diff --git a/adb/adb.cpp b/adb/adb.cpp
index 4fbfafb..38c11b9 100644
--- a/adb/adb.cpp
+++ b/adb/adb.cpp
@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@
     std::string error;
     atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error);
     if (!t) {
-        return SendFail(reply_fd, error);
+        return -1;
     }
 
     int ret = handle_forward_request(service, t, reply_fd);
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index 59ddd77..b14521c 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -282,6 +282,10 @@
   "shutdown critical" will be killed. When the service tagged with "shutdown critical"
   is not running when shut down starts, it will be started.
 
+`sigstop`
+> Send SIGSTOP to the service immediately before exec is called. This is intended for debugging.
+  See the below section on debugging for how this can be used.
+
 `socket <name> <type> <perm> [ <user> [ <group> [ <seclabel> ] ] ]`
 > Create a unix domain socket named /dev/socket/_name_ and pass its fd to the
   launched process.  _type_ must be "dgram", "stream" or "seqpacket".  User and
@@ -708,23 +712,39 @@
 
 Debugging init
 --------------
-By default, programs executed by init will drop stdout and stderr into
-/dev/null. To help with debugging, you can execute your program via the
-Android program logwrapper. This will redirect stdout/stderr into the
-Android logging system (accessed via logcat).
+Launching init services without init is not recommended as init sets up a significant amount of
+environment (user, groups, security label, capabilities, etc) that is hard to replicate manually.
 
-For example
-service akmd /system/bin/logwrapper /sbin/akmd
+If it is required to debug a service from its very start, the `sigstop` service option is added.
+This option will send SIGSTOP to a service immediately before calling exec. This gives a window
+where developers can attach a debugger, strace, etc before continuing the service with SIGCONT.
 
-For quicker turnaround when working on init itself, use:
+This flag can also be dynamically controled via the ctl.sigstop_on and ctl.sigstop_off properties.
 
-    mm -j &&
-    m ramdisk-nodeps &&
-    m bootimage-nodeps &&
-    adb reboot bootloader &&
-    fastboot boot $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/boot.img
+Below is an example of dynamically debugging logd via the above:
 
-Alternatively, use the emulator:
+    stop logd
+    setprop ctl.sigstop_on logd
+    start logd
+    ps -e | grep logd
+    > logd          4343     1   18156   1684 do_signal_stop 538280 T init
+    gdbclient.py -p 4343
+    b main
+    c
+    c
+    c
+    > Breakpoint 1, main (argc=1, argv=0x7ff8c9a488) at system/core/logd/main.cpp:427
 
-    emulator -partition-size 1024 \
-        -verbose -show-kernel -no-window
+Below is an example of doing the same but with strace
+
+    stop logd
+    setprop ctl.sigstop_on logd
+    start logd
+    ps -e | grep logd
+    > logd          4343     1   18156   1684 do_signal_stop 538280 T init
+    strace -p 4343
+
+    (From a different shell)
+    kill -SIGCONT 4343
+
+    > strace runs
diff --git a/init/bootchart.cpp b/init/bootchart.cpp
index 379b4fa..c2cf573 100644
--- a/init/bootchart.cpp
+++ b/init/bootchart.cpp
@@ -32,12 +32,14 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::boot_clock;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -50,9 +52,9 @@
 static bool g_bootcharting_finished;
 
 static long long get_uptime_jiffies() {
-  std::string uptime;
-  if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/uptime", &uptime)) return 0;
-  return 100LL * strtod(uptime.c_str(), NULL);
+    constexpr int64_t kNanosecondsPerJiffy = 10000000;
+    boot_clock::time_point uptime = boot_clock::now();
+    return uptime.time_since_epoch().count() / kNanosecondsPerJiffy;
 }
 
 static std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> fopen_unique(const char* filename,
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index acbeca2..8bd92cc 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -519,6 +519,7 @@
         if (e4crypt_install_keyring()) {
             return Error() << "e4crypt_install_keyring() failed";
         }
+        property_set("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
         property_set("ro.crypto.type", "file");
 
         // Although encrypted, vold has already set the device up, so we do not need to
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 2f3b28a..0d5690b 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -238,6 +238,10 @@
 static const std::map<std::string, ControlMessageFunction>& get_control_message_map() {
     // clang-format off
     static const std::map<std::string, ControlMessageFunction> control_message_functions = {
+        {"sigstop_on",        {ControlTarget::SERVICE,
+                               [](auto* service) { service->set_sigstop(true); return Success(); }}},
+        {"sigstop_off",       {ControlTarget::SERVICE,
+                               [](auto* service) { service->set_sigstop(false); return Success(); }}},
         {"start",             {ControlTarget::SERVICE,   DoControlStart}},
         {"stop",              {ControlTarget::SERVICE,   DoControlStop}},
         {"restart",           {ControlTarget::SERVICE,   DoControlRestart}},
@@ -624,6 +628,14 @@
         mknod("/dev/random", S_IFCHR | 0666, makedev(1, 8));
         mknod("/dev/urandom", S_IFCHR | 0666, makedev(1, 9));
 
+        // Mount staging areas for devices managed by vold
+        // See storage config details at http://source.android.com/devices/storage/
+        mount("tmpfs", "/mnt", "tmpfs", MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV,
+              "mode=0755,uid=0,gid=1000");
+        // /mnt/vendor is used to mount vendor-specific partitions that can not be
+        // part of the vendor partition, e.g. because they are mounted read-write.
+        mkdir("/mnt/vendor", 0755);
+
         // Now that tmpfs is mounted on /dev and we have /dev/kmsg, we can actually
         // talk to the outside world...
         InitKernelLogging(argv);
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index f9986c5..03c2cee 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static bool ExpandArgsAndExecv(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static bool ExpandArgsAndExecv(const std::vector<std::string>& args, bool sigstop) {
     std::vector<std::string> expanded_args;
     std::vector<char*> c_strings;
 
@@ -169,6 +169,10 @@
     }
     c_strings.push_back(nullptr);
 
+    if (sigstop) {
+        kill(getpid(), SIGSTOP);
+    }
+
     return execv(c_strings[0], c_strings.data()) == 0;
 }
 
@@ -582,6 +586,11 @@
     return Success();
 }
 
+Result<Success> Service::ParseSigstop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    sigstop_ = true;
+    return Success();
+}
+
 Result<Success> Service::ParseSetenv(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     environment_vars_.emplace_back(args[1], args[2]);
     return Success();
@@ -704,6 +713,7 @@
         {"seclabel",    {1,     1,    &Service::ParseSeclabel}},
         {"setenv",      {2,     2,    &Service::ParseSetenv}},
         {"shutdown",    {1,     1,    &Service::ParseShutdown}},
+        {"sigstop",     {0,     0,    &Service::ParseSigstop}},
         {"socket",      {3,     6,    &Service::ParseSocket}},
         {"user",        {1,     1,    &Service::ParseUser}},
         {"writepid",    {1,     kMax, &Service::ParseWritepid}},
@@ -862,7 +872,7 @@
         // priority. Aborts on failure.
         SetProcessAttributes();
 
-        if (!ExpandArgsAndExecv(args_)) {
+        if (!ExpandArgsAndExecv(args_, sigstop_)) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot execve('" << args_[0] << "')";
         }
 
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index bcf1943..cf38f69 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@
     bool is_override() const { return override_; }
     bool process_cgroup_empty() const { return process_cgroup_empty_; }
     unsigned long start_order() const { return start_order_; }
+    void set_sigstop(bool value) { sigstop_ = value; }
     const std::vector<std::string>& args() const { return args_; }
 
   private:
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@
     Result<Success> ParseSeclabel(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     Result<Success> ParseSetenv(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     Result<Success> ParseShutdown(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseSigstop(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     Result<Success> ParseSocket(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     Result<Success> ParseFile(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     Result<Success> ParseUser(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
@@ -213,6 +215,8 @@
 
     std::vector<std::pair<int, rlimit>> rlimits_;
 
+    bool sigstop_ = false;
+
     std::vector<std::string> args_;
 
     std::vector<std::function<void(const siginfo_t& siginfo)>> reap_callbacks_;
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
index 5d17698..8209167 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@
 #define AID_STATSD 1066          /* statsd daemon */
 #define AID_INCIDENTD 1067       /* incidentd daemon */
 #define AID_SECURE_ELEMENT 1068  /* secure element subsystem */
+#define AID_LMKD 1069            /* low memory killer daemon */
 /* Changes to this file must be made in AOSP, *not* in internal branches. */
 
 #define AID_SHELL 2000 /* adb and debug shell user */
diff --git a/lmkd/lmkd.c b/lmkd/lmkd.c
index 151e1dc..80711bc 100644
--- a/lmkd/lmkd.c
+++ b/lmkd/lmkd.c
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
 #define MEMINFO_PATH "/proc/meminfo"
 #define LINE_MAX 128
 
+/* gid containing AID_SYSTEM required */
 #define INKERNEL_MINFREE_PATH "/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/minfree"
 #define INKERNEL_ADJ_PATH "/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/adj"
 
@@ -455,6 +456,9 @@
         return;
     }
 
+    /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
+    /* CAP_SYS_RESOURCE required */
+    /* CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE required */
     snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%d/oom_score_adj", params.pid);
     snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", params.oomadj);
     if (!writefilestring(path, val, false)) {
@@ -496,8 +500,7 @@
         soft_limit_mult = 64;
     }
 
-    snprintf(path, sizeof(path),
-             "/dev/memcg/apps/uid_%d/pid_%d/memory.soft_limit_in_bytes",
+    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), MEMCG_SYSFS_PATH "apps/uid_%d/pid_%d/memory.soft_limit_in_bytes",
              params.uid, params.pid);
     snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", soft_limit_mult * EIGHT_MEGA);
 
@@ -859,6 +862,7 @@
     int total;
     ssize_t ret;
 
+    /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
     snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/statm", pid);
     fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (fd == -1)
@@ -882,6 +886,7 @@
     char *cp;
     ssize_t ret;
 
+    /* gid containing AID_READPROC required */
     snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "/proc/%d/cmdline", pid);
     fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (fd == -1)
@@ -949,6 +954,7 @@
 
     TRACE_KILL_START(pid);
 
+    /* CAP_KILL required */
     r = kill(pid, SIGKILL);
     ALOGI(
         "Killing '%s' (%d), uid %d, adj %d\n"
@@ -1267,6 +1273,7 @@
     int level_idx = (int)level;
     const char *levelstr = level_name[level_idx];
 
+    /* gid containing AID_SYSTEM required */
     mpfd = open(MEMCG_SYSFS_PATH "memory.pressure_level", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (mpfd < 0) {
         ALOGI("No kernel memory.pressure_level support (errno=%d)", errno);
@@ -1478,11 +1485,15 @@
              * pins ⊆ MCL_CURRENT, converging to just MCL_CURRENT as we fault
              * in pages.
              */
+            /* CAP_IPC_LOCK required */
             if (mlockall(MCL_CURRENT | MCL_FUTURE | MCL_ONFAULT) && (errno != EINVAL)) {
                 ALOGW("mlockall failed %s", strerror(errno));
             }
 
-            sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_FIFO, &param);
+            /* CAP_NICE required */
+            if (sched_setscheduler(0, SCHED_FIFO, &param)) {
+                ALOGW("set SCHED_FIFO failed %s", strerror(errno));
+            }
         }
 
         mainloop();
diff --git a/lmkd/lmkd.rc b/lmkd/lmkd.rc
index 3bb84ab..76b6055 100644
--- a/lmkd/lmkd.rc
+++ b/lmkd/lmkd.rc
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 service lmkd /system/bin/lmkd
     class core
-    group root readproc
+    user lmkd
+    group lmkd system readproc
+    capabilities DAC_OVERRIDE KILL IPC_LOCK SYS_NICE SYS_RESOURCE
     critical
     socket lmkd seqpacket 0660 system system
     writepid /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
diff --git a/logcat/event.logtags b/logcat/event.logtags
index 0983676..7c40a77 100644
--- a/logcat/event.logtags
+++ b/logcat/event.logtags
@@ -119,6 +119,9 @@
 70200 aggregation (aggregation time|2|3)
 70201 aggregation_test (field1|1|2),(field2|1|2),(field3|1|2),(field4|1|2),(field5|1|2)
 
+# gms refuses to register this log tag, b/30156345
+70220 gms_unknown
+
 # libc failure logging
 80100 bionic_event_memcpy_buffer_overflow (uid|1)
 80105 bionic_event_strcat_buffer_overflow (uid|1)
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index 1462570..d3504ad 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@
     # Set the security context of /adb_keys if present.
     restorecon /adb_keys
 
-    # Shouldn't be necessary, but sdcard won't start without it. http://b/22568628.
-    mkdir /mnt 0775 root system
-
     # Set the security context of /postinstall if present.
     restorecon /postinstall
 
@@ -34,6 +31,9 @@
     # root memory control cgroup, used by lmkd
     mkdir /dev/memcg 0700 root system
     mount cgroup none /dev/memcg nodev noexec nosuid memory
+    # memory.pressure_level used by lmkd
+    chown root system /dev/memcg/memory.pressure_level
+    chmod 0040 /dev/memcg/memory.pressure_level
     # app mem cgroups, used by activity manager, lmkd and zygote
     mkdir /dev/memcg/apps/ 0755 system system
     # cgroup for system_server and surfaceflinger
@@ -80,9 +80,6 @@
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/top-app/tasks
     chmod 0664 /dev/stune/rt/tasks
 
-    # Mount staging areas for devices managed by vold
-    # See storage config details at http://source.android.com/tech/storage/
-    mount tmpfs tmpfs /mnt nodev noexec nosuid mode=0755,uid=0,gid=1000
     restorecon_recursive /mnt
 
     mount configfs none /config nodev noexec nosuid
@@ -509,6 +506,7 @@
     mkdir /data/ss 0700 system system
 
     mkdir /data/system 0775 system system
+    mkdir /data/system/dropbox 0700 system system
     mkdir /data/system/heapdump 0700 system system
     mkdir /data/system/users 0775 system system