// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

// Author: jschorr@google.com (Joseph Schorr)
//  Based on original Protocol Buffers design by
//  Sanjay Ghemawat, Jeff Dean, and others.

#include <google/protobuf/util/message_differencer.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <functional>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <utility>

#include <google/protobuf/stubs/logging.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
#include <google/protobuf/io/printer.h>
#include <google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream.h>
#include <google/protobuf/io/zero_copy_stream_impl.h>
#include <google/protobuf/descriptor.pb.h>
#include <google/protobuf/descriptor.h>
#include <google/protobuf/dynamic_message.h>
#include <google/protobuf/generated_enum_reflection.h>
#include <google/protobuf/map_field.h>
#include <google/protobuf/message.h>
#include <google/protobuf/text_format.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/strutil.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/stringprintf.h>
#include <google/protobuf/util/field_comparator.h>

// Always include as last one, otherwise it can break compilation
#include <google/protobuf/port_def.inc>

namespace google {
namespace protobuf {

namespace util {

namespace {

std::string PrintShortTextFormat(const google::protobuf::Message& message) {
  std::string debug_string;

  google::protobuf::TextFormat::Printer printer;
  printer.SetSingleLineMode(true);
  printer.SetExpandAny(true);

  printer.PrintToString(message, &debug_string);
  // Single line mode currently might have an extra space at the end.
  if (!debug_string.empty() && debug_string[debug_string.size() - 1] == ' ') {
    debug_string.resize(debug_string.size() - 1);
  }

  return debug_string;
}

}  // namespace

// A reporter to report the total number of diffs.
// TODO(ykzhu): we can improve this to take into account the value differencers.
class NumDiffsReporter : public google::protobuf::util::MessageDifferencer::Reporter {
 public:
  NumDiffsReporter() : num_diffs_(0) {}

  // Returns the total number of diffs.
  int32_t GetNumDiffs() const { return num_diffs_; }
  void Reset() { num_diffs_ = 0; }

  // Report that a field has been added into Message2.
  void ReportAdded(
      const google::protobuf::Message& /* message1 */,
      const google::protobuf::Message& /* message2 */,
      const std::vector<google::protobuf::util::MessageDifferencer::SpecificField>&
      /*field_path*/) override {
    ++num_diffs_;
  }

  // Report that a field has been deleted from Message1.
  void ReportDeleted(
      const google::protobuf::Message& /* message1 */,
      const google::protobuf::Message& /* message2 */,
      const std::vector<google::protobuf::util::MessageDifferencer::SpecificField>&
      /*field_path*/) override {
    ++num_diffs_;
  }

  // Report that the value of a field has been modified.
  void ReportModified(
      const google::protobuf::Message& /* message1 */,
      const google::protobuf::Message& /* message2 */,
      const std::vector<google::protobuf::util::MessageDifferencer::SpecificField>&
      /*field_path*/) override {
    ++num_diffs_;
  }

 private:
  int32_t num_diffs_;
};

// When comparing a repeated field as map, MultipleFieldMapKeyComparator can
// be used to specify multiple fields as key for key comparison.
// Two elements of a repeated field will be regarded as having the same key
// iff they have the same value for every specified key field.
// Note that you can also specify only one field as key.
class MessageDifferencer::MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator
    : public MessageDifferencer::MapKeyComparator {
 public:
  MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator(
      MessageDifferencer* message_differencer,
      const std::vector<std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> >& key_field_paths)
      : message_differencer_(message_differencer),
        key_field_paths_(key_field_paths) {
    GOOGLE_CHECK(!key_field_paths_.empty());
    for (const auto& path : key_field_paths_) {
      GOOGLE_CHECK(!path.empty());
    }
  }
  MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator(MessageDifferencer* message_differencer,
                                 const FieldDescriptor* key)
      : message_differencer_(message_differencer) {
    std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> key_field_path;
    key_field_path.push_back(key);
    key_field_paths_.push_back(key_field_path);
  }
  bool IsMatch(const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
               const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields) const override {
    for (const auto& path : key_field_paths_) {
      if (!IsMatchInternal(message1, message2, parent_fields, path, 0)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

 private:
  bool IsMatchInternal(
      const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
      const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields,
      const std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*>& key_field_path,
      int path_index) const {
    const FieldDescriptor* field = key_field_path[path_index];
    std::vector<SpecificField> current_parent_fields(parent_fields);
    if (path_index == static_cast<int64_t>(key_field_path.size() - 1)) {
      if (field->is_map()) {
        return message_differencer_->CompareMapField(message1, message2, field,
                                                     &current_parent_fields);
      } else if (field->is_repeated()) {
        return message_differencer_->CompareRepeatedField(
            message1, message2, field, &current_parent_fields);
      } else {
        return message_differencer_->CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(
            message1, message2, field, -1, -1, &current_parent_fields);
      }
    } else {
      const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
      const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();
      bool has_field1 = reflection1->HasField(message1, field);
      bool has_field2 = reflection2->HasField(message2, field);
      if (!has_field1 && !has_field2) {
        return true;
      }
      if (has_field1 != has_field2) {
        return false;
      }
      SpecificField specific_field;
      specific_field.field = field;
      current_parent_fields.push_back(specific_field);
      return IsMatchInternal(reflection1->GetMessage(message1, field),
                             reflection2->GetMessage(message2, field),
                             current_parent_fields, key_field_path,
                             path_index + 1);
    }
  }
  MessageDifferencer* message_differencer_;
  std::vector<std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> > key_field_paths_;
  GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator);
};

// Preserve the order when treating repeated field as SMART_LIST. The current
// implementation is to find the longest matching sequence from the first
// element. The optimal solution requires to use //util/diff/lcs.h, which is
// not open sourced yet. Overwrite this method if you want to have that.
// TODO(ykzhu): change to use LCS once it is open sourced.
void MatchIndicesPostProcessorForSmartList(std::vector<int>* match_list1,
                                           std::vector<int>* match_list2) {
  int last_matched_index = -1;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < match_list1->size(); ++i) {
    if (match_list1->at(i) < 0) {
      continue;
    }
    if (last_matched_index < 0 || match_list1->at(i) > last_matched_index) {
      last_matched_index = match_list1->at(i);
    } else {
      match_list2->at(match_list1->at(i)) = -1;
      match_list1->at(i) = -1;
    }
  }
}

void AddSpecificIndex(
    google::protobuf::util::MessageDifferencer::SpecificField* specific_field,
    const Message& message, const FieldDescriptor* field, int index) {
  if (field->is_map()) {
    const Reflection* reflection = message.GetReflection();
    specific_field->map_entry1 =
        &reflection->GetRepeatedMessage(message, field, index);
  }
  specific_field->index = index;
}

void AddSpecificNewIndex(
    google::protobuf::util::MessageDifferencer::SpecificField* specific_field,
    const Message& message, const FieldDescriptor* field, int index) {
  if (field->is_map()) {
    const Reflection* reflection = message.GetReflection();
    specific_field->map_entry2 =
        &reflection->GetRepeatedMessage(message, field, index);
  }
  specific_field->new_index = index;
}

MessageDifferencer::MapEntryKeyComparator::MapEntryKeyComparator(
    MessageDifferencer* message_differencer)
    : message_differencer_(message_differencer) {}

bool MessageDifferencer::MapEntryKeyComparator::IsMatch(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields) const {
  // Map entry has its key in the field with tag 1.  See the comment for
  // map_entry in MessageOptions.
  const FieldDescriptor* key = message1.GetDescriptor()->FindFieldByNumber(1);
  // If key is not present in message1 and we're doing partial comparison or if
  // map key is explicitly ignored treat the field as set instead,
  const bool treat_as_set =
      (message_differencer_->scope() == PARTIAL &&
       !message1.GetReflection()->HasField(message1, key)) ||
      message_differencer_->IsIgnored(message1, message2, key, parent_fields);

  std::vector<SpecificField> current_parent_fields(parent_fields);
  if (treat_as_set) {
    return message_differencer_->Compare(message1, message2,
                                         &current_parent_fields);
  }
  return message_differencer_->CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(
      message1, message2, key, -1, -1, &current_parent_fields);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::Equals(const Message& message1,
                                const Message& message2) {
  MessageDifferencer differencer;

  return differencer.Compare(message1, message2);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::Equivalent(const Message& message1,
                                    const Message& message2) {
  MessageDifferencer differencer;
  differencer.set_message_field_comparison(MessageDifferencer::EQUIVALENT);

  return differencer.Compare(message1, message2);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::ApproximatelyEquals(const Message& message1,
                                             const Message& message2) {
  MessageDifferencer differencer;
  differencer.set_float_comparison(MessageDifferencer::APPROXIMATE);

  return differencer.Compare(message1, message2);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::ApproximatelyEquivalent(const Message& message1,
                                                 const Message& message2) {
  MessageDifferencer differencer;
  differencer.set_message_field_comparison(MessageDifferencer::EQUIVALENT);
  differencer.set_float_comparison(MessageDifferencer::APPROXIMATE);

  return differencer.Compare(message1, message2);
}

// ===========================================================================

MessageDifferencer::MessageDifferencer()
    : reporter_(NULL),
      message_field_comparison_(EQUAL),
      scope_(FULL),
      repeated_field_comparison_(AS_LIST),
      map_entry_key_comparator_(this),
      report_matches_(false),
      report_moves_(true),
      report_ignores_(true),
      output_string_(nullptr),
      match_indices_for_smart_list_callback_(
          MatchIndicesPostProcessorForSmartList) {}

MessageDifferencer::~MessageDifferencer() {
  for (MapKeyComparator* comparator : owned_key_comparators_) {
    delete comparator;
  }
  for (IgnoreCriteria* criteria : ignore_criteria_) {
    delete criteria;
  }
}

void MessageDifferencer::set_field_comparator(FieldComparator* comparator) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK(comparator) << "Field comparator can't be NULL.";
  field_comparator_kind_ = kFCBase;
  field_comparator_.base = comparator;
}

#ifdef PROTOBUF_FUTURE_BREAKING_CHANGES
void MessageDifferencer::set_field_comparator(
    DefaultFieldComparator* comparator) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK(comparator) << "Field comparator can't be NULL.";
  field_comparator_kind_ = kFCDefault;
  field_comparator_.default_impl = comparator;
}
#endif  // PROTOBUF_FUTURE_BREAKING_CHANGES

void MessageDifferencer::set_message_field_comparison(
    MessageFieldComparison comparison) {
  message_field_comparison_ = comparison;
}

MessageDifferencer::MessageFieldComparison
MessageDifferencer::message_field_comparison() const {
  return message_field_comparison_;
}

void MessageDifferencer::set_scope(Scope scope) { scope_ = scope; }

MessageDifferencer::Scope MessageDifferencer::scope() const { return scope_; }

void MessageDifferencer::set_float_comparison(FloatComparison comparison) {
  default_field_comparator_.set_float_comparison(
      comparison == EXACT ? DefaultFieldComparator::EXACT
                          : DefaultFieldComparator::APPROXIMATE);
}

void MessageDifferencer::set_repeated_field_comparison(
    RepeatedFieldComparison comparison) {
  repeated_field_comparison_ = comparison;
}

MessageDifferencer::RepeatedFieldComparison
MessageDifferencer::repeated_field_comparison() const {
  return repeated_field_comparison_;
}

void MessageDifferencer::CheckRepeatedFieldComparisons(
    const FieldDescriptor* field,
    const RepeatedFieldComparison& new_comparison) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK(field->is_repeated())
      << "Field must be repeated: " << field->full_name();
  const MapKeyComparator* key_comparator = GetMapKeyComparator(field);
  GOOGLE_CHECK(key_comparator == NULL)
      << "Cannot treat this repeated field as both MAP and " << new_comparison
      << " for comparison.  Field name is: " << field->full_name();
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsSet(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  CheckRepeatedFieldComparisons(field, AS_SET);
  repeated_field_comparisons_[field] = AS_SET;
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsSmartSet(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  CheckRepeatedFieldComparisons(field, AS_SMART_SET);
  repeated_field_comparisons_[field] = AS_SMART_SET;
}

void MessageDifferencer::SetMatchIndicesForSmartListCallback(
    std::function<void(std::vector<int>*, std::vector<int>*)> callback) {
  match_indices_for_smart_list_callback_ = callback;
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsList(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  CheckRepeatedFieldComparisons(field, AS_LIST);
  repeated_field_comparisons_[field] = AS_LIST;
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsSmartList(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  CheckRepeatedFieldComparisons(field, AS_SMART_LIST);
  repeated_field_comparisons_[field] = AS_SMART_LIST;
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsMap(const FieldDescriptor* field,
                                    const FieldDescriptor* key) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK_EQ(FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE, field->cpp_type())
      << "Field has to be message type.  Field name is: " << field->full_name();
  GOOGLE_CHECK(key->containing_type() == field->message_type())
      << key->full_name()
      << " must be a direct subfield within the repeated field "
      << field->full_name() << ", not " << key->containing_type()->full_name();
  GOOGLE_CHECK(repeated_field_comparisons_.find(field) ==
        repeated_field_comparisons_.end())
      << "Cannot treat the same field as both "
      << repeated_field_comparisons_[field]
      << " and MAP. Field name is: " << field->full_name();
  MapKeyComparator* key_comparator =
      new MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator(this, key);
  owned_key_comparators_.push_back(key_comparator);
  map_field_key_comparator_[field] = key_comparator;
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsMapWithMultipleFieldsAsKey(
    const FieldDescriptor* field,
    const std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*>& key_fields) {
  std::vector<std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> > key_field_paths;
  for (const FieldDescriptor* key_filed : key_fields) {
    std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> key_field_path;
    key_field_path.push_back(key_filed);
    key_field_paths.push_back(key_field_path);
  }
  TreatAsMapWithMultipleFieldPathsAsKey(field, key_field_paths);
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsMapWithMultipleFieldPathsAsKey(
    const FieldDescriptor* field,
    const std::vector<std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> >& key_field_paths) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK(field->is_repeated())
      << "Field must be repeated: " << field->full_name();
  GOOGLE_CHECK_EQ(FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE, field->cpp_type())
      << "Field has to be message type.  Field name is: " << field->full_name();
  for (const auto& key_field_path : key_field_paths) {
    for (size_t j = 0; j < key_field_path.size(); ++j) {
      const FieldDescriptor* parent_field =
          j == 0 ? field : key_field_path[j - 1];
      const FieldDescriptor* child_field = key_field_path[j];
      GOOGLE_CHECK(child_field->containing_type() == parent_field->message_type())
          << child_field->full_name()
          << " must be a direct subfield within the field: "
          << parent_field->full_name();
      if (j != 0) {
        GOOGLE_CHECK_EQ(FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE, parent_field->cpp_type())
            << parent_field->full_name() << " has to be of type message.";
        GOOGLE_CHECK(!parent_field->is_repeated())
            << parent_field->full_name() << " cannot be a repeated field.";
      }
    }
  }
  GOOGLE_CHECK(repeated_field_comparisons_.find(field) ==
        repeated_field_comparisons_.end())
      << "Cannot treat the same field as both "
      << repeated_field_comparisons_[field]
      << " and MAP. Field name is: " << field->full_name();
  MapKeyComparator* key_comparator =
      new MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator(this, key_field_paths);
  owned_key_comparators_.push_back(key_comparator);
  map_field_key_comparator_[field] = key_comparator;
}

void MessageDifferencer::TreatAsMapUsingKeyComparator(
    const FieldDescriptor* field, const MapKeyComparator* key_comparator) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK(field->is_repeated())
      << "Field must be repeated: " << field->full_name();
  GOOGLE_CHECK(repeated_field_comparisons_.find(field) ==
        repeated_field_comparisons_.end())
      << "Cannot treat the same field as both "
      << repeated_field_comparisons_[field]
      << " and MAP. Field name is: " << field->full_name();
  map_field_key_comparator_[field] = key_comparator;
}

void MessageDifferencer::AddIgnoreCriteria(IgnoreCriteria* ignore_criteria) {
  ignore_criteria_.push_back(ignore_criteria);
}

void MessageDifferencer::IgnoreField(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  ignored_fields_.insert(field);
}

void MessageDifferencer::SetFractionAndMargin(const FieldDescriptor* field,
                                              double fraction, double margin) {
  default_field_comparator_.SetFractionAndMargin(field, fraction, margin);
}

void MessageDifferencer::ReportDifferencesToString(std::string* output) {
  GOOGLE_DCHECK(output) << "Specified output string was NULL";

  output_string_ = output;
  output_string_->clear();
}

void MessageDifferencer::ReportDifferencesTo(Reporter* reporter) {
  // If an output string is set, clear it to prevent
  // it superseding the specified reporter.
  if (output_string_) {
    output_string_ = NULL;
  }

  reporter_ = reporter;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::FieldBefore(const FieldDescriptor* field1,
                                     const FieldDescriptor* field2) {
  // Handle sentinel values (i.e. make sure NULLs are always ordered
  // at the end of the list).
  if (field1 == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  if (field2 == NULL) {
    return true;
  }

  // Always order fields by their tag number
  return (field1->number() < field2->number());
}

bool MessageDifferencer::Compare(const Message& message1,
                                 const Message& message2) {
  std::vector<SpecificField> parent_fields;

  bool result = false;
  // Setup the internal reporter if need be.
  if (output_string_) {
    io::StringOutputStream output_stream(output_string_);
    StreamReporter reporter(&output_stream);
    reporter.SetMessages(message1, message2);
    reporter_ = &reporter;
    result = Compare(message1, message2, &parent_fields);
    reporter_ = NULL;
  } else {
    result = Compare(message1, message2, &parent_fields);
  }
  return result;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareWithFields(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*>& message1_fields_arg,
    const std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*>& message2_fields_arg) {
  if (message1.GetDescriptor() != message2.GetDescriptor()) {
    GOOGLE_LOG(DFATAL) << "Comparison between two messages with different "
                << "descriptors.";
    return false;
  }

  std::vector<SpecificField> parent_fields;

  bool result = false;

  FieldDescriptorArray message1_fields(message1_fields_arg.size() + 1);
  FieldDescriptorArray message2_fields(message2_fields_arg.size() + 1);

  std::copy(message1_fields_arg.cbegin(), message1_fields_arg.cend(),
            message1_fields.begin());
  std::copy(message2_fields_arg.cbegin(), message2_fields_arg.cend(),
            message2_fields.begin());

  // Append sentinel values.
  message1_fields[message1_fields_arg.size()] = nullptr;
  message2_fields[message2_fields_arg.size()] = nullptr;

  std::sort(message1_fields.begin(), message1_fields.end(), FieldBefore);
  std::sort(message2_fields.begin(), message2_fields.end(), FieldBefore);

  // Setup the internal reporter if need be.
  if (output_string_) {
    io::StringOutputStream output_stream(output_string_);
    StreamReporter reporter(&output_stream);
    reporter_ = &reporter;
    result = CompareRequestedFieldsUsingSettings(
        message1, message2, message1_fields, message2_fields, &parent_fields);
    reporter_ = NULL;
  } else {
    result = CompareRequestedFieldsUsingSettings(
        message1, message2, message1_fields, message2_fields, &parent_fields);
  }

  return result;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::Compare(const Message& message1,
                                 const Message& message2,
                                 std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  const Descriptor* descriptor1 = message1.GetDescriptor();
  const Descriptor* descriptor2 = message2.GetDescriptor();
  if (descriptor1 != descriptor2) {
    GOOGLE_LOG(DFATAL) << "Comparison between two messages with different "
                << "descriptors. " << descriptor1->full_name() << " vs "
                << descriptor2->full_name();
    return false;
  }

  // Expand google.protobuf.Any payload if possible.
  if (descriptor1->full_name() == internal::kAnyFullTypeName) {
    std::unique_ptr<Message> data1;
    std::unique_ptr<Message> data2;
    if (unpack_any_field_.UnpackAny(message1, &data1) &&
        unpack_any_field_.UnpackAny(message2, &data2)) {
      // Avoid DFATAL for different descriptors in google.protobuf.Any payloads.
      if (data1->GetDescriptor() != data2->GetDescriptor()) {
        return false;
      }
      return Compare(*data1, *data2, parent_fields);
    }
  }
  const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
  const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();

  bool unknown_compare_result = true;
  // Ignore unknown fields in EQUIVALENT mode
  if (message_field_comparison_ != EQUIVALENT) {
    const UnknownFieldSet& unknown_field_set1 =
        reflection1->GetUnknownFields(message1);
    const UnknownFieldSet& unknown_field_set2 =
        reflection2->GetUnknownFields(message2);
    if (!CompareUnknownFields(message1, message2, unknown_field_set1,
                              unknown_field_set2, parent_fields)) {
      if (reporter_ == NULL) {
        return false;
      }
      unknown_compare_result = false;
    }
  }

  FieldDescriptorArray message1_fields = RetrieveFields(message1, true);
  FieldDescriptorArray message2_fields = RetrieveFields(message2, false);

  return CompareRequestedFieldsUsingSettings(message1, message2,
                                             message1_fields, message2_fields,
                                             parent_fields) &&
         unknown_compare_result;
}

FieldDescriptorArray MessageDifferencer::RetrieveFields(const Message& message,
                                                        bool base_message) {
  const Descriptor* descriptor = message.GetDescriptor();

  tmp_message_fields_.clear();
  tmp_message_fields_.reserve(descriptor->field_count() + 1);

  const Reflection* reflection = message.GetReflection();
  if (descriptor->options().map_entry()) {
    if (this->scope_ == PARTIAL && base_message) {
      reflection->ListFields(message, &tmp_message_fields_);
    } else {
      // Map entry fields are always considered present.
      for (int i = 0; i < descriptor->field_count(); i++) {
        tmp_message_fields_.push_back(descriptor->field(i));
      }
    }
  } else {
    reflection->ListFields(message, &tmp_message_fields_);
  }
  // Add sentinel values to deal with the
  // case where the number of the fields in
  // each list are different.
  tmp_message_fields_.push_back(nullptr);

  FieldDescriptorArray message_fields(tmp_message_fields_.begin(),
                                      tmp_message_fields_.end());

  return message_fields;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareRequestedFieldsUsingSettings(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptorArray& message1_fields,
    const FieldDescriptorArray& message2_fields,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  if (scope_ == FULL) {
    if (message_field_comparison_ == EQUIVALENT) {
      // We need to merge the field lists of both messages (i.e.
      // we are merely checking for a difference in field values,
      // rather than the addition or deletion of fields).
      FieldDescriptorArray fields_union =
          CombineFields(message1_fields, FULL, message2_fields, FULL);
      return CompareWithFieldsInternal(message1, message2, fields_union,
                                       fields_union, parent_fields);
    } else {
      // Simple equality comparison, use the unaltered field lists.
      return CompareWithFieldsInternal(message1, message2, message1_fields,
                                       message2_fields, parent_fields);
    }
  } else {
    if (message_field_comparison_ == EQUIVALENT) {
      // We use the list of fields for message1 for both messages when
      // comparing.  This way, extra fields in message2 are ignored,
      // and missing fields in message2 use their default value.
      return CompareWithFieldsInternal(message1, message2, message1_fields,
                                       message1_fields, parent_fields);
    } else {
      // We need to consider the full list of fields for message1
      // but only the intersection for message2.  This way, any fields
      // only present in message2 will be ignored, but any fields only
      // present in message1 will be marked as a difference.
      FieldDescriptorArray fields_intersection =
          CombineFields(message1_fields, PARTIAL, message2_fields, PARTIAL);
      return CompareWithFieldsInternal(message1, message2, message1_fields,
                                       fields_intersection, parent_fields);
    }
  }
}

FieldDescriptorArray MessageDifferencer::CombineFields(
    const FieldDescriptorArray& fields1, Scope fields1_scope,
    const FieldDescriptorArray& fields2, Scope fields2_scope) {
  size_t index1 = 0;
  size_t index2 = 0;

  tmp_message_fields_.clear();

  while (index1 < fields1.size() && index2 < fields2.size()) {
    const FieldDescriptor* field1 = fields1[index1];
    const FieldDescriptor* field2 = fields2[index2];

    if (FieldBefore(field1, field2)) {
      if (fields1_scope == FULL) {
        tmp_message_fields_.push_back(fields1[index1]);
      }
      ++index1;
    } else if (FieldBefore(field2, field1)) {
      if (fields2_scope == FULL) {
        tmp_message_fields_.push_back(fields2[index2]);
      }
      ++index2;
    } else {
      tmp_message_fields_.push_back(fields1[index1]);
      ++index1;
      ++index2;
    }
  }

  tmp_message_fields_.push_back(nullptr);

  FieldDescriptorArray combined_fields(tmp_message_fields_.begin(),
                                       tmp_message_fields_.end());

  return combined_fields;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareWithFieldsInternal(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptorArray& message1_fields,
    const FieldDescriptorArray& message2_fields,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  bool isDifferent = false;
  int field_index1 = 0;
  int field_index2 = 0;

  const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
  const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();

  while (true) {
    const FieldDescriptor* field1 = message1_fields[field_index1];
    const FieldDescriptor* field2 = message2_fields[field_index2];

    // Once we have reached sentinel values, we are done the comparison.
    if (field1 == NULL && field2 == NULL) {
      break;
    }

    // Check for differences in the field itself.
    if (FieldBefore(field1, field2)) {
      // Field 1 is not in the field list for message 2.
      if (IsIgnored(message1, message2, field1, *parent_fields)) {
        // We are ignoring field1. Report the ignore and move on to
        // the next field in message1_fields.
        if (reporter_ != NULL) {
          SpecificField specific_field;
          specific_field.field = field1;
          parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
          if (report_ignores_) {
            reporter_->ReportIgnored(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
          }
          parent_fields->pop_back();
        }
        ++field_index1;
        continue;
      }

      if (reporter_ != NULL) {
        assert(field1 != NULL);
        int count = field1->is_repeated()
                        ? reflection1->FieldSize(message1, field1)
                        : 1;

        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
          SpecificField specific_field;
          specific_field.field = field1;
          if (field1->is_repeated()) {
            AddSpecificIndex(&specific_field, message1, field1, i);
          } else {
            specific_field.index = -1;
          }

          parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
          reporter_->ReportDeleted(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
          parent_fields->pop_back();
        }

        isDifferent = true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }

      ++field_index1;
      continue;
    } else if (FieldBefore(field2, field1)) {
      // Field 2 is not in the field list for message 1.
      if (IsIgnored(message1, message2, field2, *parent_fields)) {
        // We are ignoring field2. Report the ignore and move on to
        // the next field in message2_fields.
        if (reporter_ != NULL) {
          SpecificField specific_field;
          specific_field.field = field2;
          parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
          if (report_ignores_) {
            reporter_->ReportIgnored(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
          }
          parent_fields->pop_back();
        }
        ++field_index2;
        continue;
      }

      if (reporter_ != NULL) {
        int count = field2->is_repeated()
                        ? reflection2->FieldSize(message2, field2)
                        : 1;

        for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
          SpecificField specific_field;
          specific_field.field = field2;
          if (field2->is_repeated()) {
            specific_field.index = i;
            AddSpecificNewIndex(&specific_field, message2, field2, i);
          } else {
            specific_field.index = -1;
            specific_field.new_index = -1;
          }

          parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
          reporter_->ReportAdded(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
          parent_fields->pop_back();
        }

        isDifferent = true;
      } else {
        return false;
      }

      ++field_index2;
      continue;
    }

    // By this point, field1 and field2 are guaranteed to point to the same
    // field, so we can now compare the values.
    if (IsIgnored(message1, message2, field1, *parent_fields)) {
      // Ignore this field. Report and move on.
      if (reporter_ != NULL) {
        SpecificField specific_field;
        specific_field.field = field1;
        parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
        if (report_ignores_) {
          reporter_->ReportIgnored(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
        }
        parent_fields->pop_back();
      }

      ++field_index1;
      ++field_index2;
      continue;
    }

    bool fieldDifferent = false;
    assert(field1 != NULL);
    if (field1->is_map()) {
      fieldDifferent =
          !CompareMapField(message1, message2, field1, parent_fields);
    } else if (field1->is_repeated()) {
      fieldDifferent =
          !CompareRepeatedField(message1, message2, field1, parent_fields);
    } else {
      fieldDifferent = !CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(
          message1, message2, field1, -1, -1, parent_fields);

      if (reporter_ != nullptr) {
        SpecificField specific_field;
        specific_field.field = field1;
        parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
        if (fieldDifferent) {
          reporter_->ReportModified(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
          isDifferent = true;
        } else if (report_matches_) {
          reporter_->ReportMatched(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
        }
        parent_fields->pop_back();
      }
    }
    if (fieldDifferent) {
      if (reporter_ == nullptr) return false;
      isDifferent = true;
    }
    // Increment the field indices.
    ++field_index1;
    ++field_index2;
  }

  return !isDifferent;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsMatch(
    const FieldDescriptor* repeated_field,
    const MapKeyComparator* key_comparator, const Message* message1,
    const Message* message2, const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields,
    Reporter* reporter, int index1, int index2) {
  std::vector<SpecificField> current_parent_fields(parent_fields);
  if (repeated_field->cpp_type() != FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE) {
    return CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(*message1, *message2,
                                              repeated_field, index1, index2,
                                              &current_parent_fields);
  }
  // Back up the Reporter and output_string_.  They will be reset in the
  // following code.
  Reporter* backup_reporter = reporter_;
  std::string* output_string = output_string_;
  reporter_ = reporter;
  output_string_ = NULL;
  bool match;

  if (key_comparator == NULL) {
    match = CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(*message1, *message2,
                                               repeated_field, index1, index2,
                                               &current_parent_fields);
  } else {
    const Reflection* reflection1 = message1->GetReflection();
    const Reflection* reflection2 = message2->GetReflection();
    const Message& m1 =
        reflection1->GetRepeatedMessage(*message1, repeated_field, index1);
    const Message& m2 =
        reflection2->GetRepeatedMessage(*message2, repeated_field, index2);
    SpecificField specific_field;
    specific_field.field = repeated_field;
    if (repeated_field->is_map()) {
      specific_field.map_entry1 = &m1;
      specific_field.map_entry2 = &m2;
    }
    specific_field.index = index1;
    specific_field.new_index = index2;
    current_parent_fields.push_back(specific_field);
    match = key_comparator->IsMatch(m1, m2, current_parent_fields);
  }

  reporter_ = backup_reporter;
  output_string_ = output_string;
  return match;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareMapFieldByMapReflection(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* map_field, std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields,
    DefaultFieldComparator* comparator) {
  GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(nullptr, reporter_);
  GOOGLE_DCHECK(map_field->is_map());
  GOOGLE_DCHECK(map_field_key_comparator_.find(map_field) ==
         map_field_key_comparator_.end());
  GOOGLE_DCHECK_EQ(repeated_field_comparison_, AS_LIST);
  const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
  const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();
  const int count1 = reflection1->MapSize(message1, map_field);
  const int count2 = reflection2->MapSize(message2, map_field);
  const bool treated_as_subset = IsTreatedAsSubset(map_field);
  if (count1 != count2 && !treated_as_subset) {
    return false;
  }
  if (count1 > count2) {
    return false;
  }

  // First pass: check whether the same keys are present.
  for (MapIterator it = reflection1->MapBegin(const_cast<Message*>(&message1),
                                              map_field),
                   it_end = reflection1->MapEnd(const_cast<Message*>(&message1),
                                                map_field);
       it != it_end; ++it) {
    if (!reflection2->ContainsMapKey(message2, map_field, it.GetKey())) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  // Second pass: compare values for matching keys.
  const FieldDescriptor* val_des = map_field->message_type()->map_value();
  switch (val_des->cpp_type()) {
#define HANDLE_TYPE(CPPTYPE, METHOD, COMPAREMETHOD)                           \
  case FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_##CPPTYPE: {                                  \
    for (MapIterator it = reflection1->MapBegin(                              \
                         const_cast<Message*>(&message1), map_field),         \
                     it_end = reflection1->MapEnd(                            \
                         const_cast<Message*>(&message1), map_field);         \
         it != it_end; ++it) {                                                \
      MapValueConstRef value2;                                                \
      reflection2->LookupMapValue(message2, map_field, it.GetKey(), &value2); \
      if (!comparator->Compare##COMPAREMETHOD(*val_des,                       \
                                              it.GetValueRef().Get##METHOD(), \
                                              value2.Get##METHOD())) {        \
        return false;                                                         \
      }                                                                       \
    }                                                                         \
    break;                                                                    \
  }
    HANDLE_TYPE(INT32, Int32Value, Int32);
    HANDLE_TYPE(INT64, Int64Value, Int64);
    HANDLE_TYPE(UINT32, UInt32Value, UInt32);
    HANDLE_TYPE(UINT64, UInt64Value, UInt64);
    HANDLE_TYPE(DOUBLE, DoubleValue, Double);
    HANDLE_TYPE(FLOAT, FloatValue, Float);
    HANDLE_TYPE(BOOL, BoolValue, Bool);
    HANDLE_TYPE(STRING, StringValue, String);
    HANDLE_TYPE(ENUM, EnumValue, Int32);
#undef HANDLE_TYPE
    case FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE: {
      for (MapIterator it = reflection1->MapBegin(
               const_cast<Message*>(&message1), map_field);
           it !=
           reflection1->MapEnd(const_cast<Message*>(&message1), map_field);
           ++it) {
        if (!reflection2->ContainsMapKey(message2, map_field, it.GetKey())) {
          return false;
        }
        bool compare_result;
        MapValueConstRef value2;
        reflection2->LookupMapValue(message2, map_field, it.GetKey(), &value2);
        // Append currently compared field to the end of parent_fields.
        SpecificField specific_value_field;
        specific_value_field.field = val_des;
        parent_fields->push_back(specific_value_field);
        compare_result = Compare(it.GetValueRef().GetMessageValue(),
                                 value2.GetMessageValue(), parent_fields);
        parent_fields->pop_back();
        if (!compare_result) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareMapField(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* repeated_field,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  GOOGLE_DCHECK(repeated_field->is_map());

  // the input FieldDescriptor is guaranteed to be repeated field.
  const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
  const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();

  // When both map fields are on map, do not sync to repeated field.
  if (reflection1->GetMapData(message1, repeated_field)->IsMapValid() &&
      reflection2->GetMapData(message2, repeated_field)->IsMapValid() &&
      // TODO(jieluo): Add support for reporter
      reporter_ == nullptr &&
      // Users didn't set custom map field key comparator
      map_field_key_comparator_.find(repeated_field) ==
          map_field_key_comparator_.end() &&
      // Users didn't set repeated field comparison
      repeated_field_comparison_ == AS_LIST &&
      // Users didn't set their own FieldComparator implementation
      field_comparator_kind_ == kFCDefault) {
    const FieldDescriptor* key_des = repeated_field->message_type()->map_key();
    const FieldDescriptor* val_des =
        repeated_field->message_type()->map_value();
    std::vector<SpecificField> current_parent_fields(*parent_fields);
    SpecificField specific_field;
    specific_field.field = repeated_field;
    current_parent_fields.push_back(specific_field);
    if (!IsIgnored(message1, message2, key_des, current_parent_fields) &&
        !IsIgnored(message1, message2, val_des, current_parent_fields)) {
      return CompareMapFieldByMapReflection(message1, message2, repeated_field,
                                            &current_parent_fields,
                                            field_comparator_.default_impl);
    }
  }

  return CompareRepeatedRep(message1, message2, repeated_field, parent_fields);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareRepeatedField(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* repeated_field,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  GOOGLE_DCHECK(!repeated_field->is_map());
  return CompareRepeatedRep(message1, message2, repeated_field, parent_fields);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareRepeatedRep(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* repeated_field,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  // the input FieldDescriptor is guaranteed to be repeated field.
  GOOGLE_DCHECK(repeated_field->is_repeated());
  const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
  const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();

  const int count1 = reflection1->FieldSize(message1, repeated_field);
  const int count2 = reflection2->FieldSize(message2, repeated_field);
  const bool treated_as_subset = IsTreatedAsSubset(repeated_field);

  // If the field is not treated as subset and no detailed reports is needed,
  // we do a quick check on the number of the elements to avoid unnecessary
  // comparison.
  if (count1 != count2 && reporter_ == NULL && !treated_as_subset) {
    return false;
  }
  // A match can never be found if message1 has more items than message2.
  if (count1 > count2 && reporter_ == NULL) {
    return false;
  }

  // These two list are used for store the index of the correspondent
  // element in peer repeated field.
  std::vector<int> match_list1;
  std::vector<int> match_list2;

  const MapKeyComparator* key_comparator = GetMapKeyComparator(repeated_field);
  bool smart_list = IsTreatedAsSmartList(repeated_field);
  bool simple_list = key_comparator == nullptr &&
                     !IsTreatedAsSet(repeated_field) &&
                     !IsTreatedAsSmartSet(repeated_field) && !smart_list;

  // For simple lists, we avoid matching repeated field indices, saving the
  // memory allocations that would otherwise be needed for match_list1 and
  // match_list2.
  if (!simple_list) {
    // Try to match indices of the repeated fields. Return false if match fails.
    if (!MatchRepeatedFieldIndices(message1, message2, repeated_field,
                                   key_comparator, *parent_fields, &match_list1,
                                   &match_list2) &&
        reporter_ == nullptr) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  bool fieldDifferent = false;
  SpecificField specific_field;
  specific_field.field = repeated_field;

  // At this point, we have already matched pairs of fields (with the reporting
  // to be done later). Now to check if the paired elements are different.
  int next_unmatched_index = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < count1; i++) {
    if (simple_list && i >= count2) {
      break;
    }
    if (!simple_list && match_list1[i] == -1) {
      if (smart_list) {
        if (reporter_ == nullptr) return false;
        AddSpecificIndex(&specific_field, message1, repeated_field, i);
        parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
        reporter_->ReportDeleted(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
        parent_fields->pop_back();
        fieldDifferent = true;
        // Use -2 to mark this element has been reported.
        match_list1[i] = -2;
      }
      continue;
    }
    if (smart_list) {
      for (int j = next_unmatched_index; j < match_list1[i]; ++j) {
        GOOGLE_CHECK_LE(0, j);
        if (reporter_ == nullptr) return false;
        specific_field.index = j;
        AddSpecificNewIndex(&specific_field, message2, repeated_field, j);
        parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
        reporter_->ReportAdded(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
        parent_fields->pop_back();
        fieldDifferent = true;
        // Use -2 to mark this element has been reported.
        match_list2[j] = -2;
      }
    }
    AddSpecificIndex(&specific_field, message1, repeated_field, i);
    if (simple_list) {
      AddSpecificNewIndex(&specific_field, message2, repeated_field, i);
    } else {
      AddSpecificNewIndex(&specific_field, message2, repeated_field,
                          match_list1[i]);
      next_unmatched_index = match_list1[i] + 1;
    }

    const bool result = CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(
        message1, message2, repeated_field, i, specific_field.new_index,
        parent_fields);

    // If we have found differences, either report them or terminate if
    // no reporter is present. Note that ReportModified, ReportMoved, and
    // ReportMatched are all mutually exclusive.
    if (!result) {
      if (reporter_ == NULL) return false;
      parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
      reporter_->ReportModified(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
      parent_fields->pop_back();
      fieldDifferent = true;
    } else if (reporter_ != NULL &&
               specific_field.index != specific_field.new_index &&
               !specific_field.field->is_map() && report_moves_) {
      parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
      reporter_->ReportMoved(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
      parent_fields->pop_back();
    } else if (report_matches_ && reporter_ != NULL) {
      parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
      reporter_->ReportMatched(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
      parent_fields->pop_back();
    }
  }

  // Report any remaining additions or deletions.
  for (int i = 0; i < count2; ++i) {
    if (!simple_list && match_list2[i] != -1) continue;
    if (simple_list && i < count1) continue;
    if (!treated_as_subset) {
      fieldDifferent = true;
    }

    if (reporter_ == NULL) continue;
    specific_field.index = i;
    AddSpecificNewIndex(&specific_field, message2, repeated_field, i);
    parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
    reporter_->ReportAdded(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
    parent_fields->pop_back();
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < count1; ++i) {
    if (!simple_list && match_list1[i] != -1) continue;
    if (simple_list && i < count2) continue;
    assert(reporter_ != NULL);
    AddSpecificIndex(&specific_field, message1, repeated_field, i);
    parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
    reporter_->ReportDeleted(message1, message2, *parent_fields);
    parent_fields->pop_back();
    fieldDifferent = true;
  }
  return !fieldDifferent;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareFieldValue(const Message& message1,
                                           const Message& message2,
                                           const FieldDescriptor* field,
                                           int index1, int index2) {
  return CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(message1, message2, field, index1,
                                            index2, NULL);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareFieldValueUsingParentFields(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* field, int index1, int index2,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_fields) {
  FieldContext field_context(parent_fields);
  FieldComparator::ComparisonResult result = GetFieldComparisonResult(
      message1, message2, field, index1, index2, &field_context);

  if (field->cpp_type() == FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE &&
      result == FieldComparator::RECURSE) {
    // Get the nested messages and compare them using one of the Compare
    // methods.
    const Reflection* reflection1 = message1.GetReflection();
    const Reflection* reflection2 = message2.GetReflection();
    const Message& m1 =
        field->is_repeated()
            ? reflection1->GetRepeatedMessage(message1, field, index1)
            : reflection1->GetMessage(message1, field);
    const Message& m2 =
        field->is_repeated()
            ? reflection2->GetRepeatedMessage(message2, field, index2)
            : reflection2->GetMessage(message2, field);

    // parent_fields is used in calls to Reporter methods.
    if (parent_fields != NULL) {
      // Append currently compared field to the end of parent_fields.
      SpecificField specific_field;
      specific_field.field = field;
      AddSpecificIndex(&specific_field, message1, field, index1);
      AddSpecificNewIndex(&specific_field, message2, field, index2);
      parent_fields->push_back(specific_field);
      const bool compare_result = Compare(m1, m2, parent_fields);
      parent_fields->pop_back();
      return compare_result;
    } else {
      // Recreates parent_fields as if m1 and m2 had no parents.
      return Compare(m1, m2);
    }
  } else {
    return (result == FieldComparator::SAME);
  }
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CheckPathChanged(
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  for (const SpecificField& specific_field : field_path) {
    // Don't check indexes for map entries -- maps are unordered.
    if (specific_field.field != nullptr && specific_field.field->is_map())
      continue;
    if (specific_field.index != specific_field.new_index) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsTreatedAsSet(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  if (!field->is_repeated()) return false;
  if (repeated_field_comparisons_.find(field) !=
      repeated_field_comparisons_.end()) {
    return repeated_field_comparisons_[field] == AS_SET;
  }
  return GetMapKeyComparator(field) == nullptr &&
         repeated_field_comparison_ == AS_SET;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsTreatedAsSmartSet(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  if (!field->is_repeated()) return false;
  if (repeated_field_comparisons_.find(field) !=
      repeated_field_comparisons_.end()) {
    return repeated_field_comparisons_[field] == AS_SMART_SET;
  }
  return GetMapKeyComparator(field) == nullptr &&
         repeated_field_comparison_ == AS_SMART_SET;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsTreatedAsSmartList(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  if (!field->is_repeated()) return false;
  if (repeated_field_comparisons_.find(field) !=
      repeated_field_comparisons_.end()) {
    return repeated_field_comparisons_[field] == AS_SMART_LIST;
  }
  return GetMapKeyComparator(field) == nullptr &&
         repeated_field_comparison_ == AS_SMART_LIST;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsTreatedAsSubset(const FieldDescriptor* field) {
  return scope_ == PARTIAL &&
         (IsTreatedAsSet(field) || GetMapKeyComparator(field) != NULL);
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsIgnored(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* field,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields) {
  if (ignored_fields_.find(field) != ignored_fields_.end()) {
    return true;
  }
  for (IgnoreCriteria* criteria : ignore_criteria_) {
    if (criteria->IsIgnored(message1, message2, field, parent_fields)) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::IsUnknownFieldIgnored(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const SpecificField& field,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields) {
  for (IgnoreCriteria* criteria : ignore_criteria_) {
    if (criteria->IsUnknownFieldIgnored(message1, message2, field,
                                        parent_fields)) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

const MessageDifferencer::MapKeyComparator*
MessageDifferencer ::GetMapKeyComparator(const FieldDescriptor* field) const {
  if (!field->is_repeated()) return NULL;
  FieldKeyComparatorMap::const_iterator it =
      map_field_key_comparator_.find(field);
  if (it != map_field_key_comparator_.end()) {
    return it->second;
  }
  if (field->is_map()) {
    // field cannot already be treated as list or set since TreatAsList() and
    // TreatAsSet() call GetMapKeyComparator() and fail if it returns non-NULL.
    return &map_entry_key_comparator_;
  }
  return NULL;
}

namespace {

typedef std::pair<int, const UnknownField*> IndexUnknownFieldPair;

struct UnknownFieldOrdering {
  inline bool operator()(const IndexUnknownFieldPair& a,
                         const IndexUnknownFieldPair& b) const {
    if (a.second->number() < b.second->number()) return true;
    if (a.second->number() > b.second->number()) return false;
    return a.second->type() < b.second->type();
  }
};

}  // namespace

bool MessageDifferencer::UnpackAnyField::UnpackAny(
    const Message& any, std::unique_ptr<Message>* data) {
  const Reflection* reflection = any.GetReflection();
  const FieldDescriptor* type_url_field;
  const FieldDescriptor* value_field;
  if (!internal::GetAnyFieldDescriptors(any, &type_url_field, &value_field)) {
    return false;
  }
  const std::string& type_url = reflection->GetString(any, type_url_field);
  std::string full_type_name;
  if (!internal::ParseAnyTypeUrl(type_url, &full_type_name)) {
    return false;
  }

  const Descriptor* desc =
      any.GetDescriptor()->file()->pool()->FindMessageTypeByName(
          full_type_name);
  if (desc == NULL) {
    GOOGLE_LOG(INFO) << "Proto type '" << full_type_name << "' not found";
    return false;
  }

  if (dynamic_message_factory_ == NULL) {
    dynamic_message_factory_.reset(new DynamicMessageFactory());
  }
  data->reset(dynamic_message_factory_->GetPrototype(desc)->New());
  std::string serialized_value = reflection->GetString(any, value_field);
  if (!(*data)->ParsePartialFromString(serialized_value)) {
    GOOGLE_DLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to parse value for " << full_type_name;
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool MessageDifferencer::CompareUnknownFields(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const UnknownFieldSet& unknown_field_set1,
    const UnknownFieldSet& unknown_field_set2,
    std::vector<SpecificField>* parent_field) {
  // Ignore unknown fields in EQUIVALENT mode.
  if (message_field_comparison_ == EQUIVALENT) return true;

  if (unknown_field_set1.empty() && unknown_field_set2.empty()) {
    return true;
  }

  bool is_different = false;

  // We first sort the unknown fields by field number and type (in other words,
  // in tag order), making sure to preserve ordering of values with the same
  // tag.  This allows us to report only meaningful differences between the
  // two sets -- that is, differing values for the same tag.  We use
  // IndexUnknownFieldPairs to keep track of the field's original index for
  // reporting purposes.
  std::vector<IndexUnknownFieldPair> fields1;  // unknown_field_set1, sorted
  std::vector<IndexUnknownFieldPair> fields2;  // unknown_field_set2, sorted
  fields1.reserve(unknown_field_set1.field_count());
  fields2.reserve(unknown_field_set2.field_count());

  for (int i = 0; i < unknown_field_set1.field_count(); i++) {
    fields1.push_back(std::make_pair(i, &unknown_field_set1.field(i)));
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < unknown_field_set2.field_count(); i++) {
    fields2.push_back(std::make_pair(i, &unknown_field_set2.field(i)));
  }

  UnknownFieldOrdering is_before;
  std::stable_sort(fields1.begin(), fields1.end(), is_before);
  std::stable_sort(fields2.begin(), fields2.end(), is_before);

  // In order to fill in SpecificField::index, we have to keep track of how
  // many values we've seen with the same field number and type.
  // current_repeated points at the first field in this range, and
  // current_repeated_start{1,2} are the indexes of the first field in the
  // range within fields1 and fields2.
  const UnknownField* current_repeated = NULL;
  int current_repeated_start1 = 0;
  int current_repeated_start2 = 0;

  // Now that we have two sorted lists, we can detect fields which appear only
  // in one list or the other by traversing them simultaneously.
  size_t index1 = 0;
  size_t index2 = 0;
  while (index1 < fields1.size() || index2 < fields2.size()) {
    enum {
      ADDITION,
      DELETION,
      MODIFICATION,
      COMPARE_GROUPS,
      NO_CHANGE
    } change_type;

    // focus_field is the field we're currently reporting on.  (In the case
    // of a modification, it's the field on the left side.)
    const UnknownField* focus_field;
    bool match = false;

    if (index2 == fields2.size() ||
        (index1 < fields1.size() &&
         is_before(fields1[index1], fields2[index2]))) {
      // fields1[index1] is not present in fields2.
      change_type = DELETION;
      focus_field = fields1[index1].second;
    } else if (index1 == fields1.size() ||
               is_before(fields2[index2], fields1[index1])) {
      // fields2[index2] is not present in fields1.
      if (scope_ == PARTIAL) {
        // Ignore.
        ++index2;
        continue;
      }
      change_type = ADDITION;
      focus_field = fields2[index2].second;
    } else {
      // Field type and number are the same.  See if the values differ.
      change_type = MODIFICATION;
      focus_field = fields1[index1].second;

      switch (focus_field->type()) {
        case UnknownField::TYPE_VARINT:
          match = fields1[index1].second->varint() ==
                  fields2[index2].second->varint();
          break;
        case UnknownField::TYPE_FIXED32:
          match = fields1[index1].second->fixed32() ==
                  fields2[index2].second->fixed32();
          break;
        case UnknownField::TYPE_FIXED64:
          match = fields1[index1].second->fixed64() ==
                  fields2[index2].second->fixed64();
          break;
        case UnknownField::TYPE_LENGTH_DELIMITED:
          match = fields1[index1].second->length_delimited() ==
                  fields2[index2].second->length_delimited();
          break;
        case UnknownField::TYPE_GROUP:
          // We must deal with this later, after building the SpecificField.
          change_type = COMPARE_GROUPS;
          break;
      }
      if (match && change_type != COMPARE_GROUPS) {
        change_type = NO_CHANGE;
      }
    }

    if (current_repeated == NULL ||
        focus_field->number() != current_repeated->number() ||
        focus_field->type() != current_repeated->type()) {
      // We've started a new repeated field.
      current_repeated = focus_field;
      current_repeated_start1 = index1;
      current_repeated_start2 = index2;
    }

    if (change_type == NO_CHANGE && reporter_ == NULL) {
      // Fields were already compared and matched and we have no reporter.
      ++index1;
      ++index2;
      continue;
    }

    // Build the SpecificField.  This is slightly complicated.
    SpecificField specific_field;
    specific_field.unknown_field_number = focus_field->number();
    specific_field.unknown_field_type = focus_field->type();

    specific_field.unknown_field_set1 = &unknown_field_set1;
    specific_field.unknown_field_set2 = &unknown_field_set2;

    if (change_type != ADDITION) {
      specific_field.unknown_field_index1 = fields1[index1].first;
    }
    if (change_type != DELETION) {
      specific_field.unknown_field_index2 = fields2[index2].first;
    }

    // Calculate the field index.
    if (change_type == ADDITION) {
      specific_field.index = index2 - current_repeated_start2;
      specific_field.new_index = index2 - current_repeated_start2;
    } else {
      specific_field.index = index1 - current_repeated_start1;
      specific_field.new_index = index2 - current_repeated_start2;
    }

    if (IsUnknownFieldIgnored(message1, message2, specific_field,
                              *parent_field)) {
      if (report_ignores_ && reporter_ != NULL) {
        parent_field->push_back(specific_field);
        reporter_->ReportUnknownFieldIgnored(message1, message2, *parent_field);
        parent_field->pop_back();
      }
      if (change_type != ADDITION) ++index1;
      if (change_type != DELETION) ++index2;
      continue;
    }

    if (change_type == ADDITION || change_type == DELETION ||
        change_type == MODIFICATION) {
      if (reporter_ == NULL) {
        // We found a difference and we have no reporter.
        return false;
      }
      is_different = true;
    }

    parent_field->push_back(specific_field);

    switch (change_type) {
      case ADDITION:
        reporter_->ReportAdded(message1, message2, *parent_field);
        ++index2;
        break;
      case DELETION:
        reporter_->ReportDeleted(message1, message2, *parent_field);
        ++index1;
        break;
      case MODIFICATION:
        reporter_->ReportModified(message1, message2, *parent_field);
        ++index1;
        ++index2;
        break;
      case COMPARE_GROUPS:
        if (!CompareUnknownFields(
                message1, message2, fields1[index1].second->group(),
                fields2[index2].second->group(), parent_field)) {
          if (reporter_ == NULL) return false;
          is_different = true;
          reporter_->ReportModified(message1, message2, *parent_field);
        }
        ++index1;
        ++index2;
        break;
      case NO_CHANGE:
        ++index1;
        ++index2;
        if (report_matches_) {
          reporter_->ReportMatched(message1, message2, *parent_field);
        }
    }

    parent_field->pop_back();
  }

  return !is_different;
}

namespace {

// Find maximum bipartite matching using the argumenting path algorithm.
class MaximumMatcher {
 public:
  typedef std::function<bool(int, int)> NodeMatchCallback;
  // MaximumMatcher takes ownership of the passed in callback and uses it to
  // determine whether a node on the left side of the bipartial graph matches
  // a node on the right side. count1 is the number of nodes on the left side
  // of the graph and count2 to is the number of nodes on the right side.
  // Every node is referred to using 0-based indices.
  // If a maximum match is found, the result will be stored in match_list1 and
  // match_list2. match_list1[i] == j means the i-th node on the left side is
  // matched to the j-th node on the right side and match_list2[x] == y means
  // the x-th node on the right side is matched to y-th node on the left side.
  // match_list1[i] == -1 means the node is not matched. Same with match_list2.
  MaximumMatcher(int count1, int count2, NodeMatchCallback callback,
                 std::vector<int>* match_list1, std::vector<int>* match_list2);
  // Find a maximum match and return the number of matched node pairs.
  // If early_return is true, this method will return 0 immediately when it
  // finds that not all nodes on the left side can be matched.
  int FindMaximumMatch(bool early_return);

 private:
  // Determines whether the node on the left side of the bipartial graph
  // matches the one on the right side.
  bool Match(int left, int right);
  // Find an argumenting path starting from the node v on the left side. If a
  // path can be found, update match_list2_ to reflect the path and return
  // true.
  bool FindArgumentPathDFS(int v, std::vector<bool>* visited);

  int count1_;
  int count2_;
  NodeMatchCallback match_callback_;
  std::map<std::pair<int, int>, bool> cached_match_results_;
  std::vector<int>* match_list1_;
  std::vector<int>* match_list2_;
  GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(MaximumMatcher);
};

MaximumMatcher::MaximumMatcher(int count1, int count2,
                               NodeMatchCallback callback,
                               std::vector<int>* match_list1,
                               std::vector<int>* match_list2)
    : count1_(count1),
      count2_(count2),
      match_callback_(std::move(callback)),
      match_list1_(match_list1),
      match_list2_(match_list2) {
  match_list1_->assign(count1, -1);
  match_list2_->assign(count2, -1);
}

int MaximumMatcher::FindMaximumMatch(bool early_return) {
  int result = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < count1_; ++i) {
    std::vector<bool> visited(count1_);
    if (FindArgumentPathDFS(i, &visited)) {
      ++result;
    } else if (early_return) {
      return 0;
    }
  }
  // Backfill match_list1_ as we only filled match_list2_ when finding
  // argumenting paths.
  for (int i = 0; i < count2_; ++i) {
    if ((*match_list2_)[i] != -1) {
      (*match_list1_)[(*match_list2_)[i]] = i;
    }
  }
  return result;
}

bool MaximumMatcher::Match(int left, int right) {
  std::pair<int, int> p(left, right);
  std::map<std::pair<int, int>, bool>::iterator it =
      cached_match_results_.find(p);
  if (it != cached_match_results_.end()) {
    return it->second;
  }
  cached_match_results_[p] = match_callback_(left, right);
  return cached_match_results_[p];
}

bool MaximumMatcher::FindArgumentPathDFS(int v, std::vector<bool>* visited) {
  (*visited)[v] = true;
  // We try to match those un-matched nodes on the right side first. This is
  // the step that the naive greedy matching algorithm uses. In the best cases
  // where the greedy algorithm can find a maximum matching, we will always
  // find a match in this step and the performance will be identical to the
  // greedy algorithm.
  for (int i = 0; i < count2_; ++i) {
    int matched = (*match_list2_)[i];
    if (matched == -1 && Match(v, i)) {
      (*match_list2_)[i] = v;
      return true;
    }
  }
  // Then we try those already matched nodes and see if we can find an
  // alternative match for the node matched to them.
  // The greedy algorithm will stop before this and fail to produce the
  // correct result.
  for (int i = 0; i < count2_; ++i) {
    int matched = (*match_list2_)[i];
    if (matched != -1 && Match(v, i)) {
      if (!(*visited)[matched] && FindArgumentPathDFS(matched, visited)) {
        (*match_list2_)[i] = v;
        return true;
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

}  // namespace

bool MessageDifferencer::MatchRepeatedFieldIndices(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* repeated_field,
    const MapKeyComparator* key_comparator,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& parent_fields,
    std::vector<int>* match_list1, std::vector<int>* match_list2) {
  const int count1 =
      message1.GetReflection()->FieldSize(message1, repeated_field);
  const int count2 =
      message2.GetReflection()->FieldSize(message2, repeated_field);
  const bool is_treated_as_smart_set = IsTreatedAsSmartSet(repeated_field);

  match_list1->assign(count1, -1);
  match_list2->assign(count2, -1);
  // Ensure that we don't report differences during the matching process. Since
  // field comparators could potentially use this message differencer object to
  // perform further comparisons, turn off reporting here and re-enable it
  // before returning.
  Reporter* reporter = reporter_;
  reporter_ = NULL;
  NumDiffsReporter num_diffs_reporter;
  std::vector<int32_t> num_diffs_list1;
  if (is_treated_as_smart_set) {
    num_diffs_list1.assign(count1, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
  }

  bool success = true;
  // Find potential match if this is a special repeated field.
  if (scope_ == PARTIAL) {
    // When partial matching is enabled, Compare(a, b) && Compare(a, c)
    // doesn't necessarily imply Compare(b, c). Therefore a naive greedy
    // algorithm will fail to find a maximum matching.
    // Here we use the augmenting path algorithm.
    auto callback = [&](int i1, int i2) {
      return IsMatch(repeated_field, key_comparator, &message1, &message2,
                     parent_fields, nullptr, i1, i2);
    };
    MaximumMatcher matcher(count1, count2, std::move(callback), match_list1,
                           match_list2);
    // If diff info is not needed, we should end the matching process as
    // soon as possible if not all items can be matched.
    bool early_return = (reporter == nullptr);
    int match_count = matcher.FindMaximumMatch(early_return);
    if (match_count != count1 && early_return) return false;
    success = success && (match_count == count1);
  } else {
    int start_offset = 0;
    // If the two repeated fields are treated as sets, optimize for the case
    // where both start with same items stored in the same order.
    if (IsTreatedAsSet(repeated_field) || is_treated_as_smart_set ||
        IsTreatedAsSmartList(repeated_field)) {
      start_offset = std::min(count1, count2);
      for (int i = 0; i < count1 && i < count2; i++) {
        if (IsMatch(repeated_field, key_comparator, &message1, &message2,
                    parent_fields, nullptr, i, i)) {
          match_list1->at(i) = i;
          match_list2->at(i) = i;
        } else {
          start_offset = i;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    for (int i = start_offset; i < count1; ++i) {
      // Indicates any matched elements for this repeated field.
      bool match = false;
      int matched_j = -1;

      for (int j = start_offset; j < count2; j++) {
        if (match_list2->at(j) != -1) {
          if (!is_treated_as_smart_set || num_diffs_list1[i] == 0 ||
              num_diffs_list1[match_list2->at(j)] == 0) {
            continue;
          }
        }

        if (is_treated_as_smart_set) {
          num_diffs_reporter.Reset();
          match = IsMatch(repeated_field, key_comparator, &message1, &message2,
                          parent_fields, &num_diffs_reporter, i, j);
        } else {
          match = IsMatch(repeated_field, key_comparator, &message1, &message2,
                          parent_fields, nullptr, i, j);
        }

        if (is_treated_as_smart_set) {
          if (match) {
            num_diffs_list1[i] = 0;
          } else if (repeated_field->cpp_type() ==
                     FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE) {
            // Replace with the one with fewer diffs.
            const int32_t num_diffs = num_diffs_reporter.GetNumDiffs();
            if (num_diffs < num_diffs_list1[i]) {
              // If j has been already matched to some element, ensure the
              // current num_diffs is smaller.
              if (match_list2->at(j) == -1 ||
                  num_diffs < num_diffs_list1[match_list2->at(j)]) {
                num_diffs_list1[i] = num_diffs;
                match = true;
              }
            }
          }
        }

        if (match) {
          matched_j = j;
          if (!is_treated_as_smart_set || num_diffs_list1[i] == 0) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      match = (matched_j != -1);
      if (match) {
        if (is_treated_as_smart_set && match_list2->at(matched_j) != -1) {
          // This is to revert the previously matched index in list2.
          match_list1->at(match_list2->at(matched_j)) = -1;
          match = false;
        }
        match_list1->at(i) = matched_j;
        match_list2->at(matched_j) = i;
      }
      if (!match && reporter == nullptr) return false;
      success = success && match;
    }
  }

  if (IsTreatedAsSmartList(repeated_field)) {
    match_indices_for_smart_list_callback_(match_list1, match_list2);
  }

  reporter_ = reporter;

  return success;
}

FieldComparator::ComparisonResult MessageDifferencer::GetFieldComparisonResult(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const FieldDescriptor* field, int index1, int index2,
    const FieldContext* field_context) {
  FieldComparator* comparator = field_comparator_kind_ == kFCBase
                                    ? field_comparator_.base
                                    : field_comparator_.default_impl;
  return comparator->Compare(message1, message2, field, index1, index2,
                             field_context);
}

// ===========================================================================

MessageDifferencer::Reporter::Reporter() {}
MessageDifferencer::Reporter::~Reporter() {}

// ===========================================================================

MessageDifferencer::MapKeyComparator::MapKeyComparator() {}
MessageDifferencer::MapKeyComparator::~MapKeyComparator() {}

// ===========================================================================

MessageDifferencer::IgnoreCriteria::IgnoreCriteria() {}
MessageDifferencer::IgnoreCriteria::~IgnoreCriteria() {}

// ===========================================================================

// Note that the printer's delimiter is not used, because if we are given a
// printer, we don't know its delimiter.
MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::StreamReporter(
    io::ZeroCopyOutputStream* output)
    : printer_(new io::Printer(output, '$')),
      delete_printer_(true),
      report_modified_aggregates_(false),
      message1_(nullptr),
      message2_(nullptr) {}

MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::StreamReporter(io::Printer* printer)
    : printer_(printer),
      delete_printer_(false),
      report_modified_aggregates_(false),
      message1_(nullptr),
      message2_(nullptr) {}

MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::~StreamReporter() {
  if (delete_printer_) delete printer_;
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::PrintPath(
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path, bool left_side) {
  for (size_t i = 0; i < field_path.size(); ++i) {
    SpecificField specific_field = field_path[i];

    if (specific_field.field != nullptr &&
        specific_field.field->name() == "value") {
      // check to see if this the value label of a map value.  If so, skip it
      // because it isn't meaningful
      if (i > 0 && field_path[i - 1].field->is_map()) {
        continue;
      }
    }
    if (i > 0) {
      printer_->Print(".");
    }
    if (specific_field.field != NULL) {
      if (specific_field.field->is_extension()) {
        printer_->Print("($name$)", "name", specific_field.field->full_name());
      } else {
        printer_->PrintRaw(specific_field.field->name());
      }

      if (specific_field.field->is_map()) {
        PrintMapKey(left_side, specific_field);
        continue;
      }
    } else {
      printer_->PrintRaw(StrCat(specific_field.unknown_field_number));
    }
    if (left_side && specific_field.index >= 0) {
      printer_->Print("[$name$]", "name", StrCat(specific_field.index));
    }
    if (!left_side && specific_field.new_index >= 0) {
      printer_->Print("[$name$]", "name",
                      StrCat(specific_field.new_index));
    }
  }
}


void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::PrintValue(
    const Message& message, const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path,
    bool left_side) {
  const SpecificField& specific_field = field_path.back();
  const FieldDescriptor* field = specific_field.field;
  if (field != NULL) {
    std::string output;
    int index = left_side ? specific_field.index : specific_field.new_index;
    if (field->cpp_type() == FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE) {
      const Reflection* reflection = message.GetReflection();
      const Message& field_message =
          field->is_repeated()
              ? reflection->GetRepeatedMessage(message, field, index)
              : reflection->GetMessage(message, field);
      const FieldDescriptor* fd = nullptr;

      if (field->is_map() && message1_ != nullptr && message2_ != nullptr) {
        fd = field_message.GetDescriptor()->field(1);
        if (fd->cpp_type() == FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE) {
          output = PrintShortTextFormat(
              field_message.GetReflection()->GetMessage(field_message, fd));
        } else {
          TextFormat::PrintFieldValueToString(field_message, fd, -1, &output);
        }
      } else {
        output = PrintShortTextFormat(field_message);
      }
      if (output.empty()) {
        printer_->Print("{ }");
      } else {
        if ((fd != nullptr) &&
            (fd->cpp_type() != FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE)) {
          printer_->PrintRaw(output);
        } else {
          printer_->Print("{ $name$ }", "name", output);
        }
      }
    } else {
      TextFormat::PrintFieldValueToString(message, field, index, &output);
      printer_->PrintRaw(output);
    }
  } else {
    const UnknownFieldSet* unknown_fields =
        (left_side ? specific_field.unknown_field_set1
                   : specific_field.unknown_field_set2);
    const UnknownField* unknown_field =
        &unknown_fields->field(left_side ? specific_field.unknown_field_index1
                                         : specific_field.unknown_field_index2);
    PrintUnknownFieldValue(unknown_field);
  }
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::PrintUnknownFieldValue(
    const UnknownField* unknown_field) {
  GOOGLE_CHECK(unknown_field != NULL) << " Cannot print NULL unknown_field.";

  std::string output;
  switch (unknown_field->type()) {
    case UnknownField::TYPE_VARINT:
      output = StrCat(unknown_field->varint());
      break;
    case UnknownField::TYPE_FIXED32:
      output = StrCat(
          "0x", strings::Hex(unknown_field->fixed32(), strings::ZERO_PAD_8));
      break;
    case UnknownField::TYPE_FIXED64:
      output = StrCat(
          "0x", strings::Hex(unknown_field->fixed64(), strings::ZERO_PAD_16));
      break;
    case UnknownField::TYPE_LENGTH_DELIMITED:
      output = StringPrintf(
          "\"%s\"", CEscape(unknown_field->length_delimited()).c_str());
      break;
    case UnknownField::TYPE_GROUP:
      // TODO(kenton):  Print the contents of the group like we do for
      //   messages.  Requires an equivalent of ShortDebugString() for
      //   UnknownFieldSet.
      output = "{ ... }";
      break;
  }
  printer_->PrintRaw(output);
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::Print(const std::string& str) {
  printer_->Print(str.c_str());
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::PrintMapKey(
    bool left_side, const SpecificField& specific_field) {
  if (message1_ == nullptr || message2_ == nullptr) {
    GOOGLE_LOG(INFO) << "PrintPath cannot log map keys; "
                 "use SetMessages to provide the messages "
                 "being compared prior to any processing.";
    return;
  }

  const Message* found_message =
      left_side ? specific_field.map_entry1 : specific_field.map_entry2;
  std::string key_string = "";
  if (found_message != nullptr) {
    // NB: the map key is always the first field
    const FieldDescriptor* fd = found_message->GetDescriptor()->field(0);
    if (fd->cpp_type() == FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_STRING) {
      // Not using PrintFieldValueToString for strings to avoid extra
      // characters
      key_string = found_message->GetReflection()->GetString(
          *found_message, found_message->GetDescriptor()->field(0));
    } else {
      TextFormat::PrintFieldValueToString(*found_message, fd, -1, &key_string);
    }
    if (key_string.empty()) {
      key_string = "''";
    }
    printer_->PrintRaw(StrCat("[", key_string, "]"));
  }
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportAdded(
    const Message& /*message1*/, const Message& message2,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  printer_->Print("added: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, false);
  printer_->Print(": ");
  PrintValue(message2, field_path, false);
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines.
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportDeleted(
    const Message& message1, const Message& /*message2*/,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  printer_->Print("deleted: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, true);
  printer_->Print(": ");
  PrintValue(message1, field_path, true);
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportModified(
    const Message& message1, const Message& message2,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  if (!report_modified_aggregates_ && field_path.back().field == NULL) {
    if (field_path.back().unknown_field_type == UnknownField::TYPE_GROUP) {
      // Any changes to the subfields have already been printed.
      return;
    }
  } else if (!report_modified_aggregates_) {
    if (field_path.back().field->cpp_type() ==
        FieldDescriptor::CPPTYPE_MESSAGE) {
      // Any changes to the subfields have already been printed.
      return;
    }
  }

  printer_->Print("modified: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, true);
  if (CheckPathChanged(field_path)) {
    printer_->Print(" -> ");
    PrintPath(field_path, false);
  }
  printer_->Print(": ");
  PrintValue(message1, field_path, true);
  printer_->Print(" -> ");
  PrintValue(message2, field_path, false);
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines.
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportMoved(
    const Message& message1, const Message& /*message2*/,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  printer_->Print("moved: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, true);
  printer_->Print(" -> ");
  PrintPath(field_path, false);
  printer_->Print(" : ");
  PrintValue(message1, field_path, true);
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines.
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportMatched(
    const Message& message1, const Message& /*message2*/,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  printer_->Print("matched: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, true);
  if (CheckPathChanged(field_path)) {
    printer_->Print(" -> ");
    PrintPath(field_path, false);
  }
  printer_->Print(" : ");
  PrintValue(message1, field_path, true);
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines.
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportIgnored(
    const Message& /*message1*/, const Message& /*message2*/,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  printer_->Print("ignored: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, true);
  if (CheckPathChanged(field_path)) {
    printer_->Print(" -> ");
    PrintPath(field_path, false);
  }
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines.
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::SetMessages(const Message& message1,
                                                     const Message& message2) {
  message1_ = &message1;
  message2_ = &message2;
}

void MessageDifferencer::StreamReporter::ReportUnknownFieldIgnored(
    const Message& /*message1*/, const Message& /*message2*/,
    const std::vector<SpecificField>& field_path) {
  printer_->Print("ignored: ");
  PrintPath(field_path, true);
  if (CheckPathChanged(field_path)) {
    printer_->Print(" -> ");
    PrintPath(field_path, false);
  }
  printer_->Print("\n");  // Print for newlines.
}

MessageDifferencer::MapKeyComparator*
MessageDifferencer::CreateMultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator(
    const std::vector<std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*> >& key_field_paths) {
  return new MultipleFieldsMapKeyComparator(this, key_field_paths);
}

}  // namespace util
}  // namespace protobuf
}  // namespace google