Small context sync telecom bugfixes

Notably, fixing issues with blocking context sync, splitting the
callback so a phone can serve (for testing) as either watch or phone,
improving caller id handling for phone-number-based calls, and adding
three additional state options.

Bug: 280604855
Test: atest
Change-Id: If62d66bc3feb20dee48e2a8f939e9629128c14fb