page.title=Developing In Other IDEs
@jd:body

<div id="qv-wrapper">
<div id="qv">
  <h2>In this document</h2>
  <ol>
    <li><a href="#CreatingAProject">Creating an Android Project</a></li>
    <li><a href="#Signing">Preparing to Sign Your Application</a></li>
    <li><a href="#Building">Building Your Application</a>
      <ol>
        <li><a href="#DebugMode">Building in debug mode</a></li>
        <li><a href="#ReleaseMode">Building in release mode</a></li>
      </ol>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#AVD">Creating an AVD</a></li>
    <li><a href="#Running">Running Your Application</a>
      <ol>
        <li><a href="#RunningOnEmulator">Running on the emulator</a></li>
        <li><a href="#RunningOnDevice">Running on a device</a></li>
      </ol>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#libraryProject">Working with Library Projects</a>
      <ol>
        <li><a href="#libraryReqts">Development requirements</a></li>
        <li><a href="#librarySetup">Setting up a library project</a></li>
        <li><a href="#libraryReference">Referencing a library project</a></li>
        <li><a href="#depAppBuild">Building a dependent application project</a></li>
        <li><a href="#considerations">Development considerations</a></li>
      </ol>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#AttachingADebugger">Attaching a Debugger to Your Application</a></li>
  </ol>

  <h2>See also</h2>
  <ol>
    <li><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/othertools.html#android">android Tool</a></li>
    <li><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/emulator.html">Android Emulator</a></li>
    <li><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/adb.html">Android Debug Bridge</a></li>
  </ol>
</div>
</div>

<p>The recommended way to develop an Android application is to use 
<a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/eclipse-adt.html">Eclipse with the ADT plugin</a>.
The ADT plugin provides editing, building, debugging, and .apk packaging and signing functionality 
integrated right into the IDE.</p>

<p>However, if you'd rather develop your application in another IDE, such as IntelliJ,
or in a basic editor, such as Emacs, you can do that instead. The SDK
includes all the tools you need to set up an Android project, build it, debug it and then
package it for distribution. This document is your guide to using these tools.</p>


<h2 id="EssentialTools">Essential Tools</h2>

<p>When developing in IDEs or editors other than Eclipse, you'll require
familiarity with the following Android SDK tools:</p>

<dl>
  <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/othertools.html#android">android</a></dt>
    <dd>To create/update Android projects and to create/move/delete AVDs.</dd>
  <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/emulator.html">Android Emulator</a></dt>
    <dd>To run your Android applications on an emulated Android platform.</dd>
  <dt><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/adb.html">Android Debug Bridge</a></dt>
    <dd>To interface with your emulator or connected device (install apps,
    shell the device, issue commands, etc.).
    </dd>
</dl>

<p>In addition to the above tools, included with the SDK, you'll use the following
open source and third-party tools:</p>

<dl>
  <dt>Ant</dt>
    <dd>To compile and build your Android project into an installable .apk file.</dd>
  <dt>Keytool</dt>
    <dd>To generate a keystore and private key, used to sign your .apk file.</dd>
  <dt>Jarsigner (or similar signing tool)</dt>
    <dd>To sign your .apk file with a private key generated by keytool.</dd>
</dl>

<p>In the topics that follow, you'll be introduced to each of these tools as necessary.
For more advanced operations, please read the respective documentation for each tool.</p>


<h2 id="CreatingAProject">Creating an Android Project</h2>

<p>To create an Android project, you must use the <code>android</code> tool. When you create
a new project with <code>android</code>, it will generate a project directory
with some default application files, stub files, configuration files and a build file.</p>


<h3 id="CreatingANewProject">Creating a new Project</h3>

<p>If you're starting a new project, use the <code>android create project</code>
command to generate all the necessary files and folders.</p>

<p>To create a new Android project, open a command-line,
navigate to the <code>tools/</code> directory of your SDK and run:</p>
<pre>
android create project \
--target <em>&lt;target_ID&gt;</em> \
--name <em>&lt;your_project_name&gt;</em> \
--path <em>path/to/your/project</em> \
--activity <em>&lt;your_activity_name&gt;</em> \
--package <em>&lt;your_package_namespace&gt;</em>
</pre>

<ul>
  <li><code>target</code> is the "build target" for your application. It corresponds
  to an Android platform library (including any add-ons, such as Google APIs) that you would like to
  build your project against. To see a list of available targets and their corresponding IDs, 
  execute: <code>android list targets</code>.</li>
  <li><code>name</code> is the name for your project. This is optional. If provided, this name will
be used
  for your .apk filename when you build your application.</li>
  <li><code>path</code> is the location of your project directory. If the directory does not exist,
  it will be created for you.</li>
  <li><code>activity</code> is the name for your default {@link android.app.Activity} class. This
class file
  will be created for you inside 
 
<code><em>&lt;path_to_your_project&gt;</em>/src/<em>&lt;your_package_namespace_path&gt;</em>/</code>
.
  This will also be used for your .apk filename unless you provide a the <code>name</code>.</li>
  <li><code>package</code> is the package namespace for your project, following the same rules as
for
  packages in the Java programming language.</li>
</ul>

<p>Here's an example:</p>
<pre>
android create project \
--target 1 \
--name MyAndroidApp \
--path ./MyAndroidAppProject \
--activity MyAndroidAppActivity \
--package com.example.myandroid
</pre>

<p>The tool generates the following files and directories:</p>

<ul>
  <li><code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> - The application manifest file, 
  synced to the specified Activity class for the project.</li>
  <li><code>build.xml</code> - Build file for Ant.</li>
  <li><code>default.properties</code> - Properties for the build system. <em>Do not modify 
  this file</em>.</li>
  <li><code>build.properties</code> - Customizable properties for the build system. You can edit
this
  file to override default build settings used by Ant and provide a pointer to your keystore and key
alias
  so that the build tools can sign your application when built in release mode.</li>
  <li><code>src<em>/your/package/namespace/ActivityName</em>.java</code> - The Activity class 
  you specified during project creation.</li>
  <li><code>bin/</code>  - Output directory for the build script.</li>
  <li><code>gen/</code>  - Holds <code>Ant</code>-generated files, such as <code>R.java</code>.
</li>
  <li><code>libs/</code>  - Holds private libraries.</li>
  <li><code>res/</code>  - Holds project resources.</li>
  <li><code>src/</code>  - Holds source code.</li>
  <li><code>tests/</code>  - Holds a duplicate of all-of-the-above, for testing purposes.</li>
</ul>

<p>Once you've created your project, you're ready to begin development.
You can move your project folder wherever you want for development, but keep in mind
that you must use the <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/adb.html">Android Debug Bridge</a> 
(adb) &mdash; located in the SDK <code>tools/</code> directory &mdash; to send your application 
to the emulator (discussed later). So you need access between your project solution and 
the <code>tools/</code> folder.</p>

<p class="caution"><strong>Caution:</strong> You should refrain from moving the
location of the SDK directory, because this will break the build scripts. (They
will need to be manually updated to reflect the new SDK location before they will
work again.)</p>


<h3 id="UpdatingAProject">Updating a project</h3>

<p>If you're upgrading a project from an older version of the Android SDK or want to create
a new project from existing code, use the
<code>android update project</code> command to update the project to the new development
environment. You can also use this command to revise the build target of an existing project
(with the <code>--target</code> option) and the project name (with the <code>--name</code> 
option). The <code>android</code> tool will generate any files and 
folders (listed in the previous section) that are either missing or need to be updated, 
as needed for the Android project.</p>

<p>To update an existing Android project, open a command-line
and navigate to the <code>tools/</code> directory of your SDK. Now run:</p>
<pre>
android update project --name <em>&lt;project_name&gt;</em> --target <em>&lt;target_ID&gt;</em>
--path <em>&lt;path_to_your_project&gt;</em>
</pre>

<ul>
  <li><code>target</code> is the "build target" for your application. It corresponds to 
  an Android platform library (including any add-ons, such as Google APIs) that you would 
  like to build your project against. To see a list of available targets and their corresponding
IDs,
  execute: <code>android list targets</code>.</li>
  <li><code>path</code> is the location of your project directory.</li>
  <li><code>name</code> is the name for the project. This is optional&mdash;if you're not 
  changing the project name, you don't need this.</li>
</ul>

<p>Here's an example:</p>
<pre>
android update project --name MyApp --target 2 --path ./MyAppProject
</pre>


<h2 id="Signing">Preparing to Sign Your Application</h2>

<p>As you begin developing Android applications, understand that all
Android applications must be digitally signed before the system will install
them on an emulator or device. There are two ways to do this:
with a <em>debug key</em> (for immediate testing on an emulator or development device)
or with a <em>private key</em> (for application distribution).</p>

<p>The Android build tools help you get started by automatically signing your .apk
files with a debug key at build time. This means
that you can compile your application and install it on the emulator without
having to generate your own private key. However, please note that if you intend
to publish your application, you <strong>must</strong> sign the application with your
own private key, rather than the debug key generated by the SDK tools. </p>

<p>Please read <a href="{@docRoot}guide/publishing/app-signing.html">Signing Your
Applications</a>, which provides a thorough guide to application signing on Android
and what it means to you as an Android application developer.</p>


<h2 id="Building">Building Your Application</h2>

<p>There are two ways to build your application: one for testing/debugging your application
&mdash; <em>debug mode</em> &mdash; and one for building your final package for release &mdash; 
<em>release mode</em>. As described in the previous
section, your application must be signed before it can be installed on an emulator
or device.</p>

<p>Whether you're building in debug mode or release mode, you
need to use the Ant tool to compile and build your project. This will create the .apk file
that is installed onto the emulator or device. When you build in debug mode, the .apk
file is automatically signed by the SDK tools with a debug key, so it's instantly ready for
installation
(but only onto an emulator or attached development device).
When you build in release mode, the .apk file is <em>unsigned</em>, so you must manually
sign it with your own private key, using Keytool and Jarsigner.</p>

<p>It's important that you read and understand 
<a href="{@docRoot}guide/publishing/app-signing.html">Signing Your Applications</a>, particularly
once you're ready to release your application and share it with end-users. That document describes
the procedure for generating a private key and then using it to sign your .apk file.
If you're just getting started, however, 
you can quickly run your applications on an emulator or your own development device by building in
debug mode.</p>

<p>If you don't have Ant, you can obtain it from the 
<a href="http://ant.apache.org/">Apache Ant home page</a>. Install it and make
sure it is in your executable PATH. Before calling Ant, you need to declare the JAVA_HOME 
environment variable to specify the path to where the JDK is installed.</p>

<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> When installing JDK on Windows, the default is to install 
in the "Program Files" directory. This location will cause <code>ant</code> to fail, because of 
the space. To fix the problem, you can specify the JAVA_HOME variable like this: 
<code>set JAVA_HOME=c:\Progra~1\Java\&lt;jdkdir&gt;</code>. The easiest solution, however, is to
install JDK in a non-space directory, for example: <code>c:\java\jdk1.6.0_02</code>.</p>


<h3 id="DebugMode">Building in debug mode</h3>

<p>For immediate application testing and debugging, you can build your application 
in debug mode and immediately install it on an emulator. In debug mode, the build tools 
automatically sign your application with a debug key and optimize the package with 
{@code zipalign}. However, you can (and should) also test your
application in release mode. Debug mode simply allows you to run your application without
manually signing the application.</p>

<p>To build in debug mode:</p>

<ol>
  <li>Open a command-line and navigate to the root of your project directory.</li>
  <li>Use Ant to compile your project in debug mode:
    <pre>ant debug</pre>
    <p>This creates your debug .apk file inside the project <code>bin/</code>
    directory, named <code><em>&lt;your_project_name&gt;</em>-debug.apk</code>. The file
    is already signed with the debug key and has been aligned with {@code zipalign}.</p>
  </li>
</ol>

<p>Each time you change a source file or resource, you must run Ant 
again in order to package up the latest version of the application.</p>

<p>To install and run your application on an emulator, see the following section
about <a href="#Running">Running Your Application</a>.</p>


<h3 id="ReleaseMode">Building in release mode</h3>

<p>When you're ready to release and distribute your application to end-users, you must build
your application in release mode. Once you have built in release mode, it's a good idea to perform 
additional testing and debugging with the final .apk.</p>

<p>Before you start building your application in release mode, be aware that you must sign
the resulting application package with your private key, and should then align it using the
{@code zipalign} tool. There are two approaches to building in release mode:
build an unsigned package in release mode and then manually sign and align 
the package, or allow the build script
to sign and align the package for you.</p>

<h4 id="ManualReleaseMode">Build unsigned</h4>

<p>If you build your application <em>unsigned</em>, then you will need to
manually sign and align the package.</p>

<p>To build an <em>unsigned</em> .apk in release mode:</p>

<ol>
  <li>Open a command-line and navigate to the root of your project directory.</li>
  <li>Use Ant to compile your project in release mode:
    <pre>ant release</pre>
  </li>
</ol>

<p>This creates your Android application .apk file inside the project <code>bin/</code>
directory, named <code><em>&lt;your_project_name&gt;</em>-unsigned.apk</code>.</p>
    
<p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> The .apk file is <em>unsigned</em> at this point 
and can't be installed until signed with your private key.</p>

<p>Once you have created the unsigned .apk, your next step is to sign the .apk
with your private key and then align it with {@code zipalign}. To complete this procedure, 
read <a href="{@docRoot}guide/publishing/app-signing.html">Signing Your Applications</a>.</p>

<p>When your .apk has been signed and aligned, it's ready to be distributed to end-users.</p>

<h4 id="AutoReleaseMode">Build signed and aligned</h4>

<p>If you would like, you can configure the Android build script to automatically
sign and align your application package. To do so, you must provide the path to your keystore 
and the name of your key alias in your project's {@code build.properties} file. With this
information provided, the build script will prompt you for your keystore and alias password
when you build in release mode and produce your final application package, which will be ready
for distribution.</p>

<p class="caution"><strong>Caution:</strong> Due to the way Ant handles input, the password that
you enter during the build process <strong>will be visible</strong>. If you are
concerned about your keystore and alias password being visible on screen, then you
may prefer to perform the application signing manually, via Jarsigner (or a similar tool). To
instead
perform the signing procedure manually, <a href="#ManualReleaseMode">build unsigned</a> and then
continue
with <a href="{@docRoot}guide/publishing/app-signing.html">Signing Your Applications</a>.</p>

<p>To specify your keystore and alias, open the project {@code build.properties} file (found in the
root of the project directory) and add entries for {@code key.store} and {@code key.alias}. 
For example:</p>

<pre>
key.store=path/to/my.keystore
key.alias=mykeystore
</pre>

<p>Save your changes. Now you can build a <em>signed</em> .apk in release mode:</p>

<ol>
  <li>Open a command-line and navigate to the root of your project directory.</li>
  <li>Use Ant to compile your project in release mode:
    <pre>ant release</pre>
  </li>
  <li>When prompted, enter you keystore and alias passwords.
    <p class="caution"><strong>Caution:</strong> As described above, 
    your password will be visible on the screen.</p>
  </li>
</ol>

<p>This creates your Android application .apk file inside the project <code>bin/</code>
directory, named <code><em>&lt;your_project_name&gt;</em>-release.apk</code>.
This .apk file has been signed with the private key specified in
{@code build.properties} and aligned with {@code zipalign}. It's ready for 
installation and distribution.</p>


<h4>Once built and signed in release mode</h4>

<p>Once you have signed your application with a private key, you can install it on an 
emulator or device as discussed in the following section about 
<a href="#Running">Running Your Application</a>.
You can also try installing it onto a device from a web server.
Simply upload the signed APK to a web site, then load the .apk URL in your Android web browser to 
download the application and begin installation.
(On your device, be sure you have enabled <em>Settings > Applications > Unknown sources</em>.)</p>


<h2 id="AVD">Creating an AVD</h2>

<p>An Android Virtual Device (AVD) is a device configuration for the emulator that
allows you to model real world devices. In order to run an instance of the emulator, you must create
an AVD.</p>

<p>To create an AVD using the SDK tools:</p>

<ol>
  <li>Navigate to your SDK's <code>tools/</code> directory and execute the {@code android}
tool with no arguments:
    <pre>android</pre>
    <p>This will launch the SDK and AVD Manager GUI.</p>
  </li>
  <li>In the <em>Virtual Devices</em> panel, you'll see a list of existing AVDs. Click
<strong>New</strong>
  to create a new AVD.</li>
  <li>Fill in the details for the AVD.
    <p>Give it a name, a platform target, an SD card size, and
    a skin (HVGA is default).</p>
    <p class="note"><strong>Note:</strong> Be sure to define
    a target for your AVD that satisfies your application's build target (the AVD
    platform target must have an API Level equal to or greater than the API Level that your
application compiles against).</p>
  </li>
  <li>Click <strong>Create AVD</strong>.</li>
</ol>

<p>Your AVD is now ready and you can either close the AVD Manager, create more AVDs, or
launch an emulator with the AVD by clicking <strong>Start</strong>.</p>

<p>For more information about AVDs, read the
<a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/avd.html">Android Virtual Devices</a>
documentation.</p>


<h2 id="Running">Running Your Application</h2>

<div class="sidebox-wrapper">
<div class="sidebox">
<h2>Use the Emulator to Test Different Configurations</h2>
<p>Create multiple AVDs that each define a different device configuration with which your
application is compatible, then launch each AVD into a new emulator from the SDK and AVD Manager.
Set the target mode in your app's run configuration to manual, so that when you run your
application, you can select from the available virtual devices.</p>
</div>
</div>

<p>Running your application on a virtual or real device takes just a couple steps. Remember to
first <a href="#Building">build your application</a>.</p>

<h3 id="RunningOnEmulator">Running on the emulator</h3>

<p>Before you can run your application on the Android Emulator,
you must <a href="#AVD">create an AVD</a>.</p>

<p>To run your application:</p>
<ol>
  <li><strong>Open the SDK and AVD Manager and launch a virtual device</strong></li>
    <p>From your SDK's <code>tools/</code> directory, execute the {@code android} tool with no
arguments:
    <pre>android</pre>
    <p>In the <em>Virtual Devices</em> view, select an AVD and click <strong>Start</strong>.</p>
  </li>

  <li><strong>Install your application</strong>
    <p>From your SDK's <code>tools/</code> directory, install the {@code .apk} on the
emulator:
    <pre>adb install <em>&lt;path_to_your_bin&gt;</em>.apk</pre>
    <p>Your APK file (signed with either a release or debug key) is in your project {@code bin/}
directory after you <a href="#Building">build your application</a>.</p>
    <p>If there is more than one emulator running, you must specify the emulator upon which to
install the application, by its serial number, with the <code>-s</code> option. For example:</p>
    <pre>adb -s emulator-5554 install <em>path/to/your/app</em>.apk</pre>
    <p>To see a list of available device serial numbers, execute {@code adb devices}.</p>
  </li>
</ol>

<p>If you don't see your application on the emulator. Try closing the emulator and launching the
virtual device again from the SDK and AVD Manager. Sometimes when you install an Activity for the
first time, it won't show up in the application launcher or be accessible by other 
applications. This is because the package manager usually examines manifests 
completely only on emulator startup.</p>

<p>Be certain to create multiple AVDs upon which to test your application. You should have one AVD
for each platform and screen type with which your application is compatible. For
instance, if your application compiles against the Android 1.5 (API Level 3) platform, you should
create an AVD for each platform equal to and greater than 1.5 and an AVD for each <a
href="{@docRoot}guide/practices/screens_support.html">screen type</a> you support, then test
your application on each one.</p>

<p class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> If you have <em>only one</em> emulator running,
you can build your application and install it on the emulator in one simple step. 
Navigate to the root of your project directory and use Ant to compile the project 
with <em>install mode</em>:
<code>ant install</code>. This will build your application, sign it with the debug key,
and install it on the currently running emulator.</p>


<h3 id="RunningOnDevice">Running on a device</h3>

<p>Before you can run your application on a device, you must perform some basic setup for your
device:</p>

<ul>
  <li>Declare your application as debuggable in your manifest</li>
  <li>Enable USB Debugging on your device</li>
  <li>Ensure that your development computer can detect your device when connected via USB</li>
</ul>
<p>Read <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/device.html#setting-up">Setting up a Device for
Development</a> for more information.</p>

<p>Once your device is set up and connected via USB, navigate to your
SDK's <code>tools/</code> directory and install the <code>.apk</code> on the device:
    <pre>adb -d install <em>path/to/your/app</em>.apk</pre>
    <p>The {@code -d} flag specifies that you want to use the attached device (in case you also
have an emulator running).</p>

<p>For more information on the tools used above, please see the following documents:</p>
<ul>
  <li><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/othertools.html#android">android Tool</a></li>
  <li><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/emulator.html">Android Emulator</a></li>
  <li><a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/adb.html">Android Debug Bridge</a> (ADB)</li>
</ul>

<h2 id="libraryProject">Working with Library Projects</h2>

<div class="sidebox-wrapper">
<div class="sidebox">
<h2>Library project example code</h2>

<p>The SDK includes an example application called TicTacToeMain that shows how a
dependent application can use code and resources from an Android Library
project. The TicTacToeMain application uses code and resources from an example
library project called TicTacToeLib. 

<p style="margin-top:1em;">To download the sample applications and run them as
projects in your environment, use the <em>Android SDK and AVD Manager</em> to
download the "Samples for SDK API 8" component into your SDK. </p>

<p style="margin-top:1em;">For more information and to browse the code of the
samples, see the <a
href="{@docRoot}resources/samples/TicTacToeMain/index.html">TicTacToeMain
application</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>

<p>An Android <em>library project</em> is a development project that holds
shared Android source code and resources. Other Android application projects can
reference the library project and, at build time, include its compiled sources
in their <code>.apk</code> files. Multiple application projects can reference
the same library project and any single application project can reference
multiple library projects. </p>

<p>If you have source code and resources that are common to multiple application
projects, you can move them to a library project so that it is easier to
maintain across applications and versions. Here are some common scenarios in
which you could make use of library projects: </p>

<ul>
<li>If you are developing multiple related applications that use some of the
same components, you move the redundant components out of their respective
application projects and create a single, reuseable set of the same components
in a library project. </li>
<li>If you are creating an application that exists in both free and paid
versions. You move the part of the application that is common to both versions
into a library project. The two dependent projects, with their different package
names, will reference the library project and provide only the difference
between the two application versions.</li>
</ul>

<p>Structurally, a library project is similar to a standard Android application
project. For example, it includes a manifest file at the project root, as well
as <code>src/</code>, <code>res/</code> and similar directories. The project can
contain the same types of source code and resources as a standard
Android project, stored in the same way. For example, source code in the library
project can access its own resources through its <code>R</code> class. </p>

<p>However, a library project differs from an standard Android application
project in that you cannot compile it directly to its own <code>.apk</code> or
run it on the Android platform. Similarly, you cannot export the library project
to a self-contained JAR file, as you would do for a true library. Instead, you
must compile the library indirectly, by referencing the library from a dependent
application's build path, then building that application. </p>

<p>When you build an application that depends on a library project, the SDK
tools compile the library and merge its sources with those in the main project,
then use the result to generate the <code>.apk</code>. In cases where a resource
ID is defined in both the application and the library, the tools ensure that the
resource declared in the application gets priority and that the resource in the
library project is not compiled into the application <code>.apk</code>. This
gives your application the flexibility to either use or redefine any resource
behaviors or values that are defined in any library.</p>

<p>To organize your code further, your application can add references to
multiple library projects, then specify the relative priority of the resources
in each library. This lets you build up the resources actually used in your
application in a cumulative manner. When two libraries referenced from an
application define the same resource ID, the tools select the resource from the
library with higher priority and discard the other. 

<p>Once you've have added references, the tools let you set their relative
priority by editing the application project's build properties. At build time,
the tools merge the libraries with the application one at a time, starting from
the lowest priority to the highest. </p>

<p>Note that a library project cannot itself reference another library project
and that, at build time, library projects are <em>not</em> merged with each
other before being merged with the application. However, note that a library can
import an external library (JAR) in the normal way.</p>

<p>The sections below describe how to use ADT to set up and manage library your
projects. Once you've set up your library projects and moved code into them, you
can import library classes and resources to your application in the normal way.
</p>


<h3 id="libraryReqts">Development requirements</h3>

<p>Android library projects are a build-time construct, so you can use them to
build a final application <code>.apk</code> that targets any API level and is
compiled against any version of the Android library. </p>

<p>However, to use library projects, you need to update your development
environment to use the latest tools and platforms, since older releases of the
tools and platforms do not support building with library projects. Specifically,
you need to download and install the versions listed below:</p>

<p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 1.</strong> Minimum versions of SDK tools
and plaforms on which you can develop library projects.</p>

<table>
<tr>
<th>Component</th>
<th>Minimum Version</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SDK Tools</td>
<td>r6 (or higher)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Android 2.2 platform</td><td>r1 (or higher)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Android 2.1 platform</td><td>r2 (or higher)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="color:gray">Android 2.0.1 platform</td><td style="color:gray"><em>not supported</em></td></tr>
<tr><td style="color:gray">Android 2.0 platform</td><td style="color:gray"><em>not supported</em></td></tr>
<tr><td>Android 1.6 platform</td><td>r3 (or higher)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Android 1.5 platform</td><td>r4 (or higher)</td></tr>
<tr><td>ADT Plugin</td><td>0.9.7 (or higher)</td></tr>
</table>

<p>You can download the tools and platforms using the <em>Android SDK and AVD
Manager</em>, as described in <a href="{@docRoot}sdk/adding-components.html">Adding SDK
Components</a>.</p>


<h3 id="librarySetup">Setting up a new library project</h3>

<p>A library project is a standard Android project, so you can create a new one in the
same way as you would a new application project. Specifically, you can use
the <code>android</code> tool to generate a new library project with all of the
necessary files and folders. </p>

<h4>Creating a library project</h4>

<p>To create a new library project, navigate to the <code>&lt;sdk&gt;/tools/</code> directory
and use this command:</p>

<pre class="no-pretty-print" style="color:black">
android create lib-project --name <em>&lt;your_project_name&gt;</em> \
--target <em>&lt;target_ID&gt;</em> \
--path <em>path/to/your/project</em> \
--package <em>&lt;your_library_package_namespace&gt;</em>
</pre>

<p>The <code>create lib-project</code> command creates a standard project
structure that includes preset property that indicates to the build system that
the project is a library. It does this by adding this line to the project's
<code>default.properties</code> file: </p>

<pre class="no-pretty-print" style="color:black">android.library=true</pre>

<p>Once the command completes, the library project is created and you can begin moving
source code and resources into it, as described in the sections below.</p>

<p>If you want to convert an existing application project to a library project,
so that other applications can use it, you can do so by adding a the 
<code>android.library=true</code> property to the application's 
<code>default.properties</code> file. </p>

<h4>Creating the manifest file</h4>

<p>A library project's manifest file must declare all of the shared components
that it includes, just as would a standard Android application. For more
information, see the documentation for <a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro.html">AndroidManifest.xml</a>.</p>

<p>For example, the <a
href="{@docRoot}resources/samples/TicTacToeLib/AndroidManifest.html">TicTacToeLib</a>
example library project declares the Activity <code>GameActivity</code>: </p>

<pre>&lt;manifest&gt;
  ...
  &lt;application&gt;
    ...
    &lt;activity android:name="GameActivity" /&gt;
    ...
  &lt;/application&gt;
  ...
&lt;/manifest&gt;</pre>

<h4>Updating a library project</h4>

<p>If you want to update the build properties (build target, location) of the
library project, use this command: </p>

<pre>
android update lib-project \
--target <em>&lt;target_ID&gt;</em> \
--path <em>path/to/your/project</em>
</pre>


<h3 id="libraryReference">Referencing a library project from an application</h3>

<p>If you are developing an application and want to include the shared code or
resources from a library project, you can do so easily by adding a reference to
the library project in the application project's build properties.</p>

<p>To add a reference to a library project, navigate to the <code>&lt;sdk&gt;/tools/</code> directory
and use this command:</p>

<pre>
android update lib-project \
--target <em>&lt;target_ID&gt;</em> \
--path <em>path/to/your/project</em>
--library <em>path/to/library_projectA</em>
</pre>

<p>This command updates the application project's build properties to include a
reference to the library project. Specifically, it adds an
<code>android.library.reference.<em>n</em></code> property to the project's
<code>default.properties</code> file. For example: </p>

<pre class="no-pretty-print" style="color:black">
android.library.reference.1=path/to/library_projectA
</pre>

<p>If you are adding references to multiple libraries, note that you can set
their relative priority (and merge order) by manually editing the
<code>default.properties</code> file and adjusting the each reference's
<code>.<em>n</em></code> index as appropriate. For example, assume these
references: </p>

<pre class="no-pretty-print" style="color:black">
android.library.reference.1=path/to/library_projectA
android.library.reference.2=path/to/library_projectB
android.library.reference.3=path/to/library_projectC
</pre>

<p>You can reorder the references to give highest priority to
<code>library_projectC</code> in this way:</p>

<pre class="no-pretty-print" style="color:black">
android.library.reference.2=path/to/library_projectA
android.library.reference.3=path/to/library_projectB
android.library.reference.1=path/to/library_projectC
</pre>

<p>Note that the <code>.<em>n</em></code> index in the references
must begin at "1" and increase uniformly without "holes". References
appearing in the index after a hole are ignored. </p>

<p>At build time, the libraries are merged with the application one at a time,
starting from the lowest priority to the highest. Note that a library cannot
itself reference another library and that, at build time, libraries are not
merged with each other before being merged with the application.</p>


<h4>Declaring library components in the the manifest file</h4>

<p>In the manifest file of the application project, you must add declarations
of all components that the application will use that are imported from a library
project. For example, you must declare any <code>&lt;activity&gt;</code>,
<code>&lt;service&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;receiver&gt;</code>,
<code>&lt;provider&gt;</code>, and so on, as well as
<code>&lt;permission&gt;</code>, <code>&lt;uses-library&gt;</code>, and similar
elements.</p>

<p>Declarations should reference the library components by their fully-qualified
package names, where appropriate. </p>

<p>For example, the 
<a href="{@docRoot}resources/samples/TicTacToeMain/AndroidManifest.html">TicTacToeMain</a>
example application declares the library Activity <code>GameActivity</code>
like this: </p>

<pre>&lt;manifest&gt;
  ...
  &lt;application&gt;
    ...
    &lt;activity android:name="com.example.android.tictactoe.library.GameActivity" /&gt;
    ...
  &lt;/application&gt;
  ...
&lt;/manifest&gt;</pre>

<p>For more information about the manifest file, see the documentation for <a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro.html">AndroidManifest.xml</a>.</p>

<h3 id="depAppBuild">Building a dependent application</h3>

<p>To build an application project that depends on one or more library projects,
you can use the standard Ant build commands and compile modes, as described in
<a href=#Building">Building Your Application</a>, earlier in this document. The
tools compile and merge all libraries referenced by the application as part
of compiling the dependent application project. No additional commands or steps
are necessary. </p>

<h3 id="considerations">Development considerations</h3>

<p>As you develop your library project and dependent applications, keep the 
points listed below in mind.</p>

<p><strong>Resource conflicts</strong></p>

<p>Since the tools merge the resources of a library project with those of a
dependent application project, a given resource ID might be defined in both
projects. In this case, the tools select the resource from the application, or
the library with highest priority, and discard the other resource. As you
develop your applications, be aware that common resource IDs are likely to be
defined in more than one project and will be merged, with the resource from the
application or highest-priority library taking precedence.</p>

<p><strong>Using prefixes to avoid resource conflicts</strong></p>

<p>To avoid resource conflicts for common resource IDs, consider using a prefix
or other consistent naming scheme that is unique to the project (or is  unique
across all projects). </p>

<p><strong>No export of library project to JAR</strong></p>

<p>A library cannot be distributed as a binary file (such as a jar file). This
is because the library project is compiled by the main project to use the
correct resource IDs.</p>

<p><strong>A library project can include a JAR library</strong></p>

<p>You can develop a library project that itself includes a JAR library. When
you build the dependent application project, the tools automatically locate and
include the library in the application <code>.apk</code>. </p>

<p><strong>A library project can depend on an external JAR library</strong></p>

<p>You can develop a library project that depends on an external library (for
example, the Maps external library). In this case, the dependent application
must build against a target that includes the external library (for example, the
Google APIs Add-On). Note also that both the library project and the dependent
application must declare the external library their manifest files, in a <a
href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/manifest/uses-library-element.html"><code>&lt;uses-library&gt;</code></a>
element. </p>

<p><strong>Library project cannot include raw assets</strong></p>

<p>The tools do not support the use of raw asset files in a library project.
Any asset resources used by an application must be stored in the 
<code>assets/</code> directory of the application project
itself.</p>

<p><strong>Targeting different Android platform versions in library project and
application project</strong></p>

<p>A library is compiled as part of the dependent application project, so the
API used in the library project must be compatible with the version of the
Android library used to compile the application project. In general, the library
project should use an <a href="{@docRoot}guide/appendix/api-levels.html">API level</a>
that is the same as &mdash; or lower than &mdash; that used by the application.
If the library project uses an API level that is higher than that of the
application, the application project will fail to compile. It is perfectly
acceptable to have a library that uses the Android 1.5 API (API level 3) and
that is used in an Android 1.6 (API level 4) or Android 2.1 (API level 7)
project, for instance.</p>

<p><strong>No restriction on library package name</strong></p>

<p>There is no requirement for the package name of a library to be the same as
that of applications that use it.</p>

<p><strong>Multiple R classes in gen/ folder of application project</strong></p>

<p>When you build the dependent application project, the code of any libraries
is compiled and merged to the application project. Each library has its own
<code>R</code> class, named according to the library's package name. The
<code>R</code> class generated from the resources of the main project and of the
library is created in all the packages that are needed including the main
project’s package and the libraries’ packages.</p>

<p><strong>Testing a library project</strong></p>

<p>There are two recommended ways of setting up testing on code and resources in
a library project: </p>

<ul>
<li>You can set up a <a
href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/testing/testing_otheride.html">test project</a>
that instruments an application project that depends on the library project. You
can then add tests to the project for library-specific features.</li>
<li>You can set up a set up a standard application project that depends on the
library and put the instrumentation in that project. This lets you create a
self-contained project that contains both the tests/instrumentations and the
code to test.</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>Library project storage location</strong></p>

<p>There are no specific requirements on where you should store a library
project, relative to a dependent application project, as long as the application
project can reference the library project by a relative link. You can place the
library project What is important is that the main project can reference the
library project through a relative link.</p>

<h2 id="AttachingADebugger">Attaching a Debugger to Your Application</h2>

<p>This section describes how to display debug information on the screen (such
    as CPU usage), as well as how to hook up your IDE to debug running applications
    on the emulator. </p>

<p>Attaching a debugger is automated using the Eclipse plugin,
    but you can configure other IDEs to listen on a debugging port to receive debugging
    information:</p>
<ol>
    <li><strong>Start the <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/tools/ddms.html">Dalvik Debug Monitor 
      Server (DDMS)</a> tool, </strong> which
        acts as a port forwarding service between your IDE and the emulator.</li>
    <li><strong>Set 
        optional debugging configurations on
        your emulator</strong>, such as blocking application startup for an Activity
        until a debugger is attached. Note that many of these debugging options
        can be used without DDMS, such as displaying CPU usage or screen refresh
        rate on the emulator.</li>
    <li><strong>Configure your IDE to attach to port 8700 for debugging.</strong> Read
        about <a href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/debug-tasks.html#ide-debug-port">
        Configuring Your IDE to Attach to the Debugging Port</a>. </li>
</ol>