64_name[] = "ipv4only.arpa.";
-    const std::vector<std::string> servers = {listen_addr};
-
-    test::DNSResponder dns(listen_addr);
-    StartDns(dns, {{dns64_name, ns_type::ns_t_aaaa, "64:ff9b::192.0.0.170"}});
-    test::DnsTlsFrontend tls(listen_addr, tls_port, listen_addr, cleartext_port);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(tls.startServer());
-
-    // Setup OPPORTUNISTIC mode and wait for the validation complete.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(
-            mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "", {}));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-    tls.clearQueries();
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Verify it bypassed TLS even though there's a TLS server available.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, tls.queries());
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, dns64_name));
-
-    // Restart the testing network to reset the cache.
-    mDnsClient.TearDown();
-    mDnsClient.SetUp();
-    dns.clearQueries();
-
-    // Setup STRICT mode and wait for the validation complete.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDnsClient.SetResolversWithTls(servers, kDefaultSearchDomains, kDefaultParams, "",
-                                               {base64Encode(tls.fingerprint())}));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tls.waitForQueries(1, 5000));
-    tls.clearQueries();
-
-    // Start NAT64 prefix discovery and wait for it to complete.
-    EXPECT_TRUE(mDnsClient.resolvService()->startPrefix64Discovery(TEST_NETID).isOk());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WaitForPrefix64Detected(TEST_NETID, 1000));
-
-    // Verify it bypassed TLS despite STRICT mode.
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, tls.queries());
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, GetNumQueries(dns, dns64_name));
-}
-
-namespace {
-
-class ScopedSetNetworkForProcess {
-  public:
-    explicit ScopedSetNetworkForProcess(unsigned netId) {
-        mStoredNetId = getNetworkForProcess();
-        if (netId == mStoredNetId) return;
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, setNetworkForProcess(netId));
-    }
-    ~ScopedSetNetworkForProcess() { EXPECT_EQ(0, setNetworkForProcess(mStoredNetId)); }
-
-  private:
-    unsigned mStoredNetId;
-};
-
-class ScopedSetNetworkForResolv {
-  public:
-    explicit ScopedSetNetworkForResolv(unsigned netId) { EXPECT_EQ(0, setNetworkForResolv(netId)); }
-    ~ScopedSetNetworkForResolv() { EXPECT_EQ(0, setNetworkForResolv(NETID_UNSET)); }
-};
-
-void sendCommand(int fd, const std::string& cmd) {
-    ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, cmd.c_str(), cmd.size() + 1));
-    EXPECT_EQ(rc, static_cast<ssize_t>(cmd.size() + 1));
-}
-
-int32_t readBE32(int fd) {
-    int32_t tmp;
-    int n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(n > 0);
-    return ntohl(tmp);
-}
-
-int readResponseCode(int fd) {
-    char buf[4];
-    int n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &buf, sizeof(buf)));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(n > 0);
-    // The format of response code is that 4 bytes for the code & null.
-    buf[3] = '\0';
-    int result;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ParseInt(buf, &result));
-    return result;
-}
-
-bool checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(unsigned* netid) {
-    if (netid == nullptr || ((*netid) & NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS) == 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    *netid = (*netid) & ~NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS;
-    return true;
-}
-
-android::net::UidRangeParcel makeUidRangeParcel(int start, int stop) {
-    android::net::UidRangeParcel res;
-    res.start = start;
-    res.stop = stop;
-
-    return res;
-}
-
-void expectNetIdWithLocalNameserversFlag(unsigned netId) {
-    unsigned dnsNetId = 0;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, getNetworkForDns(&dnsNetId));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(checkAndClearUseLocalNameserversFlag(&dnsNetId));
-    EXPECT_EQ(netId, static_cast<unsigned>(dnsNetId));
-}
-
-void expectDnsNetIdEquals(unsigned netId) {
-    unsigned dnsNetId = 0;
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, getNetworkForDns(&dnsNetId));
-    EXPECT_EQ(netId, static_cast<unsigned>(dnsNetId));
-}
-
-void expectDnsNetIdIsDefaultNetwork(android::net::INetd* netdService) {
-    int currentNetid;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(netdService->networkGetDefault(&currentNetid).isOk());
-    expectDnsNetIdEquals(currentNetid);
-}
-
-void expectDnsNetIdWithVpn(android::net::INetd* netdService, unsigned vpnNetId,
-                           unsigned expectedNetId) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(netdService->networkCreateVpn(vpnNetId, false /* secure */).isOk());
-    uid_t uid = getuid();
-    // Add uid to VPN
-    EXPECT_TRUE(netdService->networkAddUidRanges(vpnNetId, {makeUidRangeParcel(uid, uid)}).isOk());
-    expectDnsNetIdEquals(expectedNetId);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(netdService->networkDestroy(vpnNetId).isOk());
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-TEST_F(ResolverTest, getDnsNetId) {
-    // We've called setNetworkForProcess in SetupOemNetwork, so reset to default first.
-    setNetworkForProcess(NETID_UNSET);
-
-    expectDnsNetIdIsDefaultNetwork(mDnsClient.netdService());
-    expectDnsNetIdWithVpn(mDnsClient.netdService(), TEST_VPN_NETID, TEST_VPN_NETID);
-
-    // Test with setNetworkForProcess
-    {
-        ScopedSetNetworkForProcess scopedSetNetworkForProcess(TEST_NETID);
-        expectDnsNetIdEquals(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    // Test with setNetworkForProcess with NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
-    {
-        ScopedSetNetworkForProcess scopedSetNetworkForProcess(TEST_NETID |
-                                                              NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS);
-        expectNetIdWithLocalNameserversFlag(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    // Test with setNetworkForResolv
-    {
-        ScopedSetNetworkForResolv scopedSetNetworkForResolv(TEST_NETID);
-        expectDnsNetIdEquals(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    // Test with setNetworkForResolv with NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS
-    {
-        ScopedSetNetworkForResolv scopedSetNetworkForResolv(TEST_NETID |
-                                                            NETID_USE_LOCAL_NAMESERVERS);
-        expectNetIdWithLocalNameserversFlag(TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    // Test with setNetworkForResolv under bypassable vpn
-    {
-        ScopedSetNetworkForResolv scopedSetNetworkForResolv(TEST_NETID);
-        expectDnsNetIdWithVpn(mDnsClient.netdService(), TEST_VPN_NETID, TEST_NETID);
-    }
-
-    // Create socket connected to DnsProxyListener
-    int fd = dns_open_proxy();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fd > 0);
-    unique_fd ufd(fd);
-
-    // Test command with wrong netId
-    sendCommand(fd, "getdnsnetid abc");
-    EXPECT_EQ(ResponseCode::DnsProxyQueryResult, readResponseCode(fd));
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, readBE32(fd));
-
-    // Test unsupported command
-    sendCommand(fd, "getdnsnetidNotSupported");
-    // Keep in sync with FrameworkListener.cpp (500, "Command not recognized")
-    EXPECT_EQ(500, readResponseCode(fd));
-}
diff --git a/resolv/sethostent.cpp b/resolv/sethostent.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 2885fbc..0000000
--- a/resolv/sethostent.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: sethostent.c,v 1.20 2014/03/17 13:24:23 christos Exp $	*/
-
-/*
- * Copyright (c) 1985, 1993
- *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
- *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
- * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
- *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
- *    without specific prior written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
- * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
- * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
- * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
- * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
- * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
- * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
- * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <arpa/nameser.h>
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <netdb.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <resolv.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/param.h>
-
-#include "hostent.h"
-#include "resolv_private.h"
-
-#define ALIGNBYTES (sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1)
-#define ALIGN(p) (((uintptr_t)(p) + ALIGNBYTES) & ~ALIGNBYTES)
-
-static void sethostent_r(FILE** hf) {
-    if (!*hf)
-        *hf = fopen(_PATH_HOSTS, "re");
-    else
-        rewind(*hf);
-}
-
-static void endhostent_r(FILE** hf) {
-    if (*hf) {
-        (void) fclose(*hf);
-        *hf = NULL;
-    }
-}
-
-// TODO: Consider returning a boolean result as files_getaddrinfo() does because the error code
-// does not currently return to netd.
-int _hf_gethtbyname2(const char* name, int af, getnamaddr* info) {
-    struct hostent *hp, hent;
-    char *buf, *ptr;
-    size_t len, num, i;
-    char* aliases[MAXALIASES];
-    char* addr_ptrs[MAXADDRS];
-
-    FILE* hf = NULL;
-    sethostent_r(&hf);
-    if (hf == NULL) {
-        // TODO: Consider converting to a private extended EAI_* error code.
-        // Currently, the EAI_* value has no corresponding error code for invalid argument socket
-        // length. In order to not rely on errno, convert the original error code pair, EAI_SYSTEM
-        // and EINVAL, to EAI_FAIL.
-        return EAI_FAIL;
-    }
-
-    if ((ptr = buf = (char*) malloc(len = info->buflen)) == NULL) {
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-    }
-
-    hent.h_name = NULL;
-    hent.h_addrtype = 0;
-    hent.h_length = 0;
-
-    size_t anum = 0;
-    for (num = 0; num < MAXADDRS; /**/) {
-        info->hp->h_addrtype = af;
-        info->hp->h_length = 0;
-
-        int he;
-        hp = netbsd_gethostent_r(hf, info->hp, info->buf, info->buflen, &he);
-        if (hp == NULL) {
-            if (he == NETDB_INTERNAL && errno == ENOSPC) {
-                goto nospc;  // glibc compatibility.
-            }
-            break;
-        }
-
-        if (strcasecmp(hp->h_name, name) != 0) {
-            char** cp;
-            for (cp = hp->h_aliases; *cp != NULL; cp++)
-                if (strcasecmp(*cp, name) == 0) break;
-            // NOTE: does not increment num
-            if (*cp == NULL) continue;
-        }
-
-        if (num == 0) {
-            hent.h_addrtype = hp->h_addrtype;
-            hent.h_length = hp->h_length;
-
-            HENT_SCOPY(hent.h_name, hp->h_name, ptr, len);
-            for (anum = 0; hp->h_aliases[anum]; anum++) {
-                if (anum >= MAXALIASES) goto nospc;
-                HENT_SCOPY(aliases[anum], hp->h_aliases[anum], ptr, len);
-            }
-            ptr = (char*) ALIGN(ptr);
-            if ((size_t)(ptr - buf) >= info->buflen) goto nospc;
-        }
-
-        if (num >= MAXADDRS) goto nospc;
-        HENT_COPY(addr_ptrs[num], hp->h_addr_list[0], hp->h_length, ptr, len);
-
-        num++;
-    }
-    endhostent_r(&hf);
-
-    if (num == 0) {
-        free(buf);
-        // TODO: Perhaps convert HOST_NOT_FOUND to EAI_NONAME instead.
-        // The original return error number is h_errno HOST_NOT_FOUND which was converted to
-        // EAI_NODATA.
-        return EAI_NODATA;
-    }
-
-    hp = info->hp;
-    ptr = info->buf;
-    len = info->buflen;
-
-    hp->h_addrtype = hent.h_addrtype;
-    hp->h_length = hent.h_length;
-
-    HENT_ARRAY(hp->h_aliases, anum, ptr, len);
-    HENT_ARRAY(hp->h_addr_list, num, ptr, len);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-        HENT_COPY(hp->h_addr_list[i], addr_ptrs[i], hp->h_length, ptr, len);
-
-        // reserve space for mapping IPv4 address to IPv6 address in place
-        if (hp->h_addrtype == AF_INET) {
-            HENT_COPY(ptr, NAT64_PAD, sizeof(NAT64_PAD), ptr, len);
-        }
-    }
-    hp->h_addr_list[num] = NULL;
-
-    HENT_SCOPY(hp->h_name, hent.h_name, ptr, len);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < anum; i++) {
-        HENT_SCOPY(hp->h_aliases[i], aliases[i], ptr, len);
-    }
-    hp->h_aliases[anum] = NULL;
-
-    free(buf);
-    return 0;
-nospc:
-    free(buf);
-    return EAI_MEMORY;
-}
-
-// TODO: Consider returning a boolean result as files_getaddrinfo() does because the error code
-// does not currently return to netd.
-int _hf_gethtbyaddr(const unsigned char* uaddr, int len, int af, getnamaddr* info) {
-    info->hp->h_length = len;
-    info->hp->h_addrtype = af;
-
-    FILE* hf = NULL;
-    sethostent_r(&hf);
-    if (hf == NULL) {
-        // TODO: Consider converting to a private extended EAI_* error code.
-        // Currently, the EAI_* value has no corresponding error code for invalid argument socket
-        // length. In order to not rely on errno, convert the original error code pair, EAI_SYSTEM
-        // and EINVAL, to EAI_FAIL.
-        return EAI_FAIL;
-    }
-    struct hostent* hp;
-    int he;
-    while ((hp = netbsd_gethostent_r(hf, info->hp, info->buf, info->buflen, &he)) != NULL)
-        if (!memcmp(hp->h_addr_list[0], uaddr, (size_t) hp->h_length)) break;
-    endhostent_r(&hf);
-
-    if (hp == NULL) {
-        if (errno == ENOSPC) return EAI_MEMORY;  // glibc compatibility.
-        // TODO: Perhaps convert HOST_NOT_FOUND to EAI_NONAME instead.
-        // The original return error number is h_errno HOST_NOT_FOUND which was converted to
-        // EAI_NODATA.
-        return EAI_NODATA;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/resolv/stats.proto b/resolv/stats.proto
deleted file mode 100644
index dd9992c..0000000
--- a/resolv/stats.proto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,249 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-syntax = "proto2";
-option optimize_for = LITE_RUNTIME;
-package android.net;
-
-enum EventType {
-    EVENT_UNKNOWN = 0;
-    EVENT_GETADDRINFO = 1;
-    EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME = 2;
-    EVENT_GETHOSTBYADDR = 3;
-    EVENT_RES_NSEND = 4;
-}
-
-// The return value of the DNS resolver for each DNS lookups.
-// bionic/libc/include/netdb.h
-// system/netd/resolv/include/netd_resolv/resolv.h
-enum ReturnCode {
-    RC_EAI_NO_ERROR = 0;
-    RC_EAI_ADDRFAMILY = 1;
-    RC_EAI_AGAIN = 2;
-    RC_EAI_BADFLAGS = 3;
-    RC_EAI_FAIL = 4;
-    RC_EAI_FAMILY = 5;
-    RC_EAI_MEMORY = 6;
-    RC_EAI_NODATA = 7;
-    RC_EAI_NONAME = 8;
-    RC_EAI_SERVICE = 9;
-    RC_EAI_SOCKTYPE = 10;
-    RC_EAI_SYSTEM = 11;
-    RC_EAI_BADHINTS = 12;
-    RC_EAI_PROTOCOL = 13;
-    RC_EAI_OVERFLOW = 14;
-    RC_RESOLV_TIMEOUT = 255;
-    RC_EAI_MAX = 256;
-}
-
-enum NsRcode {
-    NS_R_NO_ERROR = 0;  // No error occurred.
-    NS_R_FORMERR = 1;   // Format error.
-    NS_R_SERVFAIL = 2;  // Server failure.
-    NS_R_NXDOMAIN = 3;  // Name error.
-    NS_R_NOTIMPL = 4;   // Unimplemented.
-    NS_R_REFUSED = 5;   // Operation refused.
-    // these are for BIND_UPDATE
-    NS_R_YXDOMAIN = 6;  // Name exists
-    NS_R_YXRRSET = 7;   // RRset exists
-    NS_R_NXRRSET = 8;   // RRset does not exist
-    NS_R_NOTAUTH = 9;   // Not authoritative for zone
-    NS_R_NOTZONE = 10;  // Zone of record different from zone section
-    NS_R_MAX = 11;
-    // The following are EDNS extended rcodes
-    NS_R_BADVERS = 16;
-    // The following are TSIG errors
-    // NS_R_BADSIG  = 16,
-    NS_R_BADKEY = 17;
-    NS_R_BADTIME = 18;
-}
-
-// Currently defined type values for resources and queries.
-enum NsType {
-    NS_T_INVALID = 0;      // Cookie.
-    NS_T_A = 1;            // Host address.
-    NS_T_NS = 2;           // Authoritative server.
-    NS_T_MD = 3;           // Mail destination.
-    NS_T_MF = 4;           // Mail forwarder.
-    NS_T_CNAME = 5;        // Canonical name.
-    NS_T_SOA = 6;          // Start of authority zone.
-    NS_T_MB = 7;           // Mailbox domain name.
-    NS_T_MG = 8;           // Mail group member.
-    NS_T_MR = 9;           // Mail rename name.
-    NS_T_NULL = 10;        // Null resource record.
-    NS_T_WKS = 11;         // Well known service.
-    NS_T_PTR = 12;         // Domain name pointer.
-    NS_T_HINFO = 13;       // Host information.
-    NS_T_MINFO = 14;       // Mailbox information.
-    NS_T_MX = 15;          // Mail routing information.
-    NS_T_TXT = 16;         // Text strings.
-    NS_T_RP = 17;          // Responsible person.
-    NS_T_AFSDB = 18;       // AFS cell database.
-    NS_T_X25 = 19;         // X_25 calling address.
-    NS_T_ISDN = 20;        // ISDN calling address.
-    NS_T_RT = 21;          // Router.
-    NS_T_NSAP = 22;        // NSAP address.
-    NS_T_NSAP_PTR = 23;    // Reverse NSAP lookup (deprecated).
-    NS_T_SIG = 24;         // Security signature.
-    NS_T_KEY = 25;         // Security key.
-    NS_T_PX = 26;          // X.400 mail mapping.
-    NS_T_GPOS = 27;        // Geographical position (withdrawn).
-    NS_T_AAAA = 28;        // IPv6 Address.
-    NS_T_LOC = 29;         // Location Information.
-    NS_T_NXT = 30;         // Next domain (security).
-    NS_T_EID = 31;         // Endpoint identifier.
-    NS_T_NIMLOC = 32;      // Nimrod Locator.
-    NS_T_SRV = 33;         // Server Selection.
-    NS_T_ATMA = 34;        // ATM Address
-    NS_T_NAPTR = 35;       // Naming Authority PoinTeR
-    NS_T_KX = 36;          // Key Exchange
-    NS_T_CERT = 37;        // Certification record
-    NS_T_A6 = 38;          // IPv6 address (experimental)
-    NS_T_DNAME = 39;       // Non-terminal DNAME
-    NS_T_SINK = 40;        // Kitchen sink (experimentatl)
-    NS_T_OPT = 41;         // EDNS0 option (meta-RR)
-    NS_T_APL = 42;         // Address prefix list (RFC 3123)
-    NS_T_DS = 43;          // Delegation Signer
-    NS_T_SSHFP = 44;       // SSH Fingerprint
-    NS_T_IPSECKEY = 45;    // IPSEC Key
-    NS_T_RRSIG = 46;       // RRset Signature
-    NS_T_NSEC = 47;        // Negative security
-    NS_T_DNSKEY = 48;      // DNS Key
-    NS_T_DHCID = 49;       // Dynamic host configuratin identifier
-    NS_T_NSEC3 = 50;       // Negative security type 3
-    NS_T_NSEC3PARAM = 51;  // Negative security type 3 parameters
-    NS_T_HIP = 55;         // Host Identity Protocol
-    NS_T_SPF = 99;         // Sender Policy Framework
-    NS_T_TKEY = 249;       // Transaction key
-    NS_T_TSIG = 250;       // Transaction signature.
-    NS_T_IXFR = 251;       // Incremental zone transfer.
-    NS_T_AXFR = 252;       // Transfer zone of authority.
-    NS_T_MAILB = 253;      // Transfer mailbox records.
-    NS_T_MAILA = 254;      // Transfer mail agent records.
-    NS_T_ANY = 255;        // Wildcard match.
-    NS_T_ZXFR = 256;       // BIND-specific, nonstandard.
-    NS_T_DLV = 32769;      // DNSSEC look-aside validatation.
-    NS_T_MAX = 65536;
-}
-
-enum IpVersion {
-    IV_UNKNOWN = 0;
-    IV_IPV4 = 1;
-    IV_IPV6 = 2;
-}
-
-enum TransportType {
-    TT_UNKNOWN = 0;
-    TT_UDP = 1;
-    TT_TCP = 2;
-    TT_DOT = 3;
-}
-
-enum PrivateDnsModes {
-    PDM_UNKNOWN = 0;
-    PDM_OFF = 1;
-    PDM_OPPORTUNISTIC = 2;
-    PDM_STRICT = 3;
-}
-
-enum Transport {
-    // Indicates this network uses a Cellular transport.
-    TRANSPORT_DEFAULT = 0;  // TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
-    // Indicates this network uses a Wi-Fi transport.
-    TRANSPORT_WIFI = 1;
-    // Indicates this network uses a Bluetooth transport.
-    TRANSPORT_BLUETOOTH = 2;
-    // Indicates this network uses an Ethernet transport.
-    TRANSPORT_ETHERNET = 3;
-    // Indicates this network uses a VPN transport.
-    TRANSPORT_VPN = 4;
-    // Indicates this network uses a Wi-Fi Aware transport.
-    TRANSPORT_WIFI_AWARE = 5;
-    // Indicates this network uses a LoWPAN transport.
-    TRANSPORT_LOWPAN = 6;
-}
-
-enum CacheStatus{
-    // the cache can't handle that kind of queries.
-    // or the answer buffer is too small.
-    CS_UNSUPPORTED = 0;
-    // the cache doesn't know about this query.
-    CS_NOTFOUND = 1;
-    // the cache found the answer.
-    CS_FOUND = 2;
-    // Don't do anything on cache.
-    CS_SKIP = 3;
-}
-
-message DnsQueryEvent {
-    optional NsRcode rcode = 1;
-
-    optional NsType type = 2;
-
-    optional CacheStatus cache_hit = 3;
-
-    optional IpVersion ip_version = 4;
-
-    optional TransportType transport = 5;
-
-    // Number of DNS query retry times
-    optional int32 retry_times = 6;
-
-    // Ordinal number of name server.
-    optional int32 dns_server_count = 7;
-
-    // Used only by TCP and DOT. True for new connections.
-    optional bool connected = 8;
-
-    optional int32 latency_micros = 9;
-}
-
-message DnsQueryEvents {
-    repeated DnsQueryEvent dns_query_event = 1;
-}
-
-/**
- * Logs a DNS lookup operation initiated by the system resolver on behalf of an application
- * invoking native APIs such as getaddrinfo() or Java APIs such as Network#getAllByName().
- *
- * The NetworkDnsEventReported message represents the entire lookup operation, which may
- * result one or more queries to the recursive DNS resolvers. Those are individually logged
- * in DnsQueryEvents to enable computing error rates and network latency and timeouts
- * broken up by query type, transport, network interface, etc.
- */
-message NetworkDnsEventReported {
-    optional EventType event_type = 1;
-
-    optional ReturnCode return_code = 2;
-
-    // The latency in microseconds of the entire DNS lookup operation.
-    optional int32 latency_micros = 3;
-
-    // Only valid for event_type = EVENT_GETADDRINFO.
-    optional int32 hints_ai_flags = 4;
-
-    // Flags passed to android_res_nsend() defined in multinetwork.h
-    // Only valid for event_type = EVENT_RESNSEND.
-    optional int32 res_nsend_flags = 5;
-
-    optional Transport network_type = 6;
-
-    // The DNS over TLS mode on a specific netId.
-    optional PrivateDnsModes private_dns_modes = 7;
-
-    // Additional pass-through fields opaque to statsd.
-    // The DNS resolver Mainline module can add new fields here without requiring an OS update.
-    optional DnsQueryEvents dns_query_events = 8;
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/resolv/tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.cpp b/resolv/tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 414e383..0000000
--- a/resolv/tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "BaseTestMetricsListener.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-namespace metrics {
-
-void BaseTestMetricsListener::notify() {
-    std::lock_guard lock(mCvMutex);
-    mCv.notify_one();
-}
-
-void BaseTestMetricsListener::setVerified(EventFlag event) {
-    mVerified |= event;
-}
-
-android::binder::Status BaseTestMetricsListener::onDnsEvent(
-        int32_t /*netId*/, int32_t /*eventType*/, int32_t /*returnCode*/, int32_t /*latencyMs*/,
-        const std::string& /*hostname*/, const ::std::vector<std::string>& /*ipAddresses*/,
-        int32_t /*ipAddressesCount*/, int32_t /*uid*/) {
-    // default no-op
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-android::binder::Status BaseTestMetricsListener::onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(
-        int32_t /*netId*/, const ::android::String16& /*ipAddress*/,
-        const ::android::String16& /*hostname*/, bool /*validated*/) {
-    // default no-op
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-android::binder::Status BaseTestMetricsListener::onConnectEvent(
-        int32_t /*netId*/, int32_t /*error*/, int32_t /*latencyMs*/,
-        const ::android::String16& /*ipAddr*/, int32_t /*port*/, int32_t /*uid*/) {
-    // default no-op
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-android::binder::Status BaseTestMetricsListener::onWakeupEvent(
-        const ::android::String16& /*prefix*/, int32_t /*uid*/, int32_t /*ethertype*/,
-        int32_t /*ipNextHeader*/, const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& /*dstHw*/,
-        const ::android::String16& /*srcIp*/, const ::android::String16& /*dstIp*/,
-        int32_t /*srcPort*/, int32_t /*dstPort*/, int64_t /*timestampNs*/) {
-    // default no-op
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-android::binder::Status BaseTestMetricsListener::onTcpSocketStatsEvent(
-        const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*networkIds*/, const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*sentPackets*/,
-        const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*lostPackets*/, const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*rttUs*/,
-        const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*sentAckDiffMs*/) {
-    // default no-op
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-android::binder::Status BaseTestMetricsListener::onNat64PrefixEvent(
-        int32_t /*netId*/, bool /*added*/, const ::std::string& /*prefixString*/,
-        int32_t /*prefixLength*/) {
-    // default no-op
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-}  // namespace metrics
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/resolv/tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.h b/resolv/tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 326647b..0000000
--- a/resolv/tests/BaseTestMetricsListener.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _BASE_TEST_METRICS_LISTENER_H_
-#define _BASE_TEST_METRICS_LISTENER_H_
-
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <binder/BinderService.h>
-
-#include "android/net/metrics/BnNetdEventListener.h"
-
-enum EventFlag : uint32_t {
-    onDnsEvent = 1 << 0,
-    onPrivateDnsValidationEvent = 1 << 1,
-    onConnectEvent = 1 << 2,
-    onWakeupEvent = 1 << 3,
-    onTcpSocketStatsEvent = 1 << 4,
-    onNat64PrefixEvent = 1 << 5,
-};
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-namespace metrics {
-
-class BaseTestMetricsListener : public BnNetdEventListener {
-  public:
-    BaseTestMetricsListener() = default;
-    ~BaseTestMetricsListener() = default;
-
-    // Returns TRUE if the verification was successful. Otherwise, returns FALSE.
-    virtual bool isVerified() = 0;
-
-    std::condition_variable& getCv() { return mCv; }
-    std::mutex& getCvMutex() { return mCvMutex; }
-
-    android::binder::Status onDnsEvent(int32_t /*netId*/, int32_t /*eventType*/,
-                                       int32_t /*returnCode*/, int32_t /*latencyMs*/,
-                                       const std::string& /*hostname*/,
-                                       const ::std::vector<std::string>& /*ipAddresses*/,
-                                       int32_t /*ipAddressesCount*/, int32_t /*uid*/) override;
-    android::binder::Status onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(int32_t /*netId*/,
-                                                        const ::android::String16& /*ipAddress*/,
-                                                        const ::android::String16& /*hostname*/,
-                                                        bool /*validated*/) override;
-    android::binder::Status onConnectEvent(int32_t /*netId*/, int32_t /*error*/,
-                                           int32_t /*latencyMs*/,
-                                           const ::android::String16& /*ipAddr*/, int32_t /*port*/,
-                                           int32_t /*uid*/) override;
-    android::binder::Status onWakeupEvent(const ::android::String16& /*prefix*/, int32_t /*uid*/,
-                                          int32_t /*ethertype*/, int32_t /*ipNextHeader*/,
-                                          const ::std::vector<uint8_t>& /*dstHw*/,
-                                          const ::android::String16& /*srcIp*/,
-                                          const ::android::String16& /*dstIp*/, int32_t /*srcPort*/,
-                                          int32_t /*dstPort*/, int64_t /*timestampNs*/) override;
-    android::binder::Status onTcpSocketStatsEvent(
-            const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*networkIds*/,
-            const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*sentPackets*/,
-            const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*lostPackets*/, const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*rttUs*/,
-            const ::std::vector<int32_t>& /*sentAckDiffMs*/) override;
-    android::binder::Status onNat64PrefixEvent(int32_t /*netId*/, bool /*added*/,
-                                               const ::std::string& /*prefixString*/,
-                                               int32_t /*prefixLength*/) override;
-
-  private:
-    // The verified event(s) as a bitwise-OR combination of enum EventFlag flags.
-    uint32_t mVerified{};
-
-    // This lock prevents racing condition between signaling thread(s) and waiting thread(s).
-    std::mutex mCvMutex;
-
-    // Condition variable signaled when notify() is called.
-    std::condition_variable mCv;
-
-  protected:
-    // Notify who is waiting for test results. See also mCvMutex and mCv.
-    void notify();
-
-    // Get current verified event(s).
-    uint32_t getVerified() const { return mVerified; }
-
-    // Set the specific event as verified if its verification was successful.
-    void setVerified(EventFlag event);
-};
-
-}  // namespace metrics
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _BASE_TEST_METRICS_LISTENER_H_
diff --git a/resolv/tests/TestMetrics.cpp b/resolv/tests/TestMetrics.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c3d36a..0000000
--- a/resolv/tests/TestMetrics.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <netdb.h>
-
-#include "TestMetrics.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-namespace metrics {
-
-android::binder::Status TestOnDnsEvent::onDnsEvent(int32_t netId, int32_t eventType,
-                                                   int32_t returnCode, int32_t /*latencyMs*/,
-                                                   const std::string& hostname,
-                                                   const ::std::vector<std::string>& ipAddresses,
-                                                   int32_t ipAddressesCount, int32_t /*uid*/) {
-    // A bitwise-OR combination of all expected test cases.
-    // Currently, the maximum number of test case is 32 because a 32-bits bitwise-OR combination
-    // is used for checking and recording verified test cases.
-    static const uint32_t kExpectedTests = (1 << mResults.size()) - 1;
-
-    // A bitwise-OR combination for recording verified test cases.
-    static uint32_t verifiedTests = 0;
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mResults.size(); ++i) {
-        // Generate bitwise flag to trace which testcase is running.
-        const uint32_t currentTestFlag = 1 << i;
-
-        // Ignore verified testcase.
-        if (verifiedTests & currentTestFlag) continue;
-
-        // Verify expected event content.
-        auto& result = mResults[i];
-        if (netId != result.netId) continue;
-        if (eventType != result.eventType) continue;
-        if (hostname != result.hostname) continue;
-        if (returnCode != result.returnCode) continue;
-        if (ipAddressesCount != result.ipAddressesCount) continue;
-        if (result.returnCode == 0 /*success*/) {
-            // Only verify first address.
-            // TODO: Check all addresses.
-            if (ipAddresses.empty() || ipAddresses.front() != result.ipAddress) continue;
-        }
-
-        // Record current testcase as verified.
-        verifiedTests |= currentTestFlag;
-        break;
-    }
-
-    // All testcases of onDnsEvent are verified. Notify who was waiting for test results.
-    if (verifiedTests == kExpectedTests) {
-        setVerified(EventFlag::onDnsEvent);
-        notify();
-    }
-
-    return android::binder::Status::ok();
-};
-
-}  // namespace metrics
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/resolv/tests/TestMetrics.h b/resolv/tests/TestMetrics.h
deleted file mode 100644
index d3a4ad4..0000000
--- a/resolv/tests/TestMetrics.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * Copyright (c) 2019, The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _TEST_METRICS_H_
-#define _TEST_METRICS_H_
-
-#include "BaseTestMetricsListener.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-namespace metrics {
-
-class TestOnDnsEvent : public BaseTestMetricsListener {
-  public:
-    // Both latencyMs and uid are not verified. No special reason.
-    struct TestResult {
-        int netId;
-        int eventType;
-        int returnCode;
-        int ipAddressesCount;
-        std::string hostname;
-        std::string ipAddress;  // Check first address only.
-    };
-
-    TestOnDnsEvent() = delete;
-    TestOnDnsEvent(const std::vector<TestResult>& results) : mResults(results){};
-
-    // BaseTestMetricsListener::isVerified() override.
-    bool isVerified() override { return (getVerified() & EventFlag::onDnsEvent) != 0; }
-
-    // Override for testing verification.
-    android::binder::Status onDnsEvent(int32_t netId, int32_t eventType, int32_t returnCode,
-                                       int32_t /*latencyMs*/, const std::string& hostname,
-                                       const std::vector<std::string>& ipAddresses,
-                                       int32_t ipAddressesCount, int32_t /*uid*/) override;
-
-  private:
-    const std::vector<TestResult>& mResults;  // Expected results for test verification.
-};
-
-}  // namespace metrics
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _TEST_METRICS_H_
diff --git a/server/Android.bp b/server/Android.bp
index 5129e44..db9ae82 100644
--- a/server/Android.bp
+++ b/server/Android.bp
@@ -1,12 +1,92 @@
-// AIDL interface between netd and services.core
+aidl_interface {
+    name: "netd_aidl_interface",
+    local_include_dir: "binder",
+    srcs: [
+        "binder/android/net/INetd.aidl",
+        // AIDL interface that callers can implement to receive networking events from netd.
+        "binder/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl",
+        "binder/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl",
+    ],
+    backend: {
+        cpp: {
+            gen_log: true,
+        },
+        java: {
+            // TODO: Remove apex_available and restrict visibility to only mainline modules that are
+            // either outside the system server or use jarjar to rename the generated AIDL classes.
+            apex_available: [
+                "//apex_available:platform", // used from services.net
+                "com.android.bluetooth.updatable",
+                "com.android.tethering",
+                "com.android.wifi",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+    versions: [
+        "1",
+        "2",
+        "3",
+        "4",
+    ],
+}
+
 aidl_interface {
     name: "netd_event_listener_interface",
     local_include_dir: "binder",
     srcs: [
         "binder/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl",
     ],
-    api_dir: "aidl/netdeventlistener",
     versions: ["1"],
+    backend: {
+        ndk: {
+            apex_available: [
+                "//apex_available:platform",
+                "com.android.resolv",
+            ],
+            min_sdk_version: "29",
+        },
+    },
+}
+
+aidl_interface {
+    // This interface is for OEM calls to netd and vice versa that do not exist in AOSP.
+    // Those calls cannot be part of INetd.aidl and INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
+    // because those interfaces are versioned.
+    // These interfaces must never be versioned or OEMs will not be able to change them.
+    name: "oemnetd_aidl_interface",
+    unstable: true,
+    local_include_dir: "binder",
+    srcs: [
+        "binder/com/android/internal/net/IOemNetd.aidl",
+        "binder/com/android/internal/net/IOemNetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl",
+    ],
+}
+
+// Convenience build target for the version of the netd stable AIDL interface used by the platform.
+// This exists to ensure that all non-updatable code in the system server uses the same version.
+// Mixing different versions of generated classes results in code non-deterministically(?) using one
+// of the compiled-in versions, and potentially crashing when code compiled against a newer version
+// ends up using a generated class from an older version and calls methods that don't exist.
+// This must be a frozen version on REL builds and can be -unstable on development builds.
+// See http://b/143560726 for an example.
+java_library {
+    name: "netd_aidl_interfaces-platform-java",
+    static_libs: [
+        "netd_aidl_interface-java",
+        "netd_event_listener_interface-java",
+    ],
+    // TODO: remove bluetooth, which doesn't actually use netd at all.
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform", // due to the dependency from services.net
+        "com.android.bluetooth.updatable",
+    ],
+    sdk_version: "system_current",
 }
 
 // These are used in netd_integration_test
@@ -18,47 +98,13 @@
         "InterfaceController.cpp",
         "NetlinkCommands.cpp",
         "NetlinkListener.cpp",
+        "OffloadUtils.cpp",
+        "SockDiag.cpp",
         "XfrmController.cpp",
         "TrafficController.cpp",
     ],
 }
 
-aidl_interface {
-    name: "netd_aidl_interface",
-    local_include_dir: "binder",
-    srcs: [
-        "binder/android/net/INetd.aidl",
-        // AIDL interface that callers can implement to receive networking events from netd.
-        "binder/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl",
-        "binder/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl",
-        "binder/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl",
-        "binder/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl",
-    ],
-    api_dir: "aidl/netd",
-    backend: {
-        cpp: {
-            gen_log: true,
-        },
-    },
-    versions: [
-        "1",
-        "2",
-    ],
-}
-
-aidl_interface {
-    // This interface is for OEM calls to netd and vice versa that do not exist in AOSP.
-    // Those calls cannot be part of INetd.aidl and INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
-    // because those interfaces are versioned.
-    // These interfaces must never be versioned or OEMs will not be able to change them.
-    name: "oemnetd_aidl_interface",
-    local_include_dir: "binder",
-    srcs: [
-        "binder/com/android/internal/net/IOemNetd.aidl",
-        "binder/com/android/internal/net/IOemNetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl",
-    ],
-}
-
 // Modules common to both netd and netd_unit_test
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libnetd_server",
@@ -70,7 +116,6 @@
     srcs: [
         "BandwidthController.cpp",
         "ClatdController.cpp",
-        "ClatUtils.cpp",
         "Controllers.cpp",
         "NetdConstants.cpp",
         "FirewallController.cpp",
@@ -81,6 +126,7 @@
         "NetlinkCommands.cpp",
         "NetlinkListener.cpp",
         "NetlinkManager.cpp",
+        "OffloadUtils.cpp",
         "RouteController.cpp",
         "SockDiag.cpp",
         "StrictController.cpp",
@@ -95,18 +141,14 @@
         "libbpf_android",
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
-        "liblogwrap",
         "libnetdbpf",
         "libnetutils",
         "libnetdutils",
         "libpcap",
         "libqtaguid",
         "libssl",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-V1-cpp",
-    ],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libnetd_resolv_headers",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp",
+        "netd_event_listener_interface-cpp",
     ],
     aidl: {
         export_aidl_headers: true,
@@ -122,6 +164,12 @@
         "system/netd/include",
     ],
     init_rc: ["netd.rc"],
+    required: [
+        "bpfloader",
+        "clatd.o",
+        "netd.o",
+        "offload.o",
+    ],
     shared_libs: [
         "android.system.net.netd@1.0",
         "android.system.net.netd@1.1",
@@ -131,11 +179,10 @@
         "libcutils",
         "libdl",
         "libhidlbase",
-        "libhidltransport",
         "libjsoncpp",
         "liblog",
-        "liblogwrap",
         "libmdnssd",
+        "libnetd_resolv",
         "libnetdbpf",
         "libnetdutils",
         "libnetutils",
@@ -145,16 +192,13 @@
         "libselinux",
         "libsysutils",
         "libutils",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-V1-cpp",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp",
+        "netd_event_listener_interface-cpp",
         "oemnetd_aidl_interface-cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "libnetd_server",
     ],
-    header_libs: [
-        "libnetd_resolv_headers",
-    ],
     srcs: [
         "DummyNetwork.cpp",
         "EventReporter.cpp",
@@ -171,11 +215,13 @@
         "PhysicalNetwork.cpp",
         "PppController.cpp",
         "Process.cpp",
-        "ResolvStub.cpp",
         "VirtualNetwork.cpp",
         "main.cpp",
         "oem_iptables_hook.cpp",
     ],
+    sanitize: {
+        cfi: true,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_binary {
@@ -195,30 +241,32 @@
         "liblog",
         "libutils",
         "libbinder",
-        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
+        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-cpp",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "ndc.cpp",
         "UidRanges.cpp",
         "NdcDispatcher.cpp",
     ],
+    sanitize: {
+        cfi: true,
+    },
 }
 
 cc_test {
     name: "netd_unit_test",
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    require_root: true,
     include_dirs: [
         "system/netd/include",
         "system/netd/server/binder",
         "system/netd/tests",
-        "system/core/logwrapper/include",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "BandwidthControllerTest.cpp",
         "ClatdControllerTest.cpp",
-        "ClatUtilsTest.cpp",
         "ControllersTest.cpp",
         "FirewallControllerTest.cpp",
         "IdletimerControllerTest.cpp",
@@ -226,6 +274,7 @@
         "IptablesBaseTest.cpp",
         "IptablesRestoreControllerTest.cpp",
         "NFLogListenerTest.cpp",
+        "OffloadUtilsTest.cpp",
         "RouteControllerTest.cpp",
         "SockDiagTest.cpp",
         "StrictControllerTest.cpp",
@@ -238,6 +287,9 @@
         "libgmock",
         "libnetd_server",
         "libnetd_test_tun_interface",
+        "libqtaguid",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-unstable-cpp",
+        "netd_event_listener_interface-cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
@@ -249,10 +301,7 @@
         "libnetdbpf",
         "libnetdutils",
         "libnetutils",
-        "libqtaguid",
         "libsysutils",
         "libutils",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-V2-cpp",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-V1-cpp",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/server/AndroidTest.xml b/server/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 2501d78..0000000
--- a/server/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<configuration description="Config for netd_unit_test">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
-        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="netd_unit_test->/data/local/tmp/netd_unit_test" />
-    </target_preparer>
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
-        <option name="module-name" value="netd_unit_test" />
-    </test>
-</configuration>
diff --git a/server/BandwidthController.cpp b/server/BandwidthController.cpp
index 7e9bff7..e1ce56f 100644
--- a/server/BandwidthController.cpp
+++ b/server/BandwidthController.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "BandwidthController"
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 
 #include <netdutils/Syscalls.h>
 #include "BandwidthController.h"
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@
  * Some comments about the rules:
  *  * Ordering
  *    - when an interface is marked as costly it should be INSERTED into the INPUT/OUTPUT chains.
- *      E.g. "-I bw_INPUT -i rmnet0 --jump costly"
+ *      E.g. "-I bw_INPUT -i rmnet0 -j costly"
  *    - quota'd rules in the costly chain should be before bw_penalty_box lookups.
  *    - the qtaguid counting is done at the end of the bw_INPUT/bw_OUTPUT user chains.
  *
@@ -99,26 +98,26 @@
  *   - global quota for all costly interfaces uses a single costly chain:
  *    . initial rules
  *      iptables -N bw_costly_shared
- *      iptables -I bw_INPUT -i iface0 --jump bw_costly_shared
- *      iptables -I bw_OUTPUT -o iface0 --jump bw_costly_shared
+ *      iptables -I bw_INPUT -i iface0 -j bw_costly_shared
+ *      iptables -I bw_OUTPUT -o iface0 -j bw_costly_shared
  *      iptables -I bw_costly_shared -m quota \! --quota 500000 \
- *          --jump REJECT --reject-with icmp-net-prohibited
- *      iptables -A bw_costly_shared --jump bw_penalty_box
- *      iptables -A bw_penalty_box --jump bw_happy_box
- *      iptables -A bw_happy_box --jump bw_data_saver
+ *          -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-net-prohibited
+ *      iptables -A bw_costly_shared -j bw_penalty_box
+ *      iptables -A bw_penalty_box -j bw_happy_box
+ *      iptables -A bw_happy_box -j bw_data_saver
  *
  *    . adding a new iface to this, E.g.:
- *      iptables -I bw_INPUT -i iface1 --jump bw_costly_shared
- *      iptables -I bw_OUTPUT -o iface1 --jump bw_costly_shared
+ *      iptables -I bw_INPUT -i iface1 -j bw_costly_shared
+ *      iptables -I bw_OUTPUT -o iface1 -j bw_costly_shared
  *
  *   - quota per interface. This is achieve by having "costly" chains per quota.
  *     E.g. adding a new costly interface iface0 with its own quota:
  *      iptables -N bw_costly_iface0
- *      iptables -I bw_INPUT -i iface0 --jump bw_costly_iface0
- *      iptables -I bw_OUTPUT -o iface0 --jump bw_costly_iface0
+ *      iptables -I bw_INPUT -i iface0 -j bw_costly_iface0
+ *      iptables -I bw_OUTPUT -o iface0 -j bw_costly_iface0
  *      iptables -A bw_costly_iface0 -m quota \! --quota 500000 \
- *          --jump REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
- *      iptables -A bw_costly_iface0 --jump bw_penalty_box
+ *          -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
+ *      iptables -A bw_costly_iface0 -j bw_penalty_box
  *
  * * Penalty box, happy box and data saver.
  *   - bw_penalty box is a blacklist of apps that are rejected.
@@ -133,25 +132,25 @@
  *  - only one bw_penalty_box for all interfaces
  *   E.g  Adding an app:
  *    iptables -I bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner app_3 \
- *        --jump REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
+ *        -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
  *
  * * bw_happy_box handling:
  *  - The bw_happy_box comes after the penalty box.
  *   E.g  Adding a happy app,
  *    iptables -I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner app_3 \
- *        --jump RETURN
+ *        -j RETURN
  *
  * * bw_data_saver handling:
  *  - The bw_data_saver comes after the happy box.
  *    Enable data saver:
- *      iptables -R 1 bw_data_saver --jump REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
+ *      iptables -R 1 bw_data_saver -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable
  *    Disable data saver:
- *      iptables -R 1 bw_data_saver --jump RETURN
+ *      iptables -R 1 bw_data_saver -j RETURN
  */
 
 const std::string COMMIT_AND_CLOSE = "COMMIT\n";
 const std::string HAPPY_BOX_MATCH_WHITELIST_COMMAND =
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner %d-%d --jump RETURN", 0, MAX_SYSTEM_UID);
+        StringPrintf("-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner %d-%d -j RETURN", 0, MAX_SYSTEM_UID);
 const std::string BPF_HAPPY_BOX_MATCH_WHITELIST_COMMAND = StringPrintf(
         "-I bw_happy_box -m bpf --object-pinned %s -j RETURN", XT_BPF_WHITELIST_PROG_PATH);
 const std::string BPF_PENALTY_BOX_MATCH_BLACKLIST_COMMAND = StringPrintf(
@@ -213,8 +212,8 @@
  * See go/ipsec-data-accounting for more information.
  */
 
-const std::vector<std::string> getBasicAccountingCommands(const bool useBpf) {
-    const std::vector<std::string> ipt_basic_accounting_commands = {
+std::vector<std::string> getBasicAccountingCommands(const bool useBpf) {
+    std::vector<std::string> ipt_basic_accounting_commands = {
             "*filter",
 
             "-A bw_INPUT -j bw_global_alert",
@@ -222,19 +221,27 @@
             "-A bw_INPUT -p esp -j RETURN",
             StringPrintf("-A bw_INPUT -m mark --mark 0x%x/0x%x -j RETURN", uidBillingMask,
                          uidBillingMask),
+            // This is ingress application UID xt_qtaguid (pre-ebpf) accounting,
+            // for bpf this is handled out of cgroup hooks instead.
             useBpf ? "" : "-A bw_INPUT -m owner --socket-exists",
             StringPrintf("-A bw_INPUT -j MARK --or-mark 0x%x", uidBillingMask),
 
             "-A bw_OUTPUT -j bw_global_alert",
             // Prevents IPSec double counting (Tunnel mode and Transport mode,
             // respectively)
-            "-A bw_OUTPUT -o " IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "+ -j RETURN",
-            "-A bw_OUTPUT -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN",
+            useBpf ? "" : "-A bw_OUTPUT -o " IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "+ -j RETURN",
+            useBpf ? "" : "-A bw_OUTPUT -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN",
+            // Don't count clat traffic, as it has already been counted (and subject to
+            // costly / happy_box / data_saver / penalty_box etc. based on the real UID)
+            // on the stacked interface.
+            useBpf ? "" : "-A bw_OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner clat -j RETURN",
+            // This is egress application UID xt_qtaguid (pre-ebpf) accounting,
+            // for bpf this is handled out of cgroup hooks instead.
             useBpf ? "" : "-A bw_OUTPUT -m owner --socket-exists",
 
-            "-A bw_costly_shared --jump bw_penalty_box",
+            "-A bw_costly_shared -j bw_penalty_box",
             useBpf ? BPF_PENALTY_BOX_MATCH_BLACKLIST_COMMAND : "",
-            "-A bw_penalty_box --jump bw_happy_box", "-A bw_happy_box --jump bw_data_saver",
+            "-A bw_penalty_box -j bw_happy_box", "-A bw_happy_box -j bw_data_saver",
             "-A bw_data_saver -j RETURN",
             useBpf ? BPF_HAPPY_BOX_MATCH_WHITELIST_COMMAND : HAPPY_BOX_MATCH_WHITELIST_COMMAND,
             "COMMIT",
@@ -242,29 +249,42 @@
             "*raw",
             // Prevents IPSec double counting (Tunnel mode and Transport mode,
             // respectively)
-            "-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -i " IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "+ -j RETURN",
+            ("-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -i " IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "+ -j RETURN"),
             "-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -m policy --pol ipsec --dir in -j RETURN",
-            useBpf ? StringPrintf("-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -m bpf --object-pinned %s",
-                                  XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH)
+            // This is ingress interface accounting. There is no need to do anything specific
+            // for 464xlat here, because we only ever account 464xlat traffic on the clat
+            // interface and later correct for overhead (+20 bytes/packet).
+            //
+            // Note: eBPF offloaded packets never hit base interface's ip6tables, and non
+            // offloaded packets (which when using xt_qtaguid means all packets, because
+            // clat eBPF offload does not work on xt_qtaguid devices) are dropped in
+            // clat_raw_PREROUTING.
+            //
+            // Hence we will never double count and additional corrections are not needed.
+            // We can simply take the sum of base and stacked (+20B/pkt) interface counts.
+            useBpf ? "-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -m bpf --object-pinned " XT_BPF_INGRESS_PROG_PATH
                    : "-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -m owner --socket-exists",
             "COMMIT",
 
             "*mangle",
             // Prevents IPSec double counting (Tunnel mode and Transport mode,
             // respectively)
-            "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -o " IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "+ -j RETURN",
+            ("-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -o " IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "+ -j RETURN"),
             "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN",
-            useBpf ? "" : "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --socket-exists",
-            StringPrintf("-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-mark 0x0/0x%x",
-                         uidBillingMask),  // Clear the mark before sending this packet
-            useBpf ? StringPrintf("-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m bpf --object-pinned %s",
-                                  XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH)
-                   : "",
+            // Clear the uid billing done (egress) mark before sending this packet
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-mark 0x0/0x%x", uidBillingMask),
+            // Packets from the clat daemon have already been counted on egress through the
+            // stacked v4-* interface.
+            "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --uid-owner clat -j RETURN",
+            // This is egress interface accounting: we account 464xlat traffic only on
+            // the clat interface (as offloaded packets never hit base interface's ip6tables)
+            // and later sum base and stacked with overhead (+20B/pkt) in higher layers
+            useBpf ? "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m bpf --object-pinned " XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH
+                   : "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --socket-exists",
             COMMIT_AND_CLOSE};
     return ipt_basic_accounting_commands;
 }
 
-
 std::vector<std::string> toStrVec(int num, const char* const strs[]) {
     return std::vector<std::string>(strs, strs + num);
 }
@@ -414,15 +434,14 @@
     if (it == mSharedQuotaIfaces.end()) {
         const int ruleInsertPos = (mGlobalAlertBytes) ? 2 : 1;
         std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-            "*filter",
-            StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s --jump %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(), chain),
-            StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s --jump %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(), chain),
-            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
-            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
+                "*filter",
+                StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s -j %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(), chain),
+                StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s -j %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(), chain),
+                StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
+                StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
         };
         if (mSharedQuotaIfaces.empty()) {
-            cmds.push_back(StringPrintf("-I %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRId64
-                                        " --name %s --jump REJECT",
+            cmds.push_back(StringPrintf("-I %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRId64 " --name %s -j REJECT",
                                         chain, maxBytes, cost));
         }
         cmds.push_back("COMMIT\n");
@@ -465,15 +484,14 @@
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain),
     };
     if (mSharedQuotaIfaces.size() == 1) {
-        cmds.push_back(StringPrintf("-D %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64
-                                    " --name %s --jump REJECT",
+        cmds.push_back(StringPrintf("-D %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name %s -j REJECT",
                                     chain, mSharedQuotaBytes, cost));
     }
     cmds.push_back("COMMIT\n");
@@ -528,18 +546,17 @@
     const std::string chain = "bw_costly_" + iface;
     const int ruleInsertPos = (mGlobalAlertBytes) ? 2 : 1;
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf(":%s -", chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-A %s -j bw_penalty_box", chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s --jump %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(),
-                     chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s --jump %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(),
-                     chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-A %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRId64 " --name %s --jump REJECT",
-                     chain.c_str(), maxBytes, cost.c_str()),
-        "COMMIT\n",
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf(":%s -", chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-A %s -j bw_penalty_box", chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s -j %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s -j %s", ruleInsertPos, iface.c_str(),
+                         chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-A %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRId64 " --name %s -j REJECT", chain.c_str(),
+                         maxBytes, cost.c_str()),
+            "COMMIT\n",
     };
     if (iptablesRestoreFunction(V4V6, Join(cmds, "\n"), nullptr) != 0) {
         ALOGE("Failed set quota rule");
@@ -587,14 +604,14 @@
 
     const std::string chain = "bw_costly_" + iface;
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-F %s", chain.c_str()),
-        StringPrintf("-X %s", chain.c_str()),
-        "COMMIT\n",
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", iface.c_str(), chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-F %s", chain.c_str()),
+            StringPrintf("-X %s", chain.c_str()),
+            "COMMIT\n",
     };
 
     const int res = iptablesRestoreFunction(V4V6, Join(cmds, "\n"), nullptr);
@@ -860,8 +877,8 @@
     case IptJumpNoAdd:
         return "";
     case IptJumpReject:
-        return " --jump REJECT";
+        return " -j REJECT";
     case IptJumpReturn:
-        return " --jump RETURN";
+        return " -j RETURN";
     }
 }
diff --git a/server/BandwidthControllerTest.cpp b/server/BandwidthControllerTest.cpp
index 9337ac5..115a0da 100644
--- a/server/BandwidthControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/BandwidthControllerTest.cpp
@@ -60,13 +60,14 @@
         "-A bw_OUTPUT -j bw_global_alert\n"
         "-A bw_OUTPUT -o ipsec+ -j RETURN\n"
         "-A bw_OUTPUT -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN\n"
+        "-A bw_OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner clat -j RETURN\n"
         "-A bw_OUTPUT -m owner --socket-exists\n"
-        "-A bw_costly_shared --jump bw_penalty_box\n"
+        "-A bw_costly_shared -j bw_penalty_box\n"
         "\n"
-        "-A bw_penalty_box --jump bw_happy_box\n"
-        "-A bw_happy_box --jump bw_data_saver\n"
+        "-A bw_penalty_box -j bw_happy_box\n"
+        "-A bw_happy_box -j bw_data_saver\n"
         "-A bw_data_saver -j RETURN\n"
-        "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 0-9999 --jump RETURN\n"
+        "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 0-9999 -j RETURN\n"
         "COMMIT\n"
         "*raw\n"
         "-A bw_raw_PREROUTING -i ipsec+ -j RETURN\n"
@@ -76,9 +77,9 @@
         "*mangle\n"
         "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -o ipsec+ -j RETURN\n"
         "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --socket-exists\n"
         "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-mark 0x0/0x100000\n"
-        "\n"
+        "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --uid-owner clat -j RETURN\n"
+        "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --socket-exists\n"
         "COMMIT\n";
 
 const std::string ACCOUNT_RULES_WITH_BPF =
@@ -89,14 +90,15 @@
         "\n"
         "-A bw_INPUT -j MARK --or-mark 0x100000\n"
         "-A bw_OUTPUT -j bw_global_alert\n"
-        "-A bw_OUTPUT -o ipsec+ -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_OUTPUT -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN\n"
         "\n"
-        "-A bw_costly_shared --jump bw_penalty_box\n" +
+        "\n"
+        "\n"
+        "\n"
+        "-A bw_costly_shared -j bw_penalty_box\n" +
         StringPrintf("-I bw_penalty_box -m bpf --object-pinned %s -j REJECT\n",
                      XT_BPF_BLACKLIST_PROG_PATH) +
-        "-A bw_penalty_box --jump bw_happy_box\n"
-        "-A bw_happy_box --jump bw_data_saver\n"
+        "-A bw_penalty_box -j bw_happy_box\n"
+        "-A bw_happy_box -j bw_data_saver\n"
         "-A bw_data_saver -j RETURN\n" +
         StringPrintf("-I bw_happy_box -m bpf --object-pinned %s -j RETURN\n",
                      XT_BPF_WHITELIST_PROG_PATH) +
@@ -109,8 +111,8 @@
         "*mangle\n"
         "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -o ipsec+ -j RETURN\n"
         "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m policy --pol ipsec --dir out -j RETURN\n"
-        "\n"
-        "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-mark 0x0/0x100000\n" +
+        "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -j MARK --set-mark 0x0/0x100000\n"
+        "-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m owner --uid-owner clat -j RETURN\n" +
         StringPrintf("-A bw_mangle_POSTROUTING -m bpf --object-pinned %s\n",
                      XT_BPF_EGRESS_PROG_PATH) +
         "COMMIT\n";
@@ -276,21 +278,21 @@
 TEST_F(BandwidthControllerTest, TestEnableDataSaver) {
     mBw.enableDataSaver(true);
     std::string expected4 =
-        "*filter\n"
-        ":bw_data_saver -\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver --jump REJECT\n"
-        "COMMIT\n";
+            "*filter\n"
+            ":bw_data_saver -\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -j REJECT\n"
+            "COMMIT\n";
     std::string expected6 =
-        "*filter\n"
-        ":bw_data_saver -\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type packet-too-big -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-solicitation -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-advertisement -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type neighbour-solicitation -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type neighbour-advertisement -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type redirect -j RETURN\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver --jump REJECT\n"
-        "COMMIT\n";
+            "*filter\n"
+            ":bw_data_saver -\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type packet-too-big -j RETURN\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-solicitation -j RETURN\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type router-advertisement -j RETURN\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type neighbour-solicitation -j RETURN\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type neighbour-advertisement -j RETURN\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -p icmpv6 --icmpv6-type redirect -j RETURN\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -j REJECT\n"
+            "COMMIT\n";
     expectIptablesRestoreCommands({
         {V4, expected4},
         {V6, expected6},
@@ -298,11 +300,10 @@
 
     mBw.enableDataSaver(false);
     std::string expected = {
-        "*filter\n"
-        ":bw_data_saver -\n"
-        "-A bw_data_saver --jump RETURN\n"
-        "COMMIT\n"
-    };
+            "*filter\n"
+            ":bw_data_saver -\n"
+            "-A bw_data_saver -j RETURN\n"
+            "COMMIT\n"};
     expectIptablesRestoreCommands({
         {V4, expected},
         {V6, expected},
@@ -315,16 +316,16 @@
     const char* c_chain = chain.c_str();
     const char* c_iface = iface.c_str();
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf(":%s -", c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-A %s -j bw_penalty_box", c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s --jump %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s --jump %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-A %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name %s --jump REJECT", c_chain,
-                     quota, c_iface),
-        "COMMIT\n",
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf(":%s -", c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-A %s -j bw_penalty_box", c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s -j %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s -j %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-A %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name %s -j REJECT", c_chain,
+                         quota, c_iface),
+            "COMMIT\n",
     };
     return {Join(cmds, "\n")};
 }
@@ -334,14 +335,14 @@
     const char* c_chain = chain.c_str();
     const char* c_iface = iface.c_str();
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-F %s", c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-X %s", c_chain),
-        "COMMIT\n",
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-F %s", c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-X %s", c_chain),
+            "COMMIT\n",
     };
     return {Join(cmds, "\n")};
 }
@@ -372,15 +373,15 @@
     const char* c_chain = chain.c_str();
     const char* c_iface = iface.c_str();
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s --jump %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s --jump %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf("-I bw_INPUT %d -i %s -j %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-I bw_OUTPUT %d -o %s -j %s", ruleIndex, c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-A bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
     };
     if (insertQuota) {
-        cmds.push_back(StringPrintf(
-            "-I %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name shared --jump REJECT", c_chain, quota));
+        cmds.push_back(StringPrintf("-I %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name shared -j REJECT",
+                                    c_chain, quota));
     }
     cmds.push_back("COMMIT\n");
     return {Join(cmds, "\n")};
@@ -392,15 +393,15 @@
     const char* c_chain = chain.c_str();
     const char* c_iface = iface.c_str();
     std::vector<std::string> cmds = {
-        "*filter",
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
-        StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s --jump %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            "*filter",
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_INPUT -i %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_OUTPUT -o %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -i %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
+            StringPrintf("-D bw_FORWARD -o %s -j %s", c_iface, c_chain),
     };
     if (deleteQuota) {
-        cmds.push_back(StringPrintf(
-            "-D %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name shared --jump REJECT", c_chain, quota));
+        cmds.push_back(StringPrintf("-D %s -m quota2 ! --quota %" PRIu64 " --name shared -j REJECT",
+                                    c_chain, quota));
     }
     cmds.push_back("COMMIT\n");
     return {Join(cmds, "\n")};
@@ -515,22 +516,20 @@
     std::vector<const char *> appUids = { "1000", "1001", "10012" };
 
     std::vector<std::string> expected = {
-        "*filter\n"
-        "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 1000 --jump RETURN\n"
-        "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 1001 --jump RETURN\n"
-        "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 10012 --jump RETURN\n"
-        "COMMIT\n"
-    };
+            "*filter\n"
+            "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 1000 -j RETURN\n"
+            "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 1001 -j RETURN\n"
+            "-I bw_happy_box -m owner --uid-owner 10012 -j RETURN\n"
+            "COMMIT\n"};
     EXPECT_EQ(0, mBw.addNiceApps(appUids.size(), const_cast<char**>(&appUids[0])));
     expectIptablesRestoreCommands(expected);
 
     expected = {
-        "*filter\n"
-        "-D bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner 1000 --jump REJECT\n"
-        "-D bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner 1001 --jump REJECT\n"
-        "-D bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner 10012 --jump REJECT\n"
-        "COMMIT\n"
-    };
+            "*filter\n"
+            "-D bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner 1000 -j REJECT\n"
+            "-D bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner 1001 -j REJECT\n"
+            "-D bw_penalty_box -m owner --uid-owner 10012 -j REJECT\n"
+            "COMMIT\n"};
     EXPECT_EQ(0, mBw.removeNaughtyApps(appUids.size(), const_cast<char**>(&appUids[0])));
     expectIptablesRestoreCommands(expected);
 }
diff --git a/server/ClatUtils.h b/server/ClatUtils.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 9f2a28e..0000000
--- a/server/ClatUtils.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _CLAT_UTILS_H
-#define _CLAT_UTILS_H
-
-#include <string>
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-int hardwareAddressType(const std::string& interface);
-
-int getClatIngressMapFd(void);
-
-int getClatIngressProgFd(bool with_ethernet_header);
-
-int openNetlinkSocket(void);
-
-int processNetlinkResponse(int fd);
-
-int tcQdiscAddDevClsact(int fd, int ifIndex);
-int tcQdiscReplaceDevClsact(int fd, int ifIndex);
-int tcQdiscDelDevClsact(int fd, int ifIndex);
-
-int tcFilterAddDevBpf(int fd, int ifIndex, int bpfFd, bool ethernet);
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif
diff --git a/server/ClatUtilsTest.cpp b/server/ClatUtilsTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a869ba..0000000
--- a/server/ClatUtilsTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- * ClatUtilsTest.cpp - unit tests for ClatUtils.cpp
- */
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include "ClatUtils.h"
-
-#include <linux/if_arp.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
-
-#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
-#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
-
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
-
-class ClatUtilsTest : public ::testing::Test {
-  public:
-    void SetUp() {}
-};
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfNonExistingIf) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, hardwareAddressType("not_existing_if"));
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfLoopback) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(ARPHRD_LOOPBACK, hardwareAddressType("lo"));
-}
-
-// If wireless 'wlan0' interface exists it should be Ethernet.
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfWireless) {
-    int type = hardwareAddressType("wlan0");
-    if (type == -ENODEV) return;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(ARPHRD_ETHER, type);
-}
-
-// If cellular 'rmnet_data0' interface exists it should
-// *probably* not be Ethernet and instead be RawIp.
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfCellular) {
-    int type = hardwareAddressType("rmnet_data0");
-    if (type == -ENODEV) return;
-
-    ASSERT_NE(ARPHRD_ETHER, type);
-
-    // ARPHRD_RAWIP is 530 on some pre-4.14 Qualcomm devices.
-    if (type == 530) return;
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(ARPHRD_RAWIP, type);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, GetClatMapFd) {
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-    int fd = getClatIngressMapFd();
-    ASSERT_LE(3, fd);  // 0,1,2 - stdin/out/err, thus 3 <= fd
-    close(fd);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, GetClatRawIpProgFd) {
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-    int fd = getClatIngressProgFd(false);
-    ASSERT_LE(3, fd);
-    close(fd);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, GetClatEtherProgFd) {
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-
-    int fd = getClatIngressProgFd(true);
-    ASSERT_LE(3, fd);
-    close(fd);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, TryOpeningNetlinkSocket) {
-    int fd = openNetlinkSocket();
-    ASSERT_LE(3, fd);
-    close(fd);
-}
-
-// The SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED macro is effectively a check for 4.9+ kernel
-// combined with a launched on P device.  Ie. it's a test for 4.9-P or better.
-
-// NET_SCH_INGRESS is only enabled starting with 4.9-Q and as such we need
-// a separate way to test for this...
-int doKernelSupportsNetSchIngress(void) {
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cert-env33-c)
-    return system("zcat /proc/config.gz | egrep -q '^CONFIG_NET_SCH_INGRESS=[my]$'");
-}
-
-// NET_CLS_BPF is only enabled starting with 4.9-Q...
-int doKernelSupportsNetClsBpf(void) {
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cert-env33-c)
-    return system("zcat /proc/config.gz | egrep -q '^CONFIG_NET_CLS_BPF=[my]$'");
-}
-
-// Make sure the above functions actually execute correctly rather than failing
-// due to missing binary or execution failure...
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, KernelSupportsNetFuncs) {
-    // Make sure the file is present and readable and decompressable.
-    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cert-env33-c)
-    ASSERT_EQ(W_EXITCODE(0, 0), system("zcat /proc/config.gz > /dev/null"));
-
-    int v = doKernelSupportsNetSchIngress();
-    int w = doKernelSupportsNetClsBpf();
-
-    // They should always either return 0 (match) or 1 (no match),
-    // anything else is some sort of exec/environment/etc failure.
-    if (v != W_EXITCODE(1, 0)) ASSERT_EQ(v, W_EXITCODE(0, 0));
-    if (w != W_EXITCODE(1, 0)) ASSERT_EQ(w, W_EXITCODE(0, 0));
-}
-
-// True iff CONFIG_NET_SCH_INGRESS is enabled in /proc/config.gz
-bool kernelSupportsNetSchIngress(void) {
-    return doKernelSupportsNetSchIngress() == W_EXITCODE(0, 0);
-}
-
-// True iff CONFIG_NET_CLS_BPF is enabled in /proc/config.gz
-bool kernelSupportsNetClsBpf(void) {
-    return doKernelSupportsNetClsBpf() == W_EXITCODE(0, 0);
-}
-
-// See Linux kernel source in include/net/flow.h
-#define LOOPBACK_IFINDEX 1
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, AttachReplaceDetachClsactLo) {
-    // Technically does not depend on ebpf, but does depend on clsact,
-    // and we do not really care if it works on pre-4.9-Q anyway.
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-    if (!kernelSupportsNetSchIngress()) return;
-
-    int fd = openNetlinkSocket();
-    ASSERT_LE(3, fd);
-
-    // This attaches and detaches a configuration-less and thus no-op clsact
-    // qdisc to loopback interface (and it takes fractions of a second)
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscAddDevClsact(fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscReplaceDevClsact(fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscDelDevClsact(fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
-    close(fd);
-}
-
-void checkAttachBpfFilterClsactLo(const bool ethernet) {
-    // This test requires kernel 4.9-Q or better
-    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
-    if (!kernelSupportsNetSchIngress()) return;
-    if (!kernelSupportsNetClsBpf()) return;
-
-    int bpf_fd = getClatIngressProgFd(false);
-    ASSERT_LE(3, bpf_fd);
-
-    int fd = openNetlinkSocket();
-    EXPECT_LE(3, fd);
-    if (fd >= 0) {
-        // This attaches and detaches a clsact plus ebpf program to loopback
-        // interface, but it should not affect traffic by virtue of us not
-        // actually populating the ebpf control map.
-        // Furthermore: it only takes fractions of a second.
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscAddDevClsact(fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterAddDevBpf(fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX, bpf_fd, ethernet));
-        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscDelDevClsact(fd, LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
-        close(fd);
-    }
-
-    close(bpf_fd);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, CheckAttachBpfFilterRawIpClsactLo) {
-    checkAttachBpfFilterClsactLo(false);
-}
-
-TEST_F(ClatUtilsTest, CheckAttachBpfFilterEthernetClsactLo) {
-    checkAttachBpfFilterClsactLo(true);
-}
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
diff --git a/server/ClatdController.cpp b/server/ClatdController.cpp
index 5a5566b..90afa3a 100644
--- a/server/ClatdController.cpp
+++ b/server/ClatdController.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include <linux/if_arp.h>
 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
 #include <linux/ioctl.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include "ClatdController.h"
+#include "InterfaceController.h"
 
 #include "android-base/properties.h"
 #include "android-base/scopeguard.h"
@@ -46,10 +46,10 @@
 #include "netutils/checksum.h"
 }
 
-#include "ClatUtils.h"
 #include "Fwmark.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
 #include "NetworkController.h"
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
 #include "netid_client.h"
 
 static const char* kClatdPath = "/system/bin/clatd";
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
 static const in_addr kV4Addr = {inet_addr(kV4AddrString)};
 static const int kV4AddrLen = 29;
 
+using android::base::Result;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::bpf::BpfMap;
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@
     std::lock_guard guard(mutex);
 
     // TODO: should refactor into separate function for testability
-    if (bpf::getBpfSupportLevel() == bpf::BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!bpf::isBpfSupported()) {
         ALOGI("Pre-4.9 kernel or pre-P api shipping level - disabling clat ebpf.");
         mClatEbpfMode = ClatEbpfDisabled;
         return;
@@ -98,37 +99,25 @@
         mClatEbpfMode = ClatEbpfMaybe;
     }
 
-    int rv = openNetlinkSocket();
+    int rv = getClatEgressMapFd();
     if (rv < 0) {
-        ALOGE("openNetlinkSocket() failure: %s", strerror(-rv));
+        ALOGE("getClatEgressMapFd() failure: %s", strerror(-rv));
         mClatEbpfMode = ClatEbpfDisabled;
         return;
     }
-    mNetlinkFd.reset(rv);
+    mClatEgressMap.reset(rv);
 
     rv = getClatIngressMapFd();
     if (rv < 0) {
         ALOGE("getClatIngressMapFd() failure: %s", strerror(-rv));
         mClatEbpfMode = ClatEbpfDisabled;
-        mNetlinkFd.reset(-1);
+        mClatEgressMap.reset(-1);
         return;
     }
     mClatIngressMap.reset(rv);
 
-    int netlinkFd = mNetlinkFd.get();
-
-    // TODO: perhaps this initial cleanup should be in its own function?
-    const auto del = [&netlinkFd](const ClatIngressKey& key,
-                                  const BpfMap<ClatIngressKey, ClatIngressValue>&) {
-        ALOGW("Removing stale clat config on interface %d.", key.iif);
-        int rv = tcQdiscDelDevClsact(netlinkFd, key.iif);
-        if (rv < 0) ALOGE("tcQdiscDelDevClsact() failure: %s", strerror(-rv));
-        return netdutils::status::ok;  // keep on going regardless
-    };
-    auto ret = mClatIngressMap.iterate(del);
-    if (!isOk(ret)) ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.iterate() failure: %s", strerror(ret.code()));
-    ret = mClatIngressMap.clear();
-    if (!isOk(ret)) ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.clear() failure: %s", strerror(ret.code()));
+    mClatEgressMap.clear();
+    mClatIngressMap.clear();
 }
 
 bool ClatdController::isIpv4AddressFree(in_addr_t addr) {
@@ -139,7 +128,11 @@
 
     // Attempt to connect to the address. If the connection succeeds and getsockname returns the
     // same then the address is already assigned to the system and we can't use it.
-    struct sockaddr_in sin = {.sin_family = AF_INET, .sin_addr = {addr}, .sin_port = 53};
+    struct sockaddr_in sin = {
+            .sin_family = AF_INET,
+            .sin_port = htons(53),
+            .sin_addr = {addr},
+    };
     socklen_t len = sizeof(sin);
     bool inuse = connect(s, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, sizeof(sin)) == 0 &&
                  getsockname(s, (struct sockaddr*)&sin, &len) == 0 && (size_t)len >= sizeof(sin) &&
@@ -235,93 +228,145 @@
 void ClatdController::maybeStartBpf(const ClatdTracker& tracker) {
     if (mClatEbpfMode == ClatEbpfDisabled) return;
 
-    int rv = hardwareAddressType(tracker.iface);
-    if (rv < 0) {
-        ALOGE("hardwareAddressType(%s[%d]) failure: %s", tracker.iface, tracker.ifIndex,
-              strerror(-rv));
+    auto isEthernet = android::net::isEthernet(tracker.iface);
+    if (!isEthernet.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("isEthernet(%s[%d]) failure: %s", tracker.iface, tracker.ifIndex,
+              isEthernet.error().message().c_str());
         return;
     }
 
-    bool isEthernet;
-    switch (rv) {
-        case ARPHRD_ETHER:
-            isEthernet = true;
-            break;
-        case ARPHRD_RAWIP:  // in Linux 4.14+ rmnet support was upstreamed and this is 519
-        case 530:           // this is ARPHRD_RAWIP on some Android 4.9 kernels with rmnet
-            isEthernet = false;
-            break;
-        default:
-            ALOGE("hardwareAddressType(%s[%d]) returned unknown type %d.", tracker.iface,
-                  tracker.ifIndex, rv);
-            return;
-    }
-
-    rv = getClatIngressProgFd(isEthernet);
+    // This program will be attached to the v4-* interface which is a TUN and thus always rawip.
+    int rv = getClatEgressProgFd(RAWIP);
     if (rv < 0) {
-        ALOGE("getClatIngressProgFd(%d) failure: %s", isEthernet, strerror(-rv));
+        ALOGE("getClatEgressProgFd(RAWIP) failure: %s", strerror(-rv));
         return;
     }
-    unique_fd progFd(rv);
+    unique_fd txRawIpProgFd(rv);
 
-    ClatIngressKey key = {
+    rv = getClatIngressProgFd(isEthernet.value());
+    if (rv < 0) {
+        ALOGE("getClatIngressProgFd(%d) failure: %s", isEthernet.value(), strerror(-rv));
+        return;
+    }
+    unique_fd rxProgFd(rv);
+
+    ClatEgressKey txKey = {
+            .iif = tracker.v4ifIndex,
+            .local4 = tracker.v4,
+    };
+    ClatEgressValue txValue = {
+            .oif = tracker.ifIndex,
+            .local6 = tracker.v6,
+            .pfx96 = tracker.pfx96,
+            .oifIsEthernet = isEthernet.value(),
+    };
+
+    auto ret = mClatEgressMap.writeValue(txKey, txValue, BPF_ANY);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("mClatEgressMap.writeValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ClatIngressKey rxKey = {
             .iif = tracker.ifIndex,
             .pfx96 = tracker.pfx96,
             .local6 = tracker.v6,
     };
-    ClatIngressValue value = {
+    ClatIngressValue rxValue = {
             // TODO: move all the clat code to eBPF and remove the tun interface entirely.
             .oif = tracker.v4ifIndex,
             .local4 = tracker.v4,
     };
 
-    auto ret = mClatIngressMap.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY);
-    if (!isOk(ret)) {
-        ALOGE("mClatIngress.Map.writeValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.code()));
+    ret = mClatIngressMap.writeValue(rxKey, rxValue, BPF_ANY);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.writeValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        ret = mClatEgressMap.deleteValue(txKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatEgressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
         return;
     }
 
-    // We do tc setup *after* populating map, so scanning through map
+    // We do tc setup *after* populating the maps, so scanning through them
     // can always be used to tell us what needs cleanup.
 
-    rv = tcQdiscAddDevClsact(mNetlinkFd, tracker.ifIndex);
+    // Usually the clsact will be added in RouteController::addInterfaceToPhysicalNetwork.
+    // But clat is started before the v4- interface is added to the network. The clat startup have
+    // to add clsact of v4- tun interface first for adding bpf filter in maybeStartBpf.
+    // TODO: move "qdisc add clsact" of v4- tun interface out from ClatdController.
+    rv = tcQdiscAddDevClsact(tracker.v4ifIndex);
     if (rv) {
-        ALOGE("tcQdiscAddDevClsact(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
+        ALOGE("tcQdiscAddDevClsact(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.v4ifIndex, tracker.v4iface,
               strerror(-rv));
-        ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(key);
-        if (!isOk(ret)) ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.code()));
+        ret = mClatEgressMap.deleteValue(txKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatEgressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(rxKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
         return;
     }
 
-    rv = tcFilterAddDevBpf(mNetlinkFd, tracker.ifIndex, progFd, isEthernet);
+    rv = tcFilterAddDevEgressClatIpv4(tracker.v4ifIndex, txRawIpProgFd, RAWIP);
     if (rv) {
         if ((rv == -ENOENT) && (mClatEbpfMode == ClatEbpfMaybe)) {
-            ALOGI("tcFilterAddDevBpf(%d[%s], %d): %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface, isEthernet,
-                  strerror(-rv));
+            ALOGI("tcFilterAddDevEgressClatIpv4(%d[%s], RAWIP): %s", tracker.v4ifIndex,
+                  tracker.v4iface, strerror(-rv));
         } else {
-            ALOGE("tcFilterAddDevBpf(%d[%s], %d) failure: %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
-                  isEthernet, strerror(-rv));
+            ALOGE("tcFilterAddDevEgressClatIpv4(%d[%s], RAWIP) failure: %s", tracker.v4ifIndex,
+                  tracker.v4iface, strerror(-rv));
         }
-        rv = tcQdiscDelDevClsact(mNetlinkFd, tracker.ifIndex);
-        if (rv)
-            ALOGE("tcQdiscDelDevClsact(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
-                  strerror(-rv));
-        ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(key);
-        if (!isOk(ret)) ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.code()));
+
+        // The v4- interface clsact is not deleted for unwinding error because once it is created
+        // with interface addition, the lifetime is till interface deletion. Moreover, the clsact
+        // has no clat filter now. It should not break anything.
+
+        ret = mClatEgressMap.deleteValue(txKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatEgressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(rxKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rv = tcFilterAddDevIngressClatIpv6(tracker.ifIndex, rxProgFd, isEthernet.value());
+    if (rv) {
+        if ((rv == -ENOENT) && (mClatEbpfMode == ClatEbpfMaybe)) {
+            ALOGI("tcFilterAddDevIngressClatIpv6(%d[%s], %d): %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
+                  isEthernet.value(), strerror(-rv));
+        } else {
+            ALOGE("tcFilterAddDevIngressClatIpv6(%d[%s], %d) failure: %s", tracker.ifIndex,
+                  tracker.iface, isEthernet.value(), strerror(-rv));
+        }
+        rv = tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(tracker.v4ifIndex);
+        if (rv) {
+            ALOGE("tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.v4ifIndex,
+                  tracker.v4iface, strerror(-rv));
+        }
+
+        // The v4- interface clsact is not deleted. See the reason in the error unwinding code of
+        // the egress filter attaching of v4- tun interface.
+
+        ret = mClatEgressMap.deleteValue(txKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatEgressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(rxKey);
+        if (!ret.ok())
+            ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
         return;
     }
 
     // success
 }
 
-void ClatdController::maybeSetIptablesDropRule(bool add, const char* pfx96Str, const char* v6Str) {
-    if (mClatEbpfMode == ClatEbpfDisabled) return;
-
+void ClatdController::setIptablesDropRule(bool add, const char* iface, const char* pfx96Str,
+                                          const char* v6Str) {
     std::string cmd = StringPrintf(
             "*raw\n"
-            "%s %s -s %s/96 -d %s -j DROP\n"
+            "%s %s -i %s -s %s/96 -d %s -j DROP\n"
             "COMMIT\n",
-            (add ? "-A" : "-D"), LOCAL_RAW_PREROUTING, pfx96Str, v6Str);
+            (add ? "-A" : "-D"), LOCAL_RAW_PREROUTING, iface, pfx96Str, v6Str);
 
     iptablesRestoreFunction(V6, cmd);
 }
@@ -329,24 +374,37 @@
 void ClatdController::maybeStopBpf(const ClatdTracker& tracker) {
     if (mClatEbpfMode == ClatEbpfDisabled) return;
 
-    // No need to remove filter, since we remove qdisc it is attached to,
-    // which automatically removes everything attached to the qdisc.
-    int rv = tcQdiscDelDevClsact(mNetlinkFd, tracker.ifIndex);
-    if (rv < 0)
-        ALOGE("tcQdiscDelDevClsact(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
+    int rv = tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(tracker.ifIndex);
+    if (rv < 0) {
+        ALOGE("tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
               strerror(-rv));
+    }
 
-    // We cleanup map last, so scanning through map can be used to
+    rv = tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(tracker.v4ifIndex);
+    if (rv < 0) {
+        ALOGE("tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(%d[%s]) failure: %s", tracker.v4ifIndex,
+              tracker.v4iface, strerror(-rv));
+    }
+
+    // We cleanup the maps last, so scanning through them can be used to
     // determine what still needs cleanup.
 
-    ClatIngressKey key = {
+    ClatEgressKey txKey = {
+            .iif = tracker.v4ifIndex,
+            .local4 = tracker.v4,
+    };
+
+    auto ret = mClatEgressMap.deleteValue(txKey);
+    if (!ret.ok()) ALOGE("mClatEgressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+
+    ClatIngressKey rxKey = {
             .iif = tracker.ifIndex,
             .pfx96 = tracker.pfx96,
             .local6 = tracker.v6,
     };
 
-    auto ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(key);
-    if (!isOk(ret)) ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.code()));
+    ret = mClatIngressMap.deleteValue(rxKey);
+    if (!ret.ok()) ALOGE("mClatIngressMap.deleteValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
 }
 
 // Finds the tracker of the clatd running on interface |interface|, or nullptr if clatd has not been
@@ -360,22 +418,19 @@
 int ClatdController::ClatdTracker::init(unsigned networkId, const std::string& interface,
                                         const std::string& v4interface,
                                         const std::string& nat64Prefix) {
-    netId = networkId;
-
-    fwmark.netId = netId;
+    fwmark.netId = networkId;
     fwmark.explicitlySelected = true;
     fwmark.protectedFromVpn = true;
     fwmark.permission = PERMISSION_SYSTEM;
 
     snprintf(fwmarkString, sizeof(fwmarkString), "0x%x", fwmark.intValue);
-    snprintf(netIdString, sizeof(netIdString), "%u", netId);
     strlcpy(iface, interface.c_str(), sizeof(iface));
     ifIndex = if_nametoindex(iface);
     strlcpy(v4iface, v4interface.c_str(), sizeof(v4iface));
     v4ifIndex = if_nametoindex(v4iface);
 
-    // Pass in everything that clatd needs: interface, a netid to use for DNS lookups, a fwmark for
-    // outgoing packets, the NAT64 prefix, and the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
+    // Pass in everything that clatd needs: interface, a fwmark for outgoing packets, the NAT64
+    // prefix, and the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
     // Validate the prefix and strip off the prefix length.
     uint8_t family;
     uint8_t prefixLen;
@@ -428,7 +483,7 @@
     }
 
     // 3. open the tun device in non blocking mode as required by clatd
-    int res = open("/dev/tun", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK | O_CLOEXEC);
+    int res = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (res == -1) {
         res = errno;
         ALOGE("open of tun device failed (%s)", strerror(res));
@@ -452,6 +507,10 @@
         return -res;
     }
 
+    // disable IPv6 on it - failing to do so is not a critical error
+    res = InterfaceController::setEnableIPv6(v4interface.c_str(), 0);
+    if (res) ALOGE("setEnableIPv6 %s failed (%s)", v4interface.c_str(), strerror(res));
+
     // 5. initialize tracker object
     ClatdTracker tracker;
     int ret = tracker.init(networkId, interface, v4interface, nat64Prefix);
@@ -477,7 +536,6 @@
     // clang-format off
     const char* args[] = {progname.c_str(),
                           "-i", tracker.iface,
-                          "-n", tracker.netIdString,
                           "-m", tracker.fwmarkString,
                           "-p", tracker.pfx96String,
                           "-4", tracker.v4Str,
@@ -516,8 +574,8 @@
         return -res;
     }
 
-    // 11. If necessary, add the drop rule for iptables.
-    maybeSetIptablesDropRule(true, tracker.pfx96String, tracker.v6Str);
+    // 11. add the drop rule for iptables.
+    setIptablesDropRule(true, tracker.iface, tracker.pfx96String, tracker.v6Str);
 
     // 12. actually perform vfork/dup2/execve
     res = posix_spawn(&tracker.pid, kClatdPath, &fa, &attr, (char* const*)args, nullptr);
@@ -552,7 +610,7 @@
     kill(tracker->pid, SIGTERM);
     waitpid(tracker->pid, nullptr, 0);
 
-    maybeSetIptablesDropRule(false, tracker->pfx96String, tracker->v6Str);
+    setIptablesDropRule(false, tracker->iface, tracker->pfx96String, tracker->v6Str);
     mClatdTrackers.erase(interface);
 
     ALOGD("clatd on %s stopped", interface.c_str());
@@ -560,28 +618,39 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-void ClatdController::dump(DumpWriter& dw) {
-    std::lock_guard guard(mutex);
+void ClatdController::dumpEgress(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    if (!mClatEgressMap.isValid()) return;  // if unsupported just don't dump anything
 
-    ScopedIndent clatdIndent(dw);
-    dw.println("ClatdController");
+    ScopedIndent bpfIndent(dw);
+    dw.println("BPF egress map: iif(iface) v4Addr -> v6Addr nat64Prefix oif(iface)");
 
-    {
-        ScopedIndent trackerIndent(dw);
-        dw.println("Trackers: iif[iface] nat64Prefix v6Addr -> v4Addr v4iif[v4iface] [netId]");
+    ScopedIndent bpfDetailIndent(dw);
+    const auto printClatMap = [&dw](const ClatEgressKey& key, const ClatEgressValue& value,
+                                    const BpfMap<ClatEgressKey, ClatEgressValue>&) {
+        char iifStr[IFNAMSIZ] = "?";
+        char local4Str[INET_ADDRSTRLEN] = "?";
+        char local6Str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = "?";
+        char pfx96Str[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN] = "?";
+        char oifStr[IFNAMSIZ] = "?";
 
-        ScopedIndent trackerDetailIndent(dw);
-        for (const auto& pair : mClatdTrackers) {
-            const ClatdTracker& tracker = pair.second;
-            dw.println("%u[%s] %s/96 %s -> %s %u[%s] [%u]", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
-                       tracker.pfx96String, tracker.v6Str, tracker.v4Str, tracker.v4ifIndex,
-                       tracker.v4iface, tracker.netId);
-        }
+        if_indextoname(key.iif, iifStr);
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET, &key.local4, local4Str, sizeof(local4Str));
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &value.local6, local6Str, sizeof(local6Str));
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &value.pfx96, pfx96Str, sizeof(pfx96Str));
+        if_indextoname(value.oif, oifStr);
+
+        dw.println("%u(%s) %s -> %s %s/96 %u(%s) %s", key.iif, iifStr, local4Str, local6Str,
+                   pfx96Str, value.oif, oifStr, value.oifIsEthernet ? "ether" : "rawip");
+        return Result<void>();
+    };
+    auto res = mClatEgressMap.iterateWithValue(printClatMap);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("Error printing BPF map: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
+}
 
-    int mapFd = getClatIngressMapFd();
-    if (mapFd < 0) return;  // if unsupported just don't dump anything
-    BpfMap<ClatIngressKey, ClatIngressValue> configMap(mapFd);
+void ClatdController::dumpIngress(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    if (!mClatIngressMap.isValid()) return;  // if unsupported just don't dump anything
 
     ScopedIndent bpfIndent(dw);
     dw.println("BPF ingress map: iif(iface) nat64Prefix v6Addr -> v4Addr oif(iface)");
@@ -603,14 +672,38 @@
 
         dw.println("%u(%s) %s/96 %s -> %s %u(%s)", key.iif, iifStr, pfx96Str, local6Str, local4Str,
                    value.oif, oifStr);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return Result<void>();
     };
-    auto res = configMap.iterateWithValue(printClatMap);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("Error printing BPF map: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    auto res = mClatIngressMap.iterateWithValue(printClatMap);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("Error printing BPF map: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 }
 
+void ClatdController::dumpTrackers(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    ScopedIndent trackerIndent(dw);
+    dw.println("Trackers: iif[iface] nat64Prefix v6Addr -> v4Addr v4iif[v4iface] [fwmark]");
+
+    ScopedIndent trackerDetailIndent(dw);
+    for (const auto& pair : mClatdTrackers) {
+        const ClatdTracker& tracker = pair.second;
+        dw.println("%u[%s] %s/96 %s -> %s %u[%s] [%s]", tracker.ifIndex, tracker.iface,
+                   tracker.pfx96String, tracker.v6Str, tracker.v4Str, tracker.v4ifIndex,
+                   tracker.v4iface, tracker.fwmarkString);
+    }
+}
+
+void ClatdController::dump(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    std::lock_guard guard(mutex);
+
+    ScopedIndent clatdIndent(dw);
+    dw.println("ClatdController");
+
+    dumpTrackers(dw);
+    dumpIngress(dw);
+    dumpEgress(dw);
+}
+
 auto ClatdController::isIpv4AddressFreeFunc = isIpv4AddressFree;
 auto ClatdController::iptablesRestoreFunction = execIptablesRestore;
 
diff --git a/server/ClatdController.h b/server/ClatdController.h
index 8648f17..2c13958 100644
--- a/server/ClatdController.h
+++ b/server/ClatdController.h
@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@
         char v4iface[IFNAMSIZ];
         Fwmark fwmark;
         char fwmarkString[UINT32_STRLEN];
-        unsigned netId;
-        char netIdString[UINT32_STRLEN];
         in_addr v4;
         char v4Str[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];
         in6_addr v6;
@@ -82,6 +80,10 @@
     std::map<std::string, ClatdTracker> mClatdTrackers GUARDED_BY(mutex);
     ClatdTracker* getClatdTracker(const std::string& interface) REQUIRES(mutex);
 
+    void dumpEgress(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw) REQUIRES(mutex);
+    void dumpIngress(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw) REQUIRES(mutex);
+    void dumpTrackers(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw) REQUIRES(mutex);
+
     static in_addr_t selectIpv4Address(const in_addr ip, int16_t prefixlen);
     static int generateIpv6Address(const char* iface, const in_addr v4, const in6_addr& nat64Prefix,
                                    in6_addr* v6);
@@ -98,12 +100,12 @@
         return mClatEbpfMode;
     }
 
-    base::unique_fd mNetlinkFd GUARDED_BY(mutex);
+    bpf::BpfMap<ClatEgressKey, ClatEgressValue> mClatEgressMap GUARDED_BY(mutex);
     bpf::BpfMap<ClatIngressKey, ClatIngressValue> mClatIngressMap GUARDED_BY(mutex);
 
     void maybeStartBpf(const ClatdTracker& tracker) REQUIRES(mutex);
     void maybeStopBpf(const ClatdTracker& tracker) REQUIRES(mutex);
-    void maybeSetIptablesDropRule(bool add, const char* pfx96Str, const char* v6Str)
+    void setIptablesDropRule(bool add, const char* iface, const char* pfx96Str, const char* v6Str)
             REQUIRES(mutex);
 
     // For testing.
diff --git a/server/ClatdControllerTest.cpp b/server/ClatdControllerTest.cpp
index e90dd1a..dc71a03 100644
--- a/server/ClatdControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/ClatdControllerTest.cpp
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@
   protected:
     ClatdController mClatdCtrl;
     bool isEbpfDisabled() { return mClatdCtrl.getEbpfMode() == ClatdController::ClatEbpfDisabled; }
-    void maybeSetIptablesDropRule(bool a, const char* b, const char* c) {
+    void setIptablesDropRule(bool a, const char* b, const char* c, const char* d) {
         std::lock_guard guard(mClatdCtrl.mutex);
-        return mClatdCtrl.maybeSetIptablesDropRule(a, b, c);
+        return mClatdCtrl.setIptablesDropRule(a, b, c, d);
     }
     void setIpv4AddressFreeFunc(bool (*func)(in_addr_t)) {
         ClatdController::isIpv4AddressFreeFunc = func;
@@ -187,26 +187,22 @@
     EXPECT_GE(3210000, onebits);
 }
 
-TEST_F(ClatdControllerTest, AddRemoveIptablesRule) {
-    if (isEbpfDisabled()) return;
-
-    ExpectedIptablesCommands expected = {
+TEST_F(ClatdControllerTest, AddIptablesRule) {
+    setIptablesDropRule(true, "wlan0", "64:ff9b::", "2001:db8::1:2:3:4");
+    expectIptablesRestoreCommands((ExpectedIptablesCommands){
             {V6,
              "*raw\n"
-             "-A clat_raw_PREROUTING -s 64:ff9b::/96 -d 2001:db8::1:2:3:4 -j DROP\n"
-             "COMMIT\n"},
-    };
-    maybeSetIptablesDropRule(true, "64:ff9b::", "2001:db8::1:2:3:4");
-    expectIptablesRestoreCommands(expected);
+             "-A clat_raw_PREROUTING -i wlan0 -s 64:ff9b::/96 -d 2001:db8::1:2:3:4 -j DROP\n"
+             "COMMIT\n"}});
+}
 
-    expected = {
+TEST_F(ClatdControllerTest, RemoveIptablesRule) {
+    setIptablesDropRule(false, "wlan0", "64:ff9b::", "2001:db8::a:b:c:d");
+    expectIptablesRestoreCommands((ExpectedIptablesCommands){
             {V6,
              "*raw\n"
-             "-D clat_raw_PREROUTING -s 64:ff9b::/96 -d 2001:db8::a:b:c:d -j DROP\n"
-             "COMMIT\n"},
-    };
-    maybeSetIptablesDropRule(false, "64:ff9b::", "2001:db8::a:b:c:d");
-    expectIptablesRestoreCommands(expected);
+             "-D clat_raw_PREROUTING -i wlan0 -s 64:ff9b::/96 -d 2001:db8::a:b:c:d -j DROP\n"
+             "COMMIT\n"}});
 }
 
 }  // namespace net
diff --git a/server/Controllers.cpp b/server/Controllers.cpp
index c941a80..5af8a91 100644
--- a/server/Controllers.cpp
+++ b/server/Controllers.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <cinttypes>
 #include <regex>
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
@@ -239,39 +240,39 @@
 void Controllers::initIptablesRules() {
     Stopwatch s;
     initChildChains();
-    gLog.info("Creating child chains: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Creating child chains: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     // Let each module setup their child chains
     setupOemIptablesHook();
-    gLog.info("Setting up OEM hooks: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Setting up OEM hooks: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     /* When enabled, DROPs all packets except those matching rules. */
     firewallCtrl.setupIptablesHooks();
-    gLog.info("Setting up FirewallController hooks: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Setting up FirewallController hooks: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     /* Does DROPs in FORWARD by default */
     tetherCtrl.setupIptablesHooks();
-    gLog.info("Setting up TetherController hooks: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Setting up TetherController hooks: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     /*
      * Does REJECT in INPUT, OUTPUT. Does counting also.
      * No DROP/REJECT allowed later in netfilter-flow hook order.
      */
     bandwidthCtrl.setupIptablesHooks();
-    gLog.info("Setting up BandwidthController hooks: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Setting up BandwidthController hooks: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     /*
      * Counts in nat: PREROUTING, POSTROUTING.
      * No DROP/REJECT allowed later in netfilter-flow hook order.
      */
     idletimerCtrl.setupIptablesHooks();
-    gLog.info("Setting up IdletimerController hooks: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Setting up IdletimerController hooks: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     /*
      * Add rules for detecting IPv6/IPv4 TCP/UDP connections with TLS/DTLS header
      */
     strictCtrl.setupIptablesHooks();
-    gLog.info("Setting up StrictController hooks: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Setting up StrictController hooks: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 }
 
 void Controllers::init() {
@@ -279,28 +280,28 @@
     Stopwatch s;
 
     clatdCtrl.init();
-    gLog.info("Initializing ClatdController: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Initializing ClatdController: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     netdutils::Status tcStatus = trafficCtrl.start();
     if (!isOk(tcStatus)) {
         gLog.error("Failed to start trafficcontroller: (%s)", toString(tcStatus).c_str());
     }
-    gLog.info("Initializing traffic control: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Initializing traffic control: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
-    bandwidthCtrl.setBpfEnabled(trafficCtrl.getBpfLevel() != android::bpf::BpfLevel::NONE);
+    bandwidthCtrl.setBpfEnabled(trafficCtrl.getBpfEnabled());
     bandwidthCtrl.enableBandwidthControl();
-    gLog.info("Enabling bandwidth control: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Enabling bandwidth control: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     if (int ret = RouteController::Init(NetworkController::LOCAL_NET_ID)) {
         gLog.error("Failed to initialize RouteController (%s)", strerror(-ret));
     }
-    gLog.info("Initializing RouteController: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Initializing RouteController: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     netdutils::Status xStatus = XfrmController::Init();
     if (!isOk(xStatus)) {
         gLog.error("Failed to initialize XfrmController (%s)", netdutils::toString(xStatus).c_str());
     };
-    gLog.info("Initializing XfrmController: %.1fms", s.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Initializing XfrmController: %" PRId64 "us", s.getTimeAndResetUs());
 }
 
 Controllers* gCtls = nullptr;
diff --git a/server/DummyNetwork.h b/server/DummyNetwork.h
index 32584aa..5823ce5 100644
--- a/server/DummyNetwork.h
+++ b/server/DummyNetwork.h
@@ -14,27 +14,22 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_DUMMY_NETWORK_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_DUMMY_NETWORK_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "Network.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 class DummyNetwork : public Network {
-public:
+  public:
     static const char* INTERFACE_NAME;
     explicit DummyNetwork(unsigned netId);
     virtual ~DummyNetwork();
 
-private:
+  private:
     Type getType() const override;
-    int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_DUMMY_NETWORK_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/FirewallController.cpp b/server/FirewallController.cpp
index 7512c09..3c070ce 100644
--- a/server/FirewallController.cpp
+++ b/server/FirewallController.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@
 using android::base::Split;
 using android::base::StringAppendF;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
-using android::bpf::BpfLevel;
 using android::net::gCtls;
 
 namespace {
@@ -54,8 +53,8 @@
 // Proc file containing the uid mapping for the user namespace of the current process.
 const char kUidMapProcFile[] = "/proc/self/uid_map";
 
-android::bpf::BpfLevel getBpfOwnerStatus() {
-    return gCtls->trafficCtrl.getBpfLevel();
+bool getBpfOwnerStatus() {
+    return gCtls->trafficCtrl.getBpfEnabled();
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@
 int FirewallController::setupIptablesHooks(void) {
     int res = 0;
     mUseBpfOwnerMatch = getBpfOwnerStatus();
-    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch != BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch) {
         return res;
     }
     res |= createChain(LOCAL_DOZABLE, getFirewallType(DOZABLE));
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@
             return res;
     }
 
-    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch != BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch) {
         return gCtls->trafficCtrl.toggleUidOwnerMap(chain, enable);
     }
 
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@
             ALOGW("Unknown child chain: %d", chain);
             return -EINVAL;
     }
-    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch != BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch) {
         return gCtls->trafficCtrl.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, rule, firewallType);
     }
 
@@ -347,12 +346,12 @@
 
 int FirewallController::replaceUidChain(
         const std::string &name, bool isWhitelist, const std::vector<int32_t>& uids) {
-    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch != BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (mUseBpfOwnerMatch) {
         return gCtls->trafficCtrl.replaceUidOwnerMap(name, isWhitelist, uids);
-   }
-   std::string commands4 = makeUidRules(V4, name.c_str(), isWhitelist, uids);
-   std::string commands6 = makeUidRules(V6, name.c_str(), isWhitelist, uids);
-   return execIptablesRestore(V4, commands4.c_str()) | execIptablesRestore(V6, commands6.c_str());
+    }
+    std::string commands4 = makeUidRules(V4, name.c_str(), isWhitelist, uids);
+    std::string commands6 = makeUidRules(V6, name.c_str(), isWhitelist, uids);
+    return execIptablesRestore(V4, commands4.c_str()) | execIptablesRestore(V6, commands6.c_str());
 }
 
 /* static */
diff --git a/server/FirewallController.h b/server/FirewallController.h
index 43da322..620f196 100644
--- a/server/FirewallController.h
+++ b/server/FirewallController.h
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
   //    fails with EPERM. Netd can therefore assumes the max valid uid to be const.
   const uid_t mMaxUid;
   FirewallType mFirewallType;
-  android::bpf::BpfLevel mUseBpfOwnerMatch;
+  bool mUseBpfOwnerMatch;
   std::set<std::string> mIfaceRules;
   int attachChain(const char*, const char*);
   int detachChain(const char*, const char*);
diff --git a/server/FirewallControllerTest.cpp b/server/FirewallControllerTest.cpp
index bd933b4..1b53fb8 100644
--- a/server/FirewallControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/FirewallControllerTest.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
         // This unit test currently doesn't cover the eBPF owner match case so
         // we have to manually turn eBPF support off.
         // TODO: find a way to unit test the eBPF code path.
-        mFw.mUseBpfOwnerMatch = android::bpf::BpfLevel::NONE;
+        mFw.mUseBpfOwnerMatch = false;
     }
     FirewallController mFw;
 
diff --git a/server/FwmarkServer.cpp b/server/FwmarkServer.cpp
index 51d5398..60981e5 100644
--- a/server/FwmarkServer.cpp
+++ b/server/FwmarkServer.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
+#include <android-base/cmsg.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <netd_resolv/resolv.h>  // NETID_UNSET
 
@@ -32,6 +35,8 @@
 #include "TrafficController.h"
 
 using android::String16;
+using android::base::ReceiveFileDescriptorVector;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::net::metrics::INetdEventListener;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -62,7 +67,9 @@
     : SocketListener(SOCKET_NAME, true),
       mNetworkController(networkController),
       mEventReporter(eventReporter),
-      mTrafficCtrl(trafficCtrl) {}
+      mTrafficCtrl(trafficCtrl),
+      mRedirectSocketCalls(
+              android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.vendor.redirect_socket_calls", false)) {}
 
 bool FwmarkServer::onDataAvailable(SocketClient* client) {
     int socketFd = -1;
@@ -81,36 +88,40 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+static bool hasDestinationAddress(FwmarkCommand::CmdId cmdId, bool redirectSocketCalls) {
+    if (redirectSocketCalls) {
+        return (cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDTO || cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT ||
+                cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDMSG || cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDMMSG ||
+                cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE);
+    } else {
+        return (cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE);
+    }
+}
+
 int FwmarkServer::processClient(SocketClient* client, int* socketFd) {
     FwmarkCommand command;
     FwmarkConnectInfo connectInfo;
 
-    iovec iov[2] = {
-        { &command, sizeof(command) },
-        { &connectInfo, sizeof(connectInfo) },
-    };
-    msghdr message;
-    memset(&message, 0, sizeof(message));
-    message.msg_iov = iov;
-    message.msg_iovlen = ARRAY_SIZE(iov);
+    char buf[sizeof(command) + sizeof(connectInfo)];
+    std::vector<unique_fd> received_fds;
+    ssize_t messageLength =
+            ReceiveFileDescriptorVector(client->getSocket(), buf, sizeof(buf), 1, &received_fds);
 
-    union {
-        cmsghdr cmh;
-        char cmsg[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(*socketFd))];
-    } cmsgu;
-
-    memset(cmsgu.cmsg, 0, sizeof(cmsgu.cmsg));
-    message.msg_control = cmsgu.cmsg;
-    message.msg_controllen = sizeof(cmsgu.cmsg);
-
-    int messageLength = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(recvmsg(client->getSocket(), &message, MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC));
-    if (messageLength <= 0) {
+    if (messageLength < 0) {
         return -errno;
+    } else if (messageLength == 0) {
+        return -ESHUTDOWN;
     }
 
-    if (!((command.cmdId != FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE && messageLength == sizeof(command))
-            || (command.cmdId == FwmarkCommand::ON_CONNECT_COMPLETE
-            && messageLength == sizeof(command) + sizeof(connectInfo)))) {
+    memcpy(&command, buf, sizeof(command));
+    memcpy(&connectInfo, buf + sizeof(command), sizeof(connectInfo));
+
+    size_t expectedLen = sizeof(command);
+    if (hasDestinationAddress(command.cmdId, mRedirectSocketCalls)) {
+        expectedLen += sizeof(connectInfo);
+    }
+
+    if (messageLength != static_cast<ssize_t>(expectedLen)) {
         return -EBADMSG;
     }
 
@@ -131,16 +142,16 @@
         return mTrafficCtrl->deleteTagData(command.trafficCtrlInfo, command.uid, client->getUid());
     }
 
-    cmsghdr* const cmsgh = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&message);
-    if (cmsgh && cmsgh->cmsg_level == SOL_SOCKET && cmsgh->cmsg_type == SCM_RIGHTS &&
-        cmsgh->cmsg_len == CMSG_LEN(sizeof(*socketFd))) {
-        memcpy(socketFd, CMSG_DATA(cmsgh), sizeof(*socketFd));
-    }
-
-    if (*socketFd < 0) {
+    if (received_fds.size() != 1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "FwmarkServer received " << received_fds.size() << " fds from client?";
+        return -EBADF;
+    } else if (received_fds[0] < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "FwmarkServer received fd -1 from ReceiveFileDescriptorVector?";
         return -EBADF;
     }
 
+    *socketFd = received_fds[0].release();
+
     int family;
     socklen_t familyLen = sizeof(family);
     if (getsockopt(*socketFd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_DOMAIN, &family, &familyLen) == -1) {
@@ -239,6 +250,12 @@
             break;
         }
 
+        case FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDMMSG:
+        case FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDMSG:
+        case FwmarkCommand::ON_SENDTO: {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
         case FwmarkCommand::SELECT_NETWORK: {
             fwmark.netId = command.netId;
             if (command.netId == NETID_UNSET) {
diff --git a/server/FwmarkServer.h b/server/FwmarkServer.h
index c17dc0d..32d5791 100644
--- a/server/FwmarkServer.h
+++ b/server/FwmarkServer.h
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
     NetworkController* const mNetworkController;
     EventReporter* mEventReporter;
     TrafficController* mTrafficCtrl;
+    bool mRedirectSocketCalls;
 };
 
 }  // namespace net
diff --git a/server/IdletimerController.cpp b/server/IdletimerController.cpp
index acb8c6a..103e7cd 100644
--- a/server/IdletimerController.cpp
+++ b/server/IdletimerController.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,6 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "IdletimerController"
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 
 #include "IdletimerController.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
diff --git a/server/InterfaceController.cpp b/server/InterfaceController.cpp
index bad4ba2..7504fb9 100644
--- a/server/InterfaceController.cpp
+++ b/server/InterfaceController.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <linux/if_ether.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include <netutils/ifc.h>
 
 #include <android/net/INetd.h>
@@ -56,13 +55,6 @@
 using android::netdutils::toString;
 using android::netdutils::status::ok;
 
-#define RETURN_STATUS_IF_IFCERROR(exp)                           \
-    do {                                                         \
-        if ((exp) == -1) {                                       \
-            return statusFromErrno(errno, "Failed to add addr"); \
-        }                                                        \
-    } while (0);
-
 namespace {
 
 const char ipv4_proc_path[] = "/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf";
@@ -290,9 +282,9 @@
 
     switch (mode) {
         case INetd::IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64:
-            // Ignore return value. If /proc/.../stable_secret is
+            // Ignore return value. If /proc/.../addr_gen_mode is
             // missing we're probably in EUI64 mode already.
-            writeValueToPath(ipv6_proc_path, interface.c_str(), "stable_secret", "");
+            writeValueToPath(ipv6_proc_path, interface.c_str(), "addr_gen_mode", "0");
             break;
         case INetd::IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY: {
             return enableStablePrivacyAddresses(interface, getProperty, setProperty);
@@ -368,11 +360,13 @@
     return writeValueToPath(sys_net_path, interface, "mtu", mtu);
 }
 
+// Returns zero on success and negative errno on failure.
 int InterfaceController::addAddress(const char *interface,
         const char *addrString, int prefixLength) {
     return ifc_add_address(interface, addrString, prefixLength);
 }
 
+// Returns zero on success and negative errno on failure.
 int InterfaceController::delAddress(const char *interface,
         const char *addrString, int prefixLength) {
     return ifc_del_address(interface, addrString, prefixLength);
@@ -505,8 +499,9 @@
         }
     }
 
-    RETURN_STATUS_IF_IFCERROR(
-            ifc_add_address(cfg.ifName.c_str(), cfg.ipv4Addr.c_str(), cfg.prefixLength));
+    if (int ret = ifc_add_address(cfg.ifName.c_str(), cfg.ipv4Addr.c_str(), cfg.prefixLength)) {
+        return statusFromErrno(-ret, "Failed to add addr");
+    }
 
     return ok;
 }
diff --git a/server/IptablesRestoreController.cpp b/server/IptablesRestoreController.cpp
index 8339177..10cedfa 100644
--- a/server/IptablesRestoreController.cpp
+++ b/server/IptablesRestoreController.cpp
@@ -258,13 +258,12 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    ALOGE("iptables error:\n"
-          "------- COMMAND -------\n"
-          "%s\n"
-          "-------  ERROR -------\n"
-          "%s"
-          "----------------------\n",
-          command.c_str(), process->errBuf.c_str());
+    ALOGE("iptables error:\n");
+    ALOGE("------- COMMAND -------\n");
+    ALOGE("%s\n", command.c_str());
+    ALOGE("-------  ERROR -------\n");
+    ALOGE("%s", process->errBuf.c_str());
+    ALOGE("----------------------\n");
     process->errBuf.clear();
 }
 
diff --git a/server/IptablesRestoreControllerTest.cpp b/server/IptablesRestoreControllerTest.cpp
index d01d7ce..20f6183 100644
--- a/server/IptablesRestoreControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/IptablesRestoreControllerTest.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <string>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <sys/file.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/un.h>
 
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
 
 #define LOG_TAG "IptablesRestoreControllerTest"
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
@@ -53,9 +55,7 @@
   int mIptablesLock = -1;
   std::string mChainName;
 
-  static void SetUpTestCase() {
-      blockSigpipe();
-  }
+  static void SetUpTestSuite() { blockSigpipe(); }
 
   void SetUp() {
     ASSERT_EQ(0, createTestChain());
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@
             EXPECT_EQ(0, con.execute(V4V6, IPTABLES_RESTORE_ADD, nullptr));
             EXPECT_EQ(0, con.execute(V4V6, IPTABLES_RESTORE_DEL, nullptr));
         }
-        float timeTaken = s.getTimeAndReset();
-        fprintf(stderr, "    Add/del %d UID rules via restore: %.1fms (%.2fms per operation)\n",
-                iterations, timeTaken, timeTaken / 2 / iterations);
+        int64_t timeTaken = s.getTimeAndResetUs();
+        std::cerr << "    Add/del " << iterations << " UID rules via restore: " << timeTaken
+                  << "us (" << (timeTaken / 2 / iterations) << "us per operation)" << std::endl;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/server/LocalNetwork.h b/server/LocalNetwork.h
index 2aa7900..7a39a9d 100644
--- a/server/LocalNetwork.h
+++ b/server/LocalNetwork.h
@@ -14,13 +14,11 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_LOCAL_NETWORK_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_LOCAL_NETWORK_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "Network.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 class LocalNetwork : public Network {
 public:
@@ -29,11 +27,8 @@
 
 private:
     Type getType() const override;
-    int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
 };
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_LOCAL_NETWORK_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/MDnsSdListener.h b/server/MDnsSdListener.h
index 47ddc28..83cf23e 100644
--- a/server/MDnsSdListener.h
+++ b/server/MDnsSdListener.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <dns_sd.h>
 #include <sysutils/FrameworkListener.h>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <string>
 
 #include "NetdCommand.h"
 
@@ -79,6 +80,7 @@
         int stopService();
         void run();
         void deallocateServiceRef(DNSServiceRef* ref);
+        std::string threadName() { return std::string("MDnsSdMonitor"); }
 
       private:
         int rescan(); // returns the number of elements in the poll
diff --git a/server/NdcDispatcher.cpp b/server/NdcDispatcher.cpp
index 7692a9c..48f7d9f 100644
--- a/server/NdcDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/server/NdcDispatcher.cpp
@@ -50,22 +50,22 @@
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::binder::Status;
 
-#define PARSE_INT_RETURN_IF_FAIL(cli, label, intLabel, errMsg, addErrno)   \
-    do {                                                                   \
-        if (!android::base::ParseInt(label, &intLabel)) {                  \
-            errno = EINVAL;                                                \
-            cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::OperationFailed, errMsg, addErrno); \
-            return 0;                                                      \
-        }                                                                  \
+#define PARSE_INT_RETURN_IF_FAIL(cli, label, intLabel, errMsg, addErrno)         \
+    do {                                                                         \
+        if (!android::base::ParseInt((label), &(intLabel))) {                    \
+            errno = EINVAL;                                                      \
+            (cli)->sendMsg(ResponseCode::OperationFailed, (errMsg), (addErrno)); \
+            return 0;                                                            \
+        }                                                                        \
     } while (0)
 
-#define PARSE_UINT_RETURN_IF_FAIL(cli, label, intLabel, errMsg, addErrno)  \
-    do {                                                                   \
-        if (!android::base::ParseUint(label, &intLabel)) {                 \
-            errno = EINVAL;                                                \
-            cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::OperationFailed, errMsg, addErrno); \
-            return 0;                                                      \
-        }                                                                  \
+#define PARSE_UINT_RETURN_IF_FAIL(cli, label, intLabel, errMsg, addErrno)        \
+    do {                                                                         \
+        if (!android::base::ParseUint((label), &(intLabel))) {                   \
+            errno = EINVAL;                                                      \
+            (cli)->sendMsg(ResponseCode::OperationFailed, (errMsg), (addErrno)); \
+            return 0;                                                            \
+        }                                                                        \
     } while (0)
 
 namespace android {
@@ -271,15 +271,9 @@
                                      true);
                         return 0;
                     }
-                } else if (!strcmp(flag, "broadcast")) {
-                    // currently ignored
-                } else if (!strcmp(flag, "multicast")) {
-                    // currently ignored
-                } else if (!strcmp(flag, "running")) {
-                    // currently ignored
-                } else if (!strcmp(flag, "loopback")) {
-                    // currently ignored
-                } else if (!strcmp(flag, "point-to-point")) {
+                } else if (!strcmp(flag, "broadcast") || !strcmp(flag, "multicast") ||
+                           !strcmp(flag, "running") || !strcmp(flag, "loopback") ||
+                           !strcmp(flag, "point-to-point")) {
                     // currently ignored
                 } else {
                     cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::CommandParameterError, "Flag unsupported", false);
@@ -304,7 +298,7 @@
                              false);
                 return 0;
             }
-            int enable = !strncmp(argv[3], "enable", 7);
+            int enable = !strcmp(argv[3], "enable");
             Status status = mNetd->interfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions(std::string(argv[2]), enable);
             if (status.isOk()) {
                 cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::CommandOkay, "IPv6 privacy extensions changed", false);
@@ -321,7 +315,7 @@
                 return 0;
             }
 
-            int enable = !strncmp(argv[3], "enable", 7);
+            int enable = !strcmp(argv[3], "enable");
             Status status = mNetd->interfaceSetEnableIPv6(std::string(argv[2]), enable);
             if (status.isOk()) {
                 cli->sendMsg(ResponseCode::CommandOkay, "IPv6 state changed", false);
@@ -986,7 +980,7 @@
         bool add = false;
         if (!strcmp(argv[nextArg], "add")) {
             add = true;
-        } else if (strcmp(argv[nextArg], "remove")) {
+        } else if (strcmp(argv[nextArg], "remove") != 0) {
             return syntaxError(cli, "Unknown argument");
         }
         ++nextArg;
@@ -1106,7 +1100,7 @@
                 return syntaxError(cli, "Missing netId");
             }
             netId = stringToNetId(argv[3]);
-        } else if (strcmp(argv[2], "clear")) {
+        } else if (strcmp(argv[2], "clear") != 0) {
             return syntaxError(cli, "Unknown argument");
         }
         if (Status status = mNetd->networkSetDefault(netId); !status.isOk()) {
@@ -1133,7 +1127,7 @@
                 return syntaxError(cli, "Unknown permission");
             }
             nextArg = 5;
-        } else if (strcmp(argv[3], "clear")) {
+        } else if (strcmp(argv[3], "clear") != 0) {
             return syntaxError(cli, "Unknown argument");
         }
         if (nextArg == argc) {
diff --git a/server/NetdConstants.cpp b/server/NetdConstants.cpp
index 40f78f6..80282b3 100644
--- a/server/NetdConstants.cpp
+++ b/server/NetdConstants.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 
 #include "Controllers.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
diff --git a/server/NetdConstants.h b/server/NetdConstants.h
index 97e75bd..c273e1b 100644
--- a/server/NetdConstants.h
+++ b/server/NetdConstants.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _NETD_CONSTANTS_H
-#define _NETD_CONSTANTS_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <ifaddrs.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
@@ -28,9 +27,6 @@
 #include <netdutils/UidConstants.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
-// Referred from SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH in boringssl
-constexpr size_t SHA256_SIZE = 32;
-
 enum IptablesTarget { V4, V6, V4V6 };
 
 int execIptablesRestore(IptablesTarget target, const std::string& commands);
@@ -53,24 +49,11 @@
 #define UINT32_HEX_STRLEN sizeof("0x12345678")
 #define IPSEC_IFACE_PREFIX "ipsec"
 
-#define WARN_UNUSED_RESULT __attribute__((__warn_unused_result__))
-
 const uid_t INVALID_UID = static_cast<uid_t>(-1);
 
 constexpr char TCP_RMEM_PROC_FILE[] = "/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_rmem";
 constexpr char TCP_WMEM_PROC_FILE[] = "/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_wmem";
 
-struct AddrinfoDeleter {
-    void operator()(struct addrinfo* p) const {
-        if (p != nullptr) {
-            freeaddrinfo(p);
-        }
-    }
-};
-
-typedef std::unique_ptr<struct addrinfo, struct AddrinfoDeleter> ScopedAddrinfo;
-
-
 struct IfaddrsDeleter {
     void operator()(struct ifaddrs *p) const {
         if (p != nullptr) {
@@ -81,8 +64,7 @@
 
 typedef std::unique_ptr<struct ifaddrs, struct IfaddrsDeleter> ScopedIfaddrs;
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 /**
  * This lock exists to make NetdNativeService RPCs (which come in on multiple Binder threads)
@@ -92,7 +74,4 @@
  */
 extern std::mutex gBigNetdLock;
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // _NETD_CONSTANTS_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/NetdHwService.cpp b/server/NetdHwService.cpp
index b209aca..15855da 100644
--- a/server/NetdHwService.cpp
+++ b/server/NetdHwService.cpp
@@ -108,7 +108,8 @@
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OEM_NETWORK(netId);
 
     return toHalStatus(gCtls->netCtrl.addRoute(netId, ifname.c_str(), destination.c_str(),
-                                               maybeNullString(nexthop), false, INVALID_UID));
+                                               maybeNullString(nexthop), false, INVALID_UID,
+                                               0 /* mtu */));
 }
 
 Return <StatusCode> NetdHwService::removeRouteFromOemNetwork(
diff --git a/server/NetdHwService.h b/server/NetdHwService.h
index 458c6fa..dd157de 100644
--- a/server/NetdHwService.h
+++ b/server/NetdHwService.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 using INetdHw = android::system::net::netd::V1_1::INetd;
 using StatusCode = android::system::net::netd::V1_1::INetd::StatusCode;
 
-class NetdHwService : INetdHw {
+class NetdHwService : public INetdHw {
   public:
     // 1.0
     status_t start();
diff --git a/server/NetdNativeService.cpp b/server/NetdNativeService.cpp
index 65d4727..3bf879b 100644
--- a/server/NetdNativeService.cpp
+++ b/server/NetdNativeService.cpp
@@ -30,19 +30,15 @@
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 #include <binder/Status.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
-#include <json/value.h>
-#include <json/writer.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <netdutils/DumpWriter.h>
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
 
-#include "BinderUtil.h"
 #include "Controllers.h"
+#include "Fwmark.h"
 #include "InterfaceController.h"
-#include "NetdConstants.h"  // SHA256_SIZE
 #include "NetdNativeService.h"
-#include "NetdPermissions.h"
 #include "OemNetdListener.h"
 #include "Permission.h"
 #include "Process.h"
@@ -50,10 +46,13 @@
 #include "SockDiag.h"
 #include "UidRanges.h"
 #include "android/net/BnNetd.h"
+#include "binder_utils/BinderUtil.h"
+#include "binder_utils/NetdPermissions.h"
 #include "netid_client.h"  // NETID_UNSET
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
+using android::net::TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
 using android::net::TetherStatsParcel;
 using android::net::UidRangeParcel;
 using android::netdutils::DumpWriter;
@@ -66,22 +65,36 @@
 namespace {
 const char OPT_SHORT[] = "--short";
 
+// The input permissions should be equivalent that this function would return ok if any of them is
+// granted.
 binder::Status checkAnyPermission(const std::vector<const char*>& permissions) {
     pid_t pid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid();
     uid_t uid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
 
+    // TODO: Do the pure permission check in this function. Have another method
+    // (e.g. checkNetworkStackPermission) to wrap AID_SYSTEM and
+    // AID_NETWORK_STACK uid check.
     // If the caller is the system UID, don't check permissions.
     // Otherwise, if the system server's binder thread pool is full, and all the threads are
     // blocked on a thread that's waiting for us to complete, we deadlock. http://b/69389492
     //
     // From a security perspective, there is currently no difference, because:
-    // 1. The only permissions we check in netd's binder interface are CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL
-    //    and NETWORK_STACK, which the system server always has (or MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK, which
-    //    is equivalent to having both CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL and NETWORK_STACK).
+    // 1. The system server has the NETWORK_STACK permission, which grants access to all the
+    //    IPCs in this file.
     // 2. AID_SYSTEM always has all permissions. See ActivityManager#checkComponentPermission.
     if (uid == AID_SYSTEM) {
         return binder::Status::ok();
     }
+    // AID_NETWORK_STACK own MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK permission, don't IPC to system server to check
+    // MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK permission. Cross-process(netd, networkstack and system server)
+    // deadlock: http://b/149766727
+    if (uid == AID_NETWORK_STACK) {
+        for (const char* permission : permissions) {
+            if (std::strcmp(permission, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK) == 0) {
+                return binder::Status::ok();
+            }
+        }
+    }
 
     for (const char* permission : permissions) {
         if (checkPermission(String16(permission), pid, uid)) {
@@ -116,9 +129,6 @@
         }                                             \
     } while (0)
 
-#define ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS() \
-    ENFORCE_ANY_PERMISSION(PERM_CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
-
 #define ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS() \
     ENFORCE_ANY_PERMISSION(PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK)
 
@@ -133,6 +143,14 @@
     return binder::Status::fromServiceSpecificError(status.code(), status.msg().c_str());
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+binder::Status asBinderStatus(const base::Result<T> result) {
+    if (result.ok()) return binder::Status::ok();
+
+    return binder::Status::fromServiceSpecificError(result.error().code(),
+                                                    result.error().message().c_str());
+}
+
 inline binder::Status statusFromErrcode(int ret) {
     if (ret) {
         return binder::Status::fromServiceSpecificError(-ret, strerror(-ret));
@@ -210,6 +228,9 @@
     gCtls->clatdCtrl.dump(dw);
     dw.blankline();
 
+    gCtls->tetherCtrl.dump(dw);
+    dw.blankline();
+
     {
         ScopedIndent indentLog(dw);
         if (contains(args, String16(OPT_SHORT))) {
@@ -239,7 +260,7 @@
 }
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::isAlive(bool *alive) {
-    NETD_BIG_LOCK_RPC(PERM_CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    NETD_BIG_LOCK_RPC(PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
 
     *alive = true;
 
@@ -248,16 +269,14 @@
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::firewallReplaceUidChain(const std::string& chainName,
         bool isWhitelist, const std::vector<int32_t>& uids, bool *ret) {
-    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->firewallCtrl.lock, PERM_CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL,
-                     PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->firewallCtrl.lock, PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     int err = gCtls->firewallCtrl.replaceUidChain(chainName, isWhitelist, uids);
     *ret = (err == 0);
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::bandwidthEnableDataSaver(bool enable, bool *ret) {
-    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->bandwidthCtrl.lock, PERM_CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL,
-                     PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->bandwidthCtrl.lock, PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     int err = gCtls->bandwidthCtrl.enableDataSaver(enable);
     *ret = (err == 0);
     return binder::Status::ok();
@@ -324,7 +343,7 @@
 }
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkCreatePhysical(int32_t netId, int32_t permission) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     int ret = gCtls->netCtrl.createPhysicalNetwork(netId, convertPermission(permission));
     return statusFromErrcode(ret);
 }
@@ -343,13 +362,13 @@
 }
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkAddInterface(int32_t netId, const std::string& iface) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     int ret = gCtls->netCtrl.addInterfaceToNetwork(netId, iface.c_str());
     return statusFromErrcode(ret);
 }
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkRemoveInterface(int32_t netId, const std::string& iface) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     int ret = gCtls->netCtrl.removeInterfaceFromNetwork(netId, iface.c_str());
     return statusFromErrcode(ret);
 }
@@ -357,7 +376,7 @@
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkAddUidRanges(
         int32_t netId, const std::vector<UidRangeParcel>& uidRangeArray) {
     // NetworkController::addUsersToNetwork is thread-safe.
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     int ret = gCtls->netCtrl.addUsersToNetwork(netId, UidRanges(uidRangeArray));
     return statusFromErrcode(ret);
 }
@@ -365,7 +384,7 @@
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkRemoveUidRanges(
         int32_t netId, const std::vector<UidRangeParcel>& uidRangeArray) {
     // NetworkController::removeUsersFromNetwork is thread-safe.
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     int ret = gCtls->netCtrl.removeUsersFromNetwork(netId, UidRanges(uidRangeArray));
     return statusFromErrcode(ret);
 }
@@ -377,7 +396,7 @@
     // the CommandListener "network" command will need to hold this lock too, not just the ones that
     // read/modify network internal state (that is sufficient for ::dump() because it doesn't
     // look at routes, but it's not enough here).
-    NETD_BIG_LOCK_RPC(PERM_CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    NETD_BIG_LOCK_RPC(PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
     UidRanges uidRanges(uidRangeArray);
 
     int err;
@@ -391,7 +410,7 @@
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::socketDestroy(const std::vector<UidRangeParcel>& uids,
                                                 const std::vector<int32_t>& skipUids) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
 
     SockDiag sd;
     if (!sd.open()) {
@@ -417,6 +436,8 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+constexpr const int UNUSED_IFINDEX = 0;
+
 void tetherAddStatsByInterface(TetherController::TetherStats* tetherStatsParcel,
                                const TetherController::TetherStats& tetherStats) {
     if (tetherStatsParcel->extIface == tetherStats.extIface) {
@@ -434,6 +455,7 @@
     result.rxPackets = stats.rxPackets;
     result.txBytes = stats.txBytes;
     result.txPackets = stats.txPackets;
+    result.ifIndex = UNUSED_IFINDEX;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -480,7 +502,7 @@
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::interfaceAddAddress(const std::string &ifName,
         const std::string &addrString, int prefixLength) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     const int err = InterfaceController::addAddress(
             ifName.c_str(), addrString.c_str(), prefixLength);
     if (err != 0) {
@@ -492,7 +514,7 @@
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::interfaceDelAddress(const std::string &ifName,
         const std::string &addrString, int prefixLength) {
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     const int err = InterfaceController::delAddress(
             ifName.c_str(), addrString.c_str(), prefixLength);
     if (err != 0) {
@@ -573,7 +595,6 @@
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(const ParcelFileDescriptor& socket,
                                                            int newUid) {
     ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner()");
 
     uid_t callerUid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
     return asBinderStatus(
@@ -587,8 +608,7 @@
         int32_t inSpi,
         int32_t* outSpi) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecAllocateSpi()");
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecAllocateSpi(
                     transformId,
                     sourceAddress,
@@ -606,8 +626,7 @@
         const std::vector<uint8_t>& aeadKey, int32_t aeadIcvBits, int32_t encapType,
         int32_t encapLocalPort, int32_t encapRemotePort, int32_t interfaceId) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecAddSecurityAssociation()");
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(
             transformId, mode, sourceAddress, destinationAddress, underlyingNetId, spi, markValue,
             markMask, authAlgo, authKey, authTruncBits, cryptAlgo, cryptKey, cryptTruncBits,
@@ -620,8 +639,7 @@
         const std::string& destinationAddress, int32_t spi, int32_t markValue, int32_t markMask,
         int32_t interfaceId) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation()");
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(
             transformId, sourceAddress, destinationAddress, spi, markValue, markMask, interfaceId));
 }
@@ -630,8 +648,7 @@
         const ParcelFileDescriptor& socket, int32_t transformId, int32_t direction,
         const std::string& sourceAddress, const std::string& destinationAddress, int32_t spi) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform()");
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(
             socket.get(), transformId, direction, sourceAddress, destinationAddress, spi));
 }
@@ -639,8 +656,7 @@
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(
         const ParcelFileDescriptor& socket) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
-    ENFORCE_INTERNAL_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform()");
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(socket.get()));
 }
 
@@ -652,7 +668,6 @@
                                                          int32_t markMask, int32_t interfaceId) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
     ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecAddSecurityPolicy()");
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecAddSecurityPolicy(
             transformId, selAddrFamily, direction, tmplSrcAddress, tmplDstAddress, spi, markValue,
             markMask, interfaceId));
@@ -664,7 +679,6 @@
         int32_t markValue, int32_t markMask, int32_t interfaceId) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
     ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecAddSecurityPolicy()");
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(
             transformId, selAddrFamily, direction, tmplSrcAddress, tmplDstAddress, spi, markValue,
             markMask, interfaceId));
@@ -676,7 +690,6 @@
                                                             int32_t markMask, int32_t interfaceId) {
     // Necessary locking done in IpSecService and kernel
     ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
-    gLog.log("ipSecAddSecurityPolicy()");
     return asBinderStatus(gCtls->xfrmCtrl.ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(
             transformId, selAddrFamily, direction, markValue, markMask, interfaceId));
 }
@@ -829,6 +842,7 @@
 }
 
 namespace {
+
 std::string addCurlyBrackets(const std::string& s) {
     return "{" + s + "}";
 }
@@ -908,11 +922,19 @@
 }
 
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherStart(const std::vector<std::string>& dhcpRanges) {
+    TetherConfigParcel config;
+    config.usingLegacyDnsProxy = true;
+    config.dhcpRanges = dhcpRanges;
+    return tetherStartWithConfiguration(config);
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherStartWithConfiguration(const TetherConfigParcel& config) {
     NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->tetherCtrl.lock, PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
-    if (dhcpRanges.size() % 2 == 1) {
+    if (config.dhcpRanges.size() % 2 == 1) {
         return statusFromErrcode(-EINVAL);
     }
-    int res = gCtls->tetherCtrl.startTethering(dhcpRanges);
+    // TODO: Pass TetherConfigParcel directly.
+    int res = gCtls->tetherCtrl.startTethering(config.usingLegacyDnsProxy, config.dhcpRanges);
     return statusFromErrcode(res);
 }
 
@@ -963,6 +985,39 @@
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkAddRouteParcel(int32_t netId,
+                                                        const RouteInfoParcel& route) {
+    // Public methods of NetworkController are thread-safe.
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
+    bool legacy = false;
+    uid_t uid = 0;  // UID is only meaningful for legacy routes.
+
+    // convert Parcel to parameters
+    int res = gCtls->netCtrl.addRoute(netId, route.ifName.c_str(), route.destination.c_str(),
+                                      route.nextHop.empty() ? nullptr : route.nextHop.c_str(),
+                                      legacy, uid, route.mtu);
+    return statusFromErrcode(res);
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkUpdateRouteParcel(int32_t netId,
+                                                           const RouteInfoParcel& route) {
+    // Public methods of NetworkController are thread-safe.
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
+    bool legacy = false;
+    uid_t uid = 0;  // UID is only meaningful for legacy routes.
+
+    // convert Parcel to parameters
+    int res = gCtls->netCtrl.updateRoute(netId, route.ifName.c_str(), route.destination.c_str(),
+                                         route.nextHop.empty() ? nullptr : route.nextHop.c_str(),
+                                         legacy, uid, route.mtu);
+    return statusFromErrcode(res);
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkRemoveRouteParcel(int32_t netId,
+                                                           const RouteInfoParcel& route) {
+    return networkRemoveRoute(netId, route.ifName, route.destination, route.nextHop);
+}
+
 binder::Status NetdNativeService::networkAddRoute(int32_t netId, const std::string& ifName,
                                                   const std::string& destination,
                                                   const std::string& nextHop) {
@@ -971,7 +1026,7 @@
     bool legacy = false;
     uid_t uid = 0;  // UID is only meaningful for legacy routes.
     int res = gCtls->netCtrl.addRoute(netId, ifName.c_str(), destination.c_str(),
-                                      nextHop.empty() ? nullptr : nextHop.c_str(), legacy, uid);
+                                      nextHop.empty() ? nullptr : nextHop.c_str(), legacy, uid, 0);
     return statusFromErrcode(res);
 }
 
@@ -993,7 +1048,7 @@
     bool legacy = true;
     int res = gCtls->netCtrl.addRoute(netId, ifName.c_str(), destination.c_str(),
                                       nextHop.empty() ? nullptr : nextHop.c_str(), legacy,
-                                      (uid_t) uid);
+                                      (uid_t)uid, 0);
     return statusFromErrcode(res);
 }
 
@@ -1186,5 +1241,76 @@
     return binder::Status::ok();
 }
 
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::getFwmarkForNetwork(int32_t netId, MarkMaskParcel* markMask) {
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
+
+    Fwmark fwmark;
+    fwmark.netId = netId;
+    markMask->mask = FWMARK_NET_ID_MASK;
+    markMask->mark = fwmark.intValue;
+    return binder::Status::ok();
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherOffloadRuleAdd(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) {
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
+
+    return asBinderStatus(gCtls->tetherCtrl.addOffloadRule(rule));
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherOffloadRuleRemove(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) {
+    ENFORCE_NETWORK_STACK_PERMISSIONS();
+
+    return asBinderStatus(gCtls->tetherCtrl.removeOffloadRule(rule));
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr const char UNUSED_IFNAME[] = "";
+
+TetherStatsParcel toTetherStatsParcel(const TetherController::TetherOffloadStats& stats) {
+    TetherStatsParcel result;
+    result.iface = UNUSED_IFNAME;
+    result.rxBytes = stats.rxBytes;
+    result.rxPackets = stats.rxPackets;
+    result.txBytes = stats.txBytes;
+    result.txPackets = stats.txPackets;
+    result.ifIndex = stats.ifIndex;
+    return result;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherOffloadGetStats(
+        std::vector<TetherStatsParcel>* tetherStatsParcelVec) {
+    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->tetherCtrl.lock, PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+
+    tetherStatsParcelVec->clear();
+    const auto& statsList = gCtls->tetherCtrl.getTetherOffloadStats();
+    if (!isOk(statsList)) {
+        return asBinderStatus(statsList);
+    }
+    for (const auto& stats : statsList.value()) {
+        tetherStatsParcelVec->push_back(toTetherStatsParcel(stats));
+    }
+    return binder::Status::ok();
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, int64_t quotaBytes) {
+    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->tetherCtrl.lock, PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    int res = gCtls->tetherCtrl.setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(ifIndex, quotaBytes);
+    return statusFromErrcode(res);
+}
+
+binder::Status NetdNativeService::tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(
+        int ifIndex, android::net::TetherStatsParcel* tetherStats) {
+    NETD_LOCKING_RPC(gCtls->tetherCtrl.lock, PERM_NETWORK_STACK, PERM_MAINLINE_NETWORK_STACK);
+    const auto& stats = gCtls->tetherCtrl.getAndClearTetherOffloadStats(ifIndex);
+    if (!stats.ok()) {
+        return asBinderStatus(stats);
+    }
+    *tetherStats = toTetherStatsParcel(stats.value());
+    return binder::Status::ok();
+}
+
 }  // namespace net
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/server/NetdNativeService.h b/server/NetdNativeService.h
index 68c9886..7b7f9b3 100644
--- a/server/NetdNativeService.h
+++ b/server/NetdNativeService.h
@@ -76,6 +76,9 @@
                                           const std::vector<UidRangeParcel>& uids) override;
     binder::Status networkRejectNonSecureVpn(bool enable,
                                              const std::vector<UidRangeParcel>& uids) override;
+    binder::Status networkAddRouteParcel(int32_t netId, const RouteInfoParcel& route) override;
+    binder::Status networkUpdateRouteParcel(int32_t netId, const RouteInfoParcel& route) override;
+    binder::Status networkRemoveRouteParcel(int32_t netId, const RouteInfoParcel& route) override;
     binder::Status networkAddRoute(int32_t netId, const std::string& ifName,
                                    const std::string& destination,
                                    const std::string& nextHop) override;
@@ -120,7 +123,10 @@
     binder::Status tetherApplyDnsInterfaces(bool *ret) override;
     binder::Status tetherGetStats(
             std::vector<android::net::TetherStatsParcel>* tetherStatsVec) override;
+    binder::Status tetherOffloadGetStats(
+            std::vector<android::net::TetherStatsParcel>* tetherStatsVec) override;
     binder::Status tetherStart(const std::vector<std::string>& dhcpRanges) override;
+    binder::Status tetherStartWithConfiguration(const TetherConfigParcel& config) override;
     binder::Status tetherStop() override;
     binder::Status tetherIsEnabled(bool* enabled) override;
     binder::Status tetherInterfaceAdd(const std::string& ifName) override;
@@ -128,6 +134,16 @@
     binder::Status tetherInterfaceList(std::vector<std::string>* ifList) override;
     binder::Status tetherDnsSet(int32_t netId, const std::vector<std::string>& dnsAddrs) override;
     binder::Status tetherDnsList(std::vector<std::string>* dnsList) override;
+    binder::Status tetherAddForward(const std::string& intIface,
+                                    const std::string& extIface) override;
+    binder::Status tetherRemoveForward(const std::string& intIface,
+                                       const std::string& extIface) override;
+    binder::Status tetherOffloadRuleAdd(const android::net::TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) override;
+    binder::Status tetherOffloadRuleRemove(
+            const android::net::TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) override;
+    binder::Status tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, int64_t quotaBytes) override;
+    binder::Status tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(
+            int ifIndex, android::net::TetherStatsParcel* tetherStats) override;
 
     // Interface-related commands.
     binder::Status interfaceAddAddress(const std::string &ifName,
@@ -234,11 +250,6 @@
                                             const std::string& toIface) override;
     binder::Status ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(const std::string& fromIface,
                                                const std::string& toIface) override;
-    // Tether-forward-related commands
-    binder::Status tetherAddForward(const std::string& intIface,
-                                    const std::string& extIface) override;
-    binder::Status tetherRemoveForward(const std::string& intIface,
-                                       const std::string& extIface) override;
 
     // tcp_mem-config command
     binder::Status setTcpRWmemorySize(const std::string& rmemValues,
@@ -248,6 +259,7 @@
             const android::sp<android::net::INetdUnsolicitedEventListener>& listener) override;
 
     binder::Status getOemNetd(android::sp<android::IBinder>* listener) override;
+    binder::Status getFwmarkForNetwork(int32_t netId, MarkMaskParcel* markmask);
 
   private:
     std::vector<uid_t> intsToUids(const std::vector<int32_t>& intUids);
diff --git a/server/NetlinkCommands.cpp b/server/NetlinkCommands.cpp
index 7af33fe..acefa8e 100644
--- a/server/NetlinkCommands.cpp
+++ b/server/NetlinkCommands.cpp
@@ -65,17 +65,25 @@
     return response.err.error;  // Netlink errors are negative errno.
 }
 
+// Disable optimizations in ASan build.
+// ASan reports an out-of-bounds 32-bit(!) access in the first loop of the function (over iov[]).
+// TODO: verify if this bug is still present.
+#ifdef __clang__
+#if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
+#define OPTNONE [[clang::optnone]]
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef OPTNONE
+#define OPTNONE /* nop */
+#endif
+
 // Sends a netlink request and possibly expects an ack.
 // |iov| is an array of struct iovec that contains the netlink message payload.
 // The netlink header is generated by this function based on |action| and |flags|.
 // Returns -errno if there was an error or if the kernel reported an error.
-#ifdef __clang__
-#if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
-__attribute__((optnone))
-#endif
-#endif
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int sendNetlinkRequest(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, iovec* iov, int iovlen,
-                                          const NetlinkDumpCallback *callback) {
+OPTNONE int sendNetlinkRequest(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, iovec* iov, int iovlen,
+                               const NetlinkDumpCallback* callback) {
     nlmsghdr nlmsg = {
         .nlmsg_type = action,
         .nlmsg_flags = flags,
@@ -146,8 +154,8 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int rtNetlinkFlush(uint16_t getAction, uint16_t deleteAction,
-                                     const char *what, const NetlinkDumpFilter& shouldDelete) {
+int rtNetlinkFlush(uint16_t getAction, uint16_t deleteAction, const char* what,
+                   const NetlinkDumpFilter& shouldDelete) {
     // RTM_GETxxx is always RTM_DELxxx + 1, see <linux/rtnetlink.h>.
     if (getAction != deleteAction + 1) {
         ALOGE("Unknown flush type getAction=%d deleteAction=%d", getAction, deleteAction);
@@ -201,7 +209,7 @@
     return ret;
 }
 
-uint32_t getRtmU32Attribute(const nlmsghdr *nlh, int attribute) {
+uint32_t getRtmU32Attribute(const nlmsghdr* nlh, int attribute) {
     uint32_t rta_len = RTM_PAYLOAD(nlh);
     rtmsg *msg = reinterpret_cast<rtmsg *>(NLMSG_DATA(nlh));
     rtattr *rta = reinterpret_cast<rtattr *> RTM_RTA(msg);
diff --git a/server/NetlinkCommands.h b/server/NetlinkCommands.h
index ef1ff48..11fb8e0 100644
--- a/server/NetlinkCommands.h
+++ b/server/NetlinkCommands.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_NETLINK_UTIL_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_NETLINK_UTIL_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
@@ -23,13 +22,13 @@
 
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 const sockaddr_nl KERNEL_NLADDR = {AF_NETLINK, 0, 0, 0};
 
 const uint16_t NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
 const uint16_t NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS = NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL;
+const uint16_t NETLINK_ROUTE_REPLACE_FLAGS = NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS | NLM_F_REPLACE;
 // Don't create rules with NLM_F_EXCL, because operations such as changing network permissions rely
 // on make-before-break. The kernel did not complain about duplicate rules until ~4.9, at which
 // point it started returning EEXIST. See for example b/69607866 . We can't just ignore the EEXIST
@@ -44,41 +43,29 @@
 typedef std::function<bool(nlmsghdr *)> NetlinkDumpFilter;
 
 // Opens an RTNetlink socket and connects it to the kernel.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int openNetlinkSocket(int protocol);
+[[nodiscard]] int openNetlinkSocket(int protocol);
 
 // Receives a netlink ACK. Returns 0 if the command succeeded or negative errno if the command
 // failed or receiving the ACK failed.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int recvNetlinkAck(int sock);
+[[nodiscard]] int recvNetlinkAck(int sock);
 
 // Sends a netlink request and possibly expects an ACK. The first element of iov should be null and
 // will be set to the netlink message headerheader. The subsequent elements are the contents of the
 // request.
-
-// Disable optimizations in ASan build.
-// ASan reports an out-of-bounds 32-bit(!) access in the first loop of the
-// function (over iov[]).
-#ifdef __clang__
-#if __has_feature(address_sanitizer)
-__attribute__((optnone))
-#endif
-#endif
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int sendNetlinkRequest(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, iovec* iov, int iovlen,
-                                          const NetlinkDumpCallback *callback);
+[[nodiscard]] int sendNetlinkRequest(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, iovec* iov, int iovlen,
+                                     const NetlinkDumpCallback* callback);
 
 // Processes a netlink dump, passing every message to the specified |callback|.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int processNetlinkDump(int sock, const NetlinkDumpCallback& callback);
+[[nodiscard]] int processNetlinkDump(int sock, const NetlinkDumpCallback& callback);
 
 // Flushes netlink objects that take an rtmsg structure (FIB rules, routes...). |getAction| and
 // |deleteAction| specify the netlink message types, e.g., RTM_GETRULE and RTM_DELRULE.
 // |shouldDelete| specifies whether a given object should be deleted or not. |what| is a
 // human-readable name for the objects being flushed, e.g. "rules".
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int rtNetlinkFlush(uint16_t getAction, uint16_t deleteAction,
-                                      const char *what, const NetlinkDumpFilter& shouldDelete);
+[[nodiscard]] int rtNetlinkFlush(uint16_t getAction, uint16_t deleteAction, const char* what,
+                                 const NetlinkDumpFilter& shouldDelete);
 
 // Returns the value of the specific __u32 attribute, or 0 if the attribute was not present.
 uint32_t getRtmU32Attribute(const nlmsghdr *nlh, int attribute);
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_NETLINK_UTIL_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/NetlinkManager.cpp b/server/NetlinkManager.cpp
index d014443..e3c1db9 100644
--- a/server/NetlinkManager.cpp
+++ b/server/NetlinkManager.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/time.h>
diff --git a/server/Network.h b/server/Network.h
index 69af3ff..8417f34 100644
--- a/server/Network.h
+++ b/server/Network.h
@@ -14,16 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_NETWORK_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_NETWORK_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
 
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 // A Network represents a collection of interfaces participating as a single administrative unit.
 class Network {
@@ -47,9 +45,9 @@
     const std::set<std::string>& getInterfaces() const;
 
     // These return 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
-    virtual int addInterface(const std::string& interface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT = 0;
-    virtual int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT = 0;
-    int clearInterfaces() WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual int addInterface(const std::string& interface) = 0;
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) = 0;
+    [[nodiscard]] int clearInterfaces();
 
     std::string toString() const;
 
@@ -60,7 +58,4 @@
     std::set<std::string> mInterfaces;
 };
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_NETWORK_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/NetworkController.cpp b/server/NetworkController.cpp
index 1e4894f..20ae44b 100644
--- a/server/NetworkController.cpp
+++ b/server/NetworkController.cpp
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cutils/misc.h>  // FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
 #include <netd_resolv/resolv.h>
-#include <netd_resolv/resolv_stub.h>
 #include "log/log.h"
 
 #include "Controllers.h"
 #include "DummyNetwork.h"
 #include "Fwmark.h"
 #include "LocalNetwork.h"
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
 #include "PhysicalNetwork.h"
 #include "RouteController.h"
 #include "VirtualNetwork.h"
@@ -47,8 +47,7 @@
 
 using android::netdutils::DumpWriter;
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -67,21 +66,21 @@
 // setPermissionForNetworks).
 // TODO: use std::mutex and GUARDED_BY instead of manual inspection.
 class NetworkController::DelegateImpl : public PhysicalNetwork::Delegate {
-public:
+  public:
     explicit DelegateImpl(NetworkController* networkController);
     virtual ~DelegateImpl();
 
-    int modifyFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId, const std::string& physicalInterface,
-                          Permission permission, bool add) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int modifyFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId, const std::string& physicalInterface,
+                                        Permission permission, bool add);
 
-private:
-    int addFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
-                       Permission permission) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
-                          Permission permission) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+  private:
+    [[nodiscard]] int addFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
+                                     Permission permission) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
+                                        Permission permission) override;
 
-    int modifyFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface, Permission permission,
-                          bool add) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int modifyFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface, Permission permission,
+                                        bool add);
 
     NetworkController* const mNetworkController;
 };
@@ -143,6 +142,22 @@
         mProtectableUsers({AID_VPN}) {
     mNetworks[LOCAL_NET_ID] = new LocalNetwork(LOCAL_NET_ID);
     mNetworks[DUMMY_NET_ID] = new DummyNetwork(DUMMY_NET_ID);
+
+    // Clear all clsact stubs on all interfaces.
+    // TODO: perhaps only remove the clsact on the interface which is added by
+    // RouteController::addInterfaceToPhysicalNetwork. Currently, the netd only
+    // attach the clsact to the interface for the physical network.
+    if (bpf::isBpfSupported()) {
+        const auto& ifaces = InterfaceController::getIfaceNames();
+        if (isOk(ifaces)) {
+            for (const std::string& iface : ifaces.value()) {
+                if (int ifIndex = if_nametoindex(iface.c_str())) {
+                    // Ignore the error because the interface might not have a clsact.
+                    tcQdiscDelDevClsact(ifIndex);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 unsigned NetworkController::getDefaultNetwork() const {
@@ -214,8 +229,7 @@
         // servers (through the default network). Otherwise, the query is guaranteed to fail.
         // http://b/29498052
         Network *network = getNetworkLocked(*netId);
-        if (network && network->getType() == Network::VIRTUAL &&
-            !RESOLV_STUB.resolv_has_nameservers(*netId)) {
+        if (network && network->getType() == Network::VIRTUAL && !resolv_has_nameservers(*netId)) {
             *netId = mDefaultNetId;
         }
     } else {
@@ -224,7 +238,7 @@
         // them). Otherwise, use the default network's DNS servers.
         // TODO: Consider if we should set the explicit bit here.
         VirtualNetwork* virtualNetwork = getVirtualNetworkForUserLocked(uid);
-        if (virtualNetwork && RESOLV_STUB.resolv_has_nameservers(virtualNetwork->getNetId())) {
+        if (virtualNetwork && resolv_has_nameservers(virtualNetwork->getNetId())) {
             *netId = virtualNetwork->getNetId();
         } else {
             // TODO: return an error instead of silently doing the DNS lookup on the wrong network.
@@ -236,11 +250,6 @@
     return fwmark.intValue;
 }
 
-uint32_t NetworkController::getNetworkForDns(unsigned* netId, uid_t uid) const {
-    ScopedRLock lock(mRWLock);
-    return getNetworkForDnsLocked(netId, uid);
-}
-
 // Returns the NetId that a given UID would use if no network is explicitly selected. Specifically,
 // the VPN that applies to the UID if any; otherwise, the default network.
 unsigned NetworkController::getNetworkForUser(uid_t uid) const {
@@ -497,12 +506,20 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    int ifIndex = RouteController::getIfIndex(interface);
-    if (ifIndex) {
-        mIfindexToLastNetId[ifIndex] = netId;
-    } else {
-        // Cannot happen, since addInterface() above will have failed.
-        ALOGE("inconceivable! added interface %s with no index", interface);
+    // Only populate mIfindexToLastNetId for non-local networks, because for these getIfIndex will
+    // return 0. That's fine though, because that map is only used to prevent force-closing sockets
+    // when the same IP address is handed over from one interface to another interface that is in
+    // the same network but not in the same netId (for now this is done only on VPNs). That is not
+    // useful for the local network because IP addresses in the local network are always assigned by
+    // the device itself and never meaningful on any other network.
+    if (netId != LOCAL_NET_ID) {
+        int ifIndex = RouteController::getIfIndex(interface);
+        if (ifIndex) {
+            mIfindexToLastNetId[ifIndex] = netId;
+        } else {
+            // Cannot happen, since addInterface() above will have failed.
+            ALOGE("inconceivable! added interface %s with no index", interface);
+        }
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -593,13 +610,18 @@
 }
 
 int NetworkController::addRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                                const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid) {
-    return modifyRoute(netId, interface, destination, nexthop, true, legacy, uid);
+                                const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid, int mtu) {
+    return modifyRoute(netId, interface, destination, nexthop, ROUTE_ADD, legacy, uid, mtu);
+}
+
+int NetworkController::updateRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                   const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid, int mtu) {
+    return modifyRoute(netId, interface, destination, nexthop, ROUTE_UPDATE, legacy, uid, mtu);
 }
 
 int NetworkController::removeRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
                                    const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid) {
-    return modifyRoute(netId, interface, destination, nexthop, false, legacy, uid);
+    return modifyRoute(netId, interface, destination, nexthop, ROUTE_REMOVE, legacy, uid, 0);
 }
 
 void NetworkController::addInterfaceAddress(unsigned ifIndex, const char* address) {
@@ -633,7 +655,7 @@
     }
     // Then, check for VPN handover condition
     if (mIfindexToLastNetId.find(ifindex) == mIfindexToLastNetId.end()) {
-        ALOGE("Interface index %u was never in a currently-connected netId", ifindex);
+        ALOGW("Interface index %u was never in a currently-connected non-local netId", ifindex);
         return true;
     }
     unsigned lastNetId = mIfindexToLastNetId[ifindex];
@@ -776,7 +798,8 @@
 }
 
 int NetworkController::modifyRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                                   const char* nexthop, bool add, bool legacy, uid_t uid) {
+                                   const char* nexthop, enum RouteOperation op, bool legacy,
+                                   uid_t uid, int mtu) {
     ScopedRLock lock(mRWLock);
 
     if (!isValidNetworkLocked(netId)) {
@@ -806,8 +829,15 @@
         tableType = RouteController::INTERFACE;
     }
 
-    return add ? RouteController::addRoute(interface, destination, nexthop, tableType) :
-                 RouteController::removeRoute(interface, destination, nexthop, tableType);
+    switch (op) {
+        case ROUTE_ADD:
+            return RouteController::addRoute(interface, destination, nexthop, tableType, mtu);
+        case ROUTE_UPDATE:
+            return RouteController::updateRoute(interface, destination, nexthop, tableType, mtu);
+        case ROUTE_REMOVE:
+            return RouteController::removeRoute(interface, destination, nexthop, tableType);
+    }
+    return -EINVAL;
 }
 
 int NetworkController::modifyFallthroughLocked(unsigned vpnNetId, bool add) {
@@ -850,5 +880,4 @@
     }
 }
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/NetworkController.h b/server/NetworkController.h
index 4a363b3..ff49c02 100644
--- a/server/NetworkController.h
+++ b/server/NetworkController.h
@@ -14,8 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_NETWORK_CONTROLLER_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_NETWORK_CONTROLLER_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/multinetwork.h>
@@ -37,8 +36,7 @@
 
 struct android_net_context;
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 typedef std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> ScopedRLock;
 typedef std::lock_guard<std::shared_mutex> ScopedWLock;
@@ -90,47 +88,48 @@
     static constexpr int LOCAL_NET_ID = INetd::LOCAL_NET_ID;
     static constexpr int DUMMY_NET_ID = 51;
 
+    // Route mode for modify route
+    enum RouteOperation { ROUTE_ADD, ROUTE_UPDATE, ROUTE_REMOVE };
+
     NetworkController();
 
     unsigned getDefaultNetwork() const;
-    int setDefaultNetwork(unsigned netId) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int setDefaultNetwork(unsigned netId);
 
-    // Sets |*netId| to an appropriate NetId to use for DNS for the given user. Call with |*netId|
-    // set to a non-NETID_UNSET value if the user already has indicated a preference. Returns the
-    // fwmark value to set on the socket when performing the DNS request.
-    uint32_t getNetworkForDns(unsigned* netId, uid_t uid) const;
     unsigned getNetworkForUser(uid_t uid) const;
     unsigned getNetworkForConnect(uid_t uid) const;
     void getNetworkContext(unsigned netId, uid_t uid, struct android_net_context* netcontext) const;
     unsigned getNetworkForInterface(const char* interface) const;
     bool isVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId) const;
 
-    int createPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int createPhysicalOemNetwork(Permission permission, unsigned *netId) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int createVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, bool secure) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int destroyNetwork(unsigned netId) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int createPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, Permission permission);
+    [[nodiscard]] int createPhysicalOemNetwork(Permission permission, unsigned* netId);
+    [[nodiscard]] int createVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, bool secure);
+    [[nodiscard]] int destroyNetwork(unsigned netId);
 
-    int addInterfaceToNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeInterfaceFromNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addInterfaceToNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface);
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeInterfaceFromNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface);
 
     Permission getPermissionForUser(uid_t uid) const;
     void setPermissionForUsers(Permission permission, const std::vector<uid_t>& uids);
     int checkUserNetworkAccess(uid_t uid, unsigned netId) const;
-    int setPermissionForNetworks(Permission permission,
-                                 const std::vector<unsigned>& netIds) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int setPermissionForNetworks(Permission permission,
+                                               const std::vector<unsigned>& netIds);
 
-    int addUsersToNetwork(unsigned netId, const UidRanges& uidRanges) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeUsersFromNetwork(unsigned netId, const UidRanges& uidRanges) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addUsersToNetwork(unsigned netId, const UidRanges& uidRanges);
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeUsersFromNetwork(unsigned netId, const UidRanges& uidRanges);
 
     // |nexthop| can be NULL (to indicate a directly-connected route), "unreachable" (to indicate a
     // route that's blocked), "throw" (to indicate the lack of a match), or a regular IP address.
     //
     // Routes are added to tables determined by the interface, so only |interface| is actually used.
     // |netId| is given only to sanity check that the interface has the correct netId.
-    int addRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                 const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                    const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                               const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid, int mtu);
+    [[nodiscard]] int updateRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                  const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid, int mtu);
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                  const char* nexthop, bool legacy, uid_t uid);
 
     // Notes that the specified address has appeared on the specified interface.
     void addInterfaceAddress(unsigned ifIndex, const char* address);
@@ -147,7 +146,12 @@
   private:
     bool isValidNetworkLocked(unsigned netId) const;
     Network* getNetworkLocked(unsigned netId) const;
+
+    // Sets |*netId| to an appropriate NetId to use for DNS for the given user. Call with |*netId|
+    // set to a non-NETID_UNSET value if the user already has indicated a preference. Returns the
+    // fwmark value to set on the socket when performing the DNS request.
     uint32_t getNetworkForDnsLocked(unsigned* netId, uid_t uid) const;
+
     unsigned getNetworkForUserLocked(uid_t uid) const;
     unsigned getNetworkForConnectLocked(uid_t uid) const;
     unsigned getNetworkForInterfaceLocked(const char* interface) const;
@@ -156,11 +160,12 @@
     VirtualNetwork* getVirtualNetworkForUserLocked(uid_t uid) const;
     Permission getPermissionForUserLocked(uid_t uid) const;
     int checkUserNetworkAccessLocked(uid_t uid, unsigned netId) const;
-    int createPhysicalNetworkLocked(unsigned netId, Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int createPhysicalNetworkLocked(unsigned netId, Permission permission);
 
-    int modifyRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                    const char* nexthop, bool add, bool legacy, uid_t uid) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int modifyFallthroughLocked(unsigned vpnNetId, bool add) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int modifyRoute(unsigned netId, const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                  const char* nexthop, RouteOperation op, bool legacy, uid_t uid,
+                                  int mtu);
+    [[nodiscard]] int modifyFallthroughLocked(unsigned vpnNetId, bool add);
     void updateTcpSocketMonitorPolling();
 
     class DelegateImpl;
@@ -189,7 +194,4 @@
 
 };
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_NETWORK_CONTROLLER_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/ClatUtils.cpp b/server/OffloadUtils.cpp
similarity index 63%
rename from server/ClatUtils.cpp
rename to server/OffloadUtils.cpp
index ed7287a..a743458 100644
--- a/server/ClatUtils.cpp
+++ b/server/OffloadUtils.cpp
@@ -14,31 +14,30 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "ClatUtils.h"
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
 
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <linux/if.h>
+#include <linux/if_arp.h>
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
 #include <linux/pkt_cls.h>
 #include <linux/pkt_sched.h>
-#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#define LOG_TAG "ClatUtils"
+#define LOG_TAG "OffloadUtils"
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 #include "NetlinkCommands.h"
 #include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
-#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
-#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
 
+using std::max;
+
 int hardwareAddressType(const std::string& interface) {
     base::unique_fd ufd(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
 
@@ -62,19 +61,29 @@
     return ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_family;
 }
 
-int getClatIngressMapFd(void) {
-    const int fd = bpf::bpfFdGet(CLAT_INGRESS_MAP_PATH, 0);
-    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
-}
+base::Result<bool> isEthernet(const std::string& interface) {
+    int rv = hardwareAddressType(interface);
+    if (rv < 0) {
+        errno = -rv;
+        return ErrnoErrorf("Get hardware address type of interface {} failed", interface);
+    }
 
-int getClatIngressProgFd(bool with_ethernet_header) {
-    const int fd = bpf::bpfFdGet(
-            with_ethernet_header ? CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_PATH : CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_PATH, 0);
-    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+    switch (rv) {
+        case ARPHRD_ETHER:
+            return true;
+        case ARPHRD_NONE:
+        case ARPHRD_RAWIP:  // in Linux 4.14+ rmnet support was upstreamed and this is 519
+        case 530:           // this is ARPHRD_RAWIP on some Android 4.9 kernels with rmnet
+            return false;
+        default:
+            errno = EAFNOSUPPORT;  // Address family not supported
+            return ErrnoErrorf("Unknown hardware address type {} on interface {}", rv, interface);
+    }
 }
 
 // TODO: use //system/netd/server/NetlinkCommands.cpp:openNetlinkSocket(protocol)
-int openNetlinkSocket(void) {
+// and //system/netd/server/SockDiag.cpp:checkError(fd)
+static int sendAndProcessNetlinkResponse(const void* req, int len) {
     base::unique_fd fd(socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW | SOCK_CLOEXEC, NETLINK_ROUTE));
     if (fd == -1) {
         const int err = errno;
@@ -82,10 +91,8 @@
         return -err;
     }
 
-    int rv;
-
-    const int on = 1;
-    rv = setsockopt(fd, SOL_NETLINK, NETLINK_CAP_ACK, &on, sizeof(on));
+    static constexpr int on = 1;
+    int rv = setsockopt(fd, SOL_NETLINK, NETLINK_CAP_ACK, &on, sizeof(on));
     if (rv) ALOGE("setsockopt(fd, SOL_NETLINK, NETLINK_CAP_ACK, %d)", on);
 
     // this is needed to get sane strace netlink parsing, it allocates the pid
@@ -104,18 +111,17 @@
         return -err;
     }
 
-    return fd.release();
-}
+    rv = send(fd, req, len, 0);
+    if (rv == -1) return -errno;
+    if (rv != len) return -EMSGSIZE;
 
-// TODO: merge with //system/netd/server/SockDiag.cpp:checkError(fd)
-int processNetlinkResponse(int fd) {
     struct {
         nlmsghdr h;
         nlmsgerr e;
         char buf[256];
     } resp = {};
 
-    const int rv = recv(fd, &resp, sizeof(resp), MSG_TRUNC);
+    rv = recv(fd, &resp, sizeof(resp), MSG_TRUNC);
 
     if (rv == -1) {
         const int err = errno;
@@ -144,14 +150,13 @@
 // ADD:     nlMsgType=RTM_NEWQDISC nlMsgFlags=NLM_F_EXCL|NLM_F_CREATE
 // REPLACE: nlMsgType=RTM_NEWQDISC nlMsgFlags=NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_REPLACE
 // DEL:     nlMsgType=RTM_DELQDISC nlMsgFlags=0
-int doTcQdiscClsact(int fd, int ifIndex, __u16 nlMsgType, __u16 nlMsgFlags) {
+int doTcQdiscClsact(int ifIndex, uint16_t nlMsgType, uint16_t nlMsgFlags) {
     // This is the name of the qdisc we are attaching.
     // Some hoop jumping to make this compile time constant with known size,
     // so that the structure declaration is well defined at compile time.
 #define CLSACT "clsact"
-    static const char clsact[] = CLSACT;
     // sizeof() includes the terminating NULL
-#define ASCIIZ_LEN_CLSACT sizeof(clsact)
+    static constexpr size_t ASCIIZ_LEN_CLSACT = sizeof(CLSACT);
 
     const struct {
         nlmsghdr n;
@@ -184,34 +189,15 @@
                             .str = CLSACT,
                     },
     };
-#undef ASCIIZ_LEN_CLSACT
 #undef CLSACT
 
-    const int rv = send(fd, &req, sizeof(req), 0);
-    if (rv == -1) return -errno;
-    if (rv != sizeof(req)) return -EMSGSIZE;
-
-    return processNetlinkResponse(fd);
+    return sendAndProcessNetlinkResponse(&req, sizeof(req));
 }
 
-int tcQdiscAddDevClsact(int fd, int ifIndex) {
-    return doTcQdiscClsact(fd, ifIndex, RTM_NEWQDISC, NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_CREATE);
-}
-
-int tcQdiscReplaceDevClsact(int fd, int ifIndex) {
-    return doTcQdiscClsact(fd, ifIndex, RTM_NEWQDISC, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_REPLACE);
-}
-
-int tcQdiscDelDevClsact(int fd, int ifIndex) {
-    return doTcQdiscClsact(fd, ifIndex, RTM_DELQDISC, 0);
-}
-
-// tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6 bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/... direct-action
-int tcFilterAddDevBpf(int fd, int ifIndex, int bpfFd, bool ethernet) {
-    // The priority doesn't matter until we actually start attaching multiple
-    // things to the same interface's ingress point.
-    const int prio = 1;
-
+// tc filter add dev .. in/egress prio 1 protocol ipv6/ip bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
+// direct-action
+int tcFilterAddDevBpf(int ifIndex, bool ingress, uint16_t prio, uint16_t proto, int bpfFd,
+                      bool ethernet) {
     // This is the name of the filter we're attaching (ie. this is the 'bpf'
     // packet classifier enabled by kernel config option CONFIG_NET_CLS_BPF.
     //
@@ -219,9 +205,8 @@
     // so that we can define the struct further down the function with the
     // field for this sized correctly already during the build.
 #define BPF "bpf"
-    const char bpf[] = BPF;
     // sizeof() includes the terminating NULL
-#define ASCIIZ_LEN_BPF sizeof(bpf)
+    static constexpr size_t ASCIIZ_LEN_BPF = sizeof(BPF);
 
     // This is to replicate program name suffix used by 'tc' Linux cli
     // when it attaches programs.
@@ -229,27 +214,61 @@
 
     // This macro expands (from header files) to:
     //   prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress_clat_rawip:[*fsobj]
-    // and is the name of the pinned ebpf program for ARPHRD_RAWIP interfaces.
+    // and is the name of the pinned ingress ebpf program for ARPHRD_RAWIP interfaces.
     // (also compatible with anything that has 0 size L2 header)
-#define NAME_RAWIP CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX
-    const char name_rawip[] = NAME_RAWIP;
+    static constexpr char name_clat_rx_rawip[] = CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX;
 
     // This macro expands (from header files) to:
     //   prog_clatd_schedcls_ingress_clat_ether:[*fsobj]
-    // and is the name of the pinned ebpf program for ARPHRD_ETHER interfaces.
+    // and is the name of the pinned ingress ebpf program for ARPHRD_ETHER interfaces.
     // (also compatible with anything that has standard ethernet header)
-#define NAME_ETHER CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX
-    const char name_ether[] = NAME_ETHER;
+    static constexpr char name_clat_rx_ether[] = CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX;
 
-    // The actual name we'll use is determined at run time via 'ethernet'
-    // boolean.  We need to compile time allocate enough space in the struct
+    // This macro expands (from header files) to:
+    //   prog_clatd_schedcls_egress_clat_rawip:[*fsobj]
+    // and is the name of the pinned egress ebpf program for ARPHRD_RAWIP interfaces.
+    // (also compatible with anything that has 0 size L2 header)
+    static constexpr char name_clat_tx_rawip[] = CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX;
+
+    // This macro expands (from header files) to:
+    //   prog_clatd_schedcls_egress_clat_ether:[*fsobj]
+    // and is the name of the pinned egress ebpf program for ARPHRD_ETHER interfaces.
+    // (also compatible with anything that has standard ethernet header)
+    static constexpr char name_clat_tx_ether[] = CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX;
+
+    // This macro expands (from header files) to:
+    //   prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_rawip:[*fsobj]
+    // and is the name of the pinned ingress ebpf program for ARPHRD_RAWIP interfaces.
+    // (also compatible with anything that has 0 size L2 header)
+    static constexpr char name_tether_rawip[] = TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX;
+
+    // This macro expands (from header files) to:
+    //   prog_offload_schedcls_ingress_tether_ether:[*fsobj]
+    // and is the name of the pinned ingress ebpf program for ARPHRD_ETHER interfaces.
+    // (also compatible with anything that has standard ethernet header)
+    static constexpr char name_tether_ether[] = TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_NAME FSOBJ_SUFFIX;
+
+#undef FSOBJ_SUFFIX
+
+    // The actual name we'll use is determined at run time via 'ethernet' and 'ingress'
+    // booleans.  We need to compile time allocate enough space in the struct
     // hence this macro magic to make sure we have enough space for either
-    // possibility.  In practice both are actually the same size.
-#define ASCIIZ_MAXLEN_NAME \
-    ((sizeof(name_rawip) > sizeof(name_ether)) ? sizeof(name_rawip) : sizeof(name_ether))
+    // possibility.  In practice some of these are actually the same size.
+    static constexpr size_t ASCIIZ_MAXLEN_NAME = max({
+            sizeof(name_clat_rx_rawip),
+            sizeof(name_clat_rx_ether),
+            sizeof(name_clat_tx_rawip),
+            sizeof(name_clat_tx_ether),
+            sizeof(name_tether_rawip),
+            sizeof(name_tether_ether),
+    });
 
-    // This is not a compile time constant and is used in strcpy below
-#define NAME (ethernet ? NAME_ETHER : NAME_RAWIP)
+    // These are not compile time constants: 'name' is used in strncpy below
+    const char* const name_clat_rx = ethernet ? name_clat_rx_ether : name_clat_rx_rawip;
+    const char* const name_clat_tx = ethernet ? name_clat_tx_ether : name_clat_tx_rawip;
+    const char* const name_clat = ingress ? name_clat_rx : name_clat_tx;
+    const char* const name_tether = ethernet ? name_tether_ether : name_tether_rawip;
+    const char* const name = (prio == PRIO_TETHER) ? name_tether : name_clat;
 
     struct {
         nlmsghdr n;
@@ -285,8 +304,9 @@
                             .tcm_family = AF_UNSPEC,
                             .tcm_ifindex = ifIndex,
                             .tcm_handle = TC_H_UNSPEC,
-                            .tcm_parent = TC_H_MAKE(TC_H_CLSACT, TC_H_MIN_INGRESS),
-                            .tcm_info = (prio << 16) | htons(ETH_P_IPV6),
+                            .tcm_parent = TC_H_MAKE(TC_H_CLSACT,
+                                                    ingress ? TC_H_MIN_INGRESS : TC_H_MIN_EGRESS),
+                            .tcm_info = static_cast<__u32>((prio << 16) | htons(proto)),
                     },
             .kind =
                     {
@@ -321,7 +341,7 @@
                                                             .nla_type = TCA_BPF_NAME,
                                                     },
                                             // Visible via 'tc filter show', but
-                                            // is overwritten by strcpy below
+                                            // is overwritten by strncpy below
                                             .str = "placeholder",
                                     },
                             .flags =
@@ -335,22 +355,37 @@
                                     },
                     },
     };
-
-    strncpy(req.options.name.str, NAME, sizeof(req.options.name.str));
-
-#undef NAME
-#undef ASCIIZ_MAXLEN_NAME
-#undef NAME_ETHER
-#undef NAME_RAWIP
-#undef NAME
-#undef ASCIIZ_LEN_BPF
 #undef BPF
 
-    const int rv = send(fd, &req, sizeof(req), 0);
-    if (rv == -1) return -errno;
-    if (rv != sizeof(req)) return -EMSGSIZE;
+    strncpy(req.options.name.str, name, sizeof(req.options.name.str));
 
-    return processNetlinkResponse(fd);
+    return sendAndProcessNetlinkResponse(&req, sizeof(req));
+}
+
+// tc filter del dev .. in/egress prio .. protocol ..
+int tcFilterDelDev(int ifIndex, bool ingress, uint16_t prio, uint16_t proto) {
+    const struct {
+        nlmsghdr n;
+        tcmsg t;
+    } req = {
+            .n =
+                    {
+                            .nlmsg_len = sizeof(req),
+                            .nlmsg_type = RTM_DELTFILTER,
+                            .nlmsg_flags = NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS,
+                    },
+            .t =
+                    {
+                            .tcm_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+                            .tcm_ifindex = ifIndex,
+                            .tcm_handle = TC_H_UNSPEC,
+                            .tcm_parent = TC_H_MAKE(TC_H_CLSACT,
+                                                    ingress ? TC_H_MIN_INGRESS : TC_H_MIN_EGRESS),
+                            .tcm_info = static_cast<__u32>((prio << 16) | htons(proto)),
+                    },
+    };
+
+    return sendAndProcessNetlinkResponse(&req, sizeof(req));
 }
 
 }  // namespace net
diff --git a/server/OffloadUtils.h b/server/OffloadUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..818fd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/OffloadUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/result.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <linux/if_ether.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace net {
+
+// For better code clarity - do not change values - used for booleans like
+// with_ethernet_header or isEthernet.
+constexpr bool RAWIP = false;
+constexpr bool ETHER = true;
+
+// For better code clarity when used for 'bool ingress' parameter.
+constexpr bool EGRESS = false;
+constexpr bool INGRESS = true;
+
+// The priority of clat/tether hooks - smaller is higher priority.
+constexpr uint16_t PRIO_CLAT = 1;
+constexpr uint16_t PRIO_TETHER = 2;
+
+// this returns an ARPHRD_* constant or a -errno
+int hardwareAddressType(const std::string& interface);
+
+base::Result<bool> isEthernet(const std::string& interface);
+
+inline int getClatEgressMapFd(void) {
+    const int fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRW(CLAT_EGRESS_MAP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getClatEgressProgFd(bool with_ethernet_header) {
+    const int fd = bpf::retrieveProgram(with_ethernet_header ? CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_ETHER_PATH
+                                                             : CLAT_EGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getClatIngressMapFd(void) {
+    const int fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRW(CLAT_INGRESS_MAP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getClatIngressProgFd(bool with_ethernet_header) {
+    const int fd = bpf::retrieveProgram(with_ethernet_header ? CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_PATH
+                                                             : CLAT_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getTetherIngressMapFd(void) {
+    const int fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRW(TETHER_INGRESS_MAP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getTetherIngressProgFd(bool with_ethernet_header) {
+    const int fd = bpf::retrieveProgram(with_ethernet_header ? TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_ETHER_PATH
+                                                             : TETHER_INGRESS_PROG_RAWIP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getTetherStatsMapFd(void) {
+    const int fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRW(TETHER_STATS_MAP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+inline int getTetherLimitMapFd(void) {
+    const int fd = bpf::mapRetrieveRW(TETHER_LIMIT_MAP_PATH);
+    return (fd == -1) ? -errno : fd;
+}
+
+int doTcQdiscClsact(int ifIndex, uint16_t nlMsgType, uint16_t nlMsgFlags);
+
+inline int tcQdiscAddDevClsact(int ifIndex) {
+    return doTcQdiscClsact(ifIndex, RTM_NEWQDISC, NLM_F_EXCL | NLM_F_CREATE);
+}
+
+inline int tcQdiscReplaceDevClsact(int ifIndex) {
+    return doTcQdiscClsact(ifIndex, RTM_NEWQDISC, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_REPLACE);
+}
+
+inline int tcQdiscDelDevClsact(int ifIndex) {
+    return doTcQdiscClsact(ifIndex, RTM_DELQDISC, 0);
+}
+
+// tc filter add dev .. in/egress prio 1 protocol ipv6/ip bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/...
+// direct-action
+int tcFilterAddDevBpf(int ifIndex, bool ingress, uint16_t prio, uint16_t proto, int bpfFd,
+                      bool ethernet);
+
+// tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6 bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/... direct-action
+inline int tcFilterAddDevIngressClatIpv6(int ifIndex, int bpfFd, bool ethernet) {
+    return tcFilterAddDevBpf(ifIndex, INGRESS, PRIO_CLAT, ETH_P_IPV6, bpfFd, ethernet);
+}
+
+// tc filter add dev .. egress prio 1 protocol ip bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/... direct-action
+inline int tcFilterAddDevEgressClatIpv4(int ifIndex, int bpfFd, bool ethernet) {
+    return tcFilterAddDevBpf(ifIndex, EGRESS, PRIO_CLAT, ETH_P_IP, bpfFd, ethernet);
+}
+
+// tc filter add dev .. ingress prio 2 protocol ipv6 bpf object-pinned /sys/fs/bpf/... direct-action
+inline int tcFilterAddDevIngressTether(int ifIndex, int bpfFd, bool ethernet) {
+    return tcFilterAddDevBpf(ifIndex, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER, ETH_P_IPV6, bpfFd, ethernet);
+}
+
+// tc filter del dev .. in/egress prio .. protocol ..
+int tcFilterDelDev(int ifIndex, bool ingress, uint16_t prio, uint16_t proto);
+
+// tc filter del dev .. ingress prio 1 protocol ipv6
+inline int tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(int ifIndex) {
+    return tcFilterDelDev(ifIndex, INGRESS, PRIO_CLAT, ETH_P_IPV6);
+}
+
+// tc filter del dev .. egress prio 1 protocol ip
+inline int tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(int ifIndex) {
+    return tcFilterDelDev(ifIndex, EGRESS, PRIO_CLAT, ETH_P_IP);
+}
+
+// tc filter del dev .. ingress prio 2 protocol ipv6
+inline int tcFilterDelDevIngressTether(int ifIndex) {
+    return tcFilterDelDev(ifIndex, INGRESS, PRIO_TETHER, ETH_P_IPV6);
+}
+
+}  // namespace net
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/server/OffloadUtilsTest.cpp b/server/OffloadUtilsTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1760c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/OffloadUtilsTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * OffloadUtilsTest.cpp - unit tests for OffloadUtils.cpp
+ */
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
+
+#include <linux/if_arp.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+#include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
+#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace net {
+
+class OffloadUtilsTest : public ::testing::Test {
+  public:
+    void SetUp() {}
+};
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfNonExistingIf) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, hardwareAddressType("not_existing_if"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfLoopback) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(ARPHRD_LOOPBACK, hardwareAddressType("lo"));
+}
+
+// If wireless 'wlan0' interface exists it should be Ethernet.
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfWireless) {
+    int type = hardwareAddressType("wlan0");
+    if (type == -ENODEV) return;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(ARPHRD_ETHER, type);
+}
+
+// If cellular 'rmnet_data0' interface exists it should
+// *probably* not be Ethernet and instead be RawIp.
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, HardwareAddressTypeOfCellular) {
+    int type = hardwareAddressType("rmnet_data0");
+    if (type == -ENODEV) return;
+
+    ASSERT_NE(ARPHRD_ETHER, type);
+
+    // ARPHRD_RAWIP is 530 on some pre-4.14 Qualcomm devices.
+    if (type == 530) return;
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(ARPHRD_RAWIP, type);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, IsEthernetOfNonExistingIf) {
+    auto res = isEthernet("not_existing_if");
+    ASSERT_FALSE(res.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENODEV, res.error().code());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, IsEthernetOfLoopback) {
+    auto res = isEthernet("lo");
+    ASSERT_FALSE(res.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(EAFNOSUPPORT, res.error().code());
+}
+
+// If wireless 'wlan0' interface exists it should be Ethernet.
+// See also HardwareAddressTypeOfWireless.
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, IsEthernetOfWireless) {
+    auto res = isEthernet("wlan0");
+    if (!res.ok() && res.error().code() == ENODEV) return;
+
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(res);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res.value());
+}
+
+// If cellular 'rmnet_data0' interface exists it should
+// *probably* not be Ethernet and instead be RawIp.
+// See also HardwareAddressTypeOfCellular.
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, IsEthernetOfCellular) {
+    auto res = isEthernet("rmnet_data0");
+    if (!res.ok() && res.error().code() == ENODEV) return;
+
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(res);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(res.value());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetClatEgressMapFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getClatEgressMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);  // 0,1,2 - stdin/out/err, thus fd >= 3
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetClatEgressRawIpProgFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getClatEgressProgFd(RAWIP);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetClatEgressEtherProgFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getClatEgressProgFd(ETHER);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetClatIngressMapFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getClatIngressMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);  // 0,1,2 - stdin/out/err, thus fd >= 3
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetClatIngressRawIpProgFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getClatIngressProgFd(RAWIP);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetClatIngressEtherProgFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getClatIngressProgFd(ETHER);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetTetherIngressMapFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getTetherIngressMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);  // 0,1,2 - stdin/out/err, thus fd >= 3
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetTetherIngressRawIpProgFd) {
+    // Currently only implementing downstream direction offload.
+    // RX Rawip -> TX Ether requires header adjustments and thus 4.14.
+    SKIP_IF_EXTENDED_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getTetherIngressProgFd(RAWIP);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetTetherIngressEtherProgFd) {
+    // Currently only implementing downstream direction offload.
+    // RX Ether -> TX Ether does not require header adjustments
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getTetherIngressProgFd(ETHER);
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetTetherStatsMapFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getTetherStatsMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);  // 0,1,2 - stdin/out/err, thus fd >= 3
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, GetTetherLimitMapFd) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    int fd = getTetherLimitMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(fd, 3);  // 0,1,2 - stdin/out/err, thus fd >= 3
+    EXPECT_EQ(FD_CLOEXEC, fcntl(fd, F_GETFD));
+    close(fd);
+}
+
+// The SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED macro is effectively a check for 4.9+ kernel
+// combined with a launched on P device.  Ie. it's a test for 4.9-P or better.
+
+// NET_SCH_INGRESS is only enabled starting with 4.9-Q and as such we need
+// a separate way to test for this...
+int doKernelSupportsNetSchIngress(void) {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cert-env33-c)
+    return system("zcat /proc/config.gz | egrep -q '^CONFIG_NET_SCH_INGRESS=[my]$'");
+}
+
+// NET_CLS_BPF is only enabled starting with 4.9-Q...
+int doKernelSupportsNetClsBpf(void) {
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cert-env33-c)
+    return system("zcat /proc/config.gz | egrep -q '^CONFIG_NET_CLS_BPF=[my]$'");
+}
+
+// Make sure the above functions actually execute correctly rather than failing
+// due to missing binary or execution failure...
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, KernelSupportsNetFuncs) {
+    // Make sure the file is present and readable and decompressable.
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cert-env33-c)
+    ASSERT_EQ(W_EXITCODE(0, 0), system("zcat /proc/config.gz > /dev/null"));
+
+    int v = doKernelSupportsNetSchIngress();
+    int w = doKernelSupportsNetClsBpf();
+
+    // They should always either return 0 (match) or 1 (no match),
+    // anything else is some sort of exec/environment/etc failure.
+    if (v != W_EXITCODE(1, 0)) ASSERT_EQ(v, W_EXITCODE(0, 0));
+    if (w != W_EXITCODE(1, 0)) ASSERT_EQ(w, W_EXITCODE(0, 0));
+}
+
+// True iff CONFIG_NET_SCH_INGRESS is enabled in /proc/config.gz
+bool kernelSupportsNetSchIngress(void) {
+    return doKernelSupportsNetSchIngress() == W_EXITCODE(0, 0);
+}
+
+// True iff CONFIG_NET_CLS_BPF is enabled in /proc/config.gz
+bool kernelSupportsNetClsBpf(void) {
+    return doKernelSupportsNetClsBpf() == W_EXITCODE(0, 0);
+}
+
+// See Linux kernel source in include/net/flow.h
+#define LOOPBACK_IFINDEX 1
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, AttachReplaceDetachClsactLo) {
+    // Technically does not depend on ebpf, but does depend on clsact,
+    // and we do not really care if it works on pre-4.9-Q anyway.
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    if (!kernelSupportsNetSchIngress()) return;
+
+    // This attaches and detaches a configuration-less and thus no-op clsact
+    // qdisc to loopback interface (and it takes fractions of a second)
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscAddDevClsact(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscReplaceDevClsact(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscDelDevClsact(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, tcQdiscDelDevClsact(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+}
+
+static void checkAttachDetachBpfFilterClsactLo(const bool ingress, const bool ethernet) {
+    // This test requires kernel 4.9-Q or better
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+    if (!kernelSupportsNetSchIngress()) return;
+    if (!kernelSupportsNetClsBpf()) return;
+
+    const bool extended =
+            (android::bpf::getBpfSupportLevel() >= android::bpf::BpfLevel::EXTENDED_4_14);
+    // Older kernels return EINVAL instead of ENOENT due to lacking proper error propagation...
+    const int errNOENT =
+            (android::bpf::getBpfSupportLevel() >= android::bpf::BpfLevel::EXTENDED_4_19) ? ENOENT
+                                                                                          : EINVAL;
+
+    int clatBpfFd = ingress ? getClatIngressProgFd(ethernet) : getClatEgressProgFd(ethernet);
+    ASSERT_GE(clatBpfFd, 3);
+
+    int tetherBpfFd = -1;
+    if (extended && ingress) {
+        tetherBpfFd = getTetherIngressProgFd(ethernet);
+        ASSERT_GE(tetherBpfFd, 3);
+    }
+
+    // This attaches and detaches a clsact plus ebpf program to loopback
+    // interface, but it should not affect traffic by virtue of us not
+    // actually populating the ebpf control map.
+    // Furthermore: it only takes fractions of a second.
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscAddDevClsact(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-errNOENT, tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-errNOENT, tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    if (ingress) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterAddDevIngressClatIpv6(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX, clatBpfFd, ethernet));
+        if (extended) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterAddDevIngressTether(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX, tetherBpfFd, ethernet));
+            EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterDelDevIngressTether(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    } else {
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterAddDevEgressClatIpv4(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX, clatBpfFd, ethernet));
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(-errNOENT, tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-errNOENT, tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tcQdiscDelDevClsact(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, tcFilterDelDevIngressClatIpv6(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-EINVAL, tcFilterDelDevEgressClatIpv4(LOOPBACK_IFINDEX));
+
+    if (tetherBpfFd != -1) close(tetherBpfFd);
+    close(clatBpfFd);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, CheckAttachBpfFilterRawIpClsactEgressLo) {
+    checkAttachDetachBpfFilterClsactLo(EGRESS, RAWIP);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, CheckAttachBpfFilterEthernetClsactEgressLo) {
+    checkAttachDetachBpfFilterClsactLo(EGRESS, ETHER);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, CheckAttachBpfFilterRawIpClsactIngressLo) {
+    checkAttachDetachBpfFilterClsactLo(INGRESS, RAWIP);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OffloadUtilsTest, CheckAttachBpfFilterEthernetClsactIngressLo) {
+    checkAttachDetachBpfFilterClsactLo(INGRESS, ETHER);
+}
+
+}  // namespace net
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/server/PhysicalNetwork.cpp b/server/PhysicalNetwork.cpp
index 7a1f305..2808fbe 100644
--- a/server/PhysicalNetwork.cpp
+++ b/server/PhysicalNetwork.cpp
@@ -23,13 +23,12 @@
 
 #include "log/log.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 namespace {
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addToDefault(unsigned netId, const std::string& interface,
-                                    Permission permission, PhysicalNetwork::Delegate* delegate) {
+[[nodiscard]] int addToDefault(unsigned netId, const std::string& interface, Permission permission,
+                               PhysicalNetwork::Delegate* delegate) {
     if (int ret = RouteController::addInterfaceToDefaultNetwork(interface.c_str(), permission)) {
         ALOGE("failed to add interface %s to default netId %u", interface.c_str(), netId);
         return ret;
@@ -40,9 +39,8 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int removeFromDefault(unsigned netId, const std::string& interface,
-                                         Permission permission,
-                                         PhysicalNetwork::Delegate* delegate) {
+[[nodiscard]] int removeFromDefault(unsigned netId, const std::string& interface,
+                                    Permission permission, PhysicalNetwork::Delegate* delegate) {
     if (int ret = RouteController::removeInterfaceFromDefaultNetwork(interface.c_str(),
                                                                      permission)) {
         ALOGE("failed to remove interface %s from default netId %u", interface.c_str(), netId);
@@ -56,15 +54,13 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-PhysicalNetwork::Delegate::~Delegate() {
-}
+PhysicalNetwork::Delegate::~Delegate() {}
 
 PhysicalNetwork::PhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, PhysicalNetwork::Delegate* delegate) :
         Network(netId), mDelegate(delegate), mPermission(PERMISSION_NONE), mIsDefault(false) {
 }
 
-PhysicalNetwork::~PhysicalNetwork() {
-}
+PhysicalNetwork::~PhysicalNetwork() {}
 
 Permission PhysicalNetwork::getPermission() const {
     return mPermission;
@@ -92,8 +88,8 @@
         // If any of these operations fail, there's no point in logging because RouteController will
         // have already logged a message. There's also no point returning an error since there's
         // nothing we can do.
-        (void) RouteController::addRoute(interface.c_str(), dst, "throw",
-                                         RouteController::INTERFACE);
+        (void)RouteController::addRoute(interface.c_str(), dst, "throw", RouteController::INTERFACE,
+                                        0 /* mtu */);
         (void) RouteController::removeRoute(interface.c_str(), dst, "throw",
                                          RouteController::INTERFACE);
     }
@@ -206,5 +202,4 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/PhysicalNetwork.h b/server/PhysicalNetwork.h
index 89c9443..0720824 100644
--- a/server/PhysicalNetwork.h
+++ b/server/PhysicalNetwork.h
@@ -14,25 +14,23 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_PHYSICAL_NETWORK_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_PHYSICAL_NETWORK_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include "Network.h"
 #include "Permission.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 class PhysicalNetwork : public Network {
-public:
+  public:
     class Delegate {
-    public:
+      public:
         virtual ~Delegate();
 
-        virtual int addFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
-                                   Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT = 0;
-        virtual int removeFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
-                                      Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT = 0;
+        [[nodiscard]] virtual int addFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
+                                                 Permission permission) = 0;
+        [[nodiscard]] virtual int removeFallthrough(const std::string& physicalInterface,
+                                                    Permission permission) = 0;
     };
 
     PhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, Delegate* delegate);
@@ -40,15 +38,15 @@
 
     // These refer to permissions that apps must have in order to use this network.
     Permission getPermission() const;
-    int setPermission(Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int setPermission(Permission permission);
 
-    int addAsDefault() WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeAsDefault() WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addAsDefault();
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeAsDefault();
 
-private:
+  private:
     Type getType() const override;
-    int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
     int destroySocketsLackingPermission(Permission permission);
     void invalidateRouteCache(const std::string& interface);
 
@@ -57,7 +55,4 @@
     bool mIsDefault;
 };
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_PHYSICAL_NETWORK_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/PppController.cpp b/server/PppController.cpp
index 80a36e9..b80e1a6 100644
--- a/server/PppController.cpp
+++ b/server/PppController.cpp
@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
diff --git a/server/ResolvStub.cpp b/server/ResolvStub.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index d84572f..0000000
--- a/server/ResolvStub.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2018 The Android Open Source Project
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
- * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
- * are met:
- *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
- *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
- *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
- *    distribution.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
- * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
- * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
- * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
- * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
- * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
- * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
- * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
- * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
- * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
- * SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-#include <string>
-
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-
-#define LOG_TAG "Netd"
-#include <log/log.h>
-
-#include <netd_resolv/resolv_stub.h>
-
-struct ResolvStub RESOLV_STUB;
-
-inline constexpr char APEX_LIB64_DIR[] = "/apex/com.android.resolv/lib64";
-inline constexpr char APEX_LIB_DIR[] = "/apex/com.android.resolv/lib";
-inline constexpr char LIBNAME[] = "libnetd_resolv.so";
-
-template <typename FunctionType>
-static void resolvStubInitFunction(void* handle, const char* symbol, FunctionType** stubPtr) {
-    void* f = dlsym(handle, symbol);
-    if (f == nullptr) {
-        ALOGE("Can't find symbol %s in %s", symbol, LIBNAME);
-        abort();
-    }
-    *stubPtr = reinterpret_cast<FunctionType*>(f);
-}
-
-int resolv_stub_init() {
-    void* netdResolvHandle;
-
-    for (const auto& dir : {APEX_LIB64_DIR, APEX_LIB_DIR}) {
-        std::string path = std::string(dir) + "/" + LIBNAME;
-        netdResolvHandle = dlopen(path.c_str(), RTLD_NOW);
-        if (netdResolvHandle != nullptr) {
-            ALOGI("Loaded resolver library from %s", path.c_str());
-            break;
-        }
-        ALOGW("dlopen(%s) failed: %s", path.c_str(), strerror(errno));
-    }
-
-    if (netdResolvHandle == nullptr) {
-        ALOGE("Fatal: couldn't open libnetd_resolv");
-        abort();
-    }
-
-#define STR(x) #x
-#define RESOLV_STUB_LOAD_SYMBOL(x) resolvStubInitFunction(netdResolvHandle, STR(x), &RESOLV_STUB.x)
-    RESOLV_STUB_LOAD_SYMBOL(resolv_has_nameservers);
-    RESOLV_STUB_LOAD_SYMBOL(resolv_init);
-#undef RESOLV_STUB_LOAD_SYMBOL
-#undef STR
-
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/server/RouteController.cpp b/server/RouteController.cpp
index 6722372..134bbca 100644
--- a/server/RouteController.cpp
+++ b/server/RouteController.cpp
@@ -33,21 +33,22 @@
 #include "Fwmark.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
 #include "NetlinkCommands.h"
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
 #include "UidRanges.h"
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include "log/log.h"
-#include "logwrap/logwrap.h"
 #include "netid_client.h"
 #include "netutils/ifc.h"
 
+using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 using android::net::UidRangeParcel;
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 auto RouteController::iptablesRestoreCommandFunction = execIptablesRestoreCommand;
 
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@
 
 // Avoids "non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'unsigned int' to 'unsigned short'"
 // warnings when using RTA_LENGTH(x) inside static initializers (even when x is already uint16_t).
-constexpr uint16_t U16_RTA_LENGTH(uint16_t x) {
+static constexpr uint16_t U16_RTA_LENGTH(uint16_t x) {
     return RTA_LENGTH(x);
 }
 
@@ -120,16 +121,24 @@
 rtattr RTATTR_OIF       = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           RTA_OIF };
 rtattr RTATTR_PRIO      = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           RTA_PRIORITY };
 
+// One or more nested attributes in the RTA_METRICS attribute.
+rtattr RTATTRX_MTU      = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(uint32_t)),           RTAX_MTU};
+constexpr size_t RTATTRX_MTU_SIZE = RTA_SPACE(sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+// The RTA_METRICS attribute itself.
+constexpr size_t RTATTR_METRICS_SIZE = RTATTRX_MTU_SIZE;
+rtattr RTATTR_METRICS   = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(RTATTR_METRICS_SIZE),         RTA_METRICS };
+
 uint8_t PADDING_BUFFER[RTA_ALIGNTO] = {0, 0, 0, 0};
 
 // END CONSTANTS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-const char *actionName(uint16_t action) {
+static const char* actionName(uint16_t action) {
     static const char *ops[4] = {"adding", "deleting", "getting", "???"};
     return ops[action % 4];
 }
 
-const char *familyName(uint8_t family) {
+static const char* familyName(uint8_t family) {
     switch (family) {
         case AF_INET: return "IPv4";
         case AF_INET6: return "IPv6";
@@ -139,20 +148,28 @@
 
 // Caller must hold sInterfaceToTableLock.
 uint32_t RouteController::getRouteTableForInterfaceLocked(const char* interface) {
-    uint32_t index = if_nametoindex(interface);
-    if (index) {
-        index += RouteController::ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX;
-        sInterfaceToTable[interface] = index;
-        return index;
-    }
-    // If the interface goes away if_nametoindex() will return 0 but we still need to know
-    // the index so we can remove the rules and routes.
+    // If we already know the routing table for this interface name, use it.
+    // This ensures we can remove rules and routes for an interface that has been removed,
+    // or has been removed and re-added with a different interface index.
+    //
+    // The caller is responsible for ensuring that an interface is never added to a network
+    // until it has been removed from any network it was previously in. This ensures that
+    // if the same interface disconnects and then reconnects with a different interface ID
+    // when the reconnect happens the interface will not be in the map, and the code will
+    // determine the new routing table from the interface ID, below.
     auto iter = sInterfaceToTable.find(interface);
-    if (iter == sInterfaceToTable.end()) {
-        ALOGE("cannot find interface %s", interface);
+    if (iter != sInterfaceToTable.end()) {
+        return iter->second;
+    }
+
+    uint32_t index = if_nametoindex(interface);
+    if (index == 0) {
+        ALOGE("cannot find interface %s: %s", interface, strerror(errno));
         return RT_TABLE_UNSPEC;
     }
-    return iter->second;
+    index += RouteController::ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX;
+    sInterfaceToTable[interface] = index;
+    return index;
 }
 
 uint32_t RouteController::getIfIndex(const char* interface) {
@@ -164,7 +181,17 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
-    return iter->second - ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX;
+    // For interfaces that are not in the local network, the routing table is always the interface
+    // index plus ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX. But for interfaces in the local network, there's no
+    // way to know the interface index from this table. Return 0 here so callers of this method do
+    // not get confused.
+    // TODO: stop calling this method from any caller that only wants interfaces in client mode.
+    int ifindex = iter->second;
+    if (ifindex == ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return ifindex - ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX;
 }
 
 uint32_t RouteController::getRouteTableForInterface(const char* interface) {
@@ -231,9 +258,10 @@
 //   range (inclusive). Otherwise, the rule matches packets from all UIDs.
 //
 // Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint8_t ruleType,
-                                    uint32_t table, uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask, const char* iif,
-                                    const char* oif, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint8_t ruleType,
+                                      uint32_t table, uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask,
+                                      const char* iif, const char* oif, uid_t uidStart,
+                                      uid_t uidEnd) {
     // Ensure that if you set a bit in the fwmark, it's not being ignored by the mask.
     if (fwmark & ~mask) {
         ALOGE("mask 0x%x does not select all the bits set in fwmark 0x%x", mask, fwmark);
@@ -317,23 +345,23 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint32_t table,
-                                    uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask, const char* iif,
-                                    const char* oif, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint32_t table,
+                                      uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask, const char* iif,
+                                      const char* oif, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd) {
     return modifyIpRule(action, priority, FR_ACT_TO_TBL, table, fwmark, mask, iif, oif, uidStart,
                         uidEnd);
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint32_t table,
-                                    uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyIpRule(uint16_t action, uint32_t priority, uint32_t table,
+                                      uint32_t fwmark, uint32_t mask) {
     return modifyIpRule(action, priority, table, fwmark, mask, IIF_NONE, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID,
                         INVALID_UID);
 }
 
 // Adds or deletes an IPv4 or IPv6 route.
 // Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIpRoute(uint16_t action, uint32_t table, const char* interface,
-                                     const char* destination, const char* nexthop) {
+int modifyIpRoute(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, uint32_t table, const char* interface,
+                  const char* destination, const char* nexthop, uint32_t mtu) {
     // At least the destination must be non-null.
     if (!destination) {
         ALOGE("null destination");
@@ -392,33 +420,34 @@
 
     // Assemble a rtmsg and put it in an array of iovec structures.
     rtmsg route = {
-        .rtm_protocol = RTPROT_STATIC,
-        .rtm_type = type,
-        .rtm_family = family,
-        .rtm_dst_len = prefixLength,
-        .rtm_scope = static_cast<uint8_t>(nexthop ? RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE : RT_SCOPE_LINK),
+            .rtm_family = family,
+            .rtm_dst_len = prefixLength,
+            .rtm_protocol = RTPROT_STATIC,
+            .rtm_scope = static_cast<uint8_t>(nexthop ? RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE : RT_SCOPE_LINK),
+            .rtm_type = type,
     };
 
     rtattr rtaDst     = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(rawLength), RTA_DST };
     rtattr rtaGateway = { U16_RTA_LENGTH(rawLength), RTA_GATEWAY };
 
     iovec iov[] = {
-        { nullptr,          0 },
-        { &route,        sizeof(route) },
-        { &RTATTR_TABLE, sizeof(RTATTR_TABLE) },
-        { &table,        sizeof(table) },
-        { &rtaDst,       sizeof(rtaDst) },
-        { rawAddress,    static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) },
-        { &RTATTR_OIF,   interface != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(RTATTR_OIF) : 0 },
-        { &ifindex,      interface != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(ifindex) : 0 },
-        { &rtaGateway,   nexthop ? sizeof(rtaGateway) : 0 },
-        { rawNexthop,    nexthop ? static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) : 0 },
-        { &RTATTR_PRIO,  isDefaultThrowRoute ? sizeof(RTATTR_PRIO) : 0 },
-        { &PRIO_THROW,   isDefaultThrowRoute ? sizeof(PRIO_THROW) : 0 },
+        { nullptr,         0 },
+        { &route,          sizeof(route) },
+        { &RTATTR_TABLE,   sizeof(RTATTR_TABLE) },
+        { &table,          sizeof(table) },
+        { &rtaDst,         sizeof(rtaDst) },
+        { rawAddress,      static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) },
+        { &RTATTR_OIF,     interface != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(RTATTR_OIF) : 0 },
+        { &ifindex,        interface != OIF_NONE ? sizeof(ifindex) : 0 },
+        { &rtaGateway,     nexthop ? sizeof(rtaGateway) : 0 },
+        { rawNexthop,      nexthop ? static_cast<size_t>(rawLength) : 0 },
+        { &RTATTR_METRICS, mtu != 0 ? sizeof(RTATTR_METRICS) : 0 },
+        { &RTATTRX_MTU,    mtu != 0 ? sizeof(RTATTRX_MTU) : 0 },
+        { &mtu,            mtu != 0 ? sizeof(mtu) : 0 },
+        { &RTATTR_PRIO,    isDefaultThrowRoute ? sizeof(RTATTR_PRIO) : 0 },
+        { &PRIO_THROW,     isDefaultThrowRoute ? sizeof(PRIO_THROW) : 0 },
     };
 
-    uint16_t flags = (action == RTM_NEWROUTE) ? NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS : NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS;
-
     // Allow creating multiple link-local routes in the same table, so we can make IPv6
     // work on all interfaces in the local_network table.
     if (family == AF_INET6 && IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL(reinterpret_cast<in6_addr*>(rawAddress))) {
@@ -440,8 +469,8 @@
 //   replies, SYN-ACKs, etc).
 // + Mark sockets that accept connections from this interface so that the connection stays on the
 //   same interface.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIncomingPacketMark(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                                Permission permission, bool add) {
+int modifyIncomingPacketMark(unsigned netId, const char* interface, Permission permission,
+                             bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
 
     fwmark.netId = netId;
@@ -466,7 +495,7 @@
 //
 // When a VPN is in effect, packets from the local network to upstream networks are forwarded into
 // the VPN's tunnel interface. When the VPN forwards the responses, they emerge out of the tunnel.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnOutputToLocalRule(const char* vpnInterface, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyVpnOutputToLocalRule(const char* vpnInterface, bool add) {
     return modifyIpRule(add ? RTM_NEWRULE : RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_VPN_OUTPUT_TO_LOCAL,
                         ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK, MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET, vpnInterface, OIF_NONE,
                         INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
@@ -477,8 +506,8 @@
 // Notice that this rule doesn't use the netId. I.e., no matter what netId the user's socket may
 // have, if they are subject to this VPN, their traffic has to go through it. Allows the traffic to
 // bypass the VPN if the protectedFromVpn bit is set.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnUidRangeRule(uint32_t table, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd,
-                                             bool secure, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyVpnUidRangeRule(uint32_t table, uid_t uidStart, uid_t uidEnd,
+                                               bool secure, bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
 
@@ -505,8 +534,8 @@
 //
 // This is needed for DnsProxyListener to correctly resolve a request for a user who is in the
 // target set, but where the DnsProxyListener itself is not.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyVpnSystemPermissionRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table, bool secure,
-                                                     bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyVpnSystemPermissionRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table, bool secure,
+                                                       bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
 
@@ -529,9 +558,9 @@
 // Even though we check permissions at the time we set a netId into the fwmark of a socket, we need
 // to check it again in the rules here, because a network's permissions may have been updated via
 // modifyNetworkPermission().
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyExplicitNetworkRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table,
-                                                 Permission permission, uid_t uidStart,
-                                                 uid_t uidEnd, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyExplicitNetworkRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table,
+                                                   Permission permission, uid_t uidStart,
+                                                   uid_t uidEnd, bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
 
@@ -552,9 +581,9 @@
 //
 // Supports apps that use SO_BINDTODEVICE or IP_PKTINFO options and the kernel that already knows
 // the outgoing interface (typically for link-local communications).
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyOutputInterfaceRules(const char* interface, uint32_t table,
-                                                  Permission permission, uid_t uidStart,
-                                                  uid_t uidEnd, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyOutputInterfaceRules(const char* interface, uint32_t table,
+                                                    Permission permission, uid_t uidStart,
+                                                    uid_t uidEnd, bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
 
@@ -581,7 +610,7 @@
 // This is for sockets that have not explicitly requested a particular network, but have been
 // bound to one when they called connect(). This ensures that sockets connected on a particular
 // network stay on that network even if the default network changes.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyImplicitNetworkRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyImplicitNetworkRule(unsigned netId, uint32_t table, bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
 
@@ -603,9 +632,9 @@
 //
 // If a packet with a VPN's netId doesn't find a route in the VPN's routing table, it's allowed to
 // go over the default network, provided it has the permissions required by the default network.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::modifyVpnFallthroughRule(uint16_t action, unsigned vpnNetId,
-                                                                 const char* physicalInterface,
-                                                                 Permission permission) {
+int RouteController::modifyVpnFallthroughRule(uint16_t action, unsigned vpnNetId,
+                                              const char* physicalInterface,
+                                              Permission permission) {
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(physicalInterface);
     if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
         return -ESRCH;
@@ -625,7 +654,7 @@
 }
 
 // Add rules to allow legacy routes added through the requestRouteToHost() API.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addLegacyRouteRules() {
+[[nodiscard]] static int addLegacyRouteRules() {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
 
@@ -651,7 +680,7 @@
 }
 
 // Add rules to lookup the local network when specified explicitly or otherwise.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addLocalNetworkRules(unsigned localNetId) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int addLocalNetworkRules(unsigned localNetId) {
     if (int ret = modifyExplicitNetworkRule(localNetId, ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK, PERMISSION_NONE,
                                             INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID, ACTION_ADD)) {
         return ret;
@@ -672,7 +701,7 @@
     const char *interface = DummyNetwork::INTERFACE_NAME;
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
     if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
-        // getRouteTableForInterface has already looged an error.
+        // getRouteTableForInterface has already logged an error.
         return -ESRCH;
     }
 
@@ -690,11 +719,13 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    if ((ret = modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table, interface, "0.0.0.0/0", nullptr))) {
+    if ((ret = modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table, interface,
+                             "0.0.0.0/0", nullptr, 0 /* mtu */))) {
         return ret;
     }
 
-    if ((ret = modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table, interface, "::/0", nullptr))) {
+    if ((ret = modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table, interface, "::/0",
+                             nullptr, 0 /* mtu */))) {
         return ret;
     }
 
@@ -705,12 +736,12 @@
 // relying on the kernel-default "from all lookup main" rule at priority 32766 is not intended
 // behaviour. We do flush the kernel-default rules at startup, but having an explicit unreachable
 // rule will hopefully make things even clearer.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int addUnreachableRule() {
+[[nodiscard]] static int addUnreachableRule() {
     return modifyIpRule(RTM_NEWRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_UNREACHABLE, FR_ACT_UNREACHABLE, RT_TABLE_UNSPEC,
                         MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET, IIF_NONE, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool add) {
     if (int ret = modifyIncomingPacketMark(netId, interface, PERMISSION_NONE, add)) {
         return ret;
     }
@@ -719,8 +750,8 @@
 }
 
 /* static */
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::modifyPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                                              Permission permission, bool add) {
+int RouteController::modifyPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                           Permission permission, bool add) {
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
     if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
         return -ESRCH;
@@ -764,7 +795,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges, bool add) {
+[[nodiscard]] static int modifyRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges, bool add) {
     Fwmark fwmark;
     Fwmark mask;
     fwmark.protectedFromVpn = false;
@@ -781,10 +812,9 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::modifyVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                                             const UidRanges& uidRanges,
-                                                             bool secure, bool add,
-                                                             bool modifyNonUidBasedRules) {
+int RouteController::modifyVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                          const UidRanges& uidRanges, bool secure, bool add,
+                                          bool modifyNonUidBasedRules) {
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
     if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
         return -ESRCH;
@@ -820,8 +850,8 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::modifyDefaultNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* interface,
-                                                             Permission permission) {
+int RouteController::modifyDefaultNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* interface,
+                                          Permission permission) {
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(interface);
     if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
         return -ESRCH;
@@ -840,9 +870,8 @@
                         mask.intValue, IIF_LOOPBACK, OIF_NONE, INVALID_UID, INVALID_UID);
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::modifyTetheredNetwork(uint16_t action,
-                                                              const char* inputInterface,
-                                                              const char* outputInterface) {
+int RouteController::modifyTetheredNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* inputInterface,
+                                           const char* outputInterface) {
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterface(outputInterface);
     if (table == RT_TABLE_UNSPEC) {
         return -ESRCH;
@@ -854,9 +883,9 @@
 
 // Adds or removes an IPv4 or IPv6 route to the specified table.
 // Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::modifyRoute(uint16_t action, const char* interface,
-                                                    const char* destination, const char* nexthop,
-                                                    TableType tableType) {
+int RouteController::modifyRoute(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, const char* interface,
+                                 const char* destination, const char* nexthop, TableType tableType,
+                                 int mtu) {
     uint32_t table;
     switch (tableType) {
         case RouteController::INTERFACE: {
@@ -880,7 +909,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    int ret = modifyIpRoute(action, table, interface, destination, nexthop);
+    int ret = modifyIpRoute(action, flags, table, interface, destination, nexthop, mtu);
     // Trying to add a route that already exists shouldn't cause an error.
     if (ret && !(action == RTM_NEWROUTE && ret == -EEXIST)) {
         return ret;
@@ -889,7 +918,39 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int clearTetheringRules(const char* inputInterface) {
+void maybeModifyQdiscClsact(const char* interface, bool add) {
+    if (!bpf::isBpfSupported()) return;
+
+    // The clsact attaching of v4- tun interface is triggered by ClatdController::maybeStartBpf
+    // because the clat is started before the v4- interface is added to the network and the
+    // clat startup needs to add {in, e}gress filters.
+    // TODO: remove this workaround once v4- tun interface clsact attaching is moved out from
+    // ClatdController::maybeStartBpf.
+    if (StartsWith(interface, "v4-") && add) return;
+
+    // The interface may have already gone away in the delete case.
+    uint32_t ifindex = if_nametoindex(interface);
+    if (!ifindex) {
+        ALOGE("cannot find interface %s", interface);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (add) {
+        if (int ret = tcQdiscAddDevClsact(ifindex)) {
+            ALOGE("tcQdiscAddDevClsact(%d[%s]) failure: %s", ifindex, interface, strerror(-ret));
+            return;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (int ret = tcQdiscDelDevClsact(ifindex)) {
+            ALOGE("tcQdiscDelDevClsact(%d[%s]) failure: %s", ifindex, interface, strerror(-ret));
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return;
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] static int clearTetheringRules(const char* inputInterface) {
     int ret = 0;
     while (ret == 0) {
         ret = modifyIpRule(RTM_DELRULE, RULE_PRIORITY_TETHERING, 0, MARK_UNSET, MARK_UNSET,
@@ -911,7 +972,7 @@
     return getRtmU32Attribute(nlh, RTA_TABLE);
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int flushRules() {
+[[nodiscard]] static int flushRules() {
     NetlinkDumpFilter shouldDelete = [] (nlmsghdr *nlh) {
         // Don't touch rules at priority 0 because by default they are used for local input.
         return getRulePriority(nlh) != 0;
@@ -919,7 +980,7 @@
     return rtNetlinkFlush(RTM_GETRULE, RTM_DELRULE, "rules", shouldDelete);
 }
 
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::flushRoutes(uint32_t table) {
+int RouteController::flushRoutes(uint32_t table) {
     NetlinkDumpFilter shouldDelete = [table] (nlmsghdr *nlh) {
         return getRouteTable(nlh) == table;
     };
@@ -928,7 +989,7 @@
 }
 
 // Returns 0 on success or negative errno on failure.
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int RouteController::flushRoutes(const char* interface) {
+int RouteController::flushRoutes(const char* interface) {
     std::lock_guard lock(sInterfaceToTableLock);
 
     uint32_t table = getRouteTableForInterfaceLocked(interface);
@@ -968,11 +1029,21 @@
 }
 
 int RouteController::addInterfaceToLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) {
-    return modifyLocalNetwork(netId, interface, ACTION_ADD);
+    if (int ret = modifyLocalNetwork(netId, interface, ACTION_ADD)) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    std::lock_guard lock(sInterfaceToTableLock);
+    sInterfaceToTable[interface] = ROUTE_TABLE_LOCAL_NETWORK;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int RouteController::removeInterfaceFromLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) {
-    return modifyLocalNetwork(netId, interface, ACTION_DEL);
+    if (int ret = modifyLocalNetwork(netId, interface, ACTION_DEL)) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    std::lock_guard lock(sInterfaceToTableLock);
+    sInterfaceToTable.erase(interface);
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int RouteController::addInterfaceToPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
@@ -980,6 +1051,7 @@
     if (int ret = modifyPhysicalNetwork(netId, interface, permission, ACTION_ADD)) {
         return ret;
     }
+    maybeModifyQdiscClsact(interface, ACTION_ADD);
     updateTableNamesFile();
     return 0;
 }
@@ -995,6 +1067,7 @@
     if (int ret = clearTetheringRules(interface)) {
         return ret;
     }
+    maybeModifyQdiscClsact(interface, ACTION_DEL);
     updateTableNamesFile();
     return 0;
 }
@@ -1062,13 +1135,21 @@
 }
 
 int RouteController::addRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination, const char* nexthop,
-                              TableType tableType) {
-    return modifyRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, interface, destination, nexthop, tableType);
+                              TableType tableType, int mtu) {
+    return modifyRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, interface, destination, nexthop,
+                       tableType, mtu);
 }
 
 int RouteController::removeRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination,
                                  const char* nexthop, TableType tableType) {
-    return modifyRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, interface, destination, nexthop, tableType);
+    return modifyRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, NETLINK_REQUEST_FLAGS, interface, destination, nexthop,
+                       tableType, 0);
+}
+
+int RouteController::updateRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                 const char* nexthop, TableType tableType, int mtu) {
+    return modifyRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_REPLACE_FLAGS, interface, destination, nexthop,
+                       tableType, mtu);
 }
 
 int RouteController::enableTethering(const char* inputInterface, const char* outputInterface) {
@@ -1094,6 +1175,4 @@
 std::mutex RouteController::sInterfaceToTableLock;
 std::map<std::string, uint32_t> RouteController::sInterfaceToTable;
 
-
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/RouteController.h b/server/RouteController.h
index d40288b..656fc21 100644
--- a/server/RouteController.h
+++ b/server/RouteController.h
@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_ROUTE_CONTROLLER_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_ROUTE_CONTROLLER_H
+#pragma once
 
-#include "NetdConstants.h"
+#include "NetdConstants.h"  // IptablesTarget
 #include "Permission.h"
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
@@ -27,8 +26,7 @@
 #include <map>
 #include <mutex>
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 class UidRanges;
 
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@
 
     static const char* const LOCAL_MANGLE_INPUT;
 
-    static int Init(unsigned localNetId) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int Init(unsigned localNetId);
 
     // Returns an ifindex given the interface name, by looking up in sInterfaceToTable.
     // This is currently only used by NetworkController::addInterfaceToNetwork
@@ -57,55 +55,58 @@
     // used to add them.
     static uint32_t getIfIndex(const char* interface) EXCLUDES(sInterfaceToTableLock);
 
-    static int addInterfaceToLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeInterfaceFromLocalNetwork(unsigned netId,
-                                               const char* interface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addInterfaceToLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeInterfaceFromLocalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface);
 
-    static int addInterfaceToPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                             Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeInterfaceFromPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                                  Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addInterfaceToPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                                           Permission permission);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeInterfaceFromPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId,
+                                                                const char* interface,
+                                                                Permission permission);
 
-    static int addInterfaceToVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool secure,
-                                            const UidRanges& uidRanges) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeInterfaceFromVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool secure,
-                                                 const UidRanges& uidRanges) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addInterfaceToVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                                          bool secure, const UidRanges& uidRanges);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeInterfaceFromVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId,
+                                                               const char* interface, bool secure,
+                                                               const UidRanges& uidRanges);
 
-    static int modifyPhysicalNetworkPermission(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                               Permission oldPermission,
-                                               Permission newPermission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int modifyPhysicalNetworkPermission(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                                             Permission oldPermission,
+                                                             Permission newPermission);
 
-    static int addUsersToVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool secure,
-                                        const UidRanges& uidRanges) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeUsersFromVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, bool secure,
-                                             const UidRanges& uidRanges) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addUsersToVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                                      bool secure, const UidRanges& uidRanges);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeUsersFromVirtualNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                                           bool secure, const UidRanges& uidRanges);
 
-    static int addUsersToRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges)
-                                                    WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeUsersFromRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges)
-                                                         WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addUsersToRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeUsersFromRejectNonSecureNetworkRule(const UidRanges& uidRanges);
 
-    static int addInterfaceToDefaultNetwork(const char* interface,
-                                            Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeInterfaceFromDefaultNetwork(const char* interface,
-                                                 Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addInterfaceToDefaultNetwork(const char* interface,
+                                                          Permission permission);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeInterfaceFromDefaultNetwork(const char* interface,
+                                                               Permission permission);
 
     // |nexthop| can be NULL (to indicate a directly-connected route), "unreachable" (to indicate a
     // route that's blocked), "throw" (to indicate the lack of a match), or a regular IP address.
-    static int addRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination, const char* nexthop,
-                        TableType tableType) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination, const char* nexthop,
-                           TableType tableType) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                      const char* nexthop, TableType tableType, int mtu);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                         const char* nexthop, TableType tableType);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int updateRoute(const char* interface, const char* destination,
+                                         const char* nexthop, TableType tableType, int mtu);
 
-    static int enableTethering(const char* inputInterface,
-                               const char* outputInterface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int disableTethering(const char* inputInterface,
-                                const char* outputInterface) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int enableTethering(const char* inputInterface,
+                                             const char* outputInterface);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int disableTethering(const char* inputInterface,
+                                              const char* outputInterface);
 
-    static int addVirtualNetworkFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId, const char* physicalInterface,
-                                            Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    static int removeVirtualNetworkFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId, const char* physicalInterface,
-                                               Permission permission) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] static int addVirtualNetworkFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId,
+                                                          const char* physicalInterface,
+                                                          Permission permission);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int removeVirtualNetworkFallthrough(unsigned vpnNetId,
+                                                             const char* physicalInterface,
+                                                             Permission permission);
 
     // For testing.
     static int (*iptablesRestoreCommandFunction)(IptablesTarget, const std::string&,
@@ -118,16 +119,17 @@
     static std::map<std::string, uint32_t> sInterfaceToTable GUARDED_BY(sInterfaceToTableLock);
 
     static int configureDummyNetwork();
-    static int flushRoutes(const char* interface) EXCLUDES(sInterfaceToTableLock);
-    static int flushRoutes(uint32_t table);
-    static uint32_t getRouteTableForInterfaceLocked(const char *interface)
+    [[nodiscard]] static int flushRoutes(const char* interface) EXCLUDES(sInterfaceToTableLock);
+    [[nodiscard]] static int flushRoutes(uint32_t table);
+    static uint32_t getRouteTableForInterfaceLocked(const char* interface)
             REQUIRES(sInterfaceToTableLock);
     static uint32_t getRouteTableForInterface(const char *interface) EXCLUDES(sInterfaceToTableLock);
     static int modifyDefaultNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* interface, Permission permission);
     static int modifyPhysicalNetwork(unsigned netId, const char* interface, Permission permission,
                                      bool add);
-    static int modifyRoute(uint16_t action, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                           const char* nexthop, TableType tableType);
+    static int modifyRoute(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, const char* interface,
+                           const char* destination, const char* nexthop, TableType tableType,
+                           int mtu);
     static int modifyTetheredNetwork(uint16_t action, const char* inputInterface,
                                      const char* outputInterface);
     static int modifyVpnFallthroughRule(uint16_t action, unsigned vpnNetId,
@@ -141,14 +143,11 @@
 // Public because they are called by by RouteControllerTest.cpp.
 // TODO: come up with a scheme of unit testing this code that does not rely on making all its
 // functions public.
-int modifyIpRoute(uint16_t action, uint32_t table, const char* interface, const char* destination,
-                  const char* nexthop) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-int flushRoutes(uint32_t table) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+[[nodiscard]] int modifyIpRoute(uint16_t action, uint16_t flags, uint32_t table,
+                                const char* interface, const char* destination, const char* nexthop,
+                                uint32_t mtu);
 uint32_t getRulePriority(const nlmsghdr *nlh);
-WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int modifyIncomingPacketMark(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
-                                                Permission permission, bool add);
+[[nodiscard]] int modifyIncomingPacketMark(unsigned netId, const char* interface,
+                                           Permission permission, bool add);
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_ROUTE_CONTROLLER_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/RouteControllerTest.cpp b/server/RouteControllerTest.cpp
index 20b3618..fed15a3 100644
--- a/server/RouteControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/RouteControllerTest.cpp
@@ -79,18 +79,24 @@
     static_assert(table2 < RouteController::ROUTE_TABLE_OFFSET_FROM_INDEX,
                   "Test table2 number too large");
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table1, "lo", "192.0.2.2/32", nullptr));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table1, "lo", "192.0.2.3/32", nullptr));
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, table2, "lo", "192.0.2.4/32", nullptr));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table1, "lo",
+              "192.0.2.2/32", nullptr, 0 /* mtu */));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table1, "lo",
+              "192.0.2.3/32", nullptr, 0 /* mtu */));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, modifyIpRoute(RTM_NEWROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table2, "lo",
+              "192.0.2.4/32", nullptr, 0 /* mtu */));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0, flushRoutes(table1));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(-ESRCH,
-              modifyIpRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, table1, "lo", "192.0.2.2/32", nullptr));
+              modifyIpRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table1, "lo", "192.0.2.2/32",
+                            nullptr, 0 /* mtu */));
     EXPECT_EQ(-ESRCH,
-              modifyIpRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, table1, "lo", "192.0.2.3/32", nullptr));
+              modifyIpRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table1, "lo", "192.0.2.3/32",
+                            nullptr, 0 /* mtu */));
     EXPECT_EQ(0,
-              modifyIpRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, table2, "lo", "192.0.2.4/32", nullptr));
+              modifyIpRoute(RTM_DELROUTE, NETLINK_ROUTE_CREATE_FLAGS, table2, "lo", "192.0.2.4/32",
+                            nullptr, 0 /* mtu */));
 }
 
 TEST_F(RouteControllerTest, TestModifyIncomingPacketMark) {
diff --git a/server/SockDiag.cpp b/server/SockDiag.cpp
index 33c523a..44bda3b 100644
--- a/server/SockDiag.cpp
+++ b/server/SockDiag.cpp
@@ -14,27 +14,29 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#define LOG_TAG "Netd"
+
+#include "SockDiag.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <linux/inet_diag.h>
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <linux/sock_diag.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 
-#include <linux/netlink.h>
-#include <linux/sock_diag.h>
-#include <linux/inet_diag.h>
-
-#define LOG_TAG "Netd"
+#include <cinttypes>
 
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <netdutils/InternetAddresses.h>
 #include <netdutils/Stopwatch.h>
 
-#include "NetdConstants.h"
 #include "Permission.h"
-#include "SockDiag.h"
 
 #ifndef SOCK_DESTROY
 #define SOCK_DESTROY 21
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+using netdutils::ScopedAddrinfo;
 using netdutils::Stopwatch;
 
 namespace net {
@@ -136,13 +139,11 @@
     addrinfo hints = { .ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST };
     addrinfo *res;
     in6_addr mapped = { .s6_addr32 = { 0, 0, htonl(0xffff), 0 } };
-    int ret;
 
     // TODO: refactor the netlink parsing code out of system/core, bring it into netd, and stop
     // doing string conversions when they're not necessary.
-    if ((ret = getaddrinfo(addrstr, nullptr, &hints, &res)) != 0) {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
+    int ret = getaddrinfo(addrstr, nullptr, &hints, &res);
+    if (ret != 0) return -EINVAL;
 
     // So we don't have to call freeaddrinfo on every failure path.
     ScopedAddrinfo resP(res);
@@ -323,7 +324,8 @@
     }
 
     if (mSocketsDestroyed > 0) {
-        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets on %s in %.1f ms", mSocketsDestroyed, addrstr, s.timeTaken());
+        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets on %s in %" PRId64 "us", mSocketsDestroyed, addrstr,
+              s.timeTakenUs());
     }
 
     return mSocketsDestroyed;
@@ -397,7 +399,7 @@
     }
 
     if (mSocketsDestroyed > 0) {
-        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets for UID in %.1f ms", mSocketsDestroyed, s.timeTaken());
+        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets for UID in %" PRId64 "us", mSocketsDestroyed, s.timeTakenUs());
     }
 
     return 0;
@@ -424,9 +426,9 @@
     }
 
     if (mSocketsDestroyed > 0) {
-        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets for %s skip={%s} in %.1f ms",
-              mSocketsDestroyed, uidRanges.toString().c_str(),
-              android::base::Join(skipUids, " ").c_str(), s.timeTaken());
+        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets for %s skip={%s} in %" PRId64 "us", mSocketsDestroyed,
+              uidRanges.toString().c_str(), android::base::Join(skipUids, " ").c_str(),
+              s.timeTakenUs());
     }
 
     return 0;
@@ -495,8 +497,8 @@
     };
 
     struct nlattr nla = {
-        .nla_type = INET_DIAG_REQ_BYTECODE,
-        .nla_len = sizeof(struct nlattr) + bytecodelen,
+            .nla_len = sizeof(struct nlattr) + bytecodelen,
+            .nla_type = INET_DIAG_REQ_BYTECODE,
     };
 
     iovec iov[] = {
@@ -517,8 +519,8 @@
     }
 
     if (mSocketsDestroyed > 0) {
-        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets for netId %d permission=%d in %.1f ms",
-              mSocketsDestroyed, netId, permission, s.timeTaken());
+        ALOGI("Destroyed %d sockets for netId %d permission=%d in %" PRId64 "us", mSocketsDestroyed,
+              netId, permission, s.timeTakenUs());
     }
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/server/SockDiag.h b/server/SockDiag.h
index af96409..745c09e 100644
--- a/server/SockDiag.h
+++ b/server/SockDiag.h
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 
 struct inet_diag_msg;
 struct tcp_info;
-class SockDiagTest;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
diff --git a/server/SockDiagTest.cpp b/server/SockDiagTest.cpp
index 312f2c8..b79471a 100644
--- a/server/SockDiagTest.cpp
+++ b/server/SockDiagTest.cpp
@@ -199,14 +199,15 @@
 
 inet_diag_msg makeDiagMessage(__u8 family,  const sockaddr *src, const sockaddr *dst) {
     inet_diag_msg msg = {
-        .idiag_family = family,
-        .idiag_state = TCP_ESTABLISHED,
-        .idiag_uid = AID_APP + 123,
-        .idiag_inode = 123456789,
-        .id = {
-            .idiag_sport = 1234,
-            .idiag_dport = 4321,
-        }
+            .idiag_family = family,
+            .idiag_state = TCP_ESTABLISHED,
+            .id =
+                    {
+                            .idiag_sport = 1234,
+                            .idiag_dport = 4321,
+                    },
+            .idiag_uid = AID_APP + 123,
+            .idiag_inode = 123456789,
     };
     EXPECT_TRUE(fillDiagAddr(msg.id.idiag_src, src));
     EXPECT_TRUE(fillDiagAddr(msg.id.idiag_dst, dst));
diff --git a/server/TcpSocketMonitor.cpp b/server/TcpSocketMonitor.cpp
index f4b505d..c18fe92 100644
--- a/server/TcpSocketMonitor.cpp
+++ b/server/TcpSocketMonitor.cpp
@@ -70,9 +70,10 @@
 
 // Helper macro for reading fields into struct tcp_info and handling different struct tcp_info
 // versions in the kernel.
-#define TCPINFO_GET(ptr, fld, len, zero) \
-        (((ptr) != nullptr && (offsetof(struct tcp_info, fld) + sizeof((ptr)->fld)) < len) ? \
-        (ptr)->fld : zero)
+#define TCPINFO_GET(ptr, fld, len, zero)                                                 \
+    (((ptr) != nullptr && (offsetof(struct tcp_info, fld) + sizeof((ptr)->fld)) < (len)) \
+             ? (ptr)->fld                                                                \
+             : (zero))
 
 static void tcpInfoPrint(DumpWriter &dw, Fwmark mark, const struct inet_diag_msg *sockinfo,
                          const struct tcp_info *tcpinfo, uint32_t tcpinfoLen) {
diff --git a/server/TetherController.cpp b/server/TetherController.cpp
index 0c5b6bf..2445fb7 100644
--- a/server/TetherController.cpp
+++ b/server/TetherController.cpp
@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #define LOG_TAG "TetherController"
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <netdutils/DumpWriter.h>
 #include <netdutils/StatusOr.h>
 
 #include "Controllers.h"
@@ -48,16 +51,25 @@
 #include "InterfaceController.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
 #include "NetworkController.h"
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
 #include "Permission.h"
 #include "TetherController.h"
 
+#include "android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.h"
+
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
 
+using android::base::Error;
 using android::base::Join;
 using android::base::Pipe;
+using android::base::Result;
+using android::base::StringAppendF;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::net::TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
+using android::netdutils::DumpWriter;
+using android::netdutils::ScopedIndent;
 using android::netdutils::statusFromErrno;
 using android::netdutils::StatusOr;
 
@@ -72,6 +84,10 @@
 // Chosen to match AID_DNS_TETHER, as made "friendly" by fs_config_generator.py.
 constexpr const char kDnsmasqUsername[] = "dns_tether";
 
+// A value used by interface quota indicates there is no limit.
+// Sync from frameworks/base/core/java/android/net/netstats/provider/NetworkStatsProvider.java
+constexpr int64_t QUOTA_UNLIMITED = -1;
+
 bool writeToFile(const char* filename, const char* value) {
     int fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (fd < 0) {
@@ -116,22 +132,6 @@
     return !strcmp(BP_TOOLS_MODE, bootmode);
 }
 
-int setPosixSpawnFileActionsAddDup2(posix_spawn_file_actions_t* fa, int fd, int new_fd) {
-    int res = posix_spawn_file_actions_init(fa);
-    if (res) {
-        return res;
-    }
-    return posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(fa, fd, new_fd);
-}
-
-int setPosixSpawnAttrFlags(posix_spawnattr_t* attr, short flags) {
-    int res = posix_spawnattr_init(attr);
-    if (res) {
-        return res;
-    }
-    return posix_spawnattr_setflags(attr, flags);
-}
-
 }  // namespace
 
 auto TetherController::iptablesRestoreFunction = execIptablesRestoreWithOutput;
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@
     } else {
         setIpFwdEnabled();
     }
+    maybeInitMaps();
 }
 
 bool TetherController::setIpFwdEnabled() {
@@ -201,12 +202,40 @@
     return setIpFwdEnabled();
 }
 
+void TetherController::maybeInitMaps() {
+    if (!bpf::isBpfSupported()) return;
+
+    // Open BPF maps, ignoring errors because the device might not support BPF offload.
+    int fd = getTetherIngressMapFd();
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        mBpfIngressMap.reset(fd);
+        mBpfIngressMap.clear();
+    }
+    fd = getTetherStatsMapFd();
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        mBpfStatsMap.reset(fd);
+        mBpfStatsMap.clear();
+    }
+    fd = getTetherLimitMapFd();
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        mBpfLimitMap.reset(fd);
+        mBpfLimitMap.clear();
+    }
+}
+
 const std::set<std::string>& TetherController::getIpfwdRequesterList() const {
     return mForwardingRequests;
 }
 
-int TetherController::startTethering(int num_addrs, char **dhcp_ranges) {
-    if (mDaemonPid != 0) {
+int TetherController::startTethering(bool usingLegacyDnsProxy, int num_addrs, char** dhcp_ranges) {
+    if (!usingLegacyDnsProxy && num_addrs == 0) {
+        // Both DHCP and DnsProxy are disabled, we don't need to start dnsmasq
+        configureForTethering(true);
+        mIsTetheringStarted = true;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (mIsTetheringStarted) {
         ALOGE("Tethering already started");
         errno = EBUSY;
         return -errno;
@@ -245,8 +274,11 @@
             kDnsmasqUsername,
     };
 
-    // DHCP server will be disabled if num_addrs == 0 and no --dhcp-range is
-    // passed.
+    if (!usingLegacyDnsProxy) {
+        argVector.push_back("--port=0");
+    }
+
+    // DHCP server will be disabled if num_addrs == 0 and no --dhcp-range is passed.
     for (int addrIndex = 0; addrIndex < num_addrs; addrIndex += 2) {
         argVector.push_back(StringPrintf("--dhcp-range=%s,%s,1h", dhcp_ranges[addrIndex],
                                          dhcp_ranges[addrIndex + 1]));
@@ -267,23 +299,33 @@
     // dup2 creates fd without CLOEXEC, dnsmasq will receive commands through the
     // duplicated fd.
     posix_spawn_file_actions_t fa;
-    int res = setPosixSpawnFileActionsAddDup2(&fa, pipeRead.get(), STDIN_FILENO);
+    int res = posix_spawn_file_actions_init(&fa);
     if (res) {
-        ALOGE("posix_spawn set fa failed (%s)", strerror(res));
+        ALOGE("posix_spawn_file_actions_init failed (%s)", strerror(res));
+        return -res;
+    }
+    const android::base::ScopeGuard faGuard = [&] { posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(&fa); };
+    res = posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(&fa, pipeRead.get(), STDIN_FILENO);
+    if (res) {
+        ALOGE("posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2 failed (%s)", strerror(res));
         return -res;
     }
 
     posix_spawnattr_t attr;
-    res = setPosixSpawnAttrFlags(&attr, POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK);
+    res = posix_spawnattr_init(&attr);
     if (res) {
-        ALOGE("posix_spawn set attr flag failed (%s)", strerror(res));
+        ALOGE("posix_spawnattr_init failed (%s)", strerror(res));
+        return -res;
+    }
+    const android::base::ScopeGuard attrGuard = [&] { posix_spawnattr_destroy(&attr); };
+    res = posix_spawnattr_setflags(&attr, POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK);
+    if (res) {
+        ALOGE("posix_spawnattr_setflags failed (%s)", strerror(res));
         return -res;
     }
 
     pid_t pid;
     res = posix_spawn(&pid, args[0], &fa, &attr, &args[0], nullptr);
-    posix_spawnattr_destroy(&attr);
-    posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(&fa);
     if (res) {
         ALOGE("posix_spawn failed (%s)", strerror(res));
         return -res;
@@ -291,6 +333,7 @@
     mDaemonPid = pid;
     mDaemonFd = pipeWrite.release();
     configureForTethering(true);
+    mIsTetheringStarted = true;
     applyDnsInterfaces();
     ALOGD("Tethering services running");
 
@@ -306,7 +349,8 @@
     return addrsCstrVec;
 }
 
-int TetherController::startTethering(const std::vector<std::string>& dhcpRanges) {
+int TetherController::startTethering(bool usingLegacyDnsProxy,
+                                     const std::vector<std::string>& dhcpRanges) {
     struct in_addr v4_addr;
     for (const auto& dhcpRange : dhcpRanges) {
         if (!inet_aton(dhcpRange.c_str(), &v4_addr)) {
@@ -314,17 +358,23 @@
         }
     }
     auto dhcp_ranges = toCstrVec(dhcpRanges);
-    return startTethering(dhcp_ranges.size(), dhcp_ranges.data());
+    return startTethering(usingLegacyDnsProxy, dhcp_ranges.size(), dhcp_ranges.data());
 }
 
 int TetherController::stopTethering() {
     configureForTethering(false);
 
-    if (mDaemonPid == 0) {
+    if (!mIsTetheringStarted) {
         ALOGE("Tethering already stopped");
         return 0;
     }
 
+    mIsTetheringStarted = false;
+    // dnsmasq is not started
+    if (mDaemonPid == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     ALOGD("Stopping tethering services");
 
     kill(mDaemonPid, SIGTERM);
@@ -338,7 +388,7 @@
 }
 
 bool TetherController::isTetheringStarted() {
-    return (mDaemonPid == 0 ? false : true);
+    return mIsTetheringStarted;
 }
 
 // dnsmasq can't parse commands larger than this due to the fixed-size buffer
@@ -556,7 +606,8 @@
     }
 
     // add this if we are the first enabled nat for this upstream
-    if (!isAnyForwardingEnabledOnUpstream(extIface)) {
+    bool firstDownstreamForThisUpstream = !isAnyForwardingEnabledOnUpstream(extIface);
+    if (firstDownstreamForThisUpstream) {
         std::vector<std::string> v4Cmds = {
             "*nat",
             StringPrintf("-A %s -o %s -j MASQUERADE", LOCAL_NAT_POSTROUTING, extIface),
@@ -582,6 +633,7 @@
         return -ENODEV;
     }
 
+    if (firstDownstreamForThisUpstream) maybeStartBpf(extIface);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -765,12 +817,82 @@
     }
 
     setForwardRules(false, intIface, extIface);
-    if (!isAnyForwardingPairEnabled()) {
-        setDefaults();
-    }
+    if (!isAnyForwardingEnabledOnUpstream(extIface)) maybeStopBpf(extIface);
+    if (!isAnyForwardingPairEnabled()) setDefaults();
     return 0;
 }
 
+namespace {
+Result<void> validateOffloadRule(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) {
+    struct ethhdr hdr;
+
+    if (rule.inputInterfaceIndex <= 0) {
+        return Error(ENODEV) << "Invalid input interface " << rule.inputInterfaceIndex;
+    }
+    if (rule.outputInterfaceIndex <= 0) {
+        return Error(ENODEV) << "Invalid output interface " << rule.inputInterfaceIndex;
+    }
+    if (rule.prefixLength != 128) {
+        return Error(EINVAL) << "Prefix length must be 128, not " << rule.prefixLength;
+    }
+    if (rule.destination.size() != sizeof(in6_addr)) {
+        return Error(EAFNOSUPPORT) << "Invalid IP address length " << rule.destination.size();
+    }
+    if (rule.srcL2Address.size() != sizeof(hdr.h_source)) {
+        return Error(ENXIO) << "Invalid L2 src address length " << rule.srcL2Address.size();
+    }
+    if (rule.dstL2Address.size() != sizeof(hdr.h_dest)) {
+        return Error(ENXIO) << "Invalid L2 dst address length " << rule.dstL2Address.size();
+    }
+    if (rule.pmtu < IPV6_MIN_MTU || rule.pmtu > 0xFFFF) {
+        return Error(EINVAL) << "Invalid IPv6 path mtu " << rule.pmtu;
+    }
+    return Result<void>();
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+Result<void> TetherController::addOffloadRule(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) {
+    Result<void> res = validateOffloadRule(rule);
+    if (!res.ok()) return res;
+
+    ethhdr hdr = {
+            .h_proto = htons(ETH_P_IPV6),
+    };
+    memcpy(&hdr.h_dest, rule.dstL2Address.data(), sizeof(hdr.h_dest));
+    memcpy(&hdr.h_source, rule.srcL2Address.data(), sizeof(hdr.h_source));
+
+    // Only downstream supported for now.
+    TetherIngressKey key = {
+            .iif = static_cast<uint32_t>(rule.inputInterfaceIndex),
+            .neigh6 = *(const in6_addr*)rule.destination.data(),
+    };
+
+    TetherIngressValue value = {
+            .oif = static_cast<uint32_t>(rule.outputInterfaceIndex),
+            .macHeader = hdr,
+            .pmtu = static_cast<uint16_t>(rule.pmtu),
+    };
+
+    return mBpfIngressMap.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY);
+}
+
+Result<void> TetherController::removeOffloadRule(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule) {
+    Result<void> res = validateOffloadRule(rule);
+    if (!res.ok()) return res;
+
+    TetherIngressKey key = {
+            .iif = static_cast<uint32_t>(rule.inputInterfaceIndex),
+            .neigh6 = *(const in6_addr*)rule.destination.data(),
+    };
+
+    Result<void> ret = mBpfIngressMap.deleteValue(key);
+
+    // Silently return success if the rule did not exist.
+    if (!ret.ok() && ret.error().code() == ENOENT) return {};
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
 void TetherController::addStats(TetherStatsList& statsList, const TetherStats& stats) {
     for (TetherStats& existing : statsList) {
         if (existing.addStatsIfMatch(stats)) {
@@ -906,5 +1028,294 @@
     return statsList;
 }
 
+StatusOr<TetherController::TetherOffloadStatsList> TetherController::getTetherOffloadStats() {
+    TetherOffloadStatsList statsList;
+
+    const auto processTetherStats = [&statsList](const uint32_t& key, const TetherStatsValue& value,
+                                                 const BpfMap<uint32_t, TetherStatsValue>&) {
+        statsList.push_back({.ifIndex = static_cast<int>(key),
+                             .rxBytes = static_cast<int64_t>(value.rxBytes),
+                             .rxPackets = static_cast<int64_t>(value.rxPackets),
+                             .txBytes = static_cast<int64_t>(value.txBytes),
+                             .txPackets = static_cast<int64_t>(value.txPackets)});
+        return Result<void>();
+    };
+
+    auto ret = mBpfStatsMap.iterateWithValue(processTetherStats);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        // Ignore error to return the remaining tether stats result.
+        ALOGE("Error processing tether stats from BPF maps: %s", ret.error().message().c_str());
+    }
+
+    return statsList;
+}
+
+// Use UINT64_MAX (~0uLL) for unlimited.
+Result<void> TetherController::setBpfLimit(uint32_t ifIndex, uint64_t limit) {
+    // The common case is an update, where the stats already exist,
+    // hence we read first, even though writing with BPF_NOEXIST
+    // first would make the code simpler.
+    uint64_t rxBytes, txBytes;
+    auto statsEntry = mBpfStatsMap.readValue(ifIndex);
+
+    if (statsEntry.ok()) {
+        // Ok, there was a stats entry.
+        rxBytes = statsEntry.value().rxBytes;
+        txBytes = statsEntry.value().txBytes;
+    } else if (statsEntry.error().code() == ENOENT) {
+        // No stats entry - create one with zeroes.
+        TetherStatsValue stats = {};
+        // This function is the *only* thing that can create entries.
+        auto ret = mBpfStatsMap.writeValue(ifIndex, stats, BPF_NOEXIST);
+        if (!ret.ok()) {
+            ALOGE("mBpfStatsMap.writeValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+            return ret;
+        }
+        rxBytes = 0;
+        txBytes = 0;
+    } else {
+        // Other error while trying to get stats entry.
+        return statsEntry.error();
+    }
+
+    // rxBytes + txBytes won't overflow even at 5gbps for ~936 years.
+    uint64_t newLimit = rxBytes + txBytes + limit;
+
+    // if adding limit (e.g., if limit is UINT64_MAX) caused overflow: clamp to 'infinity'
+    if (newLimit < rxBytes + txBytes) newLimit = ~0uLL;
+
+    auto ret = mBpfLimitMap.writeValue(ifIndex, newLimit, BPF_ANY);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("mBpfLimitMap.writeValue failure: %s", strerror(ret.error().code()));
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    return {};
+}
+
+void TetherController::maybeStartBpf(const char* extIface) {
+    if (!bpf::isBpfSupported()) return;
+
+    // TODO: perhaps ignore IPv4-only interface because IPv4 traffic downstream is not supported.
+    int ifIndex = if_nametoindex(extIface);
+    if (!ifIndex) {
+        ALOGE("Fail to get index for interface %s", extIface);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto isEthernet = android::net::isEthernet(extIface);
+    if (!isEthernet.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("isEthernet(%s[%d]) failure: %s", extIface, ifIndex,
+              isEthernet.error().message().c_str());
+        return;
+    }
+
+    int rv = getTetherIngressProgFd(isEthernet.value());
+    if (rv < 0) {
+        ALOGE("getTetherIngressProgFd(%d) failure: %s", isEthernet.value(), strerror(-rv));
+        return;
+    }
+    unique_fd tetherProgFd(rv);
+
+    rv = tcFilterAddDevIngressTether(ifIndex, tetherProgFd, isEthernet.value());
+    if (rv) {
+        ALOGE("tcFilterAddDevIngressTether(%d[%s], %d) failure: %s", ifIndex, extIface,
+              isEthernet.value(), strerror(-rv));
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+void TetherController::maybeStopBpf(const char* extIface) {
+    if (!bpf::isBpfSupported()) return;
+
+    // TODO: perhaps ignore IPv4-only interface because IPv4 traffic downstream is not supported.
+    int ifIndex = if_nametoindex(extIface);
+    if (!ifIndex) {
+        ALOGE("Fail to get index for interface %s", extIface);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    int rv = tcFilterDelDevIngressTether(ifIndex);
+    if (rv < 0) {
+        ALOGE("tcFilterDelDevIngressTether(%d[%s]) failure: %s", ifIndex, extIface, strerror(-rv));
+    }
+}
+
+int TetherController::setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, int64_t maxBytes) {
+    if (!mBpfStatsMap.isValid() || !mBpfLimitMap.isValid()) return -ENOTSUP;
+
+    if (ifIndex <= 0) return -ENODEV;
+
+    if (maxBytes < QUOTA_UNLIMITED) {
+        ALOGE("Invalid bytes value. Must be -1 (unlimited) or 0..max_int64.");
+        return -ERANGE;
+    }
+
+    // Note that a value of unlimited quota (-1) indicates simply max_uint64.
+    const auto res = setBpfLimit(static_cast<uint32_t>(ifIndex), static_cast<uint64_t>(maxBytes));
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("Fail to set quota %" PRId64 " for interface index %d: %s", maxBytes, ifIndex,
+              strerror(res.error().code()));
+        return -res.error().code();
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+Result<TetherController::TetherOffloadStats> TetherController::getAndClearTetherOffloadStats(
+        int ifIndex) {
+    if (!mBpfStatsMap.isValid() || !mBpfLimitMap.isValid()) return Error(ENOTSUP);
+
+    if (ifIndex <= 0) {
+        return Error(ENODEV) << "Invalid interface " << ifIndex;
+    }
+
+    // getAndClearTetherOffloadStats is called after all offload rules have already been deleted
+    // for the given upstream interface. Before starting to do cleanup stuff in this function, use
+    // synchronizeKernelRCU to make sure that all the current running eBPF programs are finished
+    // on all CPUs, especially the unfinished packet processing. After synchronizeKernelRCU
+    // returned, we can safely read or delete on the stats map or the limit map.
+    if (int res = bpf::synchronizeKernelRCU()) {
+        // Error log but don't return error. Do as much cleanup as possible.
+        ALOGE("synchronize_rcu() failed: %s", strerror(-res));
+    }
+
+    const auto stats = mBpfStatsMap.readValue(ifIndex);
+    if (!stats.ok()) {
+        return Error(stats.error().code()) << "Fail to get stats for interface index " << ifIndex;
+    }
+
+    auto res = mBpfStatsMap.deleteValue(ifIndex);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        return Error(res.error().code()) << "Fail to delete stats for interface index " << ifIndex;
+    }
+
+    res = mBpfLimitMap.deleteValue(ifIndex);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        return Error(res.error().code()) << "Fail to delete limit for interface index " << ifIndex;
+    }
+
+    return TetherOffloadStats{.ifIndex = static_cast<int>(ifIndex),
+                              .rxBytes = static_cast<int64_t>(stats.value().rxBytes),
+                              .rxPackets = static_cast<int64_t>(stats.value().rxPackets),
+                              .txBytes = static_cast<int64_t>(stats.value().txBytes),
+                              .txPackets = static_cast<int64_t>(stats.value().txPackets)};
+}
+
+void TetherController::dumpIfaces(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    dw.println("Interface pairs:");
+
+    ScopedIndent ifaceIndent(dw);
+    for (const auto& it : mFwdIfaces) {
+        dw.println("%s -> %s %s", it.first.c_str(), it.second.iface.c_str(),
+                   (it.second.active ? "ACTIVE" : "DISABLED"));
+    }
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+std::string l2ToString(const uint8_t* addr, size_t len) {
+    std::string str;
+
+    if (len == 0) return str;
+
+    StringAppendF(&str, "%02x", addr[0]);
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+        StringAppendF(&str, ":%02x", addr[i]);
+    }
+
+    return str;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void TetherController::dumpBpf(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    if (!mBpfIngressMap.isValid() || !mBpfStatsMap.isValid() || !mBpfLimitMap.isValid()) {
+        dw.println("BPF not supported");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    dw.println("BPF ingress map: iif(iface) v6addr -> oif(iface) srcmac dstmac ethertype [pmtu]");
+    const auto printIngressMap = [&dw](const TetherIngressKey& key, const TetherIngressValue& value,
+                                       const BpfMap<TetherIngressKey, TetherIngressValue>&) {
+        char addr[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+        std::string src = l2ToString(value.macHeader.h_source, sizeof(value.macHeader.h_source));
+        std::string dst = l2ToString(value.macHeader.h_dest, sizeof(value.macHeader.h_dest));
+        inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &key.neigh6, addr, sizeof(addr));
+
+        char iifStr[IFNAMSIZ] = "?";
+        char oifStr[IFNAMSIZ] = "?";
+        if_indextoname(key.iif, iifStr);
+        if_indextoname(value.oif, oifStr);
+        dw.println("%u(%s) %s -> %u(%s) %s %s %04x [%u]", key.iif, iifStr, addr, value.oif, oifStr,
+                   src.c_str(), dst.c_str(), ntohs(value.macHeader.h_proto), value.pmtu);
+
+        return Result<void>();
+    };
+
+    dw.incIndent();
+    auto ret = mBpfIngressMap.iterateWithValue(printIngressMap);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        dw.println("Error printing BPF ingress map: %s", ret.error().message().c_str());
+    }
+    dw.decIndent();
+
+    dw.println("BPF stats (downlink): iif(iface) -> packets bytes errors");
+    const auto printStatsMap = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const TetherStatsValue& value,
+                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, TetherStatsValue>&) {
+        char iifStr[IFNAMSIZ] = "?";
+        if_indextoname(key, iifStr);
+        dw.println("%u(%s) -> %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, iifStr, value.rxPackets,
+                   value.rxBytes, value.rxErrors);
+
+        return Result<void>();
+    };
+
+    dw.incIndent();
+    ret = mBpfStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printStatsMap);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        dw.println("Error printing BPF stats map: %s", ret.error().message().c_str());
+    }
+    dw.decIndent();
+
+    dw.println("BPF limit: iif(iface) -> bytes");
+    const auto printLimitMap = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const uint64_t& value,
+                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint64_t>&) {
+        char iifStr[IFNAMSIZ] = "?";
+        if_indextoname(key, iifStr);
+        dw.println("%u(%s) -> %" PRIu64, key, iifStr, value);
+
+        return Result<void>();
+    };
+
+    dw.incIndent();
+    ret = mBpfLimitMap.iterateWithValue(printLimitMap);
+    if (!ret.ok()) {
+        dw.println("Error printing BPF limit map: %s", ret.error().message().c_str());
+    }
+    dw.decIndent();
+}
+
+void TetherController::dump(DumpWriter& dw) {
+    std::lock_guard guard(lock);
+
+    ScopedIndent tetherControllerIndent(dw);
+    dw.println("TetherController");
+    dw.incIndent();
+
+    dw.println("Forwarding requests: " + Join(mForwardingRequests, ' '));
+    if (mDnsNetId != 0) {
+        dw.println(StringPrintf("DNS: netId %d servers [%s]", mDnsNetId,
+                                Join(mDnsForwarders, ", ").c_str()));
+    }
+    if (mDaemonPid != 0) {
+        dw.println("dnsmasq PID: %d", mDaemonPid);
+    }
+
+    dumpIfaces(dw);
+    dw.println("");
+    dumpBpf(dw);
+}
+
 }  // namespace net
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/server/TetherController.h b/server/TetherController.h
index 0a04874..bcd2ee6 100644
--- a/server/TetherController.h
+++ b/server/TetherController.h
@@ -21,11 +21,16 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <string>
 
+#include <netdutils/DumpWriter.h>
 #include <netdutils/StatusOr.h>
 #include <sysutils/SocketClient.h>
 
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
+#include "android-base/result.h"
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
+#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
 
+#include "android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
@@ -43,6 +48,8 @@
     // some point since the controller was initialized.
     std::multimap<std::string, ForwardingDownstream> mFwdIfaces;
 
+    bool mIsTetheringStarted = false;
+
     // NetId to use for forwarded DNS queries. This may not be the default
     // network, e.g., in the case where we are tethering to a DUN APN.
     unsigned               mDnsNetId = 0;
@@ -65,6 +72,11 @@
         int sendAllState(int daemonFd) const;
     } mDnsmasqState{};
 
+    // BPF maps, initialized by maybeInitMaps.
+    bpf::BpfMap<TetherIngressKey, TetherIngressValue> mBpfIngressMap;
+    bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, TetherStatsValue> mBpfStatsMap;
+    bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, uint64_t> mBpfLimitMap;
+
   public:
     TetherController();
     ~TetherController() = default;
@@ -73,8 +85,9 @@
     bool disableForwarding(const char* requester);
     const std::set<std::string>& getIpfwdRequesterList() const;
 
-    int startTethering(int num_addrs, char **dhcp_ranges);
-    int startTethering(const std::vector<std::string>& dhcpRanges);
+    //TODO: Clean up the overload function
+    int startTethering(bool isLegacyDnsProxy, int num_addrs, char** dhcp_ranges);
+    int startTethering(bool isLegacyDnsProxy, const std::vector<std::string>& dhcpRanges);
     int stopTethering();
     bool isTetheringStarted();
 
@@ -92,6 +105,11 @@
     int disableNat(const char* intIface, const char* extIface);
     int setupIptablesHooks();
 
+    base::Result<void> addOffloadRule(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule);
+    base::Result<void> removeOffloadRule(const TetherOffloadRuleParcel& rule);
+
+    int setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, int64_t maxBytes);
+
     class TetherStats {
       public:
         TetherStats() = default;
@@ -120,9 +138,20 @@
         }
     };
 
+    struct TetherOffloadStats {
+        int ifIndex;
+        int64_t rxBytes;
+        int64_t rxPackets;
+        int64_t txBytes;
+        int64_t txPackets;
+    };
+
     typedef std::vector<TetherStats> TetherStatsList;
+    typedef std::vector<TetherOffloadStats> TetherOffloadStatsList;
 
     netdutils::StatusOr<TetherStatsList> getTetherStats();
+    netdutils::StatusOr<TetherOffloadStatsList> getTetherOffloadStats();
+    base::Result<TetherOffloadStats> getAndClearTetherOffloadStats(int ifIndex);
 
     /*
      * extraProcessingInfo: contains raw parsed data, and error info.
@@ -142,6 +171,10 @@
 
     std::mutex lock;
 
+    void dump(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw);
+    void dumpIfaces(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw);
+    void dumpBpf(netdutils::DumpWriter& dw);
+
   private:
     bool setIpFwdEnabled();
     std::vector<char*> toCstrVec(const std::vector<std::string>& addrs);
@@ -162,6 +195,11 @@
     int setForwardRules(bool set, const char *intIface, const char *extIface);
     int setTetherCountingRules(bool add, const char *intIface, const char *extIface);
 
+    base::Result<void> setBpfLimit(uint32_t ifIndex, uint64_t limit);
+    void maybeInitMaps();
+    void maybeStartBpf(const char* extIface);
+    void maybeStopBpf(const char* extIface);
+
     static void addStats(TetherStatsList& statsList, const TetherStats& stats);
 
     // For testing.
diff --git a/server/TetherControllerTest.cpp b/server/TetherControllerTest.cpp
index 309a6d5..db9892f 100644
--- a/server/TetherControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/TetherControllerTest.cpp
@@ -20,28 +20,46 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <netdutils/StatusOr.h>
 
-#include "TetherController.h"
 #include "IptablesBaseTest.h"
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
+#include "TetherController.h"
 
 using android::base::Join;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::bpf::BpfMap;
 using android::netdutils::StatusOr;
+using ::testing::Contains;
 using TetherStats = android::net::TetherController::TetherStats;
 using TetherStatsList = android::net::TetherController::TetherStatsList;
+using TetherOffloadStats = android::net::TetherController::TetherOffloadStats;
+using TetherOffloadStatsList = android::net::TetherController::TetherOffloadStatsList;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
 
+constexpr int TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
+
+// Comparison for TetherOffloadStats. Need to override operator== because class TetherOffloadStats
+// doesn't have one.
+// TODO: once C++20 is used, use default operator== in TetherOffloadStats and remove the overriding
+// here.
+bool operator==(const TetherOffloadStats& lhs, const TetherOffloadStats& rhs) {
+    return lhs.ifIndex == rhs.ifIndex && lhs.rxBytes == rhs.rxBytes && lhs.txBytes == rhs.txBytes &&
+           lhs.rxPackets == rhs.rxPackets && lhs.txPackets == rhs.txPackets;
+}
+
 class TetherControllerTest : public IptablesBaseTest {
 public:
     TetherControllerTest() {
@@ -50,6 +68,38 @@
 
 protected:
     TetherController mTetherCtrl;
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, TetherStatsValue> mFakeTetherStatsMap{BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE};
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint64_t> mFakeTetherLimitMap{BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, TEST_MAP_SIZE};
+
+    void SetUp() {
+        SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeTetherStatsMap.isValid());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mFakeTetherLimitMap.isValid());
+
+        mTetherCtrl.mBpfStatsMap = mFakeTetherStatsMap;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mTetherCtrl.mBpfStatsMap.isValid());
+        mTetherCtrl.mBpfLimitMap = mFakeTetherLimitMap;
+        ASSERT_TRUE(mTetherCtrl.mBpfLimitMap.isValid());
+    }
+
+    std::string toString(const TetherOffloadStatsList& statsList) {
+        std::string result;
+        for (const auto& stats : statsList) {
+            result += StringPrintf("%d, %" PRId64 ", %" PRId64 ", %" PRId64 ", %" PRId64 "\n",
+                                   stats.ifIndex, stats.rxBytes, stats.rxPackets, stats.txBytes,
+                                   stats.txPackets);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    void updateMaps(uint32_t ifaceIndex, uint64_t rxBytes, uint64_t rxPackets, uint64_t txBytes,
+                    uint64_t txPackets) {
+        // {rx, tx}Errors in |tetherStats| are set zero because getTetherStats doesn't use them.
+        const TetherStatsValue tetherStats = {rxPackets, rxBytes, 0 /*unused*/,
+                                              txPackets, txBytes, 0 /*unused*/};
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(mFakeTetherStatsMap.writeValue(ifaceIndex, tetherStats, BPF_ANY));
+    };
 
     int setDefaults() {
         return mTetherCtrl.setDefaults();
@@ -435,5 +485,64 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(expectedError.rbegin(), expectedError.rend(), err.rbegin()));
 }
 
+TEST_F(TetherControllerTest, TestTetherOffloadGetStats) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    updateMaps(101, 100, 10, 200, 20);
+    updateMaps(102, 300, 30, 400, 40);
+    const TetherOffloadStats expected0{101, 100, 10, 200, 20};
+    const TetherOffloadStats expected1{102, 300, 30, 400, 40};
+
+    const StatusOr<TetherOffloadStatsList> result = mTetherCtrl.getTetherOffloadStats();
+    ASSERT_OK(result);
+    const TetherOffloadStatsList& actual = result.value();
+    ASSERT_EQ(2U, actual.size());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Contains(expected0)) << toString(actual);
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Contains(expected1)) << toString(actual);
+    clearIptablesRestoreOutput();
+}
+
+TEST_F(TetherControllerTest, TestTetherOffloadSetQuota) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    const uint32_t ifindex = 100;
+    const uint64_t minQuota = 0;
+    const uint64_t maxQuota = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
+    const uint64_t infinityQuota = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+
+    // Create a stats entry with zeroes in the first time set limit.
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, mTetherCtrl.setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(ifindex, minQuota));
+    const StatusOr<TetherOffloadStatsList> result = mTetherCtrl.getTetherOffloadStats();
+    ASSERT_OK(result);
+    const TetherOffloadStatsList& actual = result.value();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, actual.size());
+    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Contains(TetherOffloadStats{ifindex, 0, 0, 0, 0})) << toString(actual);
+
+    // Verify the quota with the boundary {min, max, infinity}.
+    const uint64_t rxBytes = 1000;
+    const uint64_t txBytes = 2000;
+    updateMaps(ifindex, rxBytes, 0 /*unused*/, txBytes, 0 /*unused*/);
+
+    for (const uint64_t quota : {minQuota, maxQuota, infinityQuota}) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, mTetherCtrl.setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(ifindex, quota));
+        base::Result<uint64_t> result = mFakeTetherLimitMap.readValue(ifindex);
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(result);
+
+        const uint64_t expectedQuota =
+                (quota == infinityQuota) ? infinityQuota : quota + rxBytes + txBytes;
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedQuota, result.value());
+    }
+
+    // The valid range of interface index is 1..max_int64.
+    const uint32_t invalidIfindex = 0;
+    int ret = mTetherCtrl.setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(invalidIfindex /*bad*/, infinityQuota);
+    ASSERT_EQ(-ENODEV, ret);
+
+    // The valid range of quota is 0..max_int64 or -1 (unlimited).
+    const uint64_t invalidQuota = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
+    ret = mTetherCtrl.setTetherOffloadInterfaceQuota(ifindex, invalidQuota /*bad*/);
+    ASSERT_EQ(-ERANGE, ret);
+}
+
 }  // namespace net
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/server/TrafficController.cpp b/server/TrafficController.cpp
index 8dceb5b..3839962 100644
--- a/server/TrafficController.cpp
+++ b/server/TrafficController.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include <netdutils/StatusOr.h>
 
 #include <netdutils/Misc.h>
@@ -86,12 +85,12 @@
 static_assert(STATS_MAP_SIZE - TOTAL_UID_STATS_ENTRIES_LIMIT > 100,
               "The limit for stats map is to high, stats data may be lost due to overflow");
 
-#define FLAG_MSG_TRANS(result, flag, value)            \
-    do {                                               \
-        if (value & flag) {                            \
-            result.append(StringPrintf(" %s", #flag)); \
-            value &= ~flag;                            \
-        }                                              \
+#define FLAG_MSG_TRANS(result, flag, value) \
+    do {                                    \
+        if ((value) & (flag)) {             \
+            (result).append(" " #flag);     \
+            (value) &= ~(flag);             \
+        }                                   \
     } while (0)
 
 const std::string uidMatchTypeToString(uint8_t match) {
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@
             mPrivilegedUser.find(appId) != mPrivilegedUser.end());
 }
 
-const std::string UidPermissionTypeToString(uint8_t permission) {
+const std::string UidPermissionTypeToString(int permission) {
     if (permission == INetd::PERMISSION_NONE) {
         return "PERMISSION_NONE";
     }
@@ -167,79 +166,43 @@
     return listener;
 }
 
-Status changeOwnerAndMode(const char* path, gid_t group, const char* debugName, bool netdOnly) {
-    int ret = chown(path, AID_ROOT, group);
-    if (ret != 0) return statusFromErrno(errno, StringPrintf("change %s group failed", debugName));
-
-    if (netdOnly) {
-        ret = chmod(path, S_IRWXU);
-    } else {
-        // Allow both netd and system server to obtain map fd from the path.
-        // chmod doesn't grant permission to all processes in that group to
-        // read/write the bpf map. They still need correct sepolicy to
-        // read/write the map.
-        ret = chmod(path, S_IRWXU | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP);
-    }
-    if (ret != 0) return statusFromErrno(errno, StringPrintf("change %s mode failed", debugName));
-    return netdutils::status::ok;
-}
-
 TrafficController::TrafficController()
-    : mBpfLevel(getBpfSupportLevel()),
+    : mBpfEnabled(isBpfSupported()),
       mPerUidStatsEntriesLimit(PER_UID_STATS_ENTRIES_LIMIT),
       mTotalUidStatsEntriesLimit(TOTAL_UID_STATS_ENTRIES_LIMIT) {}
 
 TrafficController::TrafficController(uint32_t perUidLimit, uint32_t totalLimit)
-    : mBpfLevel(getBpfSupportLevel()),
+    : mBpfEnabled(isBpfSupported()),
       mPerUidStatsEntriesLimit(perUidLimit),
       mTotalUidStatsEntriesLimit(totalLimit) {}
 
 Status TrafficController::initMaps() {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
+
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mCookieTagMap.init(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_ACCT, "CookieTagMap",
-                                        false));
-
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidCounterSetMap.init(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_ACCT,
-                                        "UidCounterSetMap", false));
-
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mAppUidStatsMap.init(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
-        changeOwnerAndMode(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "AppUidStatsMap", false));
-
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapA.init(STATS_MAP_A_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(STATS_MAP_A_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "StatsMapA", false));
-
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mStatsMapB.init(STATS_MAP_B_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(STATS_MAP_B_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "StatsMapB", false));
-
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mIfaceIndexNameMap.init(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(IFACE_INDEX_NAME_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS,
-                                        "IfaceIndexNameMap", false));
-
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mIfaceStatsMap.init(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(IFACE_STATS_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS, "IfaceStatsMap",
-                                        false));
 
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.init(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(CONFIGURATION_MAP_PATH, AID_NET_BW_STATS,
-                                        "ConfigurationMap", false));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(
             mConfigurationMap.writeValue(UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY, DEFAULT_CONFIG, BPF_ANY));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, SELECT_MAP_A,
                                                   BPF_ANY));
 
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.init(UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH));
-    RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(changeOwnerAndMode(UID_OWNER_MAP_PATH, AID_ROOT, "UidOwnerMap", true));
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.clear());
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidPermissionMap.init(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH));
+
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
-static Status attachProgramToCgroup(const char* programPath, const int cgroupFd,
+static Status attachProgramToCgroup(const char* programPath, const unique_fd& cgroupFd,
                                     bpf_attach_type type) {
-    unique_fd cgroupProg(bpfFdGet(programPath, 0));
+    unique_fd cgroupProg(retrieveProgram(programPath));
     if (cgroupProg == -1) {
         int ret = errno;
         ALOGE("Failed to get program from %s: %s", programPath, strerror(ret));
@@ -284,7 +247,7 @@
 }
 
 Status TrafficController::start() {
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         return netdutils::status::ok;
     }
 
@@ -351,14 +314,14 @@
         return -EPERM;
     }
 
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         if (legacy_tagSocket(sockFd, tag, uid)) return -errno;
         return 0;
     }
 
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
     if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
-    UidTag newKey = {.uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag};
+    UidTagValue newKey = {.uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag};
 
     uint32_t totalEntryCount = 0;
     uint32_t perUidEntryCount = 0;
@@ -368,18 +331,19 @@
     // over the map since when mMutex is hold, system server cannot toggle
     // the live stats map and clean it. So nobody can delete entries from the map.
     const auto countUidStatsEntries = [uid, &totalEntryCount, &perUidEntryCount](
-                                              const StatsKey& key, BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
+                                              const StatsKey& key,
+                                              const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
         if (key.uid == uid) {
             perUidEntryCount++;
         }
         totalEntryCount++;
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     auto configuration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY);
-    if (!isOk(configuration.status())) {
+    if (!configuration.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Failed to get current configuration: %s, fd: %d",
-              strerror(configuration.status().code()), mConfigurationMap.getMap().get());
-        return -configuration.status().code();
+              strerror(configuration.error().code()), mConfigurationMap.getMap().get());
+        return -configuration.error().code();
     }
     if (configuration.value() != SELECT_MAP_A && configuration.value() != SELECT_MAP_B) {
         ALOGE("unknown configuration value: %d", configuration.value());
@@ -388,11 +352,11 @@
 
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& currentMap =
             (configuration.value() == SELECT_MAP_A) ? mStatsMapA : mStatsMapB;
-    Status res = currentMap.iterate(countUidStatsEntries);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
+    base::Result<void> res = currentMap.iterate(countUidStatsEntries);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Failed to count the stats entry in map %d: %s", currentMap.getMap().get(),
-              strerror(res.code()));
-        return -res.code();
+              strerror(res.error().code()));
+        return -res.error().code();
     }
 
     if (totalEntryCount > mTotalUidStatsEntriesLimit ||
@@ -408,27 +372,29 @@
     // program in kernel only read this map, and is protected by rcu read lock. It
     // should be fine to cocurrently update the map while eBPF program is running.
     res = mCookieTagMap.writeValue(sock_cookie, newKey, BPF_ANY);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d", strerror(res.code()),
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to tag the socket: %s, fd: %d", strerror(res.error().code()),
               mCookieTagMap.getMap().get());
+        return -res.error().code();
     }
-    return -res.code();
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::untagSocket(int sockFd) {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         if (legacy_untagSocket(sockFd)) return -errno;
         return 0;
     }
     uint64_t sock_cookie = getSocketCookie(sockFd);
 
     if (sock_cookie == NONEXISTENT_COOKIE) return -errno;
-    Status res = mCookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s\n", strerror(res.code()));
+    base::Result<void> res = mCookieTagMap.deleteValue(sock_cookie);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to untag socket: %s\n", strerror(res.error().code()));
+        return -res.error().code();
     }
-    return -res.code();
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::setCounterSet(int counterSetNum, uid_t uid, uid_t callingUid) {
@@ -437,7 +403,7 @@
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     if (!hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(callingUid)) return -EPERM;
 
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         if (legacy_setCounterSet(counterSetNum, uid)) return -errno;
         return 0;
     }
@@ -470,69 +436,72 @@
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     if (!hasUpdateDeviceStatsPermission(callingUid)) return -EPERM;
 
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         if (legacy_deleteTagData(tag, uid)) return -errno;
         return 0;
     }
 
     // First we go through the cookieTagMap to delete the target uid tag combination. Or delete all
     // the tags related to the uid if the tag is 0.
-    const auto deleteMatchedCookieEntries = [uid, tag](const uint64_t& key, const UidTag& value,
-                                                       BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>& map) {
+    const auto deleteMatchedCookieEntries = [uid, tag](const uint64_t& key,
+                                                       const UidTagValue& value,
+                                                       BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>& map) {
         if (value.uid == uid && (value.tag == tag || tag == 0)) {
-            Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
-            if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
-                return netdutils::status::ok;
+            auto res = map.deleteValue(key);
+            if (res.ok() || (res.error().code() == ENOENT)) {
+                return base::Result<void>();
             }
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", key, strerror(res.code()));
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", key,
+                  strerror(res.error().code()));
         }
         // Move forward to next cookie in the map.
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
-    mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(deleteMatchedCookieEntries).ignoreError();
+    mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(deleteMatchedCookieEntries);
     // Now we go through the Tag stats map and delete the data entry with correct uid and tag
     // combination. Or all tag stats under that uid if the target tag is 0.
     const auto deleteMatchedUidTagEntries = [uid, tag](const StatsKey& key,
                                                        BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>& map) {
         if (key.uid == uid && (key.tag == tag || tag == 0)) {
-            Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
-            if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
+            auto res = map.deleteValue(key);
+            if (res.ok() || (res.error().code() == ENOENT)) {
                 //Entry is deleted, use the current key to get a new nextKey;
-                return netdutils::status::ok;
+                return base::Result<void>();
             }
             ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", key.uid, key.tag,
-                  strerror(res.code()));
+                  strerror(res.error().code()));
         }
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
-    mStatsMapB.iterate(deleteMatchedUidTagEntries).ignoreError();
-    mStatsMapA.iterate(deleteMatchedUidTagEntries).ignoreError();
+    mStatsMapB.iterate(deleteMatchedUidTagEntries);
+    mStatsMapA.iterate(deleteMatchedUidTagEntries);
     // If the tag is not zero, we already deleted all the data entry required. If tag is 0, we also
     // need to delete the stats stored in uidStatsMap and counterSet map.
     if (tag != 0) return 0;
 
-    Status res = mUidCounterSetMap.deleteValue(uid);
-    if (!isOk(res) && res.code() != ENOENT) {
+    auto res = mUidCounterSetMap.deleteValue(uid);
+    if (!res.ok() && res.error().code() != ENOENT) {
         ALOGE("Failed to delete counterSet data(uid=%u, tag=%u): %s\n", uid, tag,
-              strerror(res.code()));
+              strerror(res.error().code()));
     }
 
-    auto deleteAppUidStatsEntry = [uid](const uint32_t& key, BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& map) {
+    auto deleteAppUidStatsEntry = [uid](const uint32_t& key,
+                                        BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>& map) -> base::Result<void> {
         if (key == uid) {
-            Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
-            if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
-                return netdutils::status::ok;
+            auto res = map.deleteValue(key);
+            if (res.ok() || (res.error().code() == ENOENT)) {
+                return {};
             }
-            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u): %s", key, strerror(res.code()));
+            ALOGE("Failed to delete data(uid=%u): %s", key, strerror(res.error().code()));
         }
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return {};
     };
-    mAppUidStatsMap.iterate(deleteAppUidStatsEntry).ignoreError();
+    mAppUidStatsMap.iterate(deleteAppUidStatsEntry);
     return 0;
 }
 
 int TrafficController::addInterface(const char* name, uint32_t ifaceIndex) {
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) return 0;
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) return 0;
 
     IfaceValue iface;
     if (ifaceIndex == 0) {
@@ -577,9 +546,11 @@
 Status TrafficController::removeRule(BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue>& map, uint32_t uid,
                                      UidOwnerMatchType match) {
     auto oldMatch = map.readValue(uid);
-    if (isOk(oldMatch)) {
-        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {.rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule & ~match),
-                                  .iif = (match == IIF_MATCH) ? 0 : oldMatch.value().iif};
+    if (oldMatch.ok()) {
+        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
+                .iif = (match == IIF_MATCH) ? 0 : oldMatch.value().iif,
+                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule & ~match),
+        };
         if (newMatch.rule == 0) {
             RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.deleteValue(uid));
         } else {
@@ -600,12 +571,17 @@
         return statusFromErrno(EINVAL, "Non-interface match must have zero interface index");
     }
     auto oldMatch = map.readValue(uid);
-    if (isOk(oldMatch)) {
-        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {.rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule | match),
-                                  .iif = iif ? iif : oldMatch.value().iif};
+    if (oldMatch.ok()) {
+        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
+                .iif = iif ? iif : oldMatch.value().iif,
+                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(oldMatch.value().rule | match),
+        };
         RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY));
     } else {
-        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {.rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(match), .iif = iif};
+        UidOwnerValue newMatch = {
+                .iif = iif,
+                .rule = static_cast<uint8_t>(match),
+        };
         RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(map.writeValue(uid, newMatch, BPF_ANY));
     }
     return netdutils::status::ok;
@@ -642,7 +618,7 @@
 
 int TrafficController::changeUidOwnerRule(ChildChain chain, uid_t uid, FirewallRule rule,
                                           FirewallType type) {
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         ALOGE("bpf is not set up, should use iptables rule");
         return -ENOSYS;
     }
@@ -679,7 +655,7 @@
         if (uidSet.find((int32_t) key) == uidSet.end()) {
             uidsToDelete.push_back(key);
         }
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     RETURN_IF_NOT_OK(mUidOwnerMap.iterate(getUidsToDelete));
 
@@ -695,7 +671,7 @@
 
 Status TrafficController::addUidInterfaceRules(const int iif,
                                                const std::vector<int32_t>& uidsToAdd) {
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         ALOGW("UID ingress interface filtering not possible without BPF owner match");
         return statusFromErrno(EOPNOTSUPP, "eBPF not supported");
     }
@@ -714,7 +690,7 @@
 }
 
 Status TrafficController::removeUidInterfaceRules(const std::vector<int32_t>& uidsToDelete) {
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         ALOGW("UID ingress interface filtering not possible without BPF owner match");
         return statusFromErrno(EOPNOTSUPP, "eBPF not supported");
     }
@@ -729,17 +705,10 @@
     return netdutils::status::ok;
 }
 
-int TrafficController::replaceUidOwnerMap(const std::string& name, bool isWhitelist,
+int TrafficController::replaceUidOwnerMap(const std::string& name, bool isWhitelist __unused,
                                           const std::vector<int32_t>& uids) {
-    FirewallRule rule;
-    FirewallType type;
-    if (isWhitelist) {
-        type = WHITELIST;
-        rule = ALLOW;
-    } else {
-        type = BLACKLIST;
-        rule = DENY;
-    }
+    // FirewallRule rule = isWhitelist ? ALLOW : DENY;
+    // FirewallType type = isWhitelist ? WHITELIST : BLACKLIST;
     Status res;
     if (!name.compare(FirewallController::LOCAL_DOZABLE)) {
         res = replaceRulesInMap(DOZABLE_MATCH, uids);
@@ -762,10 +731,10 @@
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
     uint32_t key = UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
     auto oldConfiguration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (!isOk(oldConfiguration)) {
+    if (!oldConfiguration.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
-              oldConfiguration.status().msg().c_str());
-        return -oldConfiguration.status().code();
+              oldConfiguration.error().message().c_str());
+        return -oldConfiguration.error().code();
     }
     Status res;
     BpfConfig newConfiguration;
@@ -792,33 +761,33 @@
     return -res.code();
 }
 
-BpfLevel TrafficController::getBpfLevel() {
-    return mBpfLevel;
+bool TrafficController::getBpfEnabled() {
+    return mBpfEnabled;
 }
 
 Status TrafficController::swapActiveStatsMap() {
     std::lock_guard guard(mMutex);
 
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         return statusFromErrno(EOPNOTSUPP, "This device doesn't have eBPF support");
     }
 
     uint32_t key = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
     auto oldConfiguration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (!isOk(oldConfiguration)) {
+    if (!oldConfiguration.ok()) {
         ALOGE("Cannot read the old configuration from map: %s",
-              oldConfiguration.status().msg().c_str());
-        return oldConfiguration.status();
+              oldConfiguration.error().message().c_str());
+        return Status(oldConfiguration.error().code(), oldConfiguration.error().message());
     }
 
     // Write to the configuration map to inform the kernel eBPF program to switch
     // from using one map to the other. Use flag BPF_EXIST here since the map should
     // be already populated in initMaps.
     uint8_t newConfigure = (oldConfiguration.value() == SELECT_MAP_A) ? SELECT_MAP_B : SELECT_MAP_A;
-    Status res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, newConfigure,
-                                              BPF_EXIST);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        ALOGE("Failed to toggle the stats map: %s", strerror(res.code()));
+    auto res = mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY, newConfigure,
+                                            BPF_EXIST);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to toggle the stats map: %s", strerror(res.error().code()));
         return res;
     }
     // After changing the config, we need to make sure all the current running
@@ -845,9 +814,9 @@
             // Clean up all permission information for the related uid if all the
             // packages related to it are uninstalled.
             mPrivilegedUser.erase(uid);
-            if (mBpfLevel > BpfLevel::NONE) {
+            if (mBpfEnabled) {
                 Status ret = mUidPermissionMap.deleteValue(uid);
-                if (!isOk(ret) && ret.code() != ENONET) {
+                if (!isOk(ret) && ret.code() != ENOENT) {
                     ALOGE("Failed to clean up the permission for %u: %s", uid,
                           strerror(ret.code()));
                 }
@@ -866,7 +835,7 @@
         }
 
         // Skip the bpf map operation if not supported.
-        if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+        if (!mBpfEnabled) {
             continue;
         }
         // The map stores all the permissions that the UID has, except if the only permission
@@ -924,9 +893,10 @@
     dw.println("TrafficController");
 
     ScopedIndent indentPreBpfModule(dw);
-    dw.println("BPF module status: %s", BpfLevelToString(mBpfLevel).c_str());
+    dw.println("BPF module status: %s", mBpfEnabled ? "enabled" : "disabled");
+    dw.println("BPF support level: %s", BpfLevelToString(getBpfSupportLevel()).c_str());
 
-    if (mBpfLevel == BpfLevel::NONE) {
+    if (!mBpfEnabled) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -974,14 +944,14 @@
 
     // Print CookieTagMap content.
     dumpBpfMap("mCookieTagMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printCookieTagInfo = [&dw](const uint64_t& key, const UidTag& value,
-                                          const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>&) {
+    const auto printCookieTagInfo = [&dw](const uint64_t& key, const UidTagValue& value,
+                                          const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>&) {
         dw.println("cookie=%" PRIu64 " tag=0x%x uid=%u", key, value.tag, value.uid);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
-    Status res = mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(printCookieTagInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mCookieTagMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    base::Result<void> res = mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(printCookieTagInfo);
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mCookieTagMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print UidCounterSetMap Content
@@ -989,11 +959,11 @@
     const auto printUidInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const uint8_t& value,
                                     const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
         dw.println("%u %u", key, value);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mUidCounterSetMap.iterateWithValue(printUidInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mUidCounterSetMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mUidCounterSetMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print AppUidStatsMap content
@@ -1003,11 +973,11 @@
                                       const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
         dw.println("%u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, value.rxBytes,
                    value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mAppUidStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printAppUidStatsInfo);
     if (!res.ok()) {
-        dw.println("mAppUidStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+        dw.println("mAppUidStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print uidStatsMap content
@@ -1018,24 +988,24 @@
                                             const BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue>&) {
         uint32_t ifIndex = key.ifaceIndex;
         auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(ifIndex);
-        if (!isOk(ifname)) {
-            strlcpy(ifname.value().name, "unknown", sizeof(IfaceValue));
+        if (!ifname.ok()) {
+            ifname = IfaceValue{"unknown"};
         }
         dw.println("%u %s 0x%x %u %u %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, ifIndex,
                    ifname.value().name, key.tag, key.uid, key.counterSet, value.rxBytes,
                    value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mStatsMapA.iterateWithValue(printStatsInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mStatsMapA print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mStatsMapA print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print TagStatsMap content.
     dumpBpfMap("mStatsMapB", dw, statsHeader);
     res = mStatsMapB.iterateWithValue(printStatsInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mStatsMapB print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mStatsMapB print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print ifaceIndexToNameMap content.
@@ -1044,11 +1014,11 @@
                                           const BpfMap<uint32_t, IfaceValue>&) {
         const char* ifname = value.name;
         dw.println("ifaceIndex=%u ifaceName=%s", key, ifname);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mIfaceIndexNameMap.iterateWithValue(printIfaceNameInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mIfaceIndexNameMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mIfaceIndexNameMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     // Print ifaceStatsMap content
@@ -1058,42 +1028,55 @@
     const auto printIfaceStatsInfo = [&dw, this](const uint32_t& key, const StatsValue& value,
                                                  const BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue>&) {
         auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(key);
-        if (!isOk(ifname)) {
-            strlcpy(ifname.value().name, "unknown", sizeof(IfaceValue));
+        if (!ifname.ok()) {
+            ifname = IfaceValue{"unknown"};
         }
         dw.println("%u %s %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64 " %" PRIu64, key, ifname.value().name,
                    value.rxBytes, value.rxPackets, value.txBytes, value.txPackets);
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mIfaceStatsMap.iterateWithValue(printIfaceStatsInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mIfaceStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mIfaceStatsMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     dw.blankline();
 
     uint32_t key = UID_RULES_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
     auto configuration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (isOk(configuration)) {
-        dw.println("current ownerMatch configuration: %d", configuration.value());
+    if (configuration.ok()) {
+        dw.println("current ownerMatch configuration: %d%s", configuration.value(),
+                   uidMatchTypeToString(configuration.value()).c_str());
     } else {
         dw.println("mConfigurationMap read ownerMatch configure failed with error: %s",
-                   configuration.status().msg().c_str());
+                   configuration.error().message().c_str());
     }
+
     key = CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY;
     configuration = mConfigurationMap.readValue(key);
-    if (isOk(configuration)) {
-        dw.println("current statsMap configuration: %d", configuration.value());
+    if (configuration.ok()) {
+        const char* statsMapDescription = "???";
+        switch (configuration.value()) {
+            case SELECT_MAP_A:
+                statsMapDescription = "SELECT_MAP_A";
+                break;
+            case SELECT_MAP_B:
+                statsMapDescription = "SELECT_MAP_B";
+                break;
+                // No default clause, so if we ever add a third map, this code will fail to build.
+        }
+        dw.println("current statsMap configuration: %d %s", configuration.value(),
+                   statsMapDescription);
     } else {
         dw.println("mConfigurationMap read stats map configure failed with error: %s",
-                   configuration.status().msg().c_str());
+                   configuration.error().message().c_str());
     }
     dumpBpfMap("mUidOwnerMap", dw, "");
     const auto printUidMatchInfo = [&dw, this](const uint32_t& key, const UidOwnerValue& value,
                                                const BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue>&) {
         if (value.rule & IIF_MATCH) {
             auto ifname = mIfaceIndexNameMap.readValue(value.iif);
-            if (isOk(ifname)) {
+            if (ifname.ok()) {
                 dw.println("%u %s %s", key, uidMatchTypeToString(value.rule).c_str(),
                            ifname.value().name);
             } else {
@@ -1102,21 +1085,21 @@
         } else {
             dw.println("%u %s", key, uidMatchTypeToString(value.rule).c_str());
         }
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mUidOwnerMap.iterateWithValue(printUidMatchInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mUidOwnerMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mUidOwnerMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
     dumpBpfMap("mUidPermissionMap", dw, "");
-    const auto printUidPermissionInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const uint8_t& value,
+    const auto printUidPermissionInfo = [&dw](const uint32_t& key, const int& value,
                                               const BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t>&) {
         dw.println("%u %s", key, UidPermissionTypeToString(value).c_str());
-        return netdutils::status::ok;
+        return base::Result<void>();
     };
     res = mUidPermissionMap.iterateWithValue(printUidPermissionInfo);
-    if (!isOk(res)) {
-        dw.println("mUidPermissionMap print end with error: %s", res.msg().c_str());
+    if (!res.ok()) {
+        dw.println("mUidPermissionMap print end with error: %s", res.error().message().c_str());
     }
 
     dumpBpfMap("mPrivilegedUser", dw, "");
diff --git a/server/TrafficController.h b/server/TrafficController.h
index 7ec0279..a2539a9 100644
--- a/server/TrafficController.h
+++ b/server/TrafficController.h
@@ -32,10 +32,6 @@
 #include "utils/String16.h"
 
 using android::bpf::BpfMap;
-using android::bpf::IfaceValue;
-using android::bpf::StatsKey;
-using android::bpf::StatsValue;
-using android::bpf::UidTag;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
@@ -85,7 +81,7 @@
      * Check if the current device have the bpf traffic stats accounting service
      * running.
      */
-    bpf::BpfLevel getBpfLevel();
+    bool getBpfEnabled();
 
     /*
      * Swap the stats map config from current active stats map to the idle one.
@@ -136,9 +132,9 @@
      * that receives them, then the kernel will drop some of these sockets and we
      * won't delete their tags.
      * Map Key: uint64_t socket cookie
-     * Map Value: struct UidTag, contains a uint32 uid and a uint32 tag.
+     * Map Value: UidTagValue, contains a uint32 uid and a uint32 tag.
      */
-    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mCookieTagMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mCookieTagMap GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
 
     /*
      * mUidCounterSetMap: Store the counterSet of a specific uid.
@@ -159,9 +155,9 @@
      * mStatsMapA/mStatsMapB: Store the traffic statistics for a specific
      * combination of uid, tag, iface and counterSet. These two maps contain
      * both tagged and untagged traffic.
-     * Map Key: Struct StatsKey contains the uid, tag, counterSet and ifaceIndex
+     * Map Key: StatsKey contains the uid, tag, counterSet and ifaceIndex
      * information.
-     * Map Value: struct Stats, contains packet count and byte count of each
+     * Map Value: Stats, contains packet count and byte count of each
      * transport protocol on egress and ingress direction.
      */
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mStatsMapA GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
@@ -213,7 +209,7 @@
     netdutils::Status addRule(BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue>& map, uint32_t uid,
                               UidOwnerMatchType match, uint32_t iif = 0) REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
-    bpf::BpfLevel mBpfLevel;
+    bool mBpfEnabled;
 
     // mMutex guards all accesses to mConfigurationMap, mUidOwnerMap, mUidPermissionMap,
     // mStatsMapA, mStatsMapB and mPrivilegedUser. It is designed to solve the following
diff --git a/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp b/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
index c97c104..3cde9be 100644
--- a/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/TrafficControllerTest.cpp
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include <netdutils/MockSyscalls.h>
-#include "netdutils/StatusOr.h"
 
 #include "FirewallController.h"
 #include "TrafficController.h"
@@ -44,8 +43,8 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
 
+using base::Result;
 using netdutils::isOk;
-using netdutils::StatusOr;
 
 constexpr int TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10;
 constexpr int TEST_COOKIE = 1;
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@
     TrafficControllerTest()
         : mTc(TEST_PER_UID_STATS_ENTRIES_LIMIT, TEST_TOTAL_UID_STATS_ENTRIES_LIMIT) {}
     TrafficController mTc;
-    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mFakeCookieTagMap;
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mFakeCookieTagMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> mFakeUidCounterSetMap;
     BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> mFakeAppUidStatsMap;
     BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> mFakeStatsMapA;
@@ -78,20 +77,20 @@
         SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
         ASSERT_EQ(0, setrlimitForTest());
 
-        mFakeCookieTagMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t),
-                                          sizeof(struct UidTag), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeCookieTagMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint64_t), sizeof(UidTagValue),
+                                          TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeCookieTagMap);
 
         mFakeUidCounterSetMap.reset(
             createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(uint8_t), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
 
-        mFakeAppUidStatsMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t),
-                                            sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeAppUidStatsMap.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(uint32_t), sizeof(StatsValue),
+                                            TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeAppUidStatsMap);
 
-        mFakeStatsMapA.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(struct StatsKey),
-                                       sizeof(struct StatsValue), TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
+        mFakeStatsMapA.reset(createMap(BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH, sizeof(StatsKey), sizeof(StatsValue),
+                                       TEST_MAP_SIZE, 0));
         ASSERT_VALID(mFakeStatsMapA);
 
         mFakeConfigurationMap.reset(
@@ -117,8 +116,8 @@
         ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mConfigurationMap);
 
         // Always write to stats map A by default.
-        ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
-                                                          SELECT_MAP_A, BPF_ANY)));
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(mTc.mConfigurationMap.writeValue(CURRENT_STATS_MAP_CONFIGURATION_KEY,
+                                                          SELECT_MAP_A, BPF_ANY));
         mTc.mUidOwnerMap.reset(dupFd(mFakeUidOwnerMap.getMap()));
         ASSERT_VALID(mTc.mUidOwnerMap);
         mTc.mUidPermissionMap.reset(dupFd(mFakeUidPermissionMap.getMap()));
@@ -141,25 +140,25 @@
     }
 
     void expectUidTag(uint64_t cookie, uid_t uid, uint32_t tag) {
-        StatusOr<UidTag> tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+        Result<UidTagValue> tagResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+        ASSERT_RESULT_OK(tagResult);
         EXPECT_EQ(uid, tagResult.value().uid);
         EXPECT_EQ(tag, tagResult.value().tag);
     }
 
-    void expectNoTag(uint64_t cookie) { EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie))); }
+    void expectNoTag(uint64_t cookie) { EXPECT_FALSE(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie).ok()); }
 
     void populateFakeStats(uint64_t cookie, uint32_t uid, uint32_t tag, StatsKey* key) {
-        UidTag cookieMapkey = {.uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag};
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, cookieMapkey, BPF_ANY)));
+        UidTagValue cookieMapkey = {.uid = (uint32_t)uid, .tag = tag};
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeCookieTagMap.writeValue(cookie, cookieMapkey, BPF_ANY));
         *key = {.uid = uid, .tag = tag, .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET, .ifaceIndex = 1};
         StatsValue statsMapValue = {.rxPackets = 1, .rxBytes = 100};
         uint8_t counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET;
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.writeValue(uid, counterSet, BPF_ANY)));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.writeValue(uid, counterSet, BPF_ANY));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeStatsMapA.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
         key->tag = 0;
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(uid, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeStatsMapA.writeValue(*key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.writeValue(uid, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
         // put tag information back to statsKey
         key->tag = tag;
     }
@@ -167,47 +166,47 @@
     void checkUidOwnerRuleForChain(ChildChain chain, UidOwnerMatchType match) {
         uint32_t uid = TEST_UID;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, DENY, BLACKLIST));
-        StatusOr<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+        Result<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(value);
         EXPECT_TRUE(value.value().rule & match);
 
         uid = TEST_UID2;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, ALLOW, WHITELIST));
         value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(value);
         EXPECT_TRUE(value.value().rule & match);
 
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, DENY, WHITELIST));
         value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(value));
-        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.status().code());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(value.ok());
+        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.error().code());
 
         uid = TEST_UID;
         EXPECT_EQ(0, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST));
         value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(value));
-        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.status().code());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(value.ok());
+        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.error().code());
 
         uid = TEST_UID3;
         EXPECT_EQ(-ENOENT, mTc.changeUidOwnerRule(chain, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST));
         value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(value));
-        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.status().code());
+        EXPECT_FALSE(value.ok());
+        EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, value.error().code());
     }
 
     void checkEachUidValue(const std::vector<int32_t>& uids, UidOwnerMatchType match) {
         for (uint32_t uid : uids) {
-            StatusOr<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+            Result<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
+            EXPECT_RESULT_OK(value);
             EXPECT_TRUE(value.value().rule & match);
         }
         std::set<uint32_t> uidSet(uids.begin(), uids.end());
         const auto checkNoOtherUid = [&uidSet](const int32_t& key,
                                                const BpfMap<uint32_t, UidOwnerValue>&) {
             EXPECT_NE(uidSet.end(), uidSet.find(key));
-            return netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         };
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(mFakeUidOwnerMap.iterate(checkNoOtherUid)));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mFakeUidOwnerMap.iterate(checkNoOtherUid));
     }
 
     void checkUidMapReplace(const std::string& name, const std::vector<int32_t>& uids,
@@ -224,8 +223,8 @@
                                  uint32_t expectedIif) {
         for (const std::string& strUid : appStrUids) {
             uint32_t uid = stoi(strUid);
-            StatusOr<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+            Result<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
+            EXPECT_RESULT_OK(value);
             EXPECT_EQ(expectedRule, value.value().rule)
                     << "Expected rule for UID " << uid << " to be " << expectedRule << ", but was "
                     << value.value().rule;
@@ -238,14 +237,14 @@
     template <class Key, class Value>
     void expectMapEmpty(BpfMap<Key, Value>& map) {
         auto isEmpty = map.isEmpty();
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(isEmpty));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(isEmpty);
         EXPECT_TRUE(isEmpty.value());
     }
 
     void expectUidPermissionMapValues(const std::vector<uid_t>& appUids, uint8_t expectedValue) {
         for (uid_t uid : appUids) {
-            StatusOr<uint8_t> value = mFakeUidPermissionMap.readValue(uid);
-            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+            Result<uint8_t> value = mFakeUidPermissionMap.readValue(uid);
+            EXPECT_RESULT_OK(value);
             EXPECT_EQ(expectedValue, value.value())
                     << "Expected value for UID " << uid << " to be " << expectedValue
                     << ", but was " << value.value();
@@ -277,24 +276,24 @@
 
     void expectFakeStatsUnchanged(uint64_t cookie, uint32_t tag, uint32_t uid,
                                   StatsKey tagStatsMapKey) {
-        StatusOr<UidTag> cookieMapResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(cookieMapResult));
+        Result<UidTagValue> cookieMapResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(cookieMapResult);
         EXPECT_EQ(uid, cookieMapResult.value().uid);
         EXPECT_EQ(tag, cookieMapResult.value().tag);
-        StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+        Result<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(counterSetResult);
         EXPECT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
-        StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+        Result<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
         EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
         EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
         tagStatsMapKey.tag = 0;
         statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
         EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
         EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
         auto appStatsResult = mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid);
-        EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(appStatsResult));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(appStatsResult);
         EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)1, appStatsResult.value().rxPackets);
         EXPECT_EQ((uint64_t)100, appStatsResult.value().rxBytes);
     }
@@ -348,7 +347,7 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.untagSocket(v4socket1));
     expectNoTag(sockCookie1);
     expectUidTag(sockCookie2, TEST_UID, TEST_TAG);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(sockCookie2)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeCookieTagMap.getNextKey(sockCookie2).ok());
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestTagSocketV6) {
@@ -442,11 +441,11 @@
     addPrivilegedUid(callingUid);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.setCounterSet(TEST_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID, callingUid));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    Result<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(counterSetResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.setCounterSet(DEFAULT_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID, callingUid));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid).ok());
     expectMapEmpty(mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
 }
 
@@ -455,7 +454,7 @@
 
     ASSERT_EQ(-EPERM, mTc.setCounterSet(TEST_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID, TEST_UID2));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid).ok());
     expectMapEmpty(mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
 }
 
@@ -466,7 +465,7 @@
     addPrivilegedUid(callingUid);
     ASSERT_GT(0, mTc.setCounterSet(OVERFLOW_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID, callingUid));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid).ok());
     expectMapEmpty(mFakeUidCounterSetMap);
 }
 
@@ -494,18 +493,18 @@
     StatsKey tagStatsMapKey;
     populateFakeStats(cookie, uid, tag, &tagStatsMapKey);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(TEST_TAG, TEST_UID, callingUid));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie)));
-    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie).ok());
+    Result<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(counterSetResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey).ok());
     tagStatsMapKey.tag = 0;
-    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+    Result<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
     auto appStatsResult = mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(appStatsResult));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(appStatsResult);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, appStatsResult.value().rxPackets);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, appStatsResult.value().rxBytes);
 }
@@ -521,12 +520,12 @@
     StatsKey tagStatsMapKey;
     populateFakeStats(cookie, uid, tag, &tagStatsMapKey);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(0, TEST_UID, callingUid));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey).ok());
     tagStatsMapKey.tag = 0;
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID).ok());
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestDeleteDataWithTwoTags) {
@@ -544,17 +543,17 @@
     populateFakeStats(cookie1, uid, tag1, &tagStatsMapKey1);
     populateFakeStats(cookie2, uid, tag2, &tagStatsMapKey2);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(TEST_TAG, TEST_UID, callingUid));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie1)));
-    StatusOr<UidTag> cookieMapResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie2);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(cookieMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie1).ok());
+    Result<UidTagValue> cookieMapResult = mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie2);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(cookieMapResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, cookieMapResult.value().uid);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG + 1, cookieMapResult.value().tag);
-    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    Result<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(counterSetResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1)));
-    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1).ok());
+    Result<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
 }
@@ -577,29 +576,29 @@
     // Delete the stats of one of the uid. Check if it is properly collected by
     // removedStats.
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(0, uid2, callingUid));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie2)));
-    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid1);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeCookieTagMap.readValue(cookie2).ok());
+    Result<uint8_t> counterSetResult = mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid1);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(counterSetResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid2)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid2).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2).ok());
     tagStatsMapKey2.tag = 0;
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid2)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey2).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid2).ok());
     tagStatsMapKey1.tag = 0;
-    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapResult));
+    Result<StatsValue> statsMapResult = mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(statsMapResult);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, statsMapResult.value().rxPackets);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, statsMapResult.value().rxBytes);
     auto appStatsResult = mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid1);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(appStatsResult));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(appStatsResult);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)1, appStatsResult.value().rxPackets);
     ASSERT_EQ((uint64_t)100, appStatsResult.value().rxBytes);
 
     // Delete the stats of the other uid.
     ASSERT_EQ(0, mTc.deleteTagData(0, uid1, callingUid));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid1)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeStatsMapA.readValue(tagStatsMapKey1).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeAppUidStatsMap.readValue(uid1).ok());
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestUpdateOwnerMapEntry) {
@@ -607,26 +606,26 @@
 
     uint32_t uid = TEST_UID;
     ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(STANDBY_MATCH, uid, DENY, BLACKLIST)));
-    StatusOr<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+    Result<UidOwnerValue> value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(value);
     ASSERT_TRUE(value.value().rule & STANDBY_MATCH);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(DOZABLE_MATCH, uid, ALLOW, WHITELIST)));
     value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(value);
     ASSERT_TRUE(value.value().rule & DOZABLE_MATCH);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(DOZABLE_MATCH, uid, DENY, WHITELIST)));
     value = mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(value));
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(value);
     ASSERT_FALSE(value.value().rule & DOZABLE_MATCH);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(STANDBY_MATCH, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid).ok());
 
     uid = TEST_UID2;
     ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mTc.updateOwnerMapEntry(STANDBY_MATCH, uid, ALLOW, BLACKLIST)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid)));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidOwnerMap.readValue(uid).ok());
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestChangeUidOwnerRule) {
@@ -705,7 +704,7 @@
     // Remove the same UIDs from the blacklist and check the map is empty.
     ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(mTc.updateUidOwnerMap(appStrUids, BandwidthController::IptJumpReject,
                                            BandwidthController::IptOpDelete)));
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(mFakeUidOwnerMap.getFirstKey()));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mFakeUidOwnerMap.getFirstKey().ok());
 }
 
 TEST_F(TrafficControllerTest, TestDeleteWrongMatchSilentlyFails) {
diff --git a/server/VirtualNetwork.h b/server/VirtualNetwork.h
index 69b14d8..20c8dee 100644
--- a/server/VirtualNetwork.h
+++ b/server/VirtualNetwork.h
@@ -14,16 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef NETD_SERVER_VIRTUAL_NETWORK_H
-#define NETD_SERVER_VIRTUAL_NETWORK_H
+#pragma once
 
 #include <set>
 
 #include "Network.h"
 #include "UidRanges.h"
 
-namespace android {
-namespace net {
+namespace android::net {
 
 // A VirtualNetwork may be "secure" or not.
 //
@@ -40,15 +38,14 @@
     bool isSecure() const;
     bool appliesToUser(uid_t uid) const;
 
-    int addUsers(const UidRanges& uidRanges,
-                 const std::set<uid_t>& protectableUsers) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeUsers(const UidRanges& uidRanges,
-                    const std::set<uid_t>& protectableUsers) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addUsers(const UidRanges& uidRanges, const std::set<uid_t>& protectableUsers);
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeUsers(const UidRanges& uidRanges,
+                                  const std::set<uid_t>& protectableUsers);
 
-private:
+  private:
     Type getType() const override;
-    int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
-    int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+    [[nodiscard]] int addInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
+    [[nodiscard]] int removeInterface(const std::string& interface) override;
     int maybeCloseSockets(bool add, const UidRanges& uidRanges,
                           const std::set<uid_t>& protectableUsers);
 
@@ -56,7 +53,4 @@
     UidRanges mUidRanges;
 };
 
-}  // namespace net
-}  // namespace android
-
-#endif  // NETD_SERVER_VIRTUAL_NETWORK_H
+}  // namespace android::net
diff --git a/server/XfrmController.cpp b/server/XfrmController.cpp
index a57b492..33a2aa2 100644
--- a/server/XfrmController.cpp
+++ b/server/XfrmController.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <log/log_properties.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include "Fwmark.h"
 #include "InterfaceController.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@
 // Exposed for testing
 constexpr uint32_t ALGO_MASK_AEAD_ALL = ~0;
 // Exposed for testing
-constexpr uint8_t REPLAY_WINDOW_SIZE = 4;
+constexpr uint8_t REPLAY_WINDOW_SIZE = 32;
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -1262,7 +1261,7 @@
     return sizeof(*usersp);
 }
 
-int XfrmController::fillUserTemplate(const XfrmSpInfo& record, xfrm_user_tmpl* tmpl) {
+void XfrmController::fillUserTemplate(const XfrmSpInfo& record, xfrm_user_tmpl* tmpl) {
     tmpl->id.daddr = record.dstAddr;
     tmpl->id.spi = record.spi;
     tmpl->id.proto = IPPROTO_ESP;
@@ -1278,7 +1277,6 @@
                                         // algos, we should find it and apply it.
                                         // I can't find one.
     tmpl->ealgos = ALGO_MASK_CRYPT_ALL; // TODO: if there's a bitmask somewhere...
-    return sizeof(xfrm_user_tmpl*);
 }
 
 int XfrmController::fillNlAttrUserTemplate(const XfrmSpInfo& record, nlattr_user_tmpl* tmpl) {
diff --git a/server/XfrmController.h b/server/XfrmController.h
index a38bbeb..15eef3d 100644
--- a/server/XfrmController.h
+++ b/server/XfrmController.h
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@
 
 class XfrmSocket {
 public:
-    virtual void close() {
+    // called from destructor and thus cannot be virtual
+    void close() {
         if (mSock >= 0) {
             ::close(mSock);
         }
@@ -370,7 +371,7 @@
     static netdutils::Status deleteSecurityAssociation(const XfrmCommonInfo& record,
                                                        const XfrmSocket& sock);
     static int fillUserSaId(const XfrmCommonInfo& record, xfrm_usersa_id* said);
-    static int fillUserTemplate(const XfrmSpInfo& record, xfrm_user_tmpl* tmpl);
+    static void fillUserTemplate(const XfrmSpInfo& record, xfrm_user_tmpl* tmpl);
 
     static int fillUserSpInfo(const XfrmSpInfo& record, XfrmDirection direction,
                               xfrm_userpolicy_info* usersp);
diff --git a/server/XfrmControllerTest.cpp b/server/XfrmControllerTest.cpp
index 36af67a..e7f5cfc 100644
--- a/server/XfrmControllerTest.cpp
+++ b/server/XfrmControllerTest.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <set>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/.hash b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d33e903
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+69c2ac134efbb31e9591d7e5c3640fb839e23bdb
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/INetd.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/INetd.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/INetd.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/INetd.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/1/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/1/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/.hash b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fc5b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+e395d63302c47e7d2dac0d503045779029ff598b
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/INetd.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/INetd.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/INetd.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/INetd.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netd/2/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/2/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/.hash b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59cf708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+e17c1f9b2068b539b22e3a4a447edea3c80aee4b
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/INetd.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/INetd.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..135b738
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetd {
+  boolean isAlive();
+  boolean firewallReplaceUidChain(in @utf8InCpp String chainName, boolean isWhitelist, in int[] uids);
+  boolean bandwidthEnableDataSaver(boolean enable);
+  void networkCreatePhysical(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkCreateVpn(int netId, boolean secure);
+  void networkDestroy(int netId);
+  void networkAddInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkRemoveInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkAddUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRemoveUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRejectNonSecureVpn(boolean add, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void socketDestroy(in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges, in int[] exemptUids);
+  boolean tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherGetStats();
+  void interfaceAddAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  void interfaceDelAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  @utf8InCpp String getProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter);
+  void setProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter, in @utf8InCpp String value);
+  void ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int newUid);
+  int ipSecAllocateSpi(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(int transformId, int mode, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int underlyingNetId, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, in @utf8InCpp String authAlgo, in byte[] authKey, in int authTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String cryptAlgo, in byte[] cryptKey, in int cryptTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String aeadAlgo, in byte[] aeadKey, in int aeadIcvBits, int encapType, int encapLocalPort, int encapRemotePort, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int transformId, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecAddTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName);
+  void wakeupAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void wakeupDelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void setIPv6AddrGenMode(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mode);
+  void idletimerAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void idletimerRemoveInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void strictUidCleartextPenalty(int uid, int policyPenalty);
+  @utf8InCpp String clatdStart(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String nat64Prefix);
+  void clatdStop(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  boolean ipfwdEnabled();
+  @utf8InCpp String[] ipfwdGetRequesterList();
+  void ipfwdEnableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdDisableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(long bytes);
+  void bandwidthAddNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthRemoveNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthAddNiceApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthRemoveNiceApp(int uid);
+  void tetherStart(in @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges);
+  void tetherStop();
+  boolean tetherIsEnabled();
+  void tetherInterfaceAdd(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void tetherInterfaceRemove(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherInterfaceList();
+  void tetherDnsSet(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String[] dnsAddrs);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherDnsList();
+  void networkAddRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkRemoveRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkAddLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  void networkRemoveLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  int networkGetDefault();
+  void networkSetDefault(int netId);
+  void networkClearDefault();
+  void networkSetPermissionForNetwork(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkSetPermissionForUser(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkClearPermissionForUser(in int[] uids);
+  void trafficSetNetPermForUids(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkSetProtectAllow(int uid);
+  void networkSetProtectDeny(int uid);
+  boolean networkCanProtect(int uid);
+  void firewallSetFirewallType(int firewalltype);
+  void firewallSetInterfaceRule(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int firewallRule);
+  void firewallSetUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
+  void firewallEnableChildChain(int childChain, boolean enable);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] interfaceGetList();
+  android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel interfaceGetCfg(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetCfg(in android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel cfg);
+  void interfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceClearAddrs(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetEnableIPv6(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceSetMtu(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mtu);
+  void tetherAddForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void tetherRemoveForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void setTcpRWmemorySize(in @utf8InCpp String rmemValues, in @utf8InCpp String wmemValues);
+  void registerUnsolicitedEventListener(android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener listener);
+  void firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in int[] uids);
+  void firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(in int[] uids);
+  void trafficSwapActiveStatsMap();
+  IBinder getOemNetd();
+  void tetherStartWithConfiguration(in android.net.TetherConfigParcel config);
+  android.net.MarkMaskParcel getFwmarkForNetwork(int netId);
+  void networkAddRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkUpdateRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkRemoveRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void tetherOffloadRuleAdd(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  void tetherOffloadRuleRemove(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  const int IPV4 = 4;
+  const int IPV6 = 6;
+  const int CONF = 1;
+  const int NEIGH = 2;
+  const String IPSEC_INTERFACE_PREFIX = "ipsec";
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64 = 0;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE = 1;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY = 2;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM = 3;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_DEFAULT = 0;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_ACCEPT = 1;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_LOG = 2;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_REJECT = 3;
+  const int LOCAL_NET_ID = 99;
+  const String NEXTHOP_NONE = "";
+  const String NEXTHOP_UNREACHABLE = "unreachable";
+  const String NEXTHOP_THROW = "throw";
+  const int PERMISSION_NONE = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_NETWORK = 1;
+  const int PERMISSION_SYSTEM = 2;
+  const int NO_PERMISSIONS = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_INTERNET = 4;
+  const int PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS = 8;
+  const int PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED = -1;
+  const int FIREWALL_WHITELIST = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_BLACKLIST = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_DENY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_NONE = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE = 3;
+  const String IF_STATE_UP = "up";
+  const String IF_STATE_DOWN = "down";
+  const String IF_FLAG_BROADCAST = "broadcast";
+  const String IF_FLAG_LOOPBACK = "loopback";
+  const String IF_FLAG_POINTOPOINT = "point-to-point";
+  const String IF_FLAG_RUNNING = "running";
+  const String IF_FLAG_MULTICAST = "multicast";
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4459363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+  oneway void onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(boolean isActive, int timerLabel, long timestampNs, int uid);
+  oneway void onQuotaLimitReached(@utf8InCpp String alertName, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceDnsServerInfo(@utf8InCpp String ifName, long lifetimeS, in @utf8InCpp String[] servers);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressUpdated(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressRemoved(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAdded(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceRemoved(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onRouteChanged(boolean updated, @utf8InCpp String route, @utf8InCpp String gateway, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onStrictCleartextDetected(int uid, @utf8InCpp String hex);
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e0f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable InterfaceConfigurationParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String hwAddr;
+  @utf8InCpp String ipv4Addr;
+  int prefixLength;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] flags;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62be838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable MarkMaskParcel {
+  int mark;
+  int mask;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e0ee62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+parcelable RouteInfoParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String destination;
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String nextHop;
+  int mtu;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b136454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherConfigParcel {
+  boolean usingLegacyDnsProxy;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3abf0f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherOffloadRuleParcel {
+  int inputInterfaceIndex;
+  int outputInterfaceIndex;
+  byte[] destination;
+  int prefixLength;
+  byte[] srcL2Address;
+  byte[] dstL2Address;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71ffb9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherStatsParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String iface;
+  long rxBytes;
+  long rxPackets;
+  long txBytes;
+  long txPackets;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84ff457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/3/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable UidRangeParcel {
+  int start;
+  int stop;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/.hash b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c3f810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+63adaa5098e4d8621e90c5a84f7cb93505c79311
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/INetd.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/INetd.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e2931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetd {
+  boolean isAlive();
+  boolean firewallReplaceUidChain(in @utf8InCpp String chainName, boolean isWhitelist, in int[] uids);
+  boolean bandwidthEnableDataSaver(boolean enable);
+  void networkCreatePhysical(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkCreateVpn(int netId, boolean secure);
+  void networkDestroy(int netId);
+  void networkAddInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkRemoveInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkAddUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRemoveUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRejectNonSecureVpn(boolean add, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void socketDestroy(in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges, in int[] exemptUids);
+  boolean tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherGetStats();
+  void interfaceAddAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  void interfaceDelAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  @utf8InCpp String getProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter);
+  void setProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter, in @utf8InCpp String value);
+  void ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int newUid);
+  int ipSecAllocateSpi(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(int transformId, int mode, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int underlyingNetId, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, in @utf8InCpp String authAlgo, in byte[] authKey, in int authTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String cryptAlgo, in byte[] cryptKey, in int cryptTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String aeadAlgo, in byte[] aeadKey, in int aeadIcvBits, int encapType, int encapLocalPort, int encapRemotePort, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int transformId, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecAddTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName);
+  void wakeupAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void wakeupDelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void setIPv6AddrGenMode(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mode);
+  void idletimerAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void idletimerRemoveInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void strictUidCleartextPenalty(int uid, int policyPenalty);
+  @utf8InCpp String clatdStart(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String nat64Prefix);
+  void clatdStop(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  boolean ipfwdEnabled();
+  @utf8InCpp String[] ipfwdGetRequesterList();
+  void ipfwdEnableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdDisableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(long bytes);
+  void bandwidthAddNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthRemoveNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthAddNiceApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthRemoveNiceApp(int uid);
+  void tetherStart(in @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges);
+  void tetherStop();
+  boolean tetherIsEnabled();
+  void tetherInterfaceAdd(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void tetherInterfaceRemove(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherInterfaceList();
+  void tetherDnsSet(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String[] dnsAddrs);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherDnsList();
+  void networkAddRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkRemoveRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkAddLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  void networkRemoveLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  int networkGetDefault();
+  void networkSetDefault(int netId);
+  void networkClearDefault();
+  void networkSetPermissionForNetwork(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkSetPermissionForUser(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkClearPermissionForUser(in int[] uids);
+  void trafficSetNetPermForUids(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkSetProtectAllow(int uid);
+  void networkSetProtectDeny(int uid);
+  boolean networkCanProtect(int uid);
+  void firewallSetFirewallType(int firewalltype);
+  void firewallSetInterfaceRule(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int firewallRule);
+  void firewallSetUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
+  void firewallEnableChildChain(int childChain, boolean enable);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] interfaceGetList();
+  android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel interfaceGetCfg(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetCfg(in android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel cfg);
+  void interfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceClearAddrs(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetEnableIPv6(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceSetMtu(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mtu);
+  void tetherAddForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void tetherRemoveForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void setTcpRWmemorySize(in @utf8InCpp String rmemValues, in @utf8InCpp String wmemValues);
+  void registerUnsolicitedEventListener(android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener listener);
+  void firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in int[] uids);
+  void firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(in int[] uids);
+  void trafficSwapActiveStatsMap();
+  IBinder getOemNetd();
+  void tetherStartWithConfiguration(in android.net.TetherConfigParcel config);
+  android.net.MarkMaskParcel getFwmarkForNetwork(int netId);
+  void networkAddRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkUpdateRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkRemoveRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void tetherOffloadRuleAdd(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  void tetherOffloadRuleRemove(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherOffloadGetStats();
+  void tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, long quotaBytes);
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(int ifIndex);
+  const int IPV4 = 4;
+  const int IPV6 = 6;
+  const int CONF = 1;
+  const int NEIGH = 2;
+  const String IPSEC_INTERFACE_PREFIX = "ipsec";
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64 = 0;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE = 1;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY = 2;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM = 3;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_DEFAULT = 0;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_ACCEPT = 1;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_LOG = 2;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_REJECT = 3;
+  const int LOCAL_NET_ID = 99;
+  const String NEXTHOP_NONE = "";
+  const String NEXTHOP_UNREACHABLE = "unreachable";
+  const String NEXTHOP_THROW = "throw";
+  const int PERMISSION_NONE = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_NETWORK = 1;
+  const int PERMISSION_SYSTEM = 2;
+  const int NO_PERMISSIONS = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_INTERNET = 4;
+  const int PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS = 8;
+  const int PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED = -1;
+  const int FIREWALL_WHITELIST = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_BLACKLIST = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_DENY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_NONE = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE = 3;
+  const String IF_STATE_UP = "up";
+  const String IF_STATE_DOWN = "down";
+  const String IF_FLAG_BROADCAST = "broadcast";
+  const String IF_FLAG_LOOPBACK = "loopback";
+  const String IF_FLAG_POINTOPOINT = "point-to-point";
+  const String IF_FLAG_RUNNING = "running";
+  const String IF_FLAG_MULTICAST = "multicast";
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4459363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+  oneway void onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(boolean isActive, int timerLabel, long timestampNs, int uid);
+  oneway void onQuotaLimitReached(@utf8InCpp String alertName, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceDnsServerInfo(@utf8InCpp String ifName, long lifetimeS, in @utf8InCpp String[] servers);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressUpdated(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressRemoved(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAdded(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceRemoved(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onRouteChanged(boolean updated, @utf8InCpp String route, @utf8InCpp String gateway, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onStrictCleartextDetected(int uid, @utf8InCpp String hex);
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e0f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable InterfaceConfigurationParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String hwAddr;
+  @utf8InCpp String ipv4Addr;
+  int prefixLength;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] flags;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62be838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable MarkMaskParcel {
+  int mark;
+  int mask;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e0ee62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+parcelable RouteInfoParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String destination;
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String nextHop;
+  int mtu;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b136454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherConfigParcel {
+  boolean usingLegacyDnsProxy;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9d8458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherOffloadRuleParcel {
+  int inputInterfaceIndex;
+  int outputInterfaceIndex;
+  byte[] destination;
+  int prefixLength;
+  byte[] srcL2Address;
+  byte[] dstL2Address;
+  int pmtu = 1500;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b0960e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherStatsParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String iface;
+  long rxBytes;
+  long rxPackets;
+  long txBytes;
+  long txPackets;
+  int ifIndex = 0;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84ff457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/4/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable UidRangeParcel {
+  int start;
+  int stop;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47e2931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetd {
+  boolean isAlive();
+  boolean firewallReplaceUidChain(in @utf8InCpp String chainName, boolean isWhitelist, in int[] uids);
+  boolean bandwidthEnableDataSaver(boolean enable);
+  void networkCreatePhysical(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkCreateVpn(int netId, boolean secure);
+  void networkDestroy(int netId);
+  void networkAddInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkRemoveInterface(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String iface);
+  void networkAddUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRemoveUidRanges(int netId, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void networkRejectNonSecureVpn(boolean add, in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges);
+  void socketDestroy(in android.net.UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges, in int[] exemptUids);
+  boolean tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherGetStats();
+  void interfaceAddAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  void interfaceDelAddress(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String addrString, int prefixLength);
+  @utf8InCpp String getProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter);
+  void setProcSysNet(int ipversion, int which, in @utf8InCpp String ifname, in @utf8InCpp String parameter, in @utf8InCpp String value);
+  void ipSecSetEncapSocketOwner(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int newUid);
+  int ipSecAllocateSpi(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityAssociation(int transformId, int mode, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int underlyingNetId, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, in @utf8InCpp String authAlgo, in byte[] authKey, in int authTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String cryptAlgo, in byte[] cryptKey, in int cryptTruncBits, in @utf8InCpp String aeadAlgo, in byte[] aeadKey, in int aeadIcvBits, int encapType, int encapLocalPort, int encapRemotePort, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityAssociation(int transformId, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecApplyTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket, int transformId, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String sourceAddress, in @utf8InCpp String destinationAddress, int spi);
+  void ipSecRemoveTransportModeTransform(in ParcelFileDescriptor socket);
+  void ipSecAddSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, in @utf8InCpp String tmplSrcAddress, in @utf8InCpp String tmplDstAddress, int spi, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecDeleteSecurityPolicy(int transformId, int selAddrFamily, int direction, int markValue, int markMask, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecAddTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecUpdateTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName, in @utf8InCpp String localAddress, in @utf8InCpp String remoteAddress, int iKey, int oKey, int interfaceId);
+  void ipSecRemoveTunnelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String deviceName);
+  void wakeupAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void wakeupDelInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String prefix, int mark, int mask);
+  void setIPv6AddrGenMode(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mode);
+  void idletimerAddInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void idletimerRemoveInterface(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int timeout, in @utf8InCpp String classLabel);
+  void strictUidCleartextPenalty(int uid, int policyPenalty);
+  @utf8InCpp String clatdStart(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String nat64Prefix);
+  void clatdStop(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  boolean ipfwdEnabled();
+  @utf8InCpp String[] ipfwdGetRequesterList();
+  void ipfwdEnableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdDisableForwarding(in @utf8InCpp String requester);
+  void ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(in @utf8InCpp String fromIface, in @utf8InCpp String toIface);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceQuota(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, long bytes);
+  void bandwidthRemoveInterfaceAlert(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(long bytes);
+  void bandwidthAddNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthRemoveNaughtyApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthAddNiceApp(int uid);
+  void bandwidthRemoveNiceApp(int uid);
+  void tetherStart(in @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges);
+  void tetherStop();
+  boolean tetherIsEnabled();
+  void tetherInterfaceAdd(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void tetherInterfaceRemove(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherInterfaceList();
+  void tetherDnsSet(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String[] dnsAddrs);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] tetherDnsList();
+  void networkAddRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkRemoveRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop);
+  void networkAddLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  void networkRemoveLegacyRoute(int netId, in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in @utf8InCpp String destination, in @utf8InCpp String nextHop, int uid);
+  int networkGetDefault();
+  void networkSetDefault(int netId);
+  void networkClearDefault();
+  void networkSetPermissionForNetwork(int netId, int permission);
+  void networkSetPermissionForUser(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkClearPermissionForUser(in int[] uids);
+  void trafficSetNetPermForUids(int permission, in int[] uids);
+  void networkSetProtectAllow(int uid);
+  void networkSetProtectDeny(int uid);
+  boolean networkCanProtect(int uid);
+  void firewallSetFirewallType(int firewalltype);
+  void firewallSetInterfaceRule(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int firewallRule);
+  void firewallSetUidRule(int childChain, int uid, int firewallRule);
+  void firewallEnableChildChain(int childChain, boolean enable);
+  @utf8InCpp String[] interfaceGetList();
+  android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel interfaceGetCfg(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetCfg(in android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel cfg);
+  void interfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceClearAddrs(in @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  void interfaceSetEnableIPv6(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean enable);
+  void interfaceSetMtu(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, int mtu);
+  void tetherAddForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void tetherRemoveForward(in @utf8InCpp String intIface, in @utf8InCpp String extIface);
+  void setTcpRWmemorySize(in @utf8InCpp String rmemValues, in @utf8InCpp String wmemValues);
+  void registerUnsolicitedEventListener(android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener listener);
+  void firewallAddUidInterfaceRules(in @utf8InCpp String ifName, in int[] uids);
+  void firewallRemoveUidInterfaceRules(in int[] uids);
+  void trafficSwapActiveStatsMap();
+  IBinder getOemNetd();
+  void tetherStartWithConfiguration(in android.net.TetherConfigParcel config);
+  android.net.MarkMaskParcel getFwmarkForNetwork(int netId);
+  void networkAddRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkUpdateRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void networkRemoveRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+  void tetherOffloadRuleAdd(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  void tetherOffloadRuleRemove(in android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel[] tetherOffloadGetStats();
+  void tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, long quotaBytes);
+  android.net.TetherStatsParcel tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(int ifIndex);
+  const int IPV4 = 4;
+  const int IPV6 = 6;
+  const int CONF = 1;
+  const int NEIGH = 2;
+  const String IPSEC_INTERFACE_PREFIX = "ipsec";
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_EUI64 = 0;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_NONE = 1;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_STABLE_PRIVACY = 2;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_RANDOM = 3;
+  const int IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE_DEFAULT = 0;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_ACCEPT = 1;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_LOG = 2;
+  const int PENALTY_POLICY_REJECT = 3;
+  const int LOCAL_NET_ID = 99;
+  const String NEXTHOP_NONE = "";
+  const String NEXTHOP_UNREACHABLE = "unreachable";
+  const String NEXTHOP_THROW = "throw";
+  const int PERMISSION_NONE = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_NETWORK = 1;
+  const int PERMISSION_SYSTEM = 2;
+  const int NO_PERMISSIONS = 0;
+  const int PERMISSION_INTERNET = 4;
+  const int PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS = 8;
+  const int PERMISSION_UNINSTALLED = -1;
+  const int FIREWALL_WHITELIST = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_BLACKLIST = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_RULE_DENY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_NONE = 0;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE = 1;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY = 2;
+  const int FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE = 3;
+  const String IF_STATE_UP = "up";
+  const String IF_STATE_DOWN = "down";
+  const String IF_FLAG_BROADCAST = "broadcast";
+  const String IF_FLAG_LOOPBACK = "loopback";
+  const String IF_FLAG_POINTOPOINT = "point-to-point";
+  const String IF_FLAG_RUNNING = "running";
+  const String IF_FLAG_MULTICAST = "multicast";
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4459363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/INetdUnsolicitedEventListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetdUnsolicitedEventListener {
+  oneway void onInterfaceClassActivityChanged(boolean isActive, int timerLabel, long timestampNs, int uid);
+  oneway void onQuotaLimitReached(@utf8InCpp String alertName, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceDnsServerInfo(@utf8InCpp String ifName, long lifetimeS, in @utf8InCpp String[] servers);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressUpdated(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAddressRemoved(@utf8InCpp String addr, @utf8InCpp String ifName, int flags, int scope);
+  oneway void onInterfaceAdded(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceRemoved(@utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onInterfaceChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onInterfaceLinkStateChanged(@utf8InCpp String ifName, boolean up);
+  oneway void onRouteChanged(boolean updated, @utf8InCpp String route, @utf8InCpp String gateway, @utf8InCpp String ifName);
+  oneway void onStrictCleartextDetected(int uid, @utf8InCpp String hex);
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01e0f95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/InterfaceConfigurationParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable InterfaceConfigurationParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String hwAddr;
+  @utf8InCpp String ipv4Addr;
+  int prefixLength;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] flags;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62be838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable MarkMaskParcel {
+  int mark;
+  int mask;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e0ee62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+parcelable RouteInfoParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String destination;
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  @utf8InCpp String nextHop;
+  int mtu;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b136454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherConfigParcel {
+  boolean usingLegacyDnsProxy;
+  @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9d8458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherOffloadRuleParcel {
+  int inputInterfaceIndex;
+  int outputInterfaceIndex;
+  byte[] destination;
+  int prefixLength;
+  byte[] srcL2Address;
+  byte[] dstL2Address;
+  int pmtu = 1500;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b0960e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable TetherStatsParcel {
+  @utf8InCpp String iface;
+  long rxBytes;
+  long rxPackets;
+  long txBytes;
+  long txPackets;
+  int ifIndex = 0;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84ff457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_aidl_interface/current/android/net/UidRangeParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net;
+/* @hide */
+parcelable UidRangeParcel {
+  int start;
+  int stop;
+}
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/1/.hash b/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/1/.hash
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f39f730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/1/.hash
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+8e27594d285ca7c567d87e8cf74766c27647e02b
diff --git a/server/aidl/netdeventlistener/1/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/1/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl
similarity index 100%
rename from server/aidl/netdeventlistener/1/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl
rename to server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/1/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl
diff --git a/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/current/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl b/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/current/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d71c3f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/aidl_api/netd_event_listener_interface/current/android/net/metrics/INetdEventListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// THIS FILE IS IMMUTABLE. DO NOT EDIT IN ANY CASE.                          //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// This file is a snapshot of an AIDL interface (or parcelable). Do not try to
+// edit this file. It looks like you are doing that because you have modified
+// an AIDL interface in a backward-incompatible way, e.g., deleting a function
+// from an interface or a field from a parcelable and it broke the build. That
+// breakage is intended.
+//
+// You must not make a backward incompatible changes to the AIDL files built
+// with the aidl_interface module type with versions property set. The module
+// type is used to build AIDL files in a way that they can be used across
+// independently updatable components of the system. If a device is shipped
+// with such a backward incompatible change, it has a high risk of breaking
+// later when a module using the interface is updated, e.g., Mainline modules.
+
+package android.net.metrics;
+/* @hide */
+interface INetdEventListener {
+  oneway void onDnsEvent(int netId, int eventType, int returnCode, int latencyMs, @utf8InCpp String hostname, in @utf8InCpp String[] ipAddresses, int ipAddressesCount, int uid);
+  oneway void onPrivateDnsValidationEvent(int netId, String ipAddress, String hostname, boolean validated);
+  oneway void onConnectEvent(int netId, int error, int latencyMs, String ipAddr, int port, int uid);
+  oneway void onWakeupEvent(String prefix, int uid, int ethertype, int ipNextHeader, in byte[] dstHw, String srcIp, String dstIp, int srcPort, int dstPort, long timestampNs);
+  oneway void onTcpSocketStatsEvent(in int[] networkIds, in int[] sentPackets, in int[] lostPackets, in int[] rttUs, in int[] sentAckDiffMs);
+  oneway void onNat64PrefixEvent(int netId, boolean added, @utf8InCpp String prefixString, int prefixLength);
+  const int EVENT_GETADDRINFO = 1;
+  const int EVENT_GETHOSTBYNAME = 2;
+  const int EVENT_GETHOSTBYADDR = 3;
+  const int EVENT_RES_NSEND = 4;
+  const int REPORTING_LEVEL_NONE = 0;
+  const int REPORTING_LEVEL_METRICS = 1;
+  const int REPORTING_LEVEL_FULL = 2;
+  const int DNS_REPORTED_IP_ADDRESSES_LIMIT = 10;
+}
diff --git a/server/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl b/server/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl
index ec9bbc3..3b221cf 100644
--- a/server/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl
+++ b/server/binder/android/net/INetd.aidl
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@
 
 import android.net.INetdUnsolicitedEventListener;
 import android.net.InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
+import android.net.MarkMaskParcel;
+import android.net.RouteInfoParcel;
+import android.net.TetherConfigParcel;
+import android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
 import android.net.UidRangeParcel;
 
@@ -188,7 +192,7 @@
      * Return tethering statistics.
      *
      * @return an array of TetherStatsParcel, where each entry contains the upstream interface
-     *         name and its tethering statistics.
+     *         name and its tethering statistics since netd startup.
      *         There will only ever be one entry for a given interface.
      * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
      *         cause of the failure.
@@ -1194,4 +1198,115 @@
     * @return a IBinder object, it could be casted to oem specific interface.
     */
     IBinder getOemNetd();
+
+   /**
+    * Start tethering with given configuration
+    *
+    * @param config config to start tethering.
+    * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+    *         cause of the failure.
+    */
+    void tetherStartWithConfiguration(in TetherConfigParcel config);
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get the fwmark and its net id mask for the given network id.
+     *
+     * @param netId the network to get the fwmark and mask for.
+     * @return A MarkMaskParcel of the given network id.
+     */
+    MarkMaskParcel getFwmarkForNetwork(int netId);
+
+    /**
+    * Add a route for specific network
+    *
+    * @param netId the network to add the route to
+    * @param routeInfo parcelable with route information
+    * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+    *         cause of the failure.
+    */
+    void networkAddRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+
+    /**
+    * Update a route for specific network
+    *
+    * @param routeInfo parcelable with route information
+    * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+    *         cause of the failure.
+    */
+    void networkUpdateRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+
+    /**
+    * Remove a route for specific network
+    *
+    * @param routeInfo parcelable with route information
+    * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+    *         cause of the failure.
+    */
+    void networkRemoveRouteParcel(int netId, in android.net.RouteInfoParcel routeInfo);
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a tethering offload rule, or updates it if it already exists.
+     *
+     * Currently, only downstream /128 IPv6 entries are supported. An existing rule will be updated
+     * if the input interface and destination prefix match. Otherwise, a new rule will be created.
+     *
+     * @param rule The rule to add or update.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+    void tetherOffloadRuleAdd(in TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes a tethering offload rule.
+     *
+     * Currently, only downstream /128 IPv6 entries are supported. An existing rule will be deleted
+     * if the destination IP address and the source interface match. It is not an error if there is
+     * no matching rule to delete.
+     *
+     * @param rule The rule to delete.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+    void tetherOffloadRuleRemove(in TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule);
+
+    /**
+     * Return BPF tethering offload statistics.
+     *
+     * @return an array of TetherStatsParcel's, where each entry contains the upstream interface
+     *         index and its tethering statistics since tethering was first started.
+     *         There will only ever be one entry for a given interface index.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *         cause of the failure.
+     */
+    TetherStatsParcel[] tetherOffloadGetStats();
+
+   /**
+    * Set a per-interface quota for tethering offload.
+    *
+    * @param ifIndex Index of upstream interface
+    * @param quotaBytes The quota defined as the number of bytes, starting from zero and counting
+     *       from *now*. A value of QUOTA_UNLIMITED (-1) indicates there is no limit.
+    * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+    *         cause of the failure.
+    */
+    void tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(int ifIndex, long quotaBytes);
+
+    /**
+     * Return BPF tethering offload statistics and clear the stats for a given upstream.
+     *
+     * Must only be called once all offload rules have already been deleted for the given upstream
+     * interface. The existing stats will be fetched and returned. The stats and the limit for the
+     * given upstream interface will be deleted as well.
+     *
+     * The stats and limit for a given upstream interface must be initialized (using
+     * tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota) before any offload will occur on that interface.
+     *
+     * @param ifIndex Index of upstream interface.
+     * @return TetherStatsParcel, which contains the given upstream interface index and its
+     *         tethering statistics since tethering was first started on that upstream interface.
+     * @throws ServiceSpecificException in case of failure, with an error code indicating the
+     *                                  cause of the failure.
+     */
+     TetherStatsParcel tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(int ifIndex);
 }
diff --git a/resolv/res_debug.h b/server/binder/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
similarity index 74%
rename from resolv/res_debug.h
rename to server/binder/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
index 2ba31d4..932b7bf 100644
--- a/resolv/res_debug.h
+++ b/server/binder/android/net/MarkMaskParcel.aidl
@@ -14,8 +14,16 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#pragma once
+package android.net;
 
-#include <cinttypes>
-
-int resolv_set_log_severity(uint32_t logSeverity);
+/**
+ * Structure that stores a firewall mark and its mask.
+ *
+ * {@hide}
+ */
+parcelable MarkMaskParcel {
+    // The fwmark.
+    int mark;
+    // Net id mask of fwmark.
+    int mask;
+}
diff --git a/server/binder/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl b/server/binder/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcc86e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/binder/android/net/RouteInfoParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/**
+ * Copyright (c) 2020, The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+parcelable RouteInfoParcel {
+  // The destination of the route.
+  @utf8InCpp String destination;
+  // The name of interface of the route. This interface should be assigned to the netID.
+  @utf8InCpp String ifName;
+  // The route's next hop address, or one of the NEXTHOP_* constants defined in INetd.aidl.
+  @utf8InCpp String nextHop;
+  // The MTU of the route.
+  int mtu;
+}
diff --git a/server/binder/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl b/server/binder/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f371ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/binder/android/net/TetherConfigParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+/**
+ * The configuration to start tethering.
+ *
+ * {@hide}
+ */
+parcelable TetherConfigParcel {
+    // Whether to enable or disable legacy DNS proxy server.
+    boolean usingLegacyDnsProxy;
+    // DHCP ranges to set.
+    // dhcpRanges might contain many addresss {addr1, addr2, addr3, addr4...}
+    // Netd splits them into ranges: addr1-addr2, addr3-addr4, etc.
+    // An odd number of addrs will fail.
+    @utf8InCpp String[] dhcpRanges;
+}
diff --git a/server/binder/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl b/server/binder/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c549e61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/server/binder/android/net/TetherOffloadRuleParcel.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net;
+
+/**
+ * Represents a forwarding rule for tethering offload.
+ *
+ * {@hide}
+ */
+parcelable TetherOffloadRuleParcel {
+    /** The interface index of the input interface. */
+    int inputInterfaceIndex;
+
+    /** The interface index of the output interface. */
+    int outputInterfaceIndex;
+
+    /** The base IP address of the destination prefix as a byte array. */
+    byte[] destination;
+
+    /** The destination prefix length. */
+    int prefixLength;
+
+    /** The source link-layer address. Currently, must be a 6-byte MAC address.*/
+    byte[] srcL2Address;
+
+    /** The destination link-layer address. Currently, must be a 6-byte MAC address. */
+    byte[] dstL2Address;
+
+    /** The outbound path mtu. */
+    int pmtu = 1500;
+}
diff --git a/server/binder/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl b/server/binder/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
index 25e200c..6bf60a8 100644
--- a/server/binder/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
+++ b/server/binder/android/net/TetherStatsParcel.aidl
@@ -22,9 +22,34 @@
  * {@hide}
  */
 parcelable TetherStatsParcel {
+    /**
+     * Parcel representing tethering interface statistics.
+     *
+     * This parcel is used by tetherGetStats, tetherOffloadGetStats and
+     * tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats in INetd.aidl. tetherGetStats uses this parcel to return the
+     * tethering statistics since netd startup and presents the interface via its interface name.
+     * Both tetherOffloadGetStats and tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats use this parcel to return
+     * the tethering statistics since tethering was first started. They present the interface via
+     * its interface index. Note that the interface must be presented by either interface name
+     * |iface| or interface index |ifIndex| in this parcel. The unused interface name is set to
+     * an empty string "" by default and the unused interface index is set to 0 by default.
+     */
+
+    /** The interface name. */
     @utf8InCpp String iface;
+
+    /** Total number of received bytes. */
     long rxBytes;
+
+    /** Total number of received packets. */
     long rxPackets;
+
+    /** Total number of transmitted bytes. */
     long txBytes;
+
+    /** Total number of transmitted packets. */
     long txPackets;
+
+    /** The interface index. */
+    int ifIndex = 0;
 }
diff --git a/server/main.cpp b/server/main.cpp
index b783ce5..4949ff6 100644
--- a/server/main.cpp
+++ b/server/main.cpp
@@ -14,27 +14,27 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <chrono>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <mutex>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
-
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <mutex>
 
 #define LOG_TAG "Netd"
 
 #include "log/log.h"
 
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <libbpf_android.h>
 #include <netdutils/Stopwatch.h>
 
 #include "Controllers.h"
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@
 #include "Process.h"
 
 #include "netd_resolv/resolv.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/resolv_stub.h"
 
 using android::IPCThreadState;
+using android::sp;
 using android::status_t;
 using android::String16;
 using android::net::FwmarkServer;
@@ -82,13 +82,25 @@
     gLog.info(std::string(msg));
 }
 
+int tagSocketCallback(int sockFd, uint32_t tag, uid_t uid, pid_t) {
+    // Workaround for secureVPN with VpnIsolation enabled, refer to b/159994981 for details.
+    if (tag == TAG_SYSTEM_DNS) uid = AID_DNS;
+    return gCtls->trafficCtrl.tagSocket(sockFd, tag, uid, geteuid());
+}
+
+bool evaluateDomainNameCallback(const android_net_context&, const char* /*name*/) {
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool initDnsResolver() {
     ResolverNetdCallbacks callbacks = {
+            .check_calling_permission = &checkCallingPermissionCallback,
             .get_network_context = &getNetworkContextCallback,
             .log = &logCallback,
-            .check_calling_permission = &checkCallingPermissionCallback,
+            .tagSocket = &tagSocketCallback,
+            .evaluate_domain_name = &evaluateDomainNameCallback,
     };
-    return RESOLV_STUB.resolv_init(callbacks);
+    return resolv_init(&callbacks);
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -108,14 +120,8 @@
         setCloseOnExec(sock);
     }
 
-    // Before we start any threads, populate the resolver stub pointers.
-    resolv_stub_init();
-
     // Make sure BPF programs are loaded before doing anything
-    while (!android::base::WaitForProperty("bpf.progs_loaded", "1",
-           std::chrono::seconds(5))) {
-        ALOGD("netd waited 5s for bpf.progs_loaded, still waiting...");
-    }
+    android::bpf::waitForProgsLoaded();
 
     NetlinkManager *nm = NetlinkManager::Instance();
     if (nm == nullptr) {
@@ -175,20 +181,18 @@
         ALOGE("Unable to start NetdNativeService: %d", ret);
         exit(1);
     }
-    gLog.info("Registering NetdNativeService: %.1fms", subTime.getTimeAndReset());
+    gLog.info("Registering NetdNativeService: %" PRId64 "us", subTime.getTimeAndResetUs());
 
     android::net::process::ScopedPidFile pidFile(PID_FILE_PATH);
 
-    // Now that netd is ready to process commands, advertise service
-    // availability for HAL clients.
-    NetdHwService mHwSvc;
-    if ((ret = mHwSvc.start()) != android::OK) {
+    // Now that netd is ready to process commands, advertise service availability for HAL clients.
+    sp<NetdHwService> mHwSvc(new NetdHwService());
+    if ((ret = mHwSvc->start()) != android::OK) {
         ALOGE("Unable to start NetdHwService: %d", ret);
         exit(1);
     }
-    gLog.info("Registering NetdHwService: %.1fms", subTime.getTimeAndReset());
-
-    gLog.info("Netd started in %dms", static_cast<int>(s.timeTaken()));
+    gLog.info("Registering NetdHwService: %" PRId64 "us", subTime.getTimeAndResetUs());
+    gLog.info("Netd started in %" PRId64 "us", s.timeTakenUs());
 
     IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool();
 
diff --git a/server/netd.rc b/server/netd.rc
index 1fc6ab5..e6316c1 100644
--- a/server/netd.rc
+++ b/server/netd.rc
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 service netd /system/bin/netd
     class main
+    capabilities CHOWN DAC_OVERRIDE DAC_READ_SEARCH FOWNER IPC_LOCK KILL NET_ADMIN NET_BIND_SERVICE NET_RAW SETUID SETGID
     socket dnsproxyd stream 0660 root inet
     socket mdns stream 0660 root system
     socket fwmarkd stream 0660 root inet
diff --git a/server/oem_iptables_hook.cpp b/server/oem_iptables_hook.cpp
index c7f8dbf..39a6285 100644
--- a/server/oem_iptables_hook.cpp
+++ b/server/oem_iptables_hook.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "OemIptablesHook"
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/tests/Android.bp b/tests/Android.bp
index 3c35ceb..3baaa18 100644
--- a/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/Android.bp
@@ -47,14 +47,31 @@
     ],
 }
 
+cc_test_library {
+    name: "libnetd_test_utils",
+    srcs: [
+        "test_utils.cpp"
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_test {
     name: "netd_integration_test",
-    test_suites: ["device-tests"],
+    test_suites: [
+        "device-tests",
+        "vts"
+    ],
+    require_root: true,
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
+    tidy: false,  // cuts test build time by almost 1 minute
     srcs: [
         ":netd_integration_test_shared",
         "binder_test.cpp",
         "bpf_base_test.cpp",
+        "netd_client_test.cpp",
         "netd_test.cpp",
         "netlink_listener_test.cpp",
     ],
@@ -75,12 +92,12 @@
         "libcap",
         "libnetd_test_tun_interface",
         "libnetd_test_unsol_service",
+        "libnetd_test_utils",
         "libbpf_android",
-        "liblogwrap",
         "libnetdbpf",
         "libnetdutils",
         "libqtaguid",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-unstable-cpp",
         "netd_event_listener_interface-cpp",
         "oemnetd_aidl_interface-cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b18f9f..0000000
--- a/tests/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<!--
-    To run test manually:
-        make -j netd_integration_test && \
-        tradefed.sh run template/local_min -\-template:map test=netd_integration_test
-
-    For a list of options, see:
-        tools/tradefederation/core/src/com/android/tradefed/testtype/GTest.java
--->
-<configuration description="Config for netd_integration_test">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
-        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="netd_integration_test->/data/local/tmp/netd_integration_test" />
-    </target_preparer>
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
-        <option name="module-name" value="netd_integration_test" />
-    </test>
-</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/benchmarks/Android.bp b/tests/benchmarks/Android.bp
index c14253d..e1bf67c 100644
--- a/tests/benchmarks/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/benchmarks/Android.bp
@@ -5,17 +5,18 @@
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
-        "libbinder",
+        "libbinder_ndk",
         "liblog",
         "libnetd_client",
         "libnetdutils",
+        "libutils",
     ],
     static_libs: [
-        "libnetd_test_dnsresponder",
-        "libutils",
-        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-cpp",
-        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp",
-        "netd_event_listener_interface-cpp",
+        "libnetd_test_dnsresponder_ndk",
+        "dnsresolver_aidl_interface-unstable-ndk_platform",
+        "netd_aidl_interface-cpp", //  system/netd/server/UidRanges.h
+        "netd_aidl_interface-ndk_platform",
+        "netd_event_listener_interface-ndk_platform",
     ],
     aidl: {
         include_dirs: ["system/netd/server/binder"],
@@ -23,10 +24,8 @@
     include_dirs: [
         "system/netd/include",
         "system/netd/client",
-        "system/netd/resolv/include",
         "system/netd/server",
         "system/netd/server/binder",
-        "system/netd/resolv/dns_responder",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "main.cpp",
@@ -38,14 +37,12 @@
 cc_benchmark {
     name: "bpf_benchmark",
     defaults: ["netd_defaults"],
+    require_root: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libbpf_android",
         "libnetdutils",
     ],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libutils",
-    ],
     srcs: [
         "bpf_benchmark.cpp",
     ],
diff --git a/tests/benchmarks/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/benchmarks/AndroidTest.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 7756cc2..0000000
--- a/tests/benchmarks/AndroidTest.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-<configuration description="Config for netd_benchmark">
-    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
-        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
-        <option name="push" value="netd_benchmark->/data/local/tmp/netd_benchmark" />
-    </target_preparer>
-    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
-    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
-        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
-        <option name="module-name" value="netd_benchmark" />
-    </test>
-</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/benchmarks/bpf_benchmark.cpp b/tests/benchmarks/bpf_benchmark.cpp
index 2c1ed1e..12aaf95 100644
--- a/tests/benchmarks/bpf_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/tests/benchmarks/bpf_benchmark.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
 
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@
 
 constexpr uint32_t TEST_MAP_SIZE = 10000;
 
+using android::base::Result;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::bpf::BpfMap;
 
@@ -33,26 +35,32 @@
 
 BENCHMARK_DEFINE_F(BpfBenchMark, MapWriteNewEntry)(benchmark::State& state) {
     for (auto _ : state) {
-        expectOk(mBpfTestMap.writeValue(state.range(0), state.range(0), BPF_NOEXIST));
+        // TODO(b/147676069) assert
+        mBpfTestMap.writeValue(state.range(0), state.range(0), BPF_NOEXIST);
     }
 }
 
 BENCHMARK_DEFINE_F(BpfBenchMark, MapUpdateEntry)(benchmark::State& state) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < TEST_MAP_SIZE; i++) {
-        expectOk(mBpfTestMap.writeValue(i, i, BPF_NOEXIST));
+        // TODO(b/147676069) assert
+        mBpfTestMap.writeValue(i, i, BPF_NOEXIST);
     }
     for (auto _ : state) {
-        expectOk(mBpfTestMap.writeValue(state.range(0), state.range(0) + 1, BPF_EXIST));
+        // TODO(b/147676069) assert
+        mBpfTestMap.writeValue(state.range(0), state.range(0) + 1, BPF_EXIST);
     }
 }
 
 BENCHMARK_DEFINE_F(BpfBenchMark, MapDeleteAddEntry)(benchmark::State& state) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < TEST_MAP_SIZE; i++) {
-        expectOk(mBpfTestMap.writeValue(i, i, BPF_NOEXIST));
+        // TODO(b/147676069) assert
+        mBpfTestMap.writeValue(i, i, BPF_NOEXIST);
     }
     for (auto _ : state) {
-        expectOk(mBpfTestMap.deleteValue(state.range(0)));
-        expectOk(mBpfTestMap.writeValue(state.range(0), state.range(0) + 1, BPF_NOEXIST));
+        // TODO(b/147676069) assert
+        mBpfTestMap.deleteValue(state.range(0));
+        // TODO(b/147676069) assert
+        mBpfTestMap.writeValue(state.range(0), state.range(0) + 1, BPF_NOEXIST);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/benchmarks/connect_benchmark.cpp b/tests/benchmarks/connect_benchmark.cpp
index e08fb01..ed90538 100644
--- a/tests/benchmarks/connect_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/tests/benchmarks/connect_benchmark.cpp
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@
         }
 
         if (waitBetweenRuns) {
-            latencies[iterations] = stopwatch.timeTaken() * 1e6L;
-            state.SetIterationTime(latencies[iterations] / 1e9L);
+            latencies[iterations] = stopwatch.timeTakenUs();
+            state.SetIterationTime(static_cast<double>(latencies[iterations]) / 1.0e6L);
             std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
             ++iterations;
         }
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@
         }
 
         if (waitBetweenRuns) {
-            latencies[iterations] = stopwatch.timeTaken() * 1e6L;
-            state.SetIterationTime(latencies[iterations] / 1e9L);
+            latencies[iterations] = stopwatch.timeTakenUs();
+            state.SetIterationTime(static_cast<double>(latencies[iterations]) / 1.0e6L);
             std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
             ++iterations;
         }
diff --git a/tests/benchmarks/dns_benchmark.cpp b/tests/benchmarks/dns_benchmark.cpp
index d25f536..b8f626e 100644
--- a/tests/benchmarks/dns_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/tests/benchmarks/dns_benchmark.cpp
@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@
 #include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
 
 #include "NetdClient.h"
-#include "dns_responder_client.h"
-#include "netd_resolv/params.h"  // MAXNS
+#include "dns_responder_client_ndk.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
diff --git a/tests/binder_test.cpp b/tests/binder_test.cpp
index 917bf5d..2a6bb7c 100644
--- a/tests/binder_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/binder_test.cpp
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <cstdint>
-#include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <set>
 #include <vector>
@@ -32,17 +32,22 @@
 #include <ifaddrs.h>
 #include <linux/if.h>
 #include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <net/ethernet.h>
 #include <net/if.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
 #include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
 #include <openssl/base64.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/format.h>
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android/multinetwork.h>
 #include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
 #include <bpf/BpfMap.h>
 #include <bpf/BpfUtils.h>
@@ -50,26 +55,27 @@
 #include <com/android/internal/net/IOemNetd.h>
 #include <cutils/multiuser.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include <netdbpf/bpf_shared.h>
 #include <netutils/ifc.h>
 #include "Fwmark.h"
 #include "InterfaceController.h"
 #include "NetdClient.h"
 #include "NetdConstants.h"
+#include "NetworkController.h"
+#include "SockDiag.h"
 #include "TestUnsolService.h"
 #include "XfrmController.h"
 #include "android/net/INetd.h"
 #include "binder/IServiceManager.h"
+#include "netdutils/InternetAddresses.h"
 #include "netdutils/Stopwatch.h"
 #include "netdutils/Syscalls.h"
 #include "netid_client.h"  // NETID_UNSET
+#include "test_utils.h"
 #include "tun_interface.h"
 
-#define IP_PATH "/system/bin/ip"
 #define IP6TABLES_PATH "/system/bin/ip6tables"
 #define IPTABLES_PATH "/system/bin/iptables"
-#define TUN_DEV "/dev/tun"
 #define RAW_TABLE "raw"
 #define MANGLE_TABLE "mangle"
 #define FILTER_TABLE "filter"
@@ -83,16 +89,23 @@
 using android::String16;
 using android::String8;
 using android::base::Join;
+using android::base::make_scope_guard;
 using android::base::ReadFileToString;
 using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::Trim;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
 using android::net::INetd;
 using android::net::InterfaceConfigurationParcel;
 using android::net::InterfaceController;
+using android::net::MarkMaskParcel;
+using android::net::SockDiag;
+using android::net::TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
 using android::net::TetherStatsParcel;
 using android::net::TunInterface;
 using android::net::UidRangeParcel;
+using android::netdutils::IPAddress;
+using android::netdutils::ScopedAddrinfo;
 using android::netdutils::sSyscalls;
 using android::netdutils::Stopwatch;
 
@@ -100,6 +113,7 @@
 static const char* IP_RULE_V6 = "-6";
 static const int TEST_NETID1 = 65501;
 static const int TEST_NETID2 = 65502;
+static const char* DNSMASQ = "dnsmasq";
 
 // Use maximum reserved appId for applications to avoid conflict with existing
 // uids.
@@ -111,9 +125,9 @@
 static const std::string NO_SOCKET_ALLOW_RULE("! owner UID match 0-4294967294");
 static const std::string ESP_ALLOW_RULE("esp");
 
-class BinderTest : public ::testing::Test {
+class NetdBinderTest : public ::testing::Test {
   public:
-    BinderTest() {
+    NetdBinderTest() {
         sp<IServiceManager> sm = android::defaultServiceManager();
         sp<IBinder> binder = sm->getService(String16("netd"));
         if (binder != nullptr) {
@@ -149,7 +163,8 @@
         sTun2.destroy();
     }
 
-    static void fakeRemoteSocketPair(int *clientSocket, int *serverSocket, int *acceptedSocket);
+    static void fakeRemoteSocketPair(unique_fd* clientSocket, unique_fd* serverSocket,
+                                     unique_fd* acceptedSocket);
 
     void createVpnNetworkWithUid(bool secure, uid_t uid, int vpnNetId = TEST_NETID2,
                                  int fallthroughNetId = TEST_NETID1);
@@ -163,78 +178,27 @@
     static TunInterface sTun2;
 };
 
-TunInterface BinderTest::sTun;
-TunInterface BinderTest::sTun2;
+TunInterface NetdBinderTest::sTun;
+TunInterface NetdBinderTest::sTun2;
 
 class TimedOperation : public Stopwatch {
   public:
     explicit TimedOperation(const std::string &name): mName(name) {}
     virtual ~TimedOperation() {
-        fprintf(stderr, "    %s: %6.1f ms\n", mName.c_str(), timeTaken());
+        std::cerr << "    " << mName << ": " << timeTakenUs() << "us" << std::endl;
     }
 
   private:
     std::string mName;
 };
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, IsAlive) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, IsAlive) {
     TimedOperation t("isAlive RPC");
     bool isAlive = false;
     mNetd->isAlive(&isAlive);
     ASSERT_TRUE(isAlive);
 }
 
-static int randomUid() {
-    return 100000 * arc4random_uniform(7) + 10000 + arc4random_uniform(5000);
-}
-
-static std::vector<std::string> runCommand(const std::string& command) {
-    std::vector<std::string> lines;
-    FILE *f = popen(command.c_str(), "r");  // NOLINT(cert-env33-c)
-    if (f == nullptr) {
-        perror("popen");
-        return lines;
-    }
-
-    char *line = nullptr;
-    size_t bufsize = 0;
-    ssize_t linelen = 0;
-    while ((linelen = getline(&line, &bufsize, f)) >= 0) {
-        lines.push_back(std::string(line, linelen));
-        free(line);
-        line = nullptr;
-    }
-
-    pclose(f);
-    return lines;
-}
-
-static std::vector<std::string> listIpRules(const char *ipVersion) {
-    std::string command = StringPrintf("%s %s rule list", IP_PATH, ipVersion);
-    return runCommand(command);
-}
-
-static std::vector<std::string> listIptablesRule(const char *binary, const char *chainName) {
-    std::string command = StringPrintf("%s -w -n -L %s", binary, chainName);
-    return runCommand(command);
-}
-
-static int iptablesRuleLineLength(const char *binary, const char *chainName) {
-    return listIptablesRule(binary, chainName).size();
-}
-
-static bool iptablesRuleExists(const char *binary,
-                               const char *chainName,
-                               const std::string& expectedRule) {
-    std::vector<std::string> rules = listIptablesRule(binary, chainName);
-    for (const auto& rule : rules) {
-        if(rule.find(expectedRule) != std::string::npos) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 static bool iptablesNoSocketAllowRuleExists(const char *chainName){
     return iptablesRuleExists(IPTABLES_PATH, chainName, NO_SOCKET_ALLOW_RULE) &&
            iptablesRuleExists(IP6TABLES_PATH, chainName, NO_SOCKET_ALLOW_RULE);
@@ -245,7 +209,7 @@
            iptablesRuleExists(IP6TABLES_PATH, chainName, ESP_ALLOW_RULE);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, FirewallReplaceUidChain) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, FirewallReplaceUidChain) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_SUPPORTED;
 
     std::string chainName = StringPrintf("netd_binder_test_%u", arc4random_uniform(10000));
@@ -298,7 +262,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(false, ret);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, IpSecTunnelInterface) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, IpSecTunnelInterface) {
     const struct TestData {
         const std::string family;
         const std::string deviceName;
@@ -340,8 +304,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, IpSecSetEncapSocketOwner) {
-    android::base::unique_fd uniqueFd(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, IpSecSetEncapSocketOwner) {
+    unique_fd uniqueFd(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
     android::os::ParcelFileDescriptor sockFd(std::move(uniqueFd));
 
     int sockOptVal = UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP;
@@ -367,7 +331,7 @@
 
 #define RETURN_FALSE_IF_NEQ(_expect_, _ret_) \
         do { if ((_expect_) != (_ret_)) return false; } while(false)
-bool BinderTest::allocateIpSecResources(bool expectOk, int32_t* spi) {
+bool NetdBinderTest::allocateIpSecResources(bool expectOk, int32_t* spi) {
     android::netdutils::Status status = XfrmController::ipSecAllocateSpi(0, "::", "::1", 123, spi);
     SCOPED_TRACE(status);
     RETURN_FALSE_IF_NEQ(status.ok(), expectOk);
@@ -383,7 +347,7 @@
                                .ok();
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, XfrmDualSelectorTunnelModePoliciesV4) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, XfrmDualSelectorTunnelModePoliciesV4) {
     android::binder::Status status;
 
     // Repeat to ensure cleanup and recreation works correctly
@@ -407,7 +371,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, XfrmDualSelectorTunnelModePoliciesV6) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, XfrmDualSelectorTunnelModePoliciesV6) {
     binder::Status status;
 
     // Repeat to ensure cleanup and recreation works correctly
@@ -431,7 +395,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, XfrmControllerInit) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, XfrmControllerInit) {
     android::netdutils::Status status;
     status = XfrmController::Init();
     SCOPED_TRACE(status);
@@ -518,7 +482,7 @@
     return enabled6;
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, BandwidthEnableDataSaver) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, BandwidthEnableDataSaver) {
     const int wasEnabled = getDataSaverState();
     ASSERT_NE(-1, wasEnabled);
 
@@ -579,7 +543,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NetworkInterfaces) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NetworkInterfaces) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
     EXPECT_EQ(EEXIST, mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE)
                               .serviceSpecificErrorCode());
@@ -596,7 +560,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ENONET, mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).serviceSpecificErrorCode());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NetworkUidRules) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NetworkUidRules) {
     const uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY_SECURE_VPN = 12000;
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreateVpn(TEST_NETID1, true).isOk());
@@ -623,27 +587,23 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ENONET, mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).serviceSpecificErrorCode());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NetworkRejectNonSecureVpn) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NetworkRejectNonSecureVpn) {
     constexpr uint32_t RULE_PRIORITY = 12500;
 
     std::vector<UidRangeParcel> uidRanges = {makeUidRangeParcel(BASE_UID + 150, BASE_UID + 224),
                                              makeUidRangeParcel(BASE_UID + 226, BASE_UID + 300)};
-
-    const std::vector<std::string> initialRulesV4 = listIpRules(IP_RULE_V4);
-    const std::vector<std::string> initialRulesV6 = listIpRules(IP_RULE_V6);
-
+    // Make sure no rules existed before calling commands.
+    for (auto const& range : uidRanges) {
+        EXPECT_FALSE(ipRuleExistsForRange(RULE_PRIORITY, range, "prohibit"));
+    }
     // Create two valid rules.
     ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->networkRejectNonSecureVpn(true, uidRanges).isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(initialRulesV4.size() + 2, listIpRules(IP_RULE_V4).size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(initialRulesV6.size() + 2, listIpRules(IP_RULE_V6).size());
     for (auto const& range : uidRanges) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(ipRuleExistsForRange(RULE_PRIORITY, range, "prohibit"));
     }
 
     // Remove the rules.
     ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->networkRejectNonSecureVpn(false, uidRanges).isOk());
-    EXPECT_EQ(initialRulesV4.size(), listIpRules(IP_RULE_V4).size());
-    EXPECT_EQ(initialRulesV6.size(), listIpRules(IP_RULE_V6).size());
     for (auto const& range : uidRanges) {
         EXPECT_FALSE(ipRuleExistsForRange(RULE_PRIORITY, range, "prohibit"));
     }
@@ -652,15 +612,12 @@
     binder::Status status = mNetd->networkRejectNonSecureVpn(false, uidRanges);
     ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
     EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
-
-    // All rules should be the same as before.
-    EXPECT_EQ(initialRulesV4, listIpRules(IP_RULE_V4));
-    EXPECT_EQ(initialRulesV6, listIpRules(IP_RULE_V6));
 }
 
 // Create a socket pair that isLoopbackSocket won't think is local.
-void BinderTest::fakeRemoteSocketPair(int *clientSocket, int *serverSocket, int *acceptedSocket) {
-    *serverSocket = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+void NetdBinderTest::fakeRemoteSocketPair(unique_fd* clientSocket, unique_fd* serverSocket,
+                                          unique_fd* acceptedSocket) {
+    serverSocket->reset(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
     struct sockaddr_in6 server6 = { .sin6_family = AF_INET6, .sin6_addr = sTun.dstAddr() };
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bind(*serverSocket, (struct sockaddr *) &server6, sizeof(server6)));
 
@@ -668,13 +625,14 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, getsockname(*serverSocket, (struct sockaddr *) &server6, &addrlen));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, listen(*serverSocket, 10));
 
-    *clientSocket = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+    clientSocket->reset(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
     struct sockaddr_in6 client6 = { .sin6_family = AF_INET6, .sin6_addr = sTun.srcAddr() };
     ASSERT_EQ(0, bind(*clientSocket, (struct sockaddr *) &client6, sizeof(client6)));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, connect(*clientSocket, (struct sockaddr *) &server6, sizeof(server6)));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, getsockname(*clientSocket, (struct sockaddr *) &client6, &addrlen));
 
-    *acceptedSocket = accept4(*serverSocket, (struct sockaddr *) &server6, &addrlen, SOCK_CLOEXEC);
+    acceptedSocket->reset(
+            accept4(*serverSocket, (struct sockaddr*)&server6, &addrlen, SOCK_CLOEXEC));
     ASSERT_NE(-1, *acceptedSocket);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(&client6, &server6, sizeof(client6)));
@@ -701,8 +659,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ECONNRESET, err);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, SocketDestroy) {
-    int clientSocket, serverSocket, acceptedSocket;
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, SocketDestroy) {
+    unique_fd clientSocket, serverSocket, acceptedSocket;
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(fakeRemoteSocketPair(&clientSocket, &serverSocket, &acceptedSocket));
 
     // Pick a random UID in the system UID range.
@@ -742,10 +700,6 @@
     skipUids.resize(skipUids.size() - 1);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->socketDestroy(uidRanges, skipUids).isOk());
     checkSocketpairClosed(clientSocket, acceptedSocket);
-
-    close(clientSocket);
-    close(serverSocket);
-    close(acceptedSocket);
 }
 
 namespace {
@@ -851,39 +805,43 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceAddRemoveAddress) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceAddRemoveAddress) {
     static const struct TestData {
         const char *addrString;
         const int   prefixLength;
-        const bool  expectSuccess;
+        const int expectAddResult;
+        const int expectRemoveResult;
     } kTestData[] = {
-        { "192.0.2.1", 24, true },
-        { "192.0.2.2", 25, true },
-        { "192.0.2.3", 32, true },
-        { "192.0.2.4", 33, false },
-        { "192.not.an.ip", 24, false },
-        { "2001:db8::1", 64, true },
-        { "2001:db8::2", 65, true },
-        { "2001:db8::3", 128, true },
-        { "2001:db8::4", 129, false },
-        { "foo:bar::bad", 64, false },
+            {"192.0.2.1", 24, 0, 0},
+            {"192.0.2.2", 25, 0, 0},
+            {"192.0.2.3", 32, 0, 0},
+            {"192.0.2.4", 33, EINVAL, EADDRNOTAVAIL},
+            {"192.not.an.ip", 24, EINVAL, EINVAL},
+            {"2001:db8::1", 64, 0, 0},
+            {"2001:db8::2", 65, 0, 0},
+            {"2001:db8::3", 128, 0, 0},
+            {"2001:db8::4", 129, EINVAL, EINVAL},
+            {"foo:bar::bad", 64, EINVAL, EINVAL},
+            {"2001:db8::1/64", 64, EINVAL, EINVAL},
     };
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(kTestData); i++) {
         const auto &td = kTestData[i];
 
+        SCOPED_TRACE(String8::format("Offending IP address %s/%d", td.addrString, td.prefixLength));
+
         // [1.a] Add the address.
         binder::Status status = mNetd->interfaceAddAddress(
                 sTun.name(), td.addrString, td.prefixLength);
-        if (td.expectSuccess) {
+        if (td.expectAddResult == 0) {
             EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
         } else {
             ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
-            ASSERT_NE(0, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+            ASSERT_EQ(td.expectAddResult, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
         }
 
         // [1.b] Verify the addition meets the expectation.
-        if (td.expectSuccess) {
+        if (td.expectAddResult == 0) {
             EXPECT_TRUE(interfaceHasAddress(sTun.name(), td.addrString, td.prefixLength));
         } else {
             EXPECT_FALSE(interfaceHasAddress(sTun.name(), td.addrString, -1));
@@ -891,19 +849,32 @@
 
         // [2.a] Try to remove the address.  If it was not previously added, removing it fails.
         status = mNetd->interfaceDelAddress(sTun.name(), td.addrString, td.prefixLength);
-        if (td.expectSuccess) {
+        if (td.expectRemoveResult == 0) {
             EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
         } else {
             ASSERT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
-            ASSERT_NE(0, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+            ASSERT_EQ(td.expectRemoveResult, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
         }
 
         // [2.b] No matter what, the address should not be present.
         EXPECT_FALSE(interfaceHasAddress(sTun.name(), td.addrString, -1));
     }
+
+    // Check that netlink errors are returned correctly.
+    // We do this by attempting to create an IPv6 address on an interface that has IPv6 disabled,
+    // which returns EACCES.
+    TunInterface tun;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, tun.init());
+    binder::Status status =
+            mNetd->setProcSysNet(INetd::IPV6, INetd::CONF, tun.name(), "disable_ipv6", "1");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    status = mNetd->interfaceAddAddress(tun.name(), "2001:db8::1", 64);
+    EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EACCES, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+    tun.destroy();
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, GetProcSysNet) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, GetProcSysNet) {
     const char LOOPBACK[] = "lo";
     static const struct {
         const int ipversion;
@@ -942,7 +913,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, SetProcSysNet) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, SetProcSysNet) {
     static const struct {
         const int ipversion;
         const int which;
@@ -977,7 +948,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, GetSetProcSysNet) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, GetSetProcSysNet) {
     const int ipversion = INetd::IPV6;
     const int category = INetd::NEIGH;
     const std::string& tun = sTun.name();
@@ -1035,7 +1006,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TetherGetStats) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherGetStats) {
     expectNoTestCounterRules();
 
     // TODO: fold this into more comprehensive tests once we have binder RPCs for enabling and
@@ -1047,8 +1018,11 @@
     std::string intIface1 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", arc4random_uniform(10000));
     std::string intIface2 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", arc4random_uniform(10000));
     std::string intIface3 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", arc4random_uniform(10000));
-    std::string extIface1 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", arc4random_uniform(10000));
-    std::string extIface2 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", arc4random_uniform(10000));
+
+    // Ensure we won't use the same interface name, otherwise the test will fail.
+    u_int32_t rNumber = arc4random_uniform(10000);
+    std::string extIface1 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", rNumber);
+    std::string extIface2 = StringPrintf("netdtest_%u", rNumber + 1);
 
     addTetherCounterValues(IPTABLES_PATH,  intIface1, extIface1, 123, 111);
     addTetherCounterValues(IP6TABLES_PATH, intIface1, extIface1, 456,  10);
@@ -1139,7 +1113,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, IdletimerAddRemoveInterface) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, IdletimerAddRemoveInterface) {
     // TODO: We will get error in if expectIdletimerInterfaceRuleNotExists if there are the same
     // rule in the table. Because we only check the result after calling remove function. We might
     // check the actual rule which is removed by our function (maybe compare the results between
@@ -1203,7 +1177,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, StrictSetUidCleartextPenalty) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, StrictSetUidCleartextPenalty) {
     binder::Status status;
     int32_t uid = randomUid();
 
@@ -1268,7 +1242,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, ClatdStartStop) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, ClatdStartStop) {
     binder::Status status;
 
     const std::string clatdName = StringPrintf("clatd-%s", sTun.name().c_str());
@@ -1388,7 +1362,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TestIpfwdEnableDisableStatusForwarding) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TestIpfwdEnableDisableStatusForwarding) {
     // Get ipfwd requester list from Netd
     std::vector<std::string> requesterList;
     binder::Status status = mNetd->ipfwdGetRequesterList(&requesterList);
@@ -1441,23 +1415,20 @@
     }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TestIpfwdAddRemoveInterfaceForward) {
-  // Add test physical network
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID2, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID2, sTun2.name()).isOk());
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TestIpfwdAddRemoveInterfaceForward) {
+    // Add test physical network
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID2, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID2, sTun2.name()).isOk());
 
-  binder::Status status =
-      mNetd->ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(sTun.name(), sTun2.name());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-  expectIpfwdRuleExists(sTun.name().c_str(), sTun2.name().c_str());
+    binder::Status status = mNetd->ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(sTun.name(), sTun2.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    expectIpfwdRuleExists(sTun.name().c_str(), sTun2.name().c_str());
 
-  status = mNetd->ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(sTun.name(), sTun2.name());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-  expectIpfwdRuleNotExists(sTun.name().c_str(), sTun2.name().c_str());
+    status = mNetd->ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(sTun.name(), sTun2.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    expectIpfwdRuleNotExists(sTun.name().c_str(), sTun2.name().c_str());
 }
 
 namespace {
@@ -1577,7 +1548,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, BandwidthSetRemoveInterfaceQuota) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, BandwidthSetRemoveInterfaceQuota) {
     long testQuotaBytes = 5550;
 
     // Add test physical network
@@ -1596,7 +1567,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, BandwidthSetRemoveInterfaceAlert) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, BandwidthSetRemoveInterfaceAlert) {
     long testAlertBytes = 373;
     // Add test physical network
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
@@ -1620,20 +1591,20 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, BandwidthSetGlobalAlert) {
-    long testAlertBytes = 2097149;
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, BandwidthSetGlobalAlert) {
+    int64_t testAlertBytes = 2097200;
 
     binder::Status status = mNetd->bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(testAlertBytes);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
     expectBandwidthGlobalAlertRuleExists(testAlertBytes);
 
-    testAlertBytes = 2097152;
+    testAlertBytes = 2098230;
     status = mNetd->bandwidthSetGlobalAlert(testAlertBytes);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
     expectBandwidthGlobalAlertRuleExists(testAlertBytes);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, BandwidthManipulateSpecialApp) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, BandwidthManipulateSpecialApp) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_SUPPORTED;
 
     int32_t uid = randomUid();
@@ -1663,42 +1634,53 @@
 
 namespace {
 
-std::vector<std::string> listIpRoutes(const char* ipVersion, const char* table) {
-    std::string command = StringPrintf("%s %s route ls table %s", IP_PATH, ipVersion, table);
-    return runCommand(command);
-}
-
-bool ipRouteExists(const char* ipVersion, const char* table, const std::string& ipRoute) {
-    std::vector<std::string> routes = listIpRoutes(ipVersion, table);
-    for (const auto& route : routes) {
-        if (route.find(ipRoute) != std::string::npos) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 std::string ipRouteString(const std::string& ifName, const std::string& dst,
-                          const std::string& nextHop) {
+                          const std::string& nextHop, const std::string& mtu) {
     std::string dstString = (dst == "0.0.0.0/0" || dst == "::/0") ? "default" : dst;
 
     if (!nextHop.empty()) {
         dstString += " via " + nextHop;
     }
 
-    return dstString + " dev " + ifName;
+    dstString += " dev " + ifName;
+
+    if (!mtu.empty()) {
+        dstString += " proto static";
+        // IPv6 routes report the metric, IPv4 routes report the scope.
+        // TODO: move away from specifying the entire string and use a regexp instead.
+        if (dst.find(':') != std::string::npos) {
+            dstString += " metric 1024";
+        } else {
+            if (nextHop.empty()) {
+                dstString += " scope link";
+            }
+        }
+        dstString += " mtu " + mtu;
+    }
+
+    return dstString;
+}
+
+void expectNetworkRouteExistsWithMtu(const char* ipVersion, const std::string& ifName,
+                                     const std::string& dst, const std::string& nextHop,
+                                     const std::string& mtu, const char* table) {
+    std::string routeString = ipRouteString(ifName, dst, nextHop, mtu);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(ipRouteExists(ipVersion, table, ipRouteString(ifName, dst, nextHop, mtu)))
+            << "Couldn't find route to " << dst << ": '" << routeString << "' in table " << table;
 }
 
 void expectNetworkRouteExists(const char* ipVersion, const std::string& ifName,
                               const std::string& dst, const std::string& nextHop,
                               const char* table) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ipRouteExists(ipVersion, table, ipRouteString(ifName, dst, nextHop)));
+    expectNetworkRouteExistsWithMtu(ipVersion, ifName, dst, nextHop, "", table);
 }
 
 void expectNetworkRouteDoesNotExist(const char* ipVersion, const std::string& ifName,
                                     const std::string& dst, const std::string& nextHop,
                                     const char* table) {
-    EXPECT_FALSE(ipRouteExists(ipVersion, table, ipRouteString(ifName, dst, nextHop)));
+    std::string routeString = ipRouteString(ifName, dst, nextHop, "");
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ipRouteExists(ipVersion, table, ipRouteString(ifName, dst, nextHop, "")))
+            << "Found unexpected route " << routeString << " in table " << table;
 }
 
 bool ipRuleExists(const char* ipVersion, const std::string& ipRule) {
@@ -1789,7 +1771,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NetworkAddRemoveRouteUserPermission) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NetworkAddRemoveRouteUserPermission) {
     static const struct {
         const char* ipVersion;
         const char* testDest;
@@ -1930,11 +1912,51 @@
         }
     }
 
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(kTestData); i++) {
+        const auto& td = kTestData[i];
+        int mtu = (i % 2) ? 1480 : 1280;
+
+        android::net::RouteInfoParcel parcel;
+        parcel.ifName = sTun.name();
+        parcel.destination = td.testDest;
+        parcel.nextHop = td.testNextHop;
+        parcel.mtu = mtu;
+        binder::Status status = mNetd->networkAddRouteParcel(TEST_NETID1, parcel);
+        if (td.expectSuccess) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+            expectNetworkRouteExistsWithMtu(td.ipVersion, sTun.name(), td.testDest, td.testNextHop,
+                                            std::to_string(parcel.mtu), sTun.name().c_str());
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
+            EXPECT_NE(0, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+        }
+
+        parcel.mtu = 1337;
+        status = mNetd->networkUpdateRouteParcel(TEST_NETID1, parcel);
+        if (td.expectSuccess) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+            expectNetworkRouteExistsWithMtu(td.ipVersion, sTun.name(), td.testDest, td.testNextHop,
+                                            std::to_string(parcel.mtu), sTun.name().c_str());
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
+            EXPECT_NE(0, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+        }
+
+        status = mNetd->networkRemoveRouteParcel(TEST_NETID1, parcel);
+        if (td.expectSuccess) {
+            EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+            expectNetworkRouteDoesNotExist(td.ipVersion, sTun.name(), td.testDest, td.testNextHop,
+                                           sTun.name().c_str());
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_EQ(binder::Status::EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC, status.exceptionCode());
+            EXPECT_NE(0, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+        }
+    }
     // Remove test physical network
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NetworkPermissionDefault) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NetworkPermissionDefault) {
     // Add test physical network
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
@@ -1971,17 +1993,21 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NetworkSetProtectAllowDeny) {
-    const int testUid = randomUid();
-    binder::Status status = mNetd->networkSetProtectAllow(testUid);
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NetworkSetProtectAllowDeny) {
+    binder::Status status = mNetd->networkSetProtectAllow(TEST_UID1);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
     bool ret = false;
-    status = mNetd->networkCanProtect(testUid, &ret);
+    status = mNetd->networkCanProtect(TEST_UID1, &ret);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ret);
 
-    status = mNetd->networkSetProtectDeny(testUid);
+    status = mNetd->networkSetProtectDeny(TEST_UID1);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-    status = mNetd->networkCanProtect(testUid, &ret);
+
+    // Clear uid permission before calling networkCanProtect to ensure
+    // the call won't be affected by uid permission.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkClearPermissionForUser({TEST_UID1}).isOk());
+
+    status = mNetd->networkCanProtect(TEST_UID1, &ret);
     EXPECT_FALSE(ret);
 }
 
@@ -2054,29 +2080,37 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TetherStartStopStatus) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherStartStopStatus) {
     std::vector<std::string> noDhcpRange = {};
-    static const char dnsdName[] = "dnsmasq";
+    for (bool usingLegacyDnsProxy : {true, false}) {
+        android::net::TetherConfigParcel config;
+        config.usingLegacyDnsProxy = usingLegacyDnsProxy;
+        config.dhcpRanges = noDhcpRange;
+        binder::Status status = mNetd->tetherStartWithConfiguration(config);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+        SCOPED_TRACE(StringPrintf("usingLegacyDnsProxy: %d", usingLegacyDnsProxy));
+        if (usingLegacyDnsProxy == true) {
+            expectProcessExists(DNSMASQ);
+        } else {
+            expectProcessDoesNotExist(DNSMASQ);
+        }
 
-    binder::Status status = mNetd->tetherStart(noDhcpRange);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-    expectProcessExists(dnsdName);
+        bool tetherEnabled;
+        status = mNetd->tetherIsEnabled(&tetherEnabled);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+        EXPECT_TRUE(tetherEnabled);
 
-    bool tetherEnabled;
-    status = mNetd->tetherIsEnabled(&tetherEnabled);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(tetherEnabled);
+        status = mNetd->tetherStop();
+        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+        expectProcessDoesNotExist(DNSMASQ);
 
-    status = mNetd->tetherStop();
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-    expectProcessDoesNotExist(dnsdName);
-
-    status = mNetd->tetherIsEnabled(&tetherEnabled);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
-    EXPECT_FALSE(tetherEnabled);
+        status = mNetd->tetherIsEnabled(&tetherEnabled);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+        EXPECT_FALSE(tetherEnabled);
+    }
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TetherInterfaceAddRemoveList) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherInterfaceAddRemoveList) {
     // TODO: verify if dnsmasq update interface successfully
 
     binder::Status status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceAdd(sTun.name());
@@ -2097,7 +2131,7 @@
     expectTetherInterfaceNotExists(ifList, sTun.name());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TetherDnsSetList) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherDnsSetList) {
     // TODO: verify if dnsmasq update dns successfully
     std::vector<std::string> testDnsAddrs = {"192.168.1.37", "213.137.100.3",
                                              "fe80::1%" + sTun.name()};
@@ -2113,6 +2147,135 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+std::vector<IPAddress> findDnsSockets(SockDiag* sd, unsigned numExpected) {
+    std::vector<IPAddress> listenAddrs;
+
+    // Callback lambda that finds all IPv4 sockets with source port 53.
+    auto findDnsSockets = [&](uint8_t /* proto */, const inet_diag_msg* msg) {
+        // Always return false, which means do not destroy this socket.
+        if (msg->id.idiag_sport != htons(53)) return false;
+        IPAddress addr(*(in_addr*)msg->id.idiag_src);
+        listenAddrs.push_back(addr);
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    // There is no way to know if dnsmasq has finished processing the update_interfaces command and
+    // opened listening sockets. So, just spin a few times and return the first list of sockets
+    // that is at least numExpected long.
+    // Pick a relatively large timeout to avoid flaky tests, particularly when running on shared
+    // devices.
+    constexpr int kMaxAttempts = 50;
+    constexpr int kSleepMs = 100;
+    for (int i = 0; i < kMaxAttempts; i++) {
+        listenAddrs.clear();
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, sd->sendDumpRequest(IPPROTO_TCP, AF_INET, 1 << TCP_LISTEN))
+                << "Failed to dump sockets, attempt " << i << " of " << kMaxAttempts;
+        sd->readDiagMsg(IPPROTO_TCP, findDnsSockets);
+        if (listenAddrs.size() >= numExpected) {
+            break;
+        }
+        usleep(kSleepMs * 1000);
+    }
+
+    return listenAddrs;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// Checks that when starting dnsmasq on an interface that no longer exists, it doesn't attempt to
+// start on other interfaces instead.
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherDeletedInterface) {
+    // Do this first so we don't need to clean up anything else if it fails.
+    SockDiag sd;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sd.open()) << "Failed to open SOCK_DIAG socket";
+
+    // Create our own TunInterfaces (so we can delete them without affecting other tests), and add
+    // IP addresses to them. They must be IPv4 because tethering an interface disables and
+    // re-enables IPv6 on the interface, which clears all addresses.
+    TunInterface tun1, tun2;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, tun1.init());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, tun2.init());
+
+    // Clean up. It is safe to call TunInterface::destroy multiple times.
+    auto guard = android::base::make_scope_guard([&] {
+        tun1.destroy();
+        tun2.destroy();
+        mNetd->tetherStop();
+        mNetd->tetherInterfaceRemove(tun1.name());
+        mNetd->tetherInterfaceRemove(tun2.name());
+    });
+
+    IPAddress addr1, addr2;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(IPAddress::forString("192.0.2.1", &addr1));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(IPAddress::forString("192.0.2.2", &addr2));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tun1.addAddress(addr1.toString(), 32));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tun2.addAddress(addr2.toString(), 32));
+
+    // Stop tethering.
+    binder::Status status = mNetd->tetherStop();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    // Start dnsmasq on an interface that doesn't exist.
+    // First, tether our tun interface...
+    status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceAdd(tun1.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    expectTetherInterfaceConfigureForIPv6Router(tun1.name());
+
+    // ... then delete it...
+    tun1.destroy();
+
+    // ... then start dnsmasq.
+    android::net::TetherConfigParcel config;
+    config.usingLegacyDnsProxy = true;
+    config.dhcpRanges = {};
+    status = mNetd->tetherStartWithConfiguration(config);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    // Wait for dnsmasq to start.
+    expectProcessExists(DNSMASQ);
+
+    // Make sure that netd thinks the interface is tethered (even though it doesn't exist).
+    std::vector<std::string> ifList;
+    status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceList(&ifList);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    ASSERT_EQ(1U, ifList.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(tun1.name(), ifList[0]);
+
+    // Give dnsmasq some time to start up.
+    usleep(200 * 1000);
+
+    // Check that dnsmasq is not listening on any IP addresses. It shouldn't, because it was only
+    // told to run on tun1, and tun1 does not exist. Ensure it stays running and doesn't listen on
+    // any IP addresses.
+    std::vector<IPAddress> listenAddrs = findDnsSockets(&sd, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, listenAddrs.size()) << "Unexpectedly found IPv4 socket(s) listening on port 53";
+
+    // Now add an interface to dnsmasq and check that we can see the sockets. This confirms that
+    // findDnsSockets is actually able to see sockets when they exist.
+    status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceAdd(tun2.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    in_addr loopback = {htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK)};
+    listenAddrs = findDnsSockets(&sd, 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U, listenAddrs.size()) << "Expected exactly 2 IPv4 sockets listening on port 53";
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, std::count(listenAddrs.begin(), listenAddrs.end(), addr2));
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, std::count(listenAddrs.begin(), listenAddrs.end(), IPAddress(loopback)));
+
+    // Clean up.
+    status = mNetd->tetherStop();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    expectProcessDoesNotExist(DNSMASQ);
+
+    status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceRemove(tun1.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceRemove(tun2.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+}
+
+namespace {
+
 constexpr char FIREWALL_INPUT[] = "fw_INPUT";
 constexpr char FIREWALL_OUTPUT[] = "fw_OUTPUT";
 constexpr char FIREWALL_FORWARD[] = "fw_FORWARD";
@@ -2277,7 +2440,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, FirewallSetFirewallType) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, FirewallSetFirewallType) {
     binder::Status status = mNetd->firewallSetFirewallType(INetd::FIREWALL_WHITELIST);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
     expectFirewallWhitelistMode();
@@ -2304,7 +2467,7 @@
     expectFirewallBlacklistMode();
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, FirewallSetInterfaceRule) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, FirewallSetInterfaceRule) {
     // setinterfaceRule is not supported in BLACKLIST MODE
     binder::Status status = mNetd->firewallSetFirewallType(INetd::FIREWALL_BLACKLIST);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
@@ -2330,7 +2493,7 @@
     expectFirewallBlacklistMode();
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, FirewallSetUidRule) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, FirewallSetUidRule) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_SUPPORTED;
 
     int32_t uid = randomUid();
@@ -2406,7 +2569,7 @@
     expectFirewallBlacklistMode();
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, FirewallEnableDisableChildChains) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, FirewallEnableDisableChildChains) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_SUPPORTED;
 
     binder::Status status = mNetd->firewallEnableChildChain(INetd::FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE, true);
@@ -2622,7 +2785,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceList) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceList) {
     std::vector<std::string> interfaceListResult;
 
     binder::Status status = mNetd->interfaceGetList(&interfaceListResult);
@@ -2630,7 +2793,7 @@
     expectInterfaceList(interfaceListResult);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceGetCfg) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceGetCfg) {
     InterfaceConfigurationParcel interfaceCfgResult;
 
     // Add test physical network
@@ -2646,7 +2809,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceSetCfg) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceSetCfg) {
     const std::string testAddr = "192.0.2.3";
     const int testPrefixLength = 24;
     std::vector<std::string> upFlags = {"up"};
@@ -2673,7 +2836,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions) {
     // enable
     binder::Status status = mNetd->interfaceSetIPv6PrivacyExtensions(sTun.name(), true);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
@@ -2685,7 +2848,7 @@
     expectInterfaceIPv6PrivacyExtensions(sTun.name(), false);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceClearAddr) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceClearAddr) {
     const std::string testAddr = "192.0.2.3";
     const int testPrefixLength = 24;
     std::vector<std::string> noFlags{};
@@ -2707,7 +2870,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceSetEnableIPv6) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceSetEnableIPv6) {
     // Add test physical network
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
@@ -2726,7 +2889,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, InterfaceSetMtu) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, InterfaceSetMtu) {
     const int testMtu = 1200;
 
     // Add test physical network
@@ -2826,7 +2989,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TetherForwardAddRemove) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherForwardAddRemove) {
     binder::Status status = mNetd->tetherAddForward(sTun.name(), sTun2.name());
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
     expectNatEnable(sTun.name(), sTun2.name());
@@ -2867,7 +3030,7 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TcpBufferSet) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TcpBufferSet) {
     TripleInt rmemValue = readProcFileToTripleInt(TCP_RMEM_PROC_FILE);
     TripleInt testRmemValue{rmemValue[0] + 42, rmemValue[1] + 42, rmemValue[2] + 42};
     TripleInt wmemValue = readProcFileToTripleInt(TCP_WMEM_PROC_FILE);
@@ -2880,23 +3043,22 @@
 namespace {
 
 void checkUidsInPermissionMap(std::vector<int32_t>& uids, bool exist) {
-    android::bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> uidPermissionMap(
-            android::bpf::mapRetrieve(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    android::bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> uidPermissionMap(UID_PERMISSION_MAP_PATH);
     for (int32_t uid : uids) {
-        android::netdutils::StatusOr<uint8_t> permission = uidPermissionMap.readValue(uid);
+        android::base::Result<uint8_t> permission = uidPermissionMap.readValue(uid);
         if (exist) {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(permission));
+            ASSERT_RESULT_OK(permission);
             EXPECT_EQ(INetd::PERMISSION_NONE, permission.value());
         } else {
-            EXPECT_FALSE(isOk(permission));
-            EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, permission.status().code());
+            ASSERT_FALSE(permission.ok());
+            EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, permission.error().code());
         }
     }
 }
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, TestInternetPermission) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TestInternetPermission) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
     std::vector<int32_t> appUids = {TEST_UID1, TEST_UID2};
@@ -2909,7 +3071,7 @@
     checkUidsInPermissionMap(appUids, false);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, UnsolEvents) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, UnsolEvents) {
     auto testUnsolService = android::net::TestUnsolService::start();
     std::string oldTunName = sTun.name();
     std::string newTunName = "unsolTest";
@@ -2948,7 +3110,7 @@
     sTun.init();
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, NDC) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, NDC) {
     struct Command {
         const std::string cmdString;
         const std::string expectedResult;
@@ -3047,7 +3209,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, OemNetdRelated) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, OemNetdRelated) {
     sp<IBinder> binder;
     binder::Status status = mNetd->getOemNetd(&binder);
     EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
@@ -3100,8 +3262,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-void BinderTest::createVpnNetworkWithUid(bool secure, uid_t uid, int vpnNetId,
-                                         int fallthroughNetId) {
+void NetdBinderTest::createVpnNetworkWithUid(bool secure, uid_t uid, int vpnNetId,
+                                             int fallthroughNetId) {
     // Re-init sTun* to ensure route rule exists.
     sTun.destroy();
     sTun.init();
@@ -3166,10 +3328,14 @@
 
 bool sendIPv6PacketFromUid(uid_t uid, const in6_addr& dstAddr, Fwmark* fwmark, int tunFd) {
     ScopedUidChange scopedUidChange(uid);
-    android::base::unique_fd testSocket(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    unique_fd testSocket(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
     if (testSocket < 0) return false;
 
-    const sockaddr_in6 dst6 = {.sin6_family = AF_INET6, .sin6_addr = dstAddr, .sin6_port = 42};
+    const sockaddr_in6 dst6 = {
+            .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+            .sin6_port = 42,
+            .sin6_addr = dstAddr,
+    };
     int res = connect(testSocket, (sockaddr*)&dst6, sizeof(dst6));
     socklen_t fwmarkLen = sizeof(fwmark->intValue);
     EXPECT_NE(-1, getsockopt(testSocket, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &(fwmark->intValue), &fwmarkLen));
@@ -3270,16 +3436,320 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, SecureVPNFallthrough) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, SecureVPNFallthrough) {
     createVpnNetworkWithUid(true /* secure */, TEST_UID1);
     // Get current default network NetId
     ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->networkGetDefault(&mStoredDefaultNetwork).isOk());
     expectVpnFallthroughWorks(mNetd.get(), false /* bypassable */, TEST_UID1, sTun, sTun2);
 }
 
-TEST_F(BinderTest, BypassableVPNFallthrough) {
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, BypassableVPNFallthrough) {
     createVpnNetworkWithUid(false /* secure */, TEST_UID1);
     // Get current default network NetId
     ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->networkGetDefault(&mStoredDefaultNetwork).isOk());
     expectVpnFallthroughWorks(mNetd.get(), true /* bypassable */, TEST_UID1, sTun, sTun2);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+int32_t createIpv6SocketAndCheckMark(int type, const in6_addr& dstAddr) {
+    const sockaddr_in6 dst6 = {
+            .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+            .sin6_port = 1234,
+            .sin6_addr = dstAddr,
+    };
+    // create non-blocking socket.
+    int sockFd = socket(AF_INET6, type | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+    EXPECT_NE(-1, sockFd);
+    EXPECT_EQ((type == SOCK_STREAM) ? -1 : 0, connect(sockFd, (sockaddr*)&dst6, sizeof(dst6)));
+
+    // Get socket fwmark.
+    Fwmark fwmark;
+    socklen_t fwmarkLen = sizeof(fwmark.intValue);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, getsockopt(sockFd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &fwmark.intValue, &fwmarkLen));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, close(sockFd));
+    return fwmark.intValue;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, GetFwmarkForNetwork) {
+    // Save current default network.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->networkGetDefault(&mStoredDefaultNetwork).isOk());
+
+    in6_addr v6Addr = {
+            {// 2001:db8:cafe::8888
+             .u6_addr8 = {0x20, 0x01, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0xca, 0xfe, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x88, 0x88}}};
+    // Add test physical network 1 and set as default network.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddRoute(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name(), "2001:db8::/32", "").isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkSetDefault(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
+    // Add test physical network 2
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID2, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID2, sTun2.name()).isOk());
+
+    // Get fwmark for network 1.
+    MarkMaskParcel maskMarkNet1;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->getFwmarkForNetwork(TEST_NETID1, &maskMarkNet1).isOk());
+
+    uint32_t fwmarkTcp = createIpv6SocketAndCheckMark(SOCK_STREAM, v6Addr);
+    uint32_t fwmarkUdp = createIpv6SocketAndCheckMark(SOCK_DGRAM, v6Addr);
+    EXPECT_EQ(maskMarkNet1.mark, static_cast<int>(fwmarkTcp & maskMarkNet1.mask));
+    EXPECT_EQ(maskMarkNet1.mark, static_cast<int>(fwmarkUdp & maskMarkNet1.mask));
+
+    // Get fwmark for network 2.
+    MarkMaskParcel maskMarkNet2;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mNetd->getFwmarkForNetwork(TEST_NETID2, &maskMarkNet2).isOk());
+    EXPECT_NE(maskMarkNet2.mark, static_cast<int>(fwmarkTcp & maskMarkNet2.mask));
+    EXPECT_NE(maskMarkNet2.mark, static_cast<int>(fwmarkUdp & maskMarkNet2.mask));
+
+    // Remove test physical network.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID2).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkDestroy(TEST_NETID1).isOk());
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+TetherOffloadRuleParcel makeTetherOffloadRule(int inputInterfaceIndex, int outputInterfaceIndex,
+                                              const std::vector<uint8_t>& destination,
+                                              int prefixLength,
+                                              const std::vector<uint8_t>& srcL2Address,
+                                              const std::vector<uint8_t>& dstL2Address, int pmtu) {
+    android::net::TetherOffloadRuleParcel parcel;
+    parcel.inputInterfaceIndex = inputInterfaceIndex;
+    parcel.outputInterfaceIndex = outputInterfaceIndex;
+    parcel.destination = destination;
+    parcel.prefixLength = prefixLength;
+    parcel.srcL2Address = srcL2Address;
+    parcel.dstL2Address = dstL2Address;
+    parcel.pmtu = pmtu;
+    return parcel;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherOffloadRule) {
+    SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    // TODO: Perhaps verify invalid interface index once the netd handle the error in methods.
+    constexpr uint32_t kIfaceInt = 101;
+    constexpr uint32_t kIfaceExt = 102;
+    constexpr uint32_t kIfaceNonExistent = 103;
+
+    const std::vector<uint8_t> kAddr6 = {0x20, 0x01, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0xca, 0xfe, 0x00, 0x00,
+                                         0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x88, 0x88};
+    const std::vector<uint8_t> kSrcMac = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a};
+    const std::vector<uint8_t> kDstMac = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b};
+
+    const std::vector<uint8_t> kInvalidAddr4 = {0xac, 0x0a, 0x0d, 0xb8};  // should be IPv6 address
+    const std::vector<uint8_t> kInvalidMac = {0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef};    // should be 6-byte length
+
+    // Invalid IP address, add rule
+    TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(
+            kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kInvalidAddr4 /*bad*/, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1500);
+    auto status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EAFNOSUPPORT, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid source L2 address, add rule
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 128, kInvalidMac /*bad*/, kDstMac,
+                                 1500);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENXIO, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid destination L2 address, add rule
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 128, kSrcMac, kInvalidMac /*bad*/,
+                                 1500);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENXIO, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid IP address, remove rule
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kInvalidAddr4 /*bad*/, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac,
+                                 1500);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleRemove(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EAFNOSUPPORT, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid prefix length
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 64 /*bad*/, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1500);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleRemove(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid interface index
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, 0, kAddr6, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1500);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENODEV, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(0, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 64, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1500);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleRemove(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(ENODEV, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid pmtu (too low)
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1279);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Invalid pmtu (too high)
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 65536);
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ(EINVAL, status.serviceSpecificErrorCode());
+
+    // Remove non existent rule. Expect that silently return success if the rule did not exist.
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceNonExistent, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1500);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleRemove(rule).isOk());
+
+    // Add and remove rule normally.
+    rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(kIfaceExt, kIfaceInt, kAddr6, 128, kSrcMac, kDstMac, 1500);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleRemove(rule).isOk());
+}
+
+static bool expectPacket(int fd, uint8_t* ipPacket, ssize_t ipLen) {
+    constexpr bool kDebug = false;
+
+    uint8_t buf[ETHER_HDR_LEN + 1500];
+
+    // Wait a bit to ensure that the packet we're interested in has arrived.
+    // TODO: speed this up.
+    usleep(100 * 1000);
+
+    ssize_t bytesRead;
+    ssize_t expectedLen = ipLen + ETHER_HDR_LEN;
+    while ((bytesRead = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) >= 0) {
+        if (kDebug) {
+            std::cerr << fmt::format(
+                    "Expected: {:02x}\n  Actual: {:02x}\n",
+                    fmt::join(ipPacket, ipPacket + ipLen, " "),
+                    fmt::join(buf + ETHER_HDR_LEN, buf + ETHER_HDR_LEN + ipLen, " "));
+        }
+
+        if (bytesRead != expectedLen) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!memcmp(ipPacket, buf + ETHER_HDR_LEN, ipLen)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+TEST_F(NetdBinderTest, TetherOffloadForwarding) {
+    SKIP_IF_EXTENDED_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    constexpr const char* kDownstreamPrefix = "2001:db8:2::/64";
+
+    // 1500-byte packet.
+    constexpr unsigned short kPayloadLen = 1500 - sizeof(ipv6hdr);
+    struct packet {
+        ipv6hdr hdr;
+        char data[kPayloadLen];
+    } __attribute__((packed)) pkt = {
+            .hdr =
+                    {
+                            .version = 6,
+                            .payload_len = htons(kPayloadLen),
+                            .nexthdr = 59,  // No next header.
+                            .hop_limit = 64,
+                            .saddr = {{{0x20, 0x01, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+                                        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01}}},
+                            .daddr = {{{0x20, 0x01, 0x0d, 0xb8, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+                                        0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0xca, 0xfe}}},
+                    },
+    };
+    ASSERT_EQ(1500U, sizeof(pkt));
+
+    // Use one of the test's tun interfaces as upstream.
+    // It must be part of a network or it will not have the clsact attached.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkCreatePhysical(TEST_NETID1, INetd::PERMISSION_NONE).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkAddInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
+    int fd1 = sTun.getFdForTesting();
+
+    // Create our own tap as a downstream.
+    TunInterface tap;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, tap.init(true /* isTap */));
+    ASSERT_LE(tap.name().size(), static_cast<size_t>(IFNAMSIZ));
+    int fd2 = tap.getFdForTesting();
+
+    // Set it to nonblocking so that expectPacket can work.
+    int flags = fcntl(fd2, F_GETFL, 0);
+    fcntl(fd2, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK);
+
+    // Downstream interface setup. Add to local network, add directly-connected route, etc.
+    binder::Status status = mNetd->networkAddInterface(INetd::LOCAL_NET_ID, tap.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    status = mNetd->tetherInterfaceAdd(tap.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    expectTetherInterfaceConfigureForIPv6Router(tap.name());
+
+    // Can't easily use INetd::NEXTHOP_NONE because it is a String16 constant. Use "" instead.
+    status = mNetd->networkAddRoute(INetd::LOCAL_NET_ID, tap.name(), kDownstreamPrefix, "");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    // Set up forwarding. All methods take intIface first and extIface second.
+    status = mNetd->tetherAddForward(tap.name(), sTun.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+    status = mNetd->ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(tap.name(), sTun.name());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> kDummyMac = {02, 00, 00, 00, 00, 00};
+    uint8_t* daddr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&pkt.hdr.daddr);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> dstAddr(daddr, daddr + sizeof(pkt.hdr.daddr));
+
+    TetherOffloadRuleParcel rule = makeTetherOffloadRule(sTun.ifindex(), tap.ifindex(), dstAddr,
+                                                         128, kDummyMac, kDummyMac, sizeof(pkt));
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleAdd(rule);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    // Set data limit to one byte less than two packets.
+    // If you get rid of the '- 1' then the second packet will get forwarded
+    // and the EXPECT_FALSE(expectPacket(...)) a dozen lines down will fail.
+    status = mNetd->tetherOffloadSetInterfaceQuota(sTun.ifindex(), sizeof(pkt) * 2 - 1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(status.isOk()) << status.exceptionMessage();
+
+    // Receive a packet on sTun.
+    EXPECT_EQ((ssize_t)sizeof(pkt), write(fd1, &pkt, sizeof(pkt)));
+
+    // Expect a packet identical to pkt, except with a TTL of 63.
+    struct packet pkt2 = pkt;
+    ASSERT_EQ(1500U, sizeof(pkt2));
+    pkt2.hdr.hop_limit = pkt.hdr.hop_limit - 1;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(expectPacket(fd2, (uint8_t*)&pkt2, sizeof(pkt2)));
+
+    // Receive a second packet on sTun.
+    EXPECT_EQ((ssize_t)sizeof(pkt), write(fd1, &pkt, sizeof(pkt)));
+
+    // Should fail to forward due to quota limit.
+    EXPECT_FALSE(expectPacket(fd2, (uint8_t*)&pkt2, sizeof(pkt2)));
+
+    // Clean up.
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherOffloadRuleRemove(rule).isOk());
+
+    TetherStatsParcel tetherStats;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherOffloadGetAndClearStats(sTun.ifindex(), &tetherStats).isOk());
+    EXPECT_EQ("", tetherStats.iface);
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int64_t>(sizeof(pkt)), tetherStats.rxBytes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, tetherStats.rxPackets);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tetherStats.txBytes);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, tetherStats.txPackets);
+    EXPECT_EQ(sTun.ifindex(), tetherStats.ifIndex);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->ipfwdRemoveInterfaceForward(tap.name(), sTun.name()).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherRemoveForward(tap.name(), sTun.name()).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkRemoveRoute(INetd::LOCAL_NET_ID, tap.name(), kDownstreamPrefix, "")
+                        .isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->tetherInterfaceRemove(tap.name()).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkRemoveInterface(INetd::LOCAL_NET_ID, tap.name()).isOk());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mNetd->networkRemoveInterface(TEST_NETID1, sTun.name()).isOk());
+}
diff --git a/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp b/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp
index 46e4306..f28c5f8 100644
--- a/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/bpf_base_test.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 #include "bpf/BpfUtils.h"
 #include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
 
-using android::netdutils::StatusOr;
+using android::base::Result;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace bpf {
@@ -50,15 +50,6 @@
 constexpr int TEST_COUNTERSET = 1;
 constexpr int DEFAULT_COUNTERSET = 0;
 
-#define SKIP_IF_EXTENDED_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED                                            \
-    do {                                                                              \
-        if (android::bpf::getBpfSupportLevel() != android::bpf::BpfLevel::EXTENDED) { \
-            GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test is skipped since extended bpf feature"     \
-                             << "not supported\n";                                    \
-            return;                                                                   \
-        }                                                                             \
-    } while (0)
-
 class BpfBasicTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
     BpfBasicTest() {}
@@ -68,7 +59,15 @@
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
     std::string cg2_path;
+#if 0
+    // This is the correct way to fetch cg2_path, but it occasionally hits ASAN
+    // problems due to memory allocated in non ASAN code being freed later by us
     ASSERT_EQ(true, CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, &cg2_path));
+#else
+    ASSERT_EQ(true, CgroupGetControllerPath(CGROUPV2_CONTROLLER_NAME, nullptr));
+    // Constant derived from //system/core/libprocessgroup/profiles/cgroups.json
+    cg2_path = "/dev/cg2_bpf";
+#endif
     ASSERT_EQ(0, access(cg2_path.c_str(), R_OK));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, access((cg2_path + "/cgroup.controllers").c_str(), R_OK));
 }
@@ -100,35 +99,35 @@
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestTagSocket) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> cookieTagMap(mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> cookieTagMap(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
     ASSERT_LE(0, cookieTagMap.getMap());
     int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     ASSERT_LE(0, sock);
     uint64_t cookie = getSocketCookie(sock);
     ASSERT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, cookie);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_tagSocket(sock, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
-    StatusOr<UidTag> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+    Result<UidTagValue> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(tagResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.value().uid);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.value().tag);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_untagSocket(sock));
     tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(tagResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.status().code());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(tagResult.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.error().code());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestCloseSocketWithoutUntag) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> cookieTagMap(mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> cookieTagMap(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH);
     ASSERT_LE(0, cookieTagMap.getMap());
     int sock = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
     ASSERT_LE(0, sock);
     uint64_t cookie = getSocketCookie(sock);
     ASSERT_NE(NONEXISTENT_COOKIE, cookie);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_tagSocket(sock, TEST_TAG, TEST_UID));
-    StatusOr<UidTag> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(tagResult));
+    Result<UidTagValue> tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(tagResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_UID, tagResult.value().uid);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_TAG, tagResult.value().tag);
     ASSERT_EQ(0, close(sock));
@@ -136,8 +135,8 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
         usleep(5000);  // 5ms
         tagResult = cookieTagMap.readValue(cookie);
-        if (!isOk(tagResult)) {
-            ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.status().code());
+        if (!tagResult.ok()) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, tagResult.error().code());
             return;
         }
     }
@@ -147,47 +146,47 @@
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestChangeCounterSet) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> uidCounterSetMap(mapRetrieve(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, uint8_t> uidCounterSetMap(UID_COUNTERSET_MAP_PATH);
     ASSERT_LE(0, uidCounterSetMap.getMap());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_setCounterSet(TEST_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
     uid_t uid = TEST_UID;
-    StatusOr<uint8_t> counterSetResult = uidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(isOk(counterSetResult));
+    Result<uint8_t> counterSetResult = uidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
+    ASSERT_RESULT_OK(counterSetResult);
     ASSERT_EQ(TEST_COUNTERSET, counterSetResult.value());
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_setCounterSet(DEFAULT_COUNTERSET, TEST_UID));
     counterSetResult = uidCounterSetMap.readValue(uid);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(counterSetResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, counterSetResult.status().code());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(counterSetResult.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, counterSetResult.error().code());
 }
 
 TEST_F(BpfBasicTest, TestDeleteTagData) {
     SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapA(mapRetrieve(STATS_MAP_A_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapA(STATS_MAP_A_PATH);
     ASSERT_LE(0, statsMapA.getMap());
-    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapB(mapRetrieve(STATS_MAP_B_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMap<StatsKey, StatsValue> statsMapB(STATS_MAP_B_PATH);
     ASSERT_LE(0, statsMapB.getMap());
-    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(mapRetrieve(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH, 0));
+    BpfMap<uint32_t, StatsValue> appUidStatsMap(APP_UID_STATS_MAP_PATH);
     ASSERT_LE(0, appUidStatsMap.getMap());
 
     StatsKey key = {.uid = TEST_UID, .tag = TEST_TAG, .counterSet = TEST_COUNTERSET,
                     .ifaceIndex = 1};
     StatsValue statsMapValue = {.rxPackets = 1, .rxBytes = 100};
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapB.writeValue(key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(statsMapB.writeValue(key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
     key.tag = 0;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(statsMapA.writeValue(key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(appUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY)));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(statsMapA.writeValue(key, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
+    EXPECT_RESULT_OK(appUidStatsMap.writeValue(TEST_UID, statsMapValue, BPF_ANY));
     ASSERT_EQ(0, qtaguid_deleteTagData(0, TEST_UID));
-    StatusOr<StatsValue> statsResult = statsMapA.readValue(key);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(statsResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.status().code());
+    Result<StatsValue> statsResult = statsMapA.readValue(key);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(statsResult.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.error().code());
     statsResult = appUidStatsMap.readValue(TEST_UID);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(statsResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.status().code());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(statsResult.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.error().code());
     key.tag = TEST_TAG;
     statsResult = statsMapB.readValue(key);
-    ASSERT_FALSE(isOk(statsResult));
-    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.status().code());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(statsResult.ok());
+    ASSERT_EQ(ENOENT, statsResult.error().code());
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/tests/netd_client_test.cpp b/tests/netd_client_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8af408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/netd_client_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <netdb.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <poll.h> /* poll */
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "NetdClient.h"
+
+#define SKIP_IF_NO_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY                                    \
+    do {                                                                   \
+        if (!checkNetworkConnectivity()) {                                 \
+            GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Skip. Required Network Connectivity. \n"; \
+            return;                                                        \
+        }                                                                  \
+    } while (0)
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr char TEST_DOMAIN[] = "www.google.com";
+
+bool checkNetworkConnectivity() {
+    android::base::unique_fd sock(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_UDP));
+    if (sock == -1) return false;
+    static const sockaddr_in6 server6 = {
+            .sin6_family = AF_INET6,
+            .sin6_addr.s6_addr = {// 2000::
+                                  0x20, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}};
+    int ret = connect(sock, reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(&server6), sizeof(server6));
+    if (ret == 0) return true;
+    sock.reset(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, IPPROTO_UDP));
+    if (sock == -1) return false;
+    static const sockaddr_in server4 = {
+            .sin_family = AF_INET,
+            .sin_addr.s_addr = __constant_htonl(0x08080808L)  // 8.8.8.8
+    };
+    ret = connect(sock, reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr*>(&server4), sizeof(server4));
+    return !ret;
+}
+
+void expectHasNetworking() {
+    // Socket
+    android::base::unique_fd ipv4(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0)),
+            ipv6(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_LE(3, ipv4);
+    EXPECT_LE(3, ipv6);
+
+    // DNS
+    addrinfo* result = nullptr;
+    errno = 0;
+    const addrinfo hints = {
+            .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+            .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM,
+    };
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, getaddrinfo(TEST_DOMAIN, nullptr, &hints, &result));
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, errno);
+    freeaddrinfo(result);
+}
+
+void expectNoNetworking() {
+    // Socket
+    android::base::unique_fd unixSocket(socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_LE(3, unixSocket);
+    android::base::unique_fd ipv4(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ipv4);
+    EXPECT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+    android::base::unique_fd ipv6(socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0));
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, ipv6);
+    EXPECT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+
+    // DNS
+    addrinfo* result = nullptr;
+    errno = 0;
+    const addrinfo hints = {
+            .ai_family = AF_UNSPEC,
+            .ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM,
+    };
+    EXPECT_EQ(EAI_NODATA, getaddrinfo(TEST_DOMAIN, nullptr, &hints, &result));
+    EXPECT_EQ(EPERM, errno);
+    freeaddrinfo(result);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+TEST(NetdClientIntegrationTest, setAllowNetworkingForProcess) {
+    SKIP_IF_NO_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY;
+    // At the beginning, we should be able to use socket since the default setting is allowing.
+    expectHasNetworking();
+    // Disable
+    setAllowNetworkingForProcess(false);
+    expectNoNetworking();
+    // Reset
+    setAllowNetworkingForProcess(true);
+    expectHasNetworking();
+}
diff --git a/tests/netd_test.cpp b/tests/netd_test.cpp
index 7e14b01..dd25f96 100644
--- a/tests/netd_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/netd_test.cpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  *
  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
- * Unless requied by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
@@ -15,11 +15,33 @@
  *
  */
 
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <linux/if_packet.h>
+#include <linux/if_tun.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <sched.h>
 #include <sys/capability.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+#define LOG_TAG "NetdTest"
+#include "bpf/BpfMap.h"
+#include "netdbpf/bpf_shared.h"
+
+#include "OffloadUtils.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace net {
+
+using base::unique_fd;
+
 TEST(NetUtilsWrapperTest, TestFileCapabilities) {
     errno = 0;
     ASSERT_EQ(NULL, cap_get_file("/system/bin/netutils-wrapper-1.0"));
@@ -33,3 +55,245 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(W_EXITCODE(1, 0), system("ls -Z /sys/class/net/*/mtu | egrep -q -v "
                                        "'^u:object_r:sysfs_net:s0 /sys/class/net/'"));
 }
+
+// Trivial thread function that simply immediately terminates successfully.
+static int thread(void*) {
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef int (*thread_t)(void*);
+
+static void nsTest(int flags, bool success, thread_t newThread) {
+    // We need a minimal stack, but not clear if it will grow up or down,
+    // So allocate 2 pages and give a pointer to the middle.
+    static char stack[PAGE_SIZE * 2];
+    errno = 0;
+    // VFORK: if thread is successfully created, then kernel will wait for it
+    // to terminate before we resume -> hence static stack is safe to reuse.
+    int tid = clone(newThread, &stack[PAGE_SIZE], flags | CLONE_VFORK, NULL);
+    if (success) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+        ASSERT_GE(tid, 0);
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(errno, EINVAL);
+        ASSERT_EQ(tid, -1);
+    }
+}
+
+// Test kernel configuration option CONFIG_NAMESPACES=y
+TEST(NetdNamespaceTest, CheckMountNamespaceSupport) {
+    nsTest(CLONE_NEWNS, true, thread);
+}
+
+// Test kernel configuration option CONFIG_UTS_NS=y
+TEST(NetdNamespaceTest, CheckUTSNamespaceSupport) {
+    nsTest(CLONE_NEWUTS, true, thread);
+}
+
+// Test kernel configuration option CONFIG_NET_NS=y
+TEST(NetdNamespaceTest, CheckNetworkNamespaceSupport) {
+    nsTest(CLONE_NEWNET, true, thread);
+}
+
+// Test kernel configuration option CONFIG_USER_NS=n
+TEST(NetdNamespaceTest, /*DISABLED_*/ CheckNoUserNamespaceSupport) {
+    nsTest(CLONE_NEWUSER, false, thread);
+}
+
+// Test for all of the above
+TEST(NetdNamespaceTest, CheckFullNamespaceSupport) {
+    nsTest(CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_NEWUTS | CLONE_NEWNET, true, thread);
+}
+
+// Test for presence of kernel patch:
+//   ANDROID: net: bpf: permit redirect from ingress L3 to egress L2 devices at near max mtu
+// on 4.14+ kernels.
+TEST(NetdBpfTest, testBpfSkbChangeHeadAboveMTU) {
+    SKIP_IF_EXTENDED_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
+
+    constexpr int mtu = 1500;
+
+    errno = 0;
+
+    // Amusingly can't use SIOC... on tun/tap fds.
+    int rv = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    unique_fd unixfd(rv);
+
+    rv = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    unique_fd tun(rv);
+
+    rv = open("/dev/net/tun", O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    unique_fd tap(rv);
+
+    struct ifreq tun_ifr = {
+            .ifr_flags = IFF_TUN | IFF_NO_PI,
+            .ifr_name = "tun_bpftest",
+    };
+
+    struct ifreq tap_ifr = {
+            .ifr_flags = IFF_TAP | IFF_NO_PI,
+            .ifr_name = "tap_bpftest",
+    };
+
+    rv = ioctl(tun, TUNSETIFF, &tun_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    rv = ioctl(tap, TUNSETIFF, &tap_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    // prevents kernel from sending us spurious ipv6 packets
+    rv = open("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/tap_bpftest/disable_ipv6", O_WRONLY);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    unique_fd f(rv);
+
+    rv = write(f, "1\n", 2);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 2);
+
+    rv = close(f.release());
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    int tunif = if_nametoindex(tun_ifr.ifr_name);
+    ASSERT_GE(tunif, 2);
+
+    int tapif = if_nametoindex(tap_ifr.ifr_name);
+    ASSERT_GE(tapif, 2);
+
+    tun_ifr.ifr_mtu = mtu;
+    rv = ioctl(unixfd, SIOCSIFMTU, &tun_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    tap_ifr.ifr_mtu = mtu;
+    rv = ioctl(unixfd, SIOCSIFMTU, &tap_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    rv = ioctl(unixfd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &tun_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    rv = ioctl(unixfd, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &tap_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    tun_ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP | IFF_RUNNING;
+
+    tap_ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP | IFF_RUNNING;
+
+    rv = ioctl(unixfd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &tun_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    rv = ioctl(unixfd, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &tap_ifr);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    rv = tcQdiscAddDevClsact(tunif);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    int bpfFd = getTetherIngressProgFd(/* ethernet */ false);
+    ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+    ASSERT_GE(bpfFd, 3);
+
+    rv = tcFilterAddDevIngressTether(tunif, bpfFd, /* ethernet*/ false);
+    ASSERT_EQ(rv, 0);
+
+    bpf::BpfMap<TetherIngressKey, TetherIngressValue> bpfIngressMap;
+    bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, TetherStatsValue> bpfStatsMap;
+    bpf::BpfMap<uint32_t, uint64_t> bpfLimitMap;
+
+    rv = getTetherIngressMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    bpfIngressMap.reset(rv);
+
+    rv = getTetherStatsMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    bpfStatsMap.reset(rv);
+
+    rv = getTetherLimitMapFd();
+    ASSERT_GE(rv, 3);
+    bpfLimitMap.reset(rv);
+
+    TetherIngressKey key = {
+            .iif = static_cast<uint32_t>(tunif),
+            //.neigh6 = ,
+    };
+
+    ethhdr hdr = {
+            .h_proto = htons(ETH_P_IPV6),
+    };
+
+    TetherIngressValue value = {
+            .oif = static_cast<uint32_t>(tapif),
+            .macHeader = hdr,
+            .pmtu = mtu,
+    };
+
+#define ASSERT_OK(status) ASSERT_TRUE((status).ok())
+
+    ASSERT_OK(bpfIngressMap.writeValue(key, value, BPF_ANY));
+
+    uint32_t k = tunif;
+    TetherStatsValue stats = {};
+    ASSERT_OK(bpfStatsMap.writeValue(k, stats, BPF_NOEXIST));
+
+    uint64_t limit = ~0uLL;
+    ASSERT_OK(bpfLimitMap.writeValue(k, limit, BPF_NOEXIST));
+
+    // minimal 'acceptable' 40-byte hoplimit 255 IPv6 packet, src ip 2000::
+    uint8_t pkt[mtu] = {
+            0x60, 0, 0, 0, 0, 40, 0, 255, 0x20,
+    };
+
+    // Iterate over all packet sizes from minimal ipv6 packet to mtu.
+    // Tethering ebpf program should forward the packet from tun to tap interface.
+    // TUN is L3, TAP is L2, so it will add a 14 byte ethernet header.
+    for (int pkt_size = 40; pkt_size <= mtu; ++pkt_size) {
+        rv = write(tun, pkt, pkt_size);
+        ASSERT_EQ(errno, 0);
+        ASSERT_EQ(rv, pkt_size);
+
+        struct pollfd p = {
+                .fd = tap,
+                .events = POLLIN,
+        };
+
+        rv = poll(&p, 1, 1000 /*milliseconds*/);
+        if (rv == 0) {
+            // we hit a timeout at this packet size, log it
+            EXPECT_EQ(pkt_size, -1);
+            // this particular packet size is where it fails without the oneline kernel fix
+            if (pkt_size + ETH_HLEN == mtu + 1) EXPECT_EQ("detected missing kernel patch", "");
+            break;
+        }
+        EXPECT_EQ(errno, 0);
+        EXPECT_EQ(rv, 1);
+        EXPECT_EQ(p.revents, POLLIN);
+
+        // use a buffer 1 byte larger then what we expect so we don't simply get truncated down
+        uint8_t buf[ETH_HLEN + mtu + 1];
+        rv = read(tap, buf, sizeof(buf));
+        EXPECT_EQ(errno, 0);
+        EXPECT_EQ(rv, ETH_HLEN + pkt_size);
+        errno = 0;
+        if (rv < 0) break;
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_OK(bpfIngressMap.deleteValue(key));
+    ASSERT_OK(bpfStatsMap.deleteValue(k));
+    ASSERT_OK(bpfLimitMap.deleteValue(k));
+}
+
+}  // namespace net
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/tests/netlink_listener_test.cpp b/tests/netlink_listener_test.cpp
index 94e9524..46394ca 100644
--- a/tests/netlink_listener_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/netlink_listener_test.cpp
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@
 constexpr uint32_t SOCK_CLOSE_WAIT_US = 20 * 1000;
 constexpr uint32_t ENOBUFS_POLL_WAIT_US = 10 * 1000;
 
-using android::netdutils::Status;
-using android::netdutils::statusFromErrno;
+using android::base::Result;
+using android::base::ResultError;
 
 // This test set up a SkDestroyListener that is runing parallel with the production
 // SkDestroyListener. The test will create thousands of sockets and tag them on the
@@ -64,41 +64,41 @@
 class NetlinkListenerTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
     NetlinkListenerTest() {}
-    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag> mCookieTagMap;
+    BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue> mCookieTagMap;
 
     void SetUp() {
         SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-        mCookieTagMap.reset(android::bpf::mapRetrieve(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH, 0));
+        mCookieTagMap.reset(android::bpf::mapRetrieveRW(COOKIE_TAG_MAP_PATH));
         ASSERT_TRUE(mCookieTagMap.isValid());
     }
 
     void TearDown() {
         SKIP_IF_BPF_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
-        const auto deleteTestCookieEntries = [](const uint64_t& key, const UidTag& value,
-                                                BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>& map) {
+        const auto deleteTestCookieEntries = [](const uint64_t& key, const UidTagValue& value,
+                                                BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>& map) {
             if ((value.uid == TEST_UID) && (value.tag == TEST_TAG)) {
-                Status res = map.deleteValue(key);
-                if (isOk(res) || (res.code() == ENOENT)) {
-                    return android::netdutils::status::ok;
+                Result<void> res = map.deleteValue(key);
+                if (res.ok() || (res.error().code() == ENOENT)) {
+                    return Result<void>();
                 }
                 ALOGE("Failed to delete data(cookie = %" PRIu64 "): %s\n", key,
-                      strerror(res.code()));
+                      strerror(res.error().code()));
             }
             // Move forward to next cookie in the map.
-            return android::netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         };
-        EXPECT_OK(mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(deleteTestCookieEntries));
+        EXPECT_RESULT_OK(mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(deleteTestCookieEntries));
     }
 
-    Status checkNoGarbageTagsExist() {
-        const auto checkGarbageTags = [](const uint64_t&, const UidTag& value,
-                                         const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTag>&) {
+    Result<void> checkNoGarbageTagsExist() {
+        const auto checkGarbageTags = [](const uint64_t&, const UidTagValue& value,
+                                         const BpfMap<uint64_t, UidTagValue>&) -> Result<void> {
             if ((TEST_UID == value.uid) && (TEST_TAG == value.tag)) {
-                return statusFromErrno(EUCLEAN, "Closed socket is not untagged");
+                return ResultError("Closed socket is not untagged", EUCLEAN);
             }
-            return android::netdutils::status::ok;
+            return Result<void>();
         };
         return mCookieTagMap.iterateWithValue(checkGarbageTags);
     }
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
             usleep(ENOBUFS_POLL_WAIT_US);
             EXPECT_EQ(currentErrorCount, rxErrorCount);
         } else {
-            EXPECT_TRUE(isOk(checkNoGarbageTagsExist()));
+            EXPECT_RESULT_OK(checkNoGarbageTagsExist());
             EXPECT_EQ(0, rxErrorCount);
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/runtests.sh b/tests/runtests.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 6f828fc..0000000
--- a/tests/runtests.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-set -e
-set -u
-
-readonly DEFAULT_TESTS="
-    netdutils_test
-    netd_unit_test
-    netd_integration_test
-    resolv_integration_test
-    resolv_unit_test
-"
-
-readonly EXTENDED_TESTS="
-    netd_benchmark
-"
-
-readonly TEST_DEVICE_PATH="/data/local/tmp"
-
-REPO_TOP=""
-SOONG_BIN=""
-DEBUG=""
-
-function logToStdErr() {
-    echo "$1" >&2
-}
-
-function testAndSetRepoTop() {
-    if [[ -n "$1" && -d "$1/.repo" ]]; then
-        REPO_TOP="$1"
-        SOONG_BIN="$REPO_TOP/build/soong/soong_ui.bash"
-        return 0
-    fi
-    return 1
-}
-
-function gotoRepoTop() {
-    if testAndSetRepoTop "$ANDROID_BUILD_TOP"; then
-        return
-    fi
-
-    while ! testAndSetRepoTop "$PWD"; do
-        if [[ "$PWD" == "/" ]]; then
-            break
-        fi
-        cd ..
-    done
-}
-
-function runCmd() {
-    local cmd="$@"
-    echo "#"
-    echo "# $cmd"
-    $DEBUG $cmd
-    return $?
-}
-
-function runOneTest() {
-    local test="$1"
-    echo
-    echo "###"
-    echo "# $test"
-    echo "###"
-
-    local prefix="$ANDROID_TARGET_OUT_TESTCASES/$test/$TARGET_ARCH/$test"
-    for bits in '' 32 64; do
-            local testbin="${prefix}${bits}"
-            if [ -f "$testbin" ]; then
-                runCmd adb push "$testbin" "$TEST_DEVICE_PATH/$test" &&
-                    runCmd adb shell "$TEST_DEVICE_PATH/$test" &&
-                    runCmd adb shell "rm $TEST_DEVICE_PATH/$test"
-                return $?
-            fi
-    done
-
-    logToStdErr "Couldn't find test binary '$prefix'"
-    return 1
-}
-
-function main() {
-    if [ ! -v ANDROID_BUILD_TOP ]; then
-        logToStdErr "You need to source and lunch before you can use this script"
-        return 1
-    fi
-    gotoRepoTop
-    if ! testAndSetRepoTop "$REPO_TOP"; then
-        logToStdErr "Could not find useful top of repo directory"
-        return 1
-    fi
-    logToStdErr "Using REPO_TOP=$REPO_TOP"
-
-    TARGET_ARCH=$("$SOONG_BIN" --dumpvar-mode TARGET_ARCH)
-    if [ -z "$TARGET_ARCH" ]; then
-        logToStdErr "Could not determine TARGET_ARCH"
-        return 1
-    fi
-
-    local test_regex=""
-    while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
-        case "$1" in
-            "-n")
-                DEBUG=echo
-                shift
-                ;;
-            *)
-                # Allow us to do things like "runtests.sh integration", etc.
-                test_regex="$1"
-                shift
-                ;;
-        esac
-    done
-
-    # Try becoming root, in case the tests will be run on a device
-    # with a userdebug build. Failure to become root is not fatal
-    # for all (in fact, not even most) tests so don't exit on error.
-    runCmd adb root || logToStdErr "WARNING: unable to 'adb root'"
-
-    local failures=0
-    local skipped=0
-
-    # Find out which tests to run.
-    local tests=""
-    for testName in $DEFAULT_TESTS; do
-        if [[ -z "$test_regex" || "$testName" =~ "$test_regex" ]]; then
-            tests="$tests $testName"
-        else
-            logToStdErr "Skipping $testName"
-            skipped=$((skipped + 1))
-        fi
-    done
-
-    # If something has been specified, also check the extended tests for
-    # a possible match (i.e. in order to run benchmarks, etc).
-    if [[ -n "$test_regex" ]]; then
-        for testName in $EXTENDED_TESTS; do
-            if [[ "$testName" =~ "$test_regex" ]]; then
-                tests="$tests $testName"
-            fi
-        done
-    fi
-
-    if [[ -z "$tests" ]]; then
-        logToStdErr "No tests matched"
-        return 1
-    fi
-
-    # Build all the specified tests.
-    runCmd "$SOONG_BIN" --make-mode "$tests" || return $?
-
-    # Run all the specified tests.
-    for testName in $tests; do
-        runOneTest "$testName" || failures=$((failures + 1))
-    done
-
-    echo "Number of tests failing: $failures"
-    [[ $skipped -gt 0 ]] && echo "Number of tests skipped: $skipped"
-    return $failures
-}
-
-
-main "$@"
-exit $?
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.cpp b/tests/test_utils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27b17c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_utils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * test_utils.cpp - miscellaneous unit test utilities.
+ */
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+
+#include "test_utils.h"
+
+#define IP_PATH "/system/bin/ip"
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+int randomUid() {
+    // Pick a random UID consisting of:
+    // - Random user profile (0 - 6)
+    // - Random app ID starting from 12000 (FIRST_APPLICATION_UID + 2000). This ensures no conflicts
+    //   with existing app UIDs unless the user has installed more than 2000 apps, and is still less
+    //   than LAST_APPLICATION_UID (19999).
+    return 100000 * arc4random_uniform(7) + 12000 + arc4random_uniform(3000);
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> runCommand(const std::string& command) {
+    std::vector<std::string> lines;
+    FILE* f = popen(command.c_str(), "r");  // NOLINT(cert-env33-c)
+    if (f == nullptr) {
+        perror("popen");
+        return lines;
+    }
+
+    char* line = nullptr;
+    size_t bufsize = 0;
+    ssize_t linelen = 0;
+    while ((linelen = getline(&line, &bufsize, f)) >= 0) {
+        lines.push_back(std::string(line, linelen));
+        free(line);
+        line = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    pclose(f);
+    return lines;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> listIpRules(const char* ipVersion) {
+    std::string command = StringPrintf("%s %s rule list", IP_PATH, ipVersion);
+    return runCommand(command);
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> listIptablesRule(const char* binary, const char* chainName) {
+    std::string command = StringPrintf("%s -w -n -L %s", binary, chainName);
+    return runCommand(command);
+}
+
+int iptablesRuleLineLength(const char* binary, const char* chainName) {
+    return listIptablesRule(binary, chainName).size();
+}
+
+bool iptablesRuleExists(const char* binary, const char* chainName,
+                        const std::string& expectedRule) {
+    std::vector<std::string> rules = listIptablesRule(binary, chainName);
+    for (const auto& rule : rules) {
+        if (rule.find(expectedRule) != std::string::npos) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::string> listIpRoutes(const char* ipVersion, const char* table) {
+    std::string command = StringPrintf("%s %s route ls table %s", IP_PATH, ipVersion, table);
+    return runCommand(command);
+}
+
+bool ipRouteExists(const char* ipVersion, const char* table, const std::string& ipRoute) {
+    std::vector<std::string> routes = listIpRoutes(ipVersion, table);
+    for (const auto& route : routes) {
+        if (route.find(ipRoute) != std::string::npos) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
diff --git a/tests/test_utils.h b/tests/test_utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8cd6ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * test_utils.h - miscellaneous unit test utilities.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+int randomUid();
+
+std::vector<std::string> runCommand(const std::string& command);
+
+std::vector<std::string> listIpRules(const char* ipVersion);
+
+std::vector<std::string> listIptablesRule(const char* binary, const char* chainName);
+
+int iptablesRuleLineLength(const char* binary, const char* chainName);
+
+bool iptablesRuleExists(const char* binary, const char* chainName, const std::string& expectedRule);
+
+std::vector<std::string> listIpRoutes(const char* ipVersion, const char* table);
+
+bool ipRouteExists(const char* ipVersion, const char* table, const std::string& ipRoute);
diff --git a/tests/tun_interface.cpp b/tests/tun_interface.cpp
index 65f1528..93b669f 100644
--- a/tests/tun_interface.cpp
+++ b/tests/tun_interface.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  *
- * tun_interface.cpp - creates tun interfaces for testing purposes
+ * tun_interface.cpp - creates tun or tap interfaces for testing purposes
  */
 
 #include <string>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
 #include "tun_interface.h"
 
-#define TUN_DEV "/dev/tun"
+#define TUN_DEV "/dev/net/tun"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace net {
 
-int TunInterface::init(const std::string& ifName) {
+int TunInterface::init(const std::string& ifName, bool isTap) {
     // Generate a random ULA address pair.
     arc4random_buf(&mSrcAddr, sizeof(mSrcAddr));
     mSrcAddr.s6_addr[0] = 0xfd;
@@ -80,8 +80,9 @@
     }
     mIfName.resize(9);
 
+    flags = IFF_NO_PI | (isTap ? IFF_TAP : IFF_TUN);
     struct ifreq ifr = {
-        .ifr_ifru = { .ifru_flags = IFF_TUN },
+            .ifr_ifru = {.ifru_flags = static_cast<short>(flags)},
     };
     strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, mIfName.c_str(), sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
 
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@
     if (int ret = ifc_enable(ifr.ifr_name)) {
         return ret;
     }
+
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -137,7 +139,9 @@
     timeval timeout = {.tv_usec = 200 * 1000};
     if (setsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, &timeout, sizeof(timeout)) == -1) return -errno;
 
-    if (ifc_add_address(mIfName.c_str(), addr.c_str(), prefixlen)) return -errno;
+    if (int ret = ifc_act_on_address(RTM_NEWADDR, mIfName.c_str(), addr.c_str(), prefixlen,
+                                     /*nodad*/ true))
+        return ret;
 
     int family;
     size_t addrlen;
diff --git a/tests/tun_interface.h b/tests/tun_interface.h
index 0af43b1..ae2c330 100644
--- a/tests/tun_interface.h
+++ b/tests/tun_interface.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  *
- * tun_interface.h - creates tun interfaces for testing purposes
+ * tun_interface.h - creates tun or tap interfaces for testing purposes
  */
 
 #ifndef _SYSTEM_NETD_TESTS_TUN_INTERACE_H
@@ -27,9 +27,14 @@
     TunInterface() = default;
     ~TunInterface() { destroy(); }
 
-    // Creates a tun interface. Returns 0 on success or -errno on failure. Must succeed before it is
-    // legal to call any of the other methods in this class.
-    int init(const std::string& ifName = "");
+    // Creates a tun or tap interface. Returns 0 on success or -errno on failure. Must succeed
+    // before it is legal to call any of the other methods in this class.
+    int init(const std::string& ifName, bool isTap);
+
+    // Convenience overloads.
+    int init() { return init("", false); }
+    int init(const std::string& ifName) { return init(ifName, false); }
+    int init(bool isTap) { return init("", isTap); }
     void destroy();
 
     const std::string& name() const { return mIfName; }