docs/Roadmap.md - platform/ndk - Git at Google

 # NDK Roadmap

 **Note**: If there's anything you want to see done in the NDK, [file a bug]!
 Nothing here is set in stone, and if there's something that we haven't thought
 of that would be of more use, we'd be happy to adjust our plans for that.

 [file a bug]: https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues

 **Disclaimer**: Everything here is subject to change. The further the plans are
 in the future, the less stable they will be. Things in the upcoming release are
 fairly certain, and the second release is quite likely. Beyond that, anything
 written here is what we would like to accomplish in that release assuming things
 have gone according to plan until then.

 **Note**: For release timing, see our [release schedule] on our wiki.

 [release schedule]: https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/wiki#release-schedule

 ---

 ## Regular maintenance

 Every NDK release aims to include a new toolchain, new headers, and a new
 version of libc++.

 We also maintain [GitHub Projects](https://github.com/android/ndk/projects)
 to track the bugs we intend to fix in any given NDK release.

 ### Toolchain updates

 The NDK and the Android OS use the same toolchain. Android's toolchain team is
 constantly working on updating to the latest upstream LLVM for the OS. It can
 take a long time to investigate issues when compiling -- or issues that the
 newer compiler finds in -- OS code or OEM code, for all 4 supported
 architectures, so these updates usually take a few months.

 Even then, a new OS toolchain may not be good enough for the NDK. In the OS, we
 can work around compiler bugs by changing our code, but for the NDK we want to
 make compiler updates cause as little disruption as possible. We also don't want
 to perform a full compiler update late in the NDK release cycle for the sake of
 stability.

 The aim is that each NDK will have a new toolchain that's as up to date as
 feasible without sacrificing stability, but we err on the side of stability when
 we have to make a choice. If an NDK release doesn't include a new compiler, or
 that compiler isn't as new as you'd hoped, trust us --- you wouldn't want
 anything newer that we have just yet!

 ## Current work

 Most of the team's work is currently focused outside the NDK proper, so while
 the NDK release notes may seem a bit sparse, there are still plenty of
 improvements coming for NDK users:

 * Improving NDK and Android Gradle Plugin documentation.
 * Improving the OS (in particular the linker).
 * Working with the Android frameworks teams to get new NDK APIs.
 * Improving tooling for third-party packages via ndkports:
   * Auto-update packages
   * Automated testing
   * More packages
 * Workflow improvements to decrease the costs of regular maintenance.

 ### Apple M1

 https://github.com/android/ndk/issues/1299

 Migration of all the tools involved in an NDK build to be fat binaries will land
 over the course of a few releases. LLVM was shipped as universal binaries in
 r23b, and the rest of the tools are expected to move in r24. Further backports
 to r23 are unclear because they may risk destabilizing the release.

 ### TSan

 https://github.com/android/ndk/issues/1041

 Port thread sanitizer for use with NDK apps, especially in unit/integration
 tests.

 ### Testing tools

 Add [GTestJNI] to Jetpack to allow exposing native tests to AGP as JUnit tests.

 [GTestJNI]: https://github.com/danalbert/GTestJNI

 ### More automated libc++ updates

 We still need to update libc++ twice: once for the platform, and once
 for the NDK. We also still have two separate test runners. We're consolidating
 all of these in one place (the toolchain) so that all LLVM updates include
 libc++ updates.

 ### Jetpack

 We're working with the Jetpack team to build the infrastructure needed to start
 producing C++ Jetpack libraries. Once that's done we can start using Jetpack to
 ship helper libraries like libnativehelper, or C++ wrappers for the platform's C
 APIs. Wrappers for NDK APIs would also be able to, in some cases, backport
 support for APIs to older releases.

 ## Future work

 The following projects are listed in order of their current priority.

 Note that some of these projects do not actually affect the contents of the NDK
 package. The samples, documentation, etc are all NDK work but are separate from
 the NDK package. As such they will not appear in any specific release, but are
 noted here to show where the team's time is being spent.

 ---

 ## Unscheduled Work

 The following projects are things we intend to do, but have not yet been
 scheduled into the sections above.

 ### Improve automation in ndkports so we can take on more packages

 Before we can take on maintenance for additional packages we need to improve the
 tooling for ndkports. Automation for package updates, testing, and the release
 process would make it possible to expand.

 ### Better documentation

 We should probably add basic doc comments to the bionic headers:

 * One-sentence summary.
 * One paragraph listing any Android differences. (Perhaps worth upstreaming this
   to man7.org too.)
 * Explain any "flags" arguments (at least giving some idea of which flags)?
 * Explain the return value: what does a `char*` point to? Who owns it? Are
   errors -1 (as for most functions) or `<errno.h>` values (for
   `pthread_mutex_lock`)?
 * A "See also" pointing to man7.org?

 Should these be in the NDK API reference too? If so, how will we keep
 them from swamping the "real" NDK API?

 vim is ready, Android Studio now supports doxygen comments (but seems
 to have gained a new man page viewer that takes precedence),
 and Visual Studio Code has nothing but feature requests.

 Beyond writing the documentation, we also should invest some time in improving
 the presentation of the NDK API reference on developer.android.com.

 ### Better samples

 The samples are low-quality and don't necessarily cover interesting/difficult
 topics.

 ### Better tools for improving code quality

 The NDK has long included `gtest` and clang supports various sanitiziers,
 but there are things we can do to improve the state of testing/code quality:

 * Test coverage support.

 ### C++ wrappers for NDK APIs

 NDK APIs are C-only for ABI stability reasons.

 We should offer C++ wrappers as part of an NDK support library (possibly as part
 of Jetpack), even if only to offer the benefits of RAII.  Examples include
 [Bitmap](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/822),
 [ATrace](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/821), and
 [ASharedMemory](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/820).

 ### JNI helpers

 Complaints about basic JNI handling are common. We should make libnativehelper
 available as an AAR.

 ### NDK icu4c wrapper

 For serious i18n, `icu4c` is too big too bundle, and non-trivial to use
 the platform. We have a C API wrapper prototype, but we need to make it
 easily available for NDK users.

 ### Weak symbols for API additions

 iOS developers are used to using weak symbols to refer to function that
 may be present in their equivalent of `targetSdkVersion` but not in their
 `minSdkVersion`. We could potentially do something similar. See
 [issue 1003](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/1003).

 ### Make the sysroot a separately installable SDK package

 The sysroot in the NDK is currently inherently a part of the NDK because it
 includes libc++ as well as some versioned artifacts like the CRT objects (with
 the ELF note identifying the NDK version that produced them) and
 `android/ndk-version.h`. Moving libc++ to the toolchain solves that coupling,
 and the others are probably tractable.

 While we'd always include the latest stable sysroot in the NDK toolchain so that
 it works out of the box, allowing the sysroot to be provided as a separate SDK
 package makes it easier for users to get new APIs without getting a new
 toolchain (via `compileSdkVersion` the same way it works for Java) and also
 easier for us to ship sysroot updates for preview API levels because they would
 no longer require a full NDK release.

 ### LSan

 Leak sanitizer has not been ported for use with Android apps but would be
 helpful to app developers in tracking down memory leaks.

 ### Portable NDK

 The Linux NDK is currently dependent on the version of glibc it was built with.
 To keep the NDK compatible with as many distributions as possible we build
 against a very old version of glibc, but there are still distros that we are
 incompatible with (especially distros that use an alternative libc!). We could
 potentially solve this by statically linking all our dependencies and/or by
 switching from glibc to musl. Not all binaries can be static executables because
 they require dlopen for plugin interfaces (even if our toolchain doesn't
 currently attempt to support user-provided compiler plugins, Polly is
 distributed this way, and we may want to offer such support in the future) so
 there are still some open questions.

 ### rr debugger

 https://rr-project.org/ is a C/C++ debugger that supports replay debugging. We
 should investigate what is required to support that for Android.

 ---

 ## Historical releases

 Full [history] is available, but this section summarizes major changes
 in recent releases.

 [history]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads/revision_history.html

 ### NDK r25

 Significantly reduced the size of the NDK. Reverted to older CMake toolchain
 behavior to improve build reliability.

 ### NDK r24

 Neon is now enabled for all armeabi-v7a libraries, improving performance for
 those apps, but dropping Tegra 2 support as a result. Removed support for
 building RenderScript, which was deprecated in Android 12. Removed obsolete GNU
 assembler and GDB. Minimum OS support raised to API 19.

 ### NDK r23

 Migrated all ABIs from libgcc to the LLVM unwinder and libclang_rt. Finished
 migration to LLVM binutils from GNU binutils (with the exception of `as`, which
 remains for one more release). Integrated upstream and NDK CMake support.

 ### NDK r22

 Updated toolchain and libc++. libc++ now supports `std::filesystem`. Make
 updated to 4.3. LLDB included and usable (via `--lldb`) with ndk-gdb. Replaced
 remaining GNU binutils tools with LLVM tools, deprecated GNU binutils. LLD is
 now the default.

 ### Package management

 We shipped [Prefab] and the accompanying support for the Android Gradle Plugin
 to support native dependencies. AGP 4.0 includes the support for importing these
 packages, and 4.1 includes the support for creating AARs that support them.

 We also maintain a few packages as part of [ndkports]. Currently curl, OpenSSL,
 JsonCpp, and GoogleTest (includes GoogleMock).

 [Prefab]: https://github.com/google/prefab
 [ndkports]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/tools/ndkports/

 ### NDK r21 LTS

 Updated Clang, LLD, libc++, make, and GDB. Much better LLD behavior on Windows.
 32-bit Windows support removed. Neon by default for all API levels. OpenMP now
 available as both a static and shared library.

 ### NDK r20

 Updated Clang and libc++, added Q APIs. Improved out-of-the-box Clang behavior.

 ### NDK r19

 Reorganized the toolchain packaging and modified Clang so that standalone
 toolchains are now unnecessary. Clang can now be invoked directly from its
 installed location in the NDK.

 C++ compilation defaults to C++14.

 ### NDK r18

 Removed GCC and gnustl/stlport. Added lld.

 Added `compile_commands.json` for better tooling support.

 ### NDK r17

 Defaulted to libc++.

 Removed ARMv5 (armeabi), MIPS, and MIPS64.

 ### NDK r16

 Fixed libandroid\_support, libc++ now the recommended STL (but still
 not the default).

 Removed non-unified headers.

 ### NDK r15

 Defaulted to [unified headers] (opt-out).

 Removed support for API levels lower than 14 (Android 4.0).

 ### NDK r14

 Added [unified headers] (opt-in).

 [unified headers]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/UnifiedHeaders.md

 ### NDK r13

 Added [simpleperf].

 [simpleperf]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/simpleperf.html

 ### NDK r12

 Removed [armeabi-v7a-hard].

 Removed support for API levels lower than 9 (Android 2.3).

 [armeabi-v7a-hard]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/ndk-r12-release/docs/HardFloatAbi.md
	# NDK Roadmap

	Note: If there's anything you want to see done in the NDK, [file a bug]!
	Nothing here is set in stone, and if there's something that we haven't thought
	of that would be of more use, we'd be happy to adjust our plans for that.

	[file a bug]: https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues

	Disclaimer: Everything here is subject to change. The further the plans are
	in the future, the less stable they will be. Things in the upcoming release are
	fairly certain, and the second release is quite likely. Beyond that, anything
	written here is what we would like to accomplish in that release assuming things
	have gone according to plan until then.

	Note: For release timing, see our [release schedule] on our wiki.

	[release schedule]: https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/wiki#release-schedule

	---

	## Regular maintenance

	Every NDK release aims to include a new toolchain, new headers, and a new
	version of libc++.

	We also maintain [GitHub Projects](https://github.com/android/ndk/projects)
	to track the bugs we intend to fix in any given NDK release.

	### Toolchain updates

	The NDK and the Android OS use the same toolchain. Android's toolchain team is
	constantly working on updating to the latest upstream LLVM for the OS. It can
	take a long time to investigate issues when compiling -- or issues that the
	newer compiler finds in -- OS code or OEM code, for all 4 supported
	architectures, so these updates usually take a few months.

	Even then, a new OS toolchain may not be good enough for the NDK. In the OS, we
	can work around compiler bugs by changing our code, but for the NDK we want to
	make compiler updates cause as little disruption as possible. We also don't want
	to perform a full compiler update late in the NDK release cycle for the sake of
	stability.

	The aim is that each NDK will have a new toolchain that's as up to date as
	feasible without sacrificing stability, but we err on the side of stability when
	we have to make a choice. If an NDK release doesn't include a new compiler, or
	that compiler isn't as new as you'd hoped, trust us --- you wouldn't want
	anything newer that we have just yet!

	## Current work

	Most of the team's work is currently focused outside the NDK proper, so while
	the NDK release notes may seem a bit sparse, there are still plenty of
	improvements coming for NDK users:

	* Improving NDK and Android Gradle Plugin documentation.
	* Improving the OS (in particular the linker).
	* Working with the Android frameworks teams to get new NDK APIs.
	* Improving tooling for third-party packages via ndkports:
	* Auto-update packages
	* Automated testing
	* More packages
	* Workflow improvements to decrease the costs of regular maintenance.

	### Apple M1

	https://github.com/android/ndk/issues/1299

	Migration of all the tools involved in an NDK build to be fat binaries will land
	over the course of a few releases. LLVM was shipped as universal binaries in
	r23b, and the rest of the tools are expected to move in r24. Further backports
	to r23 are unclear because they may risk destabilizing the release.

	### TSan

	https://github.com/android/ndk/issues/1041

	Port thread sanitizer for use with NDK apps, especially in unit/integration
	tests.

	### Testing tools

	Add [GTestJNI] to Jetpack to allow exposing native tests to AGP as JUnit tests.

	[GTestJNI]: https://github.com/danalbert/GTestJNI

	### More automated libc++ updates

	We still need to update libc++ twice: once for the platform, and once
	for the NDK. We also still have two separate test runners. We're consolidating
	all of these in one place (the toolchain) so that all LLVM updates include
	libc++ updates.

	### Jetpack

	We're working with the Jetpack team to build the infrastructure needed to start
	producing C++ Jetpack libraries. Once that's done we can start using Jetpack to
	ship helper libraries like libnativehelper, or C++ wrappers for the platform's C
	APIs. Wrappers for NDK APIs would also be able to, in some cases, backport
	support for APIs to older releases.

	## Future work

	The following projects are listed in order of their current priority.

	Note that some of these projects do not actually affect the contents of the NDK
	package. The samples, documentation, etc are all NDK work but are separate from
	the NDK package. As such they will not appear in any specific release, but are
	noted here to show where the team's time is being spent.

	---

	## Unscheduled Work

	The following projects are things we intend to do, but have not yet been
	scheduled into the sections above.

	### Improve automation in ndkports so we can take on more packages

	Before we can take on maintenance for additional packages we need to improve the
	tooling for ndkports. Automation for package updates, testing, and the release
	process would make it possible to expand.

	### Better documentation

	We should probably add basic doc comments to the bionic headers:

	* One-sentence summary.
	* One paragraph listing any Android differences. (Perhaps worth upstreaming this
	to man7.org too.)
	* Explain any "flags" arguments (at least giving some idea of which flags)?
	* Explain the return value: what does a `char*` point to? Who owns it? Are
	errors -1 (as for most functions) or `<errno.h>` values (for
	`pthread_mutex_lock`)?
	* A "See also" pointing to man7.org?

	Should these be in the NDK API reference too? If so, how will we keep
	them from swamping the "real" NDK API?

	vim is ready, Android Studio now supports doxygen comments (but seems
	to have gained a new man page viewer that takes precedence),
	and Visual Studio Code has nothing but feature requests.

	Beyond writing the documentation, we also should invest some time in improving
	the presentation of the NDK API reference on developer.android.com.

	### Better samples

	The samples are low-quality and don't necessarily cover interesting/difficult
	topics.

	### Better tools for improving code quality

	The NDK has long included `gtest` and clang supports various sanitiziers,
	but there are things we can do to improve the state of testing/code quality:

	* Test coverage support.

	### C++ wrappers for NDK APIs

	NDK APIs are C-only for ABI stability reasons.

	We should offer C++ wrappers as part of an NDK support library (possibly as part
	of Jetpack), even if only to offer the benefits of RAII. Examples include
	[Bitmap](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/822),
	[ATrace](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/821), and
	[ASharedMemory](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/820).

	### JNI helpers

	Complaints about basic JNI handling are common. We should make libnativehelper
	available as an AAR.

	### NDK icu4c wrapper

	For serious i18n, `icu4c` is too big too bundle, and non-trivial to use
	the platform. We have a C API wrapper prototype, but we need to make it
	easily available for NDK users.

	### Weak symbols for API additions

	iOS developers are used to using weak symbols to refer to function that
	may be present in their equivalent of `targetSdkVersion` but not in their
	`minSdkVersion`. We could potentially do something similar. See
	[issue 1003](https://github.com/android-ndk/ndk/issues/1003).

	### Make the sysroot a separately installable SDK package

	The sysroot in the NDK is currently inherently a part of the NDK because it
	includes libc++ as well as some versioned artifacts like the CRT objects (with
	the ELF note identifying the NDK version that produced them) and
	`android/ndk-version.h`. Moving libc++ to the toolchain solves that coupling,
	and the others are probably tractable.

	While we'd always include the latest stable sysroot in the NDK toolchain so that
	it works out of the box, allowing the sysroot to be provided as a separate SDK
	package makes it easier for users to get new APIs without getting a new
	toolchain (via `compileSdkVersion` the same way it works for Java) and also
	easier for us to ship sysroot updates for preview API levels because they would
	no longer require a full NDK release.

	### LSan

	Leak sanitizer has not been ported for use with Android apps but would be
	helpful to app developers in tracking down memory leaks.

	### Portable NDK

	The Linux NDK is currently dependent on the version of glibc it was built with.
	To keep the NDK compatible with as many distributions as possible we build
	against a very old version of glibc, but there are still distros that we are
	incompatible with (especially distros that use an alternative libc!). We could
	potentially solve this by statically linking all our dependencies and/or by
	switching from glibc to musl. Not all binaries can be static executables because
	they require dlopen for plugin interfaces (even if our toolchain doesn't
	currently attempt to support user-provided compiler plugins, Polly is
	distributed this way, and we may want to offer such support in the future) so
	there are still some open questions.

	### rr debugger

	https://rr-project.org/ is a C/C++ debugger that supports replay debugging. We
	should investigate what is required to support that for Android.

	---

	## Historical releases

	Full [history] is available, but this section summarizes major changes
	in recent releases.

	[history]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads/revision_history.html

	### NDK r25

	Significantly reduced the size of the NDK. Reverted to older CMake toolchain
	behavior to improve build reliability.

	### NDK r24

	Neon is now enabled for all armeabi-v7a libraries, improving performance for
	those apps, but dropping Tegra 2 support as a result. Removed support for
	building RenderScript, which was deprecated in Android 12. Removed obsolete GNU
	assembler and GDB. Minimum OS support raised to API 19.

	### NDK r23

	Migrated all ABIs from libgcc to the LLVM unwinder and libclang_rt. Finished
	migration to LLVM binutils from GNU binutils (with the exception of `as`, which
	remains for one more release). Integrated upstream and NDK CMake support.

	### NDK r22

	Updated toolchain and libc++. libc++ now supports `std::filesystem`. Make
	updated to 4.3. LLDB included and usable (via `--lldb`) with ndk-gdb. Replaced
	remaining GNU binutils tools with LLVM tools, deprecated GNU binutils. LLD is
	now the default.

	### Package management

	We shipped [Prefab] and the accompanying support for the Android Gradle Plugin
	to support native dependencies. AGP 4.0 includes the support for importing these
	packages, and 4.1 includes the support for creating AARs that support them.

	We also maintain a few packages as part of [ndkports]. Currently curl, OpenSSL,
	JsonCpp, and GoogleTest (includes GoogleMock).

	[Prefab]: https://github.com/google/prefab
	[ndkports]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/tools/ndkports/

	### NDK r21 LTS

	Updated Clang, LLD, libc++, make, and GDB. Much better LLD behavior on Windows.
	32-bit Windows support removed. Neon by default for all API levels. OpenMP now
	available as both a static and shared library.

	### NDK r20

	Updated Clang and libc++, added Q APIs. Improved out-of-the-box Clang behavior.

	### NDK r19

	Reorganized the toolchain packaging and modified Clang so that standalone
	toolchains are now unnecessary. Clang can now be invoked directly from its
	installed location in the NDK.

	C++ compilation defaults to C++14.

	### NDK r18

	Removed GCC and gnustl/stlport. Added lld.

	Added `compile_commands.json` for better tooling support.

	### NDK r17

	Defaulted to libc++.

	Removed ARMv5 (armeabi), MIPS, and MIPS64.

	### NDK r16

	Fixed libandroid\_support, libc++ now the recommended STL (but still
	not the default).

	Removed non-unified headers.

	### NDK r15

	Defaulted to [unified headers] (opt-out).

	Removed support for API levels lower than 14 (Android 4.0).

	### NDK r14

	Added [unified headers] (opt-in).

	[unified headers]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/UnifiedHeaders.md

	### NDK r13

	Added [simpleperf].

	[simpleperf]: https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/simpleperf.html

	### NDK r12

	Removed [armeabi-v7a-hard].

	Removed support for API levels lower than 9 (Android 2.3).

	[armeabi-v7a-hard]: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/ndk-r12-release/docs/HardFloatAbi.md