Revert "Merge java.lang.StrictMath from jdk-25+26 into the goog/main branch"

This reverts commit 74caa38f7f0a55a9a4ce2e3b103eef6774e530fe.

Reason for revert:  Droidmonitor initiated the revert due to http://b/442831244. Will be verifying through ABTD before submission.

Fix: 442831244

Bug: 439527159
Change-Id: I62d0cb050f1c2cbca5007e46a268e7f2a726aa41
7 files changed